PPT Notes Outline - caryinstitute.org€¦ · • Different species process ... Arthopoda – Class...
Transcript of PPT Notes Outline - caryinstitute.org€¦ · • Different species process ... Arthopoda – Class...
Sun
Leaves AlgaeMicrobes
(fungi, bacteria)
Smaller leaf particles
Shredders(crane flies, some caddisflies and stoneflies, sowbugs, and scuds)
Collectors/ Gatherers(black flies, net -spinning caddisflies, mayflies, midges)
Predators(Dobson flies, dragonflies/ ”hellgrammites ”)
Grazers/ Scrapers(caddisflies, water pennies,
midges, and mayflies)
Name:____________________________ Date:_______________________
StreamEcologyandMacroinvertebrateBiologyNotesOutline
BackgroundInformationforDevelopingyourResearchProject
Ecology
• Definition:Thestudyofinteractionsbetweenindividualsandindividualsandtheirenvironment
• SimplifiedFoodChains:
– PlantsHerbivoresPredators
– DeadorganicmatterDetritivoresPredators
• Muchgreenmaterialintemporalareasisnoteatenbyherbivores,butisdeliveredtothedetritalpool
• DetritusDead,decaying,particulateorganicmatter
FunctionalFeedingGroupsofMacroinvertebrates
• Shredders
– Consumecoarseorganicmatter,suchasleaves(Sowbugs)
• Collectors
– Consumefinepiecesoforganicmatter,suchasleaffragmentsorothermaterialonstreambottom
– FilteringCollectors(Clams)
– GatheringCollectors(Caddisflylarvae)
• Scrapers
– Feedonattachedperiphytonlocatedonsubmergedunderwatersurfaces(Example:Snails)
• Predators
– Feedonotherinvertebrates(Example:Dragonflies)
Foodprocessing…ofthisdetritusisamajorecosystemfunction
• Soilformation
• Supportspredators
– (somepredatorsconsumedbyhumans)
• Processedinstreams
– Ifitaccumulated,wouldcreateanoxicconditions
• Influenceofprocessingrates:
– Qualityofdetritus(P,N,polyphenols,lignins,etc)
– Fungiandbacteriacolonization
– Invertebratefeeding
EcologicalInteractions
• Microbesandinvertebratesprocessandgetenergyfromdetritus
– Microbesoftenoverlookedbystudents/teachersonmanylevels
• Differentspeciesprocessmaterialsatdifferentrates
– Ifaspeciesislost,theentireecosystemfunctionwillchange
– Speciesarebeinglostatanalarmingrate
Adaptations
Variationsofanatomy/structureallowfortolerance,feedingcapacities,andcompetition
Importance
• ImpactsonHumansExample:
– Aug.17,1988,an85footsectionofRt.675BridgecollapsedoverthePokomoke(EasternShore)
– Reductionincrosssectionareaofpiles18‐35%
• Dueto:Bacteriaandfungaldecay,Caddisflydecay,watercurrents
– In1977,MDEestimatedCaddisfliesoccupied30‐100%oftheunderwaterpilesurfaces
– From1976‐1986,Caddisfliesper1.5sqfeetintheareaaveraged543.5
• (High1977=1837;Low1986=50)
– Since1977,3underwaterinspections,pilemeasurementswereinconsistent
– Ifuse“ChemicallyTreatedWood,”lessfungalandbacterialgrowth,therefore,less
caddisflies
TrichopteraBiology
• Taxonomy:
– PhylumArthropoda
– ClassInsecta
– OrderTrichoptera
– FamilyLepidostomatidae
– GenusLepidostoma
• Larvaefeedondetritus(shredders)
• Protectivecases
• YouwillidentifythesetoOrderatthestream,andtoFamilyinthelab
AmphipodaBiology
• Scuds;Detritivores(Shredders)
• Taxonomy:
– PhyllumArthopoda
– ClassMalacostraca
– SuperorderPeracarida
– OrderAmphipoda
– FamilyGammaridae
TrichopertaLifeCycles
CompleteMetamorphosis:
AmphipodaLifeCycle
IncompleteMetamorphosis:
Tolerance/SensitivityofMacroinvertebrates
• Macroinvertebratescanalsobecategorizedbytheirleveloftoleranceorsensitivitytostreamconditions
– Dissolvedoxygen
– Nutrients
– Pollutants
– Chemicalquality
• Somespeciescanlivein“lower”qualitywater,andaresaidtobe:
– Moretolerant
– Lesssensitive
ShreddersRoles
• Ecological/Trophic
– Leaflitterbreakdown
• CPOMFPOM
– CourseParticulateOrganicMatter
– FineParticulateOrganicMatter
• HumanImpact
– Predators(Trout,etc)
– Bio‐indicatorexample
• 0‐3.75=NoImpairmentEvident
• 3.75‐6.50=ModerateImpairment
• >6.5=SevereImpairment
StreamWaterChemistry
• pH
• Temperature
• Nitrates
• Phosphates
• Chloride
• DissolvedOxygen
Watershed
Definition:theareaoflandthatdrainstoa
particularpointalongastream
Eachstreamhasitsownwatershed
Topographyisthekeyelementaffectingthisareaofland
Theboundaryofawatershedisdefinedbythehighestelevationssurroundingthestream
Highlevelsofpavedsurfaces,orimperviouscover,andlandusechangescanhavemanyimpactsonawatershed
HarmfulPollutantsinRunoff
• Bacteria
• Nutrients
• Pesticides
• OilandGrease
• Turbid(muddy)water
• HeavyMetals(zinc,lead,copper)
• Runoffincreaseswithanincreaseinimpervioussurfaces
RiparianZone
• Definition:Theinterfacebetweenlandandastream
• Riparianvegetationisoftenplantedaspartofstreamrestorationeffortsbecauseitcan:
– Removenutrientsfromrunoff(fromfertilizers,etc)
– Biofilterpollutants
– Trapsediment(lessturbidwater,improvestreambanks)
– Improvewildlifehabitat
– Shadewater,mitigatingwatertemperaturechanges
– Reducesoilerosion,reduceflooddamage
Whatisthebestwaytoevaluatestreamhealth?
• Waterchemistryismoretransientthanbioticindexofmacroinvertebratesdueto:
– Point‐sourcepollution
– Rainevents
– Seasonalroadsalting
– Inconsistentlittering/dumping
PhysicalRegionsofaStream(HabitatTypes)
Riffle:Rapidlymovingwater,turbulent
Pool:Deep,slowlymovingwater
Run:Smoothflowingwater,mediumwaterspeed
Howdoyouthinkthesedifferenthabitattypeswilleffectwaterchemistryandmacroinvertebratepopulations?
YourResearchProject
Objectiveistoutilizealearnedunderstandingofstreamecologyandmacroinvertebratebiologyto
investigatetheeffectsofhabitatpreference,possiblyduetoavailablenutrientsanddissolvedoxygen,onmacroinvertebratespeciesdiversityandabundanceinHerefordHighSchool’sstream
Howcanwedothis??