Practical Contracts

“We talk about a contract as a meeting of the minds of the parties, and thence it is inferred in various

cases that there is no contract because their minds have not met; that is, because they have intended

different things or because one party has not known of the assent of the other. Yet nothing is more certain than that parties may be bound by a

contract to things which neither of them intended, and when one does not know of the other's assent.”

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Lawyers and clients◦ Businesspeople are optimists◦ Lawyers – Primary goal is to protect their clients

by avoiding litigation Prefer to negotiate touchy subjects at the beginning

of a relationship: When everyone is on friendly terms and eager to make a

deal Serve as bad guys – Instead of client raising tough

issues, lawyers do

Hiring a lawyer◦ Should be a dealmaker◦ Contract will be beneficial to everyone if the

parties’ relationship is harmonious◦ Best deals are those in which all the parties’

incentives are aligned

Who drafts it?◦ Generally, both sides would prefer to prepare the

first draft of the contract The drafter has the right to choose a structure and

wording that best represents his interests◦ Typically, the party with the most bargaining

power prepares the drafts

How to read a contract◦ Pre-reading: Spend some time thinking about

the provisions that are important to you◦ The first read: Read through once, just to get

the basic idea of the contract◦ What-ifs: Think about various outcomes, good

and bad◦ The second read: Read the contract to make

sure that it handles the what-ifs

Mistakes◦ Vagueness◦ Ambiguity

Interpreted against the drafter of the contract◦ Typos

Preventing mistakes◦ Let your lawyer draft the contract◦ Resist overlawyering◦ Read the important terms carefully

Title - Generally is in capital letters, underlined, and centered at the top of the page

Introductory paragraph - Names of the parties, and the nature of the contract

Definitions - Most contracts have some definitions◦ Sometimes included in separate section◦ Can appear throughout the contract

Covenants: Promise in a contract◦ The contract’s “heart,” failure of which equals a

breach

Material breach: Violation of a contract that defeats an essential purpose of the agreement

Good faith: An honest effort to meet both the spirit and letter of the contract◦ Sole discretion: Party to a contract has the

absolute right to make a decision on that issue◦ Reasonable: Ordinary or usual under the

circumstances

Reciprocal promises: Promises that are each enforceable independently

Conditional promises: Promises that a party agrees to perform only if the other side has first done what it promised

Language◦ Should use the active voice◦ Should be precise, detailed, and complete

Statements of fact about the past or present◦ In a contract between two companies, each side

will generally represent and warrant facts such as: They legally exist Have the authority to enter into the contract Their financial statements are accurate Revealed all material litigation They own all relevant assets

◦ In a contract for the sale of goods: Will include warranties about the condition of the

goods being sold

These standard previsions are typically placed in a section entitled “Miscellaneous”

◦ Choice of law and forum Choice of law provisions: Determine which state’s

laws will be used to interpret the contract Choice of forum provisions: Determine the state

in which litigation would take place◦ Requirements for modifications

Rider: An amendment or addition to a contract◦ Assignment of rights: Transfer of benefits under

a contract to another person

◦ Delegation of duties: Transfer of obligations in a contract

◦ Arbitration Advantages – Flexibility and savings in time and

money Disadvantages – No appeal when arbitrator makes

mistake◦ Attorney’s fees◦ Integration◦ Severability

◦ Force majeure event: Disruptive, unexpected occurrence for which neither party is to blame Prevents one or both parties from complying with a

contract◦ Notices◦ Closing