PPL200 Route Selection

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200 Route Selection

AbstractThis section focuses on the route selection decisions and activities that occur at thebeginning of a pipeline project and influence the character of the entire project.Issues covered include preliminary route selection, project planning, regulatory and

jurisdictional research, surface considerations, environmental and technical surveys,and final alignment and surveying. Careful and complete project planning mini-mizes project cost and duration. This section was developed with a large cross-country pipeline in mind, but most of the concepts can also be applied to smaller

jobs and offshore pipelines.

Contents Page

210 Preliminary Route Selection 200-3

211 Hydraulic Profiles and Pump Station Locations

212 Input on Right-of-Way and Permitting Procedures

220 Project Planning 200-4

230 Jurisdiction, Permitting, and Rights-of-Way 200-6

231 Governmental Jurisdictions

232 Land Jurisdictions

233 Permitting

234 Private Right-of-Way Acquisition

240 Surface Considerations 200-9

241 Surface Conditions

242 Environmental Surveys

243 Technical Surveys


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200 Route Selection Pipeline Manual

255 Route Alignment Sheets and Design Drawings

256 Special Survey Systems


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Pipeline Manual 200 Route Selection

210 Preliminary Route SelectionPreliminary route selection involves applying common-sense engineering to theproblem of identifying reasonable deviations from a straight line between points Aand B. These deviations are dictated by the need for an economic route and by therequirements of permitting agencies. Suitable maps are required to select a routeand to determine the length of the pipeline; these should show contour lines, rivers,roads, railroads, towns, existing pipelines, and other topographic features. For longcross-country pipelines a World Aeronautical Chart is very useful. These arereadily available for most parts of the world. For lines in the United States, U.S.

Geological Survey maps of an appropriate scale give more detail, and are especiallyuseful for shorter lines and critical areas. Aerial photographs, if available, alsoshow certain topographic details.

Common-sense reasons to deviate from the straight line include the following:

To avoid significant natural obstacles such as mountains, rock, swamps, unnec-essary river crossings, etc., and to select favorable locations for crossing moun-tain ranges, rivers, etc. However, extensive deviation to avoid difficult terrain

should be evaluated to determine whether the lower construction cost per mileoffsets the added length of line and the probable higher pumping costs

To avoid developed areas such as towns, industrial areas, residential areas,intensive cultivation, etc., where right-of-way, construction, and constructiondamage costs will be high

To minimize control points in hydraulic profiles. See the discussion ofhydraulic profiles in Sections 420 and 430 of this manual. Additional pumping

power may be needed to overcome hydrostatic heads to clear control pointelevations, particularly where the control point is near the end of the line or theinlet to a pump station

To improve access for pipeline construction material and equipmentas wellas for operations and maintenanceby using existing roads, including unim-proved roads adequate for pipe-hauling trucks

To avoid government-restricted or environmentally sensitive areas and to

reduce right-of-way and construction damage costs, if the information on theseareas is available when a preliminary route is initially being studied. This infor-mation should be developed concurrently and factored into the route selectionprocess as soon as it is available (see Section 210 ). Depending on the natureand complexity of these considerations, either a single preliminary route willbe the obvious selection, and steps to develop a final alignment can proceed, orone or more alternative routes will warrant evaluation Route selection may be
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the method discussed in Section 420 . This should also be done for any alternativeroutes under consideration.

The hydraulic profile indicates approximate locations for intermediate pumpstations for both initial and future design line throughput capacity. Pump stationlocation may slightly influence final pipeline alignment, because of land avail-ability, station access, electric power access, etc.

212 Input on Right-of-Way and Permitting Procedures

Gathering of information on right-of-way and permitting procedures shouldproceed concurrently with route selection, preliminary engineering for line sizing,and cost estimates. This input is vital in developing the preliminary route that willbe the basis for detailed engineering, acquisition of rights of way and permits, envi-ronmental and technical surveys, and final route alignment surveying.

Besides those of the Company operating organization that the pipeline facility willserve, Company resources at this stage normally should include:

Engineering Land Governmental affairs Environmental affairs

These groups usually can offer pertinent background information on route selectionand procedures involved in obtaining rights of way and permits, and can developplans to identify the appropriate authorities involved in granting rights of way andpermits. For a cross-country or offshore pipeline, early development of a schedulefor permit applications and approvals, environmental and technical surveys tosupport these applications, right-of-way acquisition (including condemnations, etc.)is essential.

220 Project PlanningBasic planning and coordination for all phases of the project should be initiatedearly in the project, so that project progress is not stalled by such road blocks asextended permit application procedures, changes in design basis, (such as linethroughput forecast or fluid properties), prolonged permitting processes, right-of-way acquisition difficulties, pipe delivery delays, contracting surprises, and prob-lems in staffing and equipping field forces. Project planning for a major pipelineshould cover the following:
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initiation of these surveys and studies as appropriate to meet permittingschedules

Preparation of an Appropriation Request and economic analysis, and aContracting Plan

Project development of the approved project

Designs Acquisition of permits and rights of way, including finalizing environ-

mental impact reports

Procurement of construction materials Arrangements for temporary field facilities Further environmental and technical surveys Field alignment and property surveys Preparation of contract specifications and bidding papers Contract awards Project controls and reports

Construction and project completion : Contract administration, field engineering and inspection, materials control Field contracting Field purchasing, if appropriate Project controls and reports Completion tests, dewatering, and turnover to the operating organization Construction damage claim settlements

Documentation and reports to permitting authorities Record drawings for completed facilities

For offshore projects key elements of front-end engineering and detailed designdevelopment are indicated in Section 930 , Figures 900-1 and 900-2 . Many of theseelements apply to onshore projects.

Planning must also include staffing requirements for all phases of the project, devel-opment of personnel policies, arrangements for extended work weeks and traveland field expenses, arrangements for borrowed personnel, etc. See the guidelines onthe field supervision organization in Section 670 of this manual, and on thetypical field inspection organization in Section 790.

Field support facilities must be carefully and realistically defined, so that offices,vehicles, and the communication system are ready and operational when needed.
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A Project Contracting Plan is required by Corporation Policy 500 for largeprojects, and should be prepared for all projects to summarize intended contractsand timing. Dependent on contract scope and circumstances, contracts may cover:

Front-end engineering, providing conceptual design, cost estimates, and prepa-ration of specifications for detailed design, procurement and construction

Surveying and mapping, and environmental and technical surveys as neededfor route selection, permitting, and design development

Specialist assistance for right-of-way and permit acquisition

Technical research and testing, as may be needed

Design and procurement, if not done in-house

Construction of the facilities, usually separately for the pipeline and forstations and terminals

Construction support services, including radiographic inspection, nondestruc-tive testing, and hydrostatic test witnessing

Supplemental personnel

Temporary facilities and utilities

Contracting guidelines are included in the Construction and Services Contract Manual. The Contracts staff of the Engineering Technology Department can beconsulted regarding types of contracts, contract forms, compensation items, andcontractor performance. Also, see the discussion on construction and construc-tion service contracts in Section 680 of the manual.

230 Jurisdiction, Permitting, and Rights-of-Way

231 Governmental JurisdictionsUnited States interstate and intrastate hazardous liquid and gas pipelines are feder-ally regulated except in the case of intrastate pipelines where a state has adoptedstandards that are the same as or more stringent than the federal standards. ChevronPipe Line Companys Guide to Pipeline Safety Regulations provides the informa-tion needed to determine jurisdiction for pipelines. Chevron Pipe Line Company inSan Francisco should be consulted for guidance on current federal and state regula-tions.


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232 Land Jurisdictions

Except for production flow and gathering lines lying entirely within Company prop-erty, a cross-country pipeline traverses either privately owned lands or agency-administered lands under municipal, county, state or federal government jurisdic-tion. County records offices are the best source of ownership information andaddresses for owners and agencies.

In general, permits or agreements for construction and operation of a pipelinesystem are granted by government agencies or owners of existing crossed facilities,such as highways, roads, railroads, canals, pipelines, and power and telephonelines. Rights-of-way, on the other hand, are needed to enter privately-owned landsfor construction and maintenance of a pipeline.

233 PermittingPermitting procedure and timing must be determined for each governmental agencyand owner of an existing crossed facility. These will vary from agency to agency,and not infrequently from time to time for the same agency. This information must

be developed as soon as possible so that priorities can be given to permitting proce-dures that take the most time, or where sequential permit approvals are dependenton prior approval by other agencies. Permitting authorities should be contacted atan early stage regarding anticipated permit conditions and requirements affectingconstruction, so that these can be incorporated into construction specificationsbefore inviting bids.

In the U.S., preparation, review and approval of an Environmental Impact Report(EIR) is now required for nearly all cross-county pipelines. Under guidelines of theNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the EIR process can add over a year tothe project schedule. Project timing and funding must allow for this. A number ofgovernmental agencies are likely to be involved in the EIR process, in addition tothe one(s) with jurisdiction over the land which the line traverses. One agency isassigned as the lead agency , and has the responsibility for coordinating the othersand for conducting the public hearing and response process.

The EIR requires significant front end engineering to thoroughly cover the

proposed construction, since, once approved, permit conditions and mitigationmeasures cannot be changed.

Preparation of the EIR, along with required surveys and the review, takes time.Scheduling should make realistic allowances for this process, and every effortshould be made to keep the process on schedule. Environmental and technicalsurveys are discussed in Section 240 . Requirements for supplemental documenta-


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A Company land department is normally assigned responsibility for permit applica-tions by the pipeline operating organization, coordinating with governmentalaffairs, environmental affairs and engineering organizations. Close coordinationbetween these groups is essential, both for exchange of information and to assurethat responsibilities for action by the various groups are clearly defined.

234 Private Right-of-Way AcquisitionA typical right-of-way document is in a form prepared by the Company, by which aprivate land owner gives the Company, for a consideration, the right to construct

and maintain one or several pipelines within a specified width across the property,with reasonable access over the property to the lines. In some right-of-way agree-ments for undeveloped lands the location of the right-of-way may be defined by thecenter-line of the first pipeline laid, but usual practice is to legally describe theroute on the property. Usually the width of the right-of-way is less than the workingstrip needed for construction of the line, but the negotiated right of access allowsthe Company to use the additional width needed for construction.

A right-of-way agreement is negotiated with each property owner. Payments forrights-of-way are, preferably, uniform for all owners. However, adjustments areusually necessary, depending on differing land values and difficulties in negotiatingwith particular owners. If a landowner adamantly refuses to grant a right-of-way,common carrier pipeline companies may use the right of eminent domain to obtainthe right-of-way by taking legal action. The conditions for and duration of this legalprocess vary from state to state.

In many cases additional special conditions for the particular property are incorpo-

rated in the right-of-way agreement. Where these special conditions affect construc-tion, they should be summarized in a sequential list according to their occurrencealong the route. This information should be distributed to Company field personneland contractor supervisory personnel so that construction meets the special condi-tions, for instance, extra depth of cover, protection of water aquifers and springs,protection of vegetation, specified seed mixtures for revegetation of rangeland.

Payment for damages to the property resulting from construction and maintenanceof a pipeline is separate from payment for the right-of-way, although in some cases

costs for damages can be agreed in advance of construction, and damage paymentis made at the same time as payment for the right-of-way. Construction damagesinclude damages both within the specified width defined in the right-of-way agree-ment and on the construction working strip outside the right-of-way width, and anyother damage to the property as a consequence of pipeline construction activities.Where damages result from unnecessary and avoidable acts by the contractor, a


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damage claim settlements. Here again close coordination with field constructionengineers is important when the nature and extent of damages and the responsibleparties are in dispute.

240 Surface ConsiderationsAfter establishing a preliminary route as described in Section 210 , preliminaryalignment photography and/or surveying is done, and environmental and technicalsurveys are initiated, as appropriate. Priorities must be given to the portions of thisphase that are on the critical path for permitting and design.

241 Surface ConditionsInformation is developed from the preliminary alignment photography and/orsurveying on:

Natural features and agricultural lands . Rivers, streams, water courses,swamps, canals, rocky terrain, irrigated cultivation, dry-land cultivation, range

land, forests, etc. Surface improvements . Existing highways, roads, railroads, pipelines, cables,

power and telephone lines, etc.

Buildings . Existing buildings and structures. For gas pipelines, density ofbuildings along the route is a critical element in design; see Section 430 .

Highway, railroad, and irrigation canal authorities; owners of pipelines, powerlines, and telephone cables; and local authorities should be queried regarding futuredevelopments of their systems or of residential and industrial areas that might affectpipeline routing or design.

Where the preliminary pipeline route roughly parallels existing pipelines, govern-mental authorities and private landowners are likely to require that the proposedline be located in a corridor with the existing pipeline(s). In such cases it is prefer-able for construction and maintenance access and safety that the new line be on theopposite side of the corridor from the existing line(s), or, failing this, that ample

spacing be provided so that excavation and construction equipment will not jeopar-dize the existing line(s).

Preliminary site inspection at major river and stream crossings should be made toestablish tentative crossing locations, for which technical surveys will be made.

242 E i l S


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outset. In essence, the purpose of environmental surveys is both to determine whatis there and to establish what must be done to mitigate or investigate further.

Typical environmental surveys cover:

Archeological and historical features Fish Birds Other fauna Plants

Paleontological features (fossils)Information developed by these surveys can lead to:

Adjusting the pipeline route alignment to avoid sensitive areas

Completing archeological, historical, and paleontological studies at identifiedsites before constructionif construction can then be allowed through the sites

Scheduling construction activities in areas to avoid critical periods for fish and

wildlife, such as breeding, nesting, spawning seasons

Environmental surveys are performed by environmental engineering contractors orindependent specialists, often associated with staffs of university departments.These professional service contracts are usually performed on an all-in reimburs-able basis for labor and equipment rental rates, with per diem allowances for fieldexpenses. Comparative proposals should be obtained wherever feasible. Environ-mental Affairs, Governmental Affairs, Engineering Technology Department, localCompany offices and the permitting authority may be consulted regarding contrac-tors or specialists recognized and accepted by authorities for expertise in thevarious categories of environmental surveys.

In some areas, government agencies have conducted surveys and predesignatedsignificant cultural resources. Maps of these features are generally available fromthe agencies involved. This information may save retaining an environmentalcontractor.

In many cases archeological, historical and paleontological field work is done afterconstruction excavation in potential sites in search of any significant evidence in thetrench or spoil that warrants further investigation. If such evidence is found,construction work in the area must stop, and either be deferred until investigationand studies are complete, or proceed on a relocated route which skirts the site.

Judgment should be used in controlling the extent of environmental surveys. Suffi-


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243 Technical Surveys

Depending on terrain and physical conditions along the route, technical studies ofsome kind will usually be needed for the permitting procedure or for design. Typi-cally, these are as follows:

Geophysical surveys in areas of soil instability or earthquake activity . Theseidentify areas of concern that warrant further investigation to develop recom-mended measures to protect the pipeline, or to adjust the route alignment toavoid or reduce the hazard

Geotechnical and hydrological surveys at river and stream crossings todevelop data on soil properties, predicted scouring and bank variation, andseasonal and historical variations in flow

Geotechnical surveys at highway, road and railroad crossings if needed todetermine soil properties and water table data for bored crossings, both casedand uncased

Geophysical and meteorological surveys for heated lines to determine ground

and air temperatures, and soil conductivity properties, or for water slurry linesto determine ground temperatures and frost depths

Meteorological surveys to determine weather conditions during the scheduledconstruction period

Geotechnical, hydrological and meteorological surveys may be needed todevelop spill contingency plans for oil lines

Technical surveys may involve only a literature search, or a combination of litera-ture search, field investigation, and lab testing, as determined by the circumstances.

Professional service contracts with reputable engineering and technical contractorsshould be used for technical surveys. The Civil and Structural Division of the Engi-neering Technology Department can be consulted for recommended contractors forthese surveys.

250 Alignment, Surveying, and MappingInitial routing of the pipeline and the preliminary route selection, possibly withalternatives, are based on existing published maps and aerial photography, asdiscussed in Section 210 . Field surveying is usually needed in conjunction withenvironmental and technical surveysto mark the preliminary route, to surveyproposed crossings, to record locations of soil borings, soil samples, archeological


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construction crews, any minor alignment relocations are surveyed, and record datafor the completed facility are obtained.

251 Published Maps and Aerial PhotographyMaps suitable for route selection include the following:

World Aeronautical Charts . These show significant topographic features;scale is 1:1,000,000 (1 inch = 16 miles). They may be obtained from aircraftcharter and service firms, or from Department of Commerce, National Oceano-graphic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Maryland, 20852.

U.S. Geological Survey maps . These show more detailed topographic featuresand ground cover. Scales are: 1:250,000 (1 inch = 4 miles); 1:125,000 (1 inch =2 miles); 1:62,500 (1 inch = 1 mile); 1:50,000 (1 inch = 0.8 mile). Maps maybe obtained from Operating Company map and drafting records groups, localmap supply stores, or the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado, orReston, Virginia. For some areas USGS also has information on geology, floodplain areas, hydrological data, land use and orthophoto maps (with aerial photo

background). Canadian Geological Survey maps are similar to USGS maps.

Aerial photographs may be available from government sources to supplement mapsfor preliminary route selection. A scale of approximately 1:36,000 (1 inch = 0.6mile) is good for route selection. With about 60% overlap of photos, stereo viewingwill show exaggerated ground relief and is useful in laying out the route in roughterrain. Enlargements are useful in selecting station and appurtenance sites. Sources

for aerial photography include the following: U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Bureau of Land Management U.S. Bureau of Reclamation N.A.S.A. Commercial aerial photography services

Operating Companies periodically fly their own aerial photography surveys, espe-cially for new exploration areas. Contact your map and drafting records group.

Similar topographic maps and aerial photos are usually available from local govern-ment sources in other countries.

252 S i d M i S i


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these prequalification meetings a short-list should be invited to submit proposals.For a long cross-country line it may be advisable to contract sections of the route to

different surveying companies. In this case, make arrangements for similar presenta-tion of data by each contractor.

The surveying company should be equipped with electronic distance measuringinstruments and computerized theodolites, and be able to produce maps within 24hours, when necessary.

Mapping for permit, right-of-way, and land acquisition should be done by the landsurveying contractor. Alignment sheets and crossing detail drawings, both for

construction and for record, are usually prepared by the project engineering organi-zation using survey data from the surveying company, since these drawings incorpo-rate more information than just the definition of the route.

The contract schedule of payments for surveying and mapping services should becomplete and precise in covering all items of cost anticipated for the work. Compen-sation is normally on an hourly or daily reimbursement basis for field crews andoffice personnel, with added items for special equipment, field expenses, printingand reproduction, etc.

Aerial photography and photogrammetric mapping and engineering are often advan-tageous and economical. The land surveying company may have this capability, or,more likely, will subcontract this phase of work. Compensation for such workshould also be defined in the contract schedule of payments at the time of award.

On large projects or projects in remote areas sophisticated inertial or satellitesurveying systems may be applicable. These may be provided within the surveyingand mapping services contract or may be contracted for separately, in which caseclose coordination is required with the conventional field surveying crews.

253 Aerial Photography and PhotogrammetryAfter a preliminary route is selected for a cross-country pipeline and the project isapproved, it may be economical and expeditious to arrange for aerial photographyalong the route. Aerial photographs may be uncontrolled by flying at a certainelevation above the ground to give an approximate scaleor controlled by usingknown surveyed ground reference points and photogrammetric methods to produceaccurately scaled photographs. Uncontrolled aerial photography is considerablyless expensive than controlled, and may be satisfactory for wilderness or remoteareas where accurate right-of-way mapping is not critical. However, in the UnitedStates and other developed countries controlled aerial photography and photogram-metric mapping is usually made economical by the saving in costs and time for


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Usually, aerial photography is done early in the design phase of the project, butthere may be situations in wilderness and remote areas in which the cost of

controlled aerial photogrammetry done after construction, with the cleared workingstrip and markers over the pipeline visible, will be offset by reduced field surveycosts.

254 Field Surveying and MappingControl surveys are done on the ground, based on existing government monumentsor other accepted monuments with established location coordinates and elevations.

Control surveys are usually made to a high order of accuracy (second order orbetter). They provide the basic network for all other surveying and mapping duringthe design, right-of-way, and property acquisition and construction phases of theproject. The cost of setting up the survey control network is usually significant.

Control points should be well documented, and semipermanent monumentsinstalled. This is particularly critical if there should be a change in surveyingcompany between initial surveying and construction surveying.

The route centerline alignment is tied to government monuments, property corners,and boundaries and to the monuments established by the control survey. The routeis defined by the points of intersection (PIs) of the straight lines identifying theroute, the horizontal lengths, or tangents , between PIs, and the bearings , or deflec-tions , of the tangents. Preferably, the initial and final points of the line should bestated in Lambert grid coordinates, or another standard grid system adopted by thegovernmental survey authority for the area.

Typically, permit and right-of-way maps show ties to controlling property corners,and the dimensions and areas of right-of-way parcels. Specific requirements formonumenting the right-of-way and preparing right-of-way maps and documentsvary from place to place. The Manual of Instructions for the Survey of the Public

Lands of the U.S., issued by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, governs proce-dures for land surveying.

Field surveying must also be done at the design phase for:

Ground reference points for controlled aerial photography Route alignment sheets Crossing detail drawings Site topographic maps

The alignment is staked at the time of construction. Offset stakes are set from thepipe centerline usually at 200-foot intervals and marking stakes are set with hori-


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Construction staking may be done either by the Companys surveying contractor orby the pipeline construction contractor. If done by the construction contractor, the

Company field engineer should ensure that clearly marked base survey stakes are inplace (by which the construction contractor will set his offset stakes) and that theconstruction contractors survey crew is competent.

Field surveying may also be needed during the construction period to lay out andstake minor realignments during the course of construction. Field surveying shouldbe done when installing river and stream crossings so that the location and depth ofthe line, and river bottom and bank profiles are accurately recorded.

When the pipeline is in the ground and all work is essentially complete, fieldsurveying is done for record purposes. Slope distances along the line are measured,corresponding to the actual length of pipe. From these, slope stationings for PIs,pipe and coating changes, crossings, appurtenances, fence lines, pipeline markers,etc., can be derived and shown on the final record alignment sheets.

255 Route Alignment Sheets and Design Drawings

These drawings are prepared by the project engineering organization for construc-tion and as a record of the completed pipeline facility. Because the line is generallyburied, and lies on property not owned by the Company, accurate records of the lineas constructed, or, subsequently, as modified, are particularly important.

As prepared for construction, route alignment sheets define the route, with hori-zontal stationings (the cumulative distance from a starting point of the line, suchas the scraper trap mainline block valve at the initial pump station). The alignmentsheets typically also show:

Right-of-way width, and position of the new pipeline(s) within the right-of-way

Ground elevation profile

Pipe minimum cover

Pipe size, wall thickness, grade, manufacturer

Pipe coating

Appurtenance locations, including cathodic protection rectifier stations,anodes, and test stations, with references to detail drawings

River and stream crossings, with references to detail drawings

Highway, road and railroad crossings, with references to detail drawings


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Property ownership, and permit and right-of-way reference numbers

Types of vegetation or cultivationCrossing detail drawings show plan and profile views for each crossed facility(river, stream, highway, road, railroad) and the pipeline. For cased crossings thecasing, size, wall thickness and length are shown, and vents (if any), and the quan-tity and description of insulating spacer supports and casing end seals are listed. Forcrossings of pipelines and cables a typical drawing is usually prepared for all suchcrossings.

The record alignment sheets incorporate information on the completed pipeline,and show slope stationings for PIs and all pipeline features. Horizontal stationingsoriginally shown for the route and ties to monuments and properties should remain.Horizontal stationings and slope stationings should be clearly differentiated ;for example, show all slope stationings within parentheses.

Chevron Pipe Line Company and the Civil and Structural Division of the Engi-neering Technology Department may be consulted for recommended format foralignment sheets and crossing detail drawings. See Figure s 200-1 and 200-2.

256 Special Survey SystemsFor surveys in undeveloped and remote areas, and where survey base monumentsmay be distant, special inertial or satellite survey systems should be considered.State-of-the-art equipment is continually improving, and available systems shouldbe evaluated at the time of the project. These systems give latitude and longitude(or coordinates in a base system), and elevations, and can be effectively used to

establish a network of project reference monuments along the route as a basis forconventional field surveying on the ground.

Example Alignment Sheet: Notes

(Notes to Figure 200-1)

A. Ownership

1. Line list number or parcel number identifies property or rancho boundariescrossed by pipeline and right-of-way.

2. Pipeline schematic and identification.

3. Right-of-way boundaries on either side of pipeline. Show width of R/W fromcenterline of pipeline.


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6. If plat determines that property contains only easement (not pipeline), drawproperty line within right-of-way.

7. Property corner "ties" identify property limits more clearly (use a 1/16-in.circle).

8. "X" after line list/parcel number denotes a road crossing, "R" a railroadcrossing. Show centerline and name of road or railroad. If crossing liesbetween two properties use lower property number.

9. Line out "stationing &" if not used.

10. Horizontal pipeline footage through a property. This footage is on propertyplat. Place footage number in line with line list/parcel number. Survey ties toproperty lines, section corners, etc., are horizontal distances.

11. Place property line stationing (if shown) vertically on left side of property lines.

B. Aerial

12. Show scale used.

13. Indicate information concerning "start" of an alignment, e.g., continuationdrawing numbers, coordinate system reference, start of survey stationingand/or matching stationing from a previous alignment sheet.

14. North arrow.

15. Plot pipeline line to scale with points of intersection (PI) symbols (1/16-in.circles) indicating bearing changes. Plot valve symbols and bearings alongpipeline.

16. List of PIs and stationing.

17. Milepost marker with stationing to left of extension line. Extension linesextend to, but not through, pipeline line.

18. Line list/parcel number with leader to 1/6-in. dot at property location. Propertycorner ties help identify plat. Show only property crossed by pipeline or withinright-of-way.

19. Identify county and state on each alignment sheet.

20. Identify any parallel pipeline(s).

21. Indicate road/railroad crossings with an oval, symbol and number, and leaderto road/railroad centerline. To avoid confusion, set leader at an angle to the


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C. Material Section

24. Pipeline line (same scale as aerial map).

25. Use extension and dimension lines and a box to identify pipe size, wall thick-ness, grade, pipe ends, pipe manufacturing process and coating type.

26. Give beginning and ending stationing for concrete coatings, weights andcasings as found in field notebook.

27. Use and station cathodic protection symbols per legend and field notebook.

28. Place wall thickness (WT) changes next to extension line.29. Show valves and refer to separate detail drawings if required.

30. Line up all matchlines. Indicate stationing and continuation sheets or start ofsurvey information.

D. Class Location Section

43. For gas pipelines, show class location boundaries.

E. Alignment Section

31. Show pipeline as a straight line with PI and valve symbols spaced to scale ofaerial strip.

32. Indicate crossings as found in field notebook. Place crossing symbols perpen-dicular to pipeline at about the same location as in aerial strip with spacing asmuch to scale as possible.

33. Place stationing and brief description of crossings below symbol in textportion. Stationing relates to inventory (slope) distances, not horizontaldistances.

34. Indicate tie dimensions and reference in text when they appear in field note-book.

35. Line up all matchlines with each other. Indicate stationing and continuationsheets or start of survey information.

F. Profile

36. Record beginning station and end station.

37. Give elevation for centerline of pipeline. Use a consistent vertical scale on allalignment sheets, large enough to show elevation changes of concern to


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G. Legend

44. Symbols used on alignment sheet.

45. Revision block.

46. Scale of aerial and alignment strips.

47. Date of plat.

48. Drawing title.

49. Drawing number.


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Pipeline Manual 200 Route

Chevron Corporation 200-21 Nove

Fig. 200-1 Example Alignment Sheet


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Pipeline Manual 200 Route

Chevron Corporation 200-23 Nove

Fig. 200-2 Alignment Sheet

PPL200 Route Selection

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