Practical Coating Thickness Measurement Overview Presented by: Paul Lomax, Fischer Technology, Inc.
description
Transcript of Practical Coating Thickness Measurement Overview Presented by: Paul Lomax, Fischer Technology, Inc.
Practical Coating Thickness Measurement Overview
Presented by: Paul Lomax, Fischer Technology, Inc.
Learning Objectives
• Test Methods•Test methods available for coating thickness measurement•Working knowledge of the basic theory of common test methods•Best practices
• Factors that influence coating thickness measurement•Instrument and probe selection criteria•Instrument repeatability and minimum specification limits
• Evaluating the results of coating thickness •Data transfer to inspection reports
Part 1: Common Coating Thickness Test Methods and Gages
•Magnetic Induction Method •Eddy Current Method
•Type II Electronic Coating Thickness Gages
•Best Practices
Magnetic Induction Method Basic Theory
•The magnetic field of the probe interacts with the steel substrate
•The nearer the probe to the substrate the higher the magnification of the magnetic field and vice versa
•The changes of the magnetic field induce a voltage U in the measuring coil dependent on the distance of the probe from the ferrous (steel) base
•The instrument translates this signal into a coating thickness value
Magnetic Induction Method
•Non-ferromagnetic coatings on ferromagnetic substrate material
•Paint, enamel, epoxy powder coating, plastic on steel or iron
•Electroplated coatings such as chromium, zinc, copper or aluminum on steel or iron
Main Areas of Application
Magnetic Induction Method Advantages:
Non-destructiveRelatively low costEasy to operateAccurate and repeatable thickness readingsInstantaneous, digital thickness displayAvailable in bench top and hand-held models
Limitations:Not recommended for coatings under 0.0001” (2.5 microns)
Excitation current
Measurement signal U=f(th))
- Non-conducting, Non-magnetic coating material
Induced eddy currents
Electrically conducting nonferrous metal
•A high-frequency magnetic field induces Eddy currents into the conductive substrate material•The magnitude of these Eddy currents depends on the distance between the coil and the substrate material
•The measurement signal is derived from the reflected impedance change in the probe coil as a function of the Eddy currents generated in the substrate material
Eddy Current Method Basic Theory
Excitation current
Measurement signal U=f(th))
Induced eddy currents
Electrically conducting nonferrous metal
th
Main Areas of Application:
Eddy Current MethodBasic Theory
•Non-conductive, non-magnetic coatings applied to a non-ferrous substrate•Paint, enamel, epoxy, powder coating, plastic on aluminum, stainless steel, copper, brass, tin etc.
•Anodize over aluminum
Eddy Current Method Advantages:
Non-destructiveRelatively low costEasy to operateAccurate and repeatable thickness readingsInstantaneous, digital thickness displayAvailable in bench top and hand-held models available
Limitations:Not recommended for coatings under 0.0001” (2.5 microns)
Coating Thickness Test Methods Magnetic Induction Method
(EN ISO 2178)Eddy Current Method
(EN ISO 2360)
Excitation current I~
Steel/iron substrate material
th
Excitation current I~
th
Electrically conducting non-ferrous metal
Measurement signalU = f(d)
(ASTM D 7091)
Type II Electronic Dry Film Thickness Gages DFT Gage Types•Integrated Probes•Separate Interchangeable probes•Basic•Memory•Ferrous•Non-Ferrous•Dual Ferrous and Non-Ferrous
Measurement Strategies• SSPC-PA2 Capabilities• IMO PSPC Capabilities
Coating Thickness Probes
Duplex Measurement – Multi Layer Coatings
Example 1Application: e.g., ELO-Zn, thin hot-dip-Zn
Example 2Application: e.g., thick hot-dip-Zn
Coating: 1-2 milsZinc coating: .2–.4 milsSteel substrate
Paint coating: 3 – 5 milPure zinc coating: 3 – 8 mil
Zinc iron diffusion zone (non-magnetic)Steel substrate
Terminology Related to Coating Thickness Measurement
Calibration
Normalization
Verification of Gage Accuracy
Adjustment
Calibration
•Calibration of coating thickness gages is performed by the equipment manufacturer, an authorized agent, or by an authorized, trained calibration laboratory in a controlled environment using a documented process. The outcome of the calibration process is to restore/realign the gage to meet/exceed the manufacturer’s stated accuracy
•Source ASTM D7091
Verification of Accuracy
•Obtaining measurements on coating thickness standards, comprising of at least one thickness value close to the expected coating thickness, prior to gage use for the purpose of determining the ability of the coating thickness gage to produce thickness results within the gage manufacturer’s stated accuracy
•Source ASTM D7091
Verification of Accuracy
•Verification of accuracy should be done on a regular basis such as beginning and end of each shift•Keeping a record of an instrument’s verification of accuracy is good business practice
GAGE IDENTIFICATION FMP40 25.06.08CALIBRATION 25.06.08 16:18Appl.No.:3 Probe:FD10
ISO/NFth.=0.000 mil s=0.010 mil
Iso/NF: 0.94 milth.=0.93 mil s=0.009 mil
Iso/NF: 2.80 milth.=2.78 mil s=0.012 mil
Uncoated base material
Calibration Standard #1
Calibration Standard #2
Normalizing and Adjustment• A smooth surface zero plate or preferably an uncoated substrate similar to the substrate that will be coated can be used to normalize a Type II coating thickness gage
•If necessary adjustments can often times be made on electronic (Type II) coating thickness gages using certified foils on a specific surface
•Using certified mylar foils is important for optimizing a gage and monitoring film thickness
Normalizing and Adjustment
Part 1: Test Method Summary• Magnetic Induction and Eddy Current are common test methods incorporated in Type II electronic coating thickness gages
• Magnetic Induction Gages measure coatings over steel or iron (ferrous substrates)
•Eddy Current Gages measure coatings over aluminum, stainless, steel and other (non-ferrous substrates)
•Best practices include a record of the verification of gage accuracy along with an understanding of terminology such as calibration, normalization, adjustment
Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Measurement Shape of the part to be measured
Substrate material and coating material
Instrument properties
Measurement practice of the operator
External influences
th
Flat surface
Thcvx > th
Convex curvature
Normalization and Adjustment
Concave curvature
thccv < th
Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Curvature
x = mean value, s = standard deviation_
_ _ _ _
•Different curvature radi in one part
Meas. location Meas. location 1 Meas. location 2 Meas. location 3 Meas. location 4
Readings (N=5) x s x s x s x s Standard Probe 9.2 0.4 52.1 0.76 22.3 0.85 61.9 1.4
Compensated Probe 9.8 0.25 10.2 0.52 10.4 0.65 10.5 0.59
Anodic coating:thnom = 10 µm
Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Curvature Example
Magnetic field reaches beyond the measurement area
Hand placement will lead
to greater measurement data spread
A minimum area must be available
Consult manufacturer’s probe data sheets to determine specific capabilitiesNormalization th meas > th nom
Spread
th nom
Factors that influence Coating Thickness Size of the Measurement Area
Magnetic field reaches through!
Measurement error due to insufficient substrate material thickness
Measurement spread due to fluctuating substrate material thickness
Normalization
th meas > th nom
Spread
th nom
Factors that Influence Coating ThicknessField Penetration Depth
Factors that Influence Tilting of Probe
Making sure that the probe tip is perpendicular to the substrate will help ensure that the measurement is taken properly
Perpendicular Probe Placement
Coating Thickness Probes
Substrate material 2
Normalization
Substrate material 1
Substrate material 3
th < thmeas th > thmeas
Magnetic induction measurement method
Examples: Hard or soft magnetic steel, hardened surface
Influence of the Substrate Material: Permeability
µr2 > µr1
th
thmeasthmeas
µr1
th
th
µr3 < µr1
thmeas
With eddy current due to larger probe tip
With the magnetic induction method due to two-tip probes (or larger probe tip, respectively)
Low measurement data spread due to resting on roughness peaks
Low measurement data spread due to integration via roughness profile
Influence of Roughness – Reduction
•The effects of substrate roughness and the roughness of coatings can be reduced by utilizing two-tip probes •A pre-inspection scan of the coating can also be accomplished quickly
Surface Roughness Factor Reduction
Non-FerrousSubstrate material 2
Normalization
Non-FerrousSubstrate material 1
Non-FerrousSubstrate material 3
Recommendation: Normalize on the respective substrate material unless instrumentation is conductivity compensated.
Influence of the Substrate Material - Conductivity
th
thmeas thmeasth
th
thmeas
Coating Thickness Probes
Part 2: Factors and Probe Selection Summary• Factors including curvature, edge effect, permeability, penetration depth, and roughness effect coating thickness measurement
• Probe selection criteria including performance specifications in relation to the above mentioned factors are available from manufacturers of coating thickness instruments
• Just because a probe is capable of measuring doesn’t mean it is ideally suited for the application
Part 3: Measuring According to SSPC-PA2 and Documenting Results
Spot Mean Calculation
•Low cost DFT Gages offer instant spot mean calculations. Typically the mean of three gauge readings are recorded in accordance with SSPC-PA2
37
Efficiency in Coating Thickness Measurement
•Naming applications reduces the likelihood of documentation errors
Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2
Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2
Tolerances set and automatic monitoring 80%-120% rule
Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2
Overall Summary Number of spot readings per area
Summary per spot
Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2
Individual readings per spot
Hand Writing or Typing Previously Required to Complete Forms
User Completes Form on the DFT Instrument
Defining Locations, Visual Guidance and Sequence of Measurements
Common Data Communication Methods
•Bluetooth®
•USB Port
•RS-232
Data Communication
Data Transfer to PC
Readings Transferred From Unit to DFT Log
Part 3 Summary : Measuring According to SSPC-PA2 and Documenting Results
• Most Type II electronic gages now offer measurement specification guidance such as SSPC-PA2
• Visual guidance and measurement sequencing allows for inspection plans to be followed in the field by using hand held dry film thickness instrumentation
• Technology advancements yield reduction in costs, reduction in administrative time and reduction in errors