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Transcript of Ppt hiv
04/12/2023 Med.Micro students 1
UNIVERSITY OF GONDARCOLLEGE OF MEDCINE & HEALTH SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL & LABORATORY SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
TOPIC: IMMUNITY AGAINST HIV INFECTION
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Prepared by:
Abebe BekeleAlembanch
TsegaAmele work
YilmaFeleke MekonenMelkamu
GetnetEmebet Sahlie
Seble WorkuSetegn EshetieTesfaye AndualemTigist EngdaWondossen
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Acknowledgment We would like to extend our gratitude to Mr. Biniyam Matheous; for his interactive and participatory teaching learning style.
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Out lineIntroduction HIV life cycleComponents of antiviral responseImmune pathogenesis of HIVLiterature reviewConclusion Recommendation Reference
INTRODUCTIONFamily : RetroviridaeSubfamily : LentivirusRNA virus, 120nm in
diameterEnvelope gp160;
gp120 & gp41Icosahedral symmetryNucelocapsid
Outer matrix protein (p17)
Major capsid protein (p24)
Nuclear protein (p7)Diploid RNA with
several copies of reverse transcriptase
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Retroviral Genesgag (group-specific antigen): makes the cone
shape viral capsid.pol (polymerase): codes for viral enzymes
reverse transcriptase, integrase, and viral protease.
env (envelope): makes surface protein gp120 and trans membrane gp41, enabling HIV to fuse to CD4 cells.
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con…
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HIV life cycle
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Component of antiviral response Both humoral and cell-mediated immune
responses partially control the viral production but in
this process they destroy the infected CD4+T
cells, leading to a gradual decline of CD4+ T
cellsInnate Immunity
Antigen presenting cells: Macrophage and Dendritic cells
Other cell types: NK, gamma- delta , NKT cellsSoluble factors: Chemokines
Adaptive Immunity CD4 T helper cells CD8 T cells (CTL)B cells: Neutralizing antibodies
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Cont…
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Pathogenesis of HIV / AIDS Infected T-Cell
HIVVirus
T-CellHIV Infected
T-Cell
New HIVVirus
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Immune pathogenesis of HIVMechanisms
syncytium formationApoptosis Auto immunity
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Literature reviewHIV will mount an effective immune
response to the virus during the first few months of infection. However, over time this response will prove ineffective.
Humeral immunity
Cell mediated immunityBoth are ineffective
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Cont…Mucosal immunity Vs HIV infectionThe study demonstrated that
commercial sex workers were HIV negative after 5 yrs active prostitutions
Associated with the integrity of mucosal immunity.
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Cont..Study indicated that intranasal
administration of DNA vaccine and IL-15 expression plasmid is capable of enhancing the T helper type 1 (Th1) dependent HIV-1-specific cell-mediated immunity, but
It decrease humoral immunity
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Cont…DCs are key regulators of both
adaptive and innate immune responses
According the study, it revealed that the plasma from patients with HIV specifically inhibited DC function.
mediated by elevated apoptotic micro particles.
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Cont…The study confirmed that HIV infection
causes NK cells apoptosis (increase expression of
ki67 and Fas markers in course of infection)Macrophage and monocyte phenotype
change ( alteration of TLR)Causes defect in microbial killing
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Cont..Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
(DMPA) usage relation to HIV immunity.
Decrease both arms of immunity(interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF alpha and other cytokines)
Mediate up regulation of co-receptors(CXCR4, CCR5)
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Con…In contrast: PA-MSHA activates both
natural and specific immunityNK cells, APCs activates through
TLR More over: serve as adjuvant for
HIV-1 DNA vaccine. Increase Humeral and Cell mediate response
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Cont…cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H)
recognized that a broadly antiviral interferon stimulated genes
Converts cholesterol in to soluble antiviral agents; inhibits viral replication (attachment)
Animal model shows: CH25H deficient mice more susceptible to HIV-1 infection.
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Conclusion HIV establishes a latent reservoir early in infectionHIV develops mutations to escape immune
responses, HIV depletes functional cells of innate immune
systemHIV depletes CD4 T cells: the “conductor of the
immune orchestra” and blunts immune responsesHIV causes deleterious effects on the entire immune
system resulting in aberrant immune activation
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Recommendation The mechanism of immune response against HIV infection remains incompletely understood, so that
It needs further investigation.So that we post graduate students should take emphasis in this particular researchable area.
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References
Hou J, Liu Y, Shao Y. The MSHA strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa activated TLR pathway and enhanced HIV-1 DNA vaccine immunoreactivity. PloS one. 2012;7(10):e47724. Epub 2012/10/19.
Poudrier J, Thibodeau V, Roger M. Natural Immunity to HIV: A Delicate Balance between Strength and Control. Clinical & developmental immunology. 2012;2012:875821. Epub 2013/01/11.
And more
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Thank you!!!