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Personal Protective Equipment

These notes will help you to

Examine your workplace,

Review the work procedures you require your employees to follow,

Select appropriate PPE (except for respirators and insulating ruer equipment! to

protect your employees, and Teach your employees how to wear and care for the PPEyou provide"

These notes will help you comply with #S$%&s general PPE requirements" This standard requiresemployers to estalish general procedures, called a PPE program, to give employees necessaryprotective equipment and to train them to use it properly" Respirators and insulating devices arenot included in this guide ecause #S$% requires employers to develop separate programsspecifically addressing the issues associated with those types of protective" %lthough notspecifically directed to construction and maritime industry, the information, methods, andprocedures in this guide are also applicale to, and will help you comply with, #S$%&s general

PPE requirements for the construction industry"

What is personal protective equipment?

Personal protective equipment, or PPE, includes a variety of devices and garments to protectworkers from in'uries" ou can find PPE designed to protect

Eyes,

)ace,

$ead,

Ears,

)eet,

$ands and arms, and

*hole ody"

PPE includes such items as

+oggles,

)ace shields,

Safety glasses,

$ard hats,

Safety shoes,

+loves,

ests,

Earplugs, and

Earmuffs"

Respirators and ruer insulating equipment (gloves, sleeves, lankets! are also consideredPPE, ut ecause #S$% has specific requirements for those kinds of PPE, this general guidedoes not address such equipment"

The Need For PPE

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Who must provide PPE?

ou must provide PPE for your employees if

Their work environment presents a ha-ard or is likely to present a ha-ard to any part of

their odies.

Their work processes present a ha-ard or are likely to present a ha-ard to any part oftheir odies.

/uring their work, they might come into contact with ha-ardous chemicals, radiation, or

mechanical irritants.

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%0/ you are unale to eliminate their exposure or potential exposure to the ha-ard yengineering, work practice, or administrative controls"

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Eye and Face Protection

When must I provide eye protection for employees?

ou must provide eye protection for employees whenever they are exposed to potential eye

in'uries during their work if work practice or engineering controls do not eliminate the risk of in'ury"Some of the things that might cause eye in'uries include the following1

/ust and other flying particles, such as metal shavings or wool fiers"

2olten metal that might splash"

%cids and other caustic liquid chemicals that might splash"

3lood and other potentially infectious ody fluids that might splash, spray, or splatter"

4ntense light such as that created y welding arcs and lasers"

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How do I select the proper protective eyewear for employees?

3egin with the following criteria1

Eye protection must protect against the specific ha-ard(s! encountered in the workplace"

4t must e reasonaly comfortale to wear"

Eye protection must not restrict vision or movement"

Eye protection must e durale and easy to clean and disinfect"

Eye protection must not interfere with the function of other required PPE"

4n addition, the %merican 0ational Standards 4nstitute, 4nc" (%0S4! has issued standardrequirements for the design, construction, testing, and use of protective devices for eyes andface"

#S$% requires that all protective eyewear you purchase for your employees meet therequirements of %0S4 567"898:6: for devices purchased after ;uly

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Welding shields#@onstructed of vulcani-ed fier or fierglass and fitted with a filtered

lens, these protective devices are designed for the specific ha-ards associated withwelding" *elding shields protect your employees& eyes from urns caused y infrared orintense radiant light, and they protect face and eyes from flying sparks, metal spatter, andslag chips produced during welding, ra-ing, soldering, and cutting"

&aser safety goggles" Aaser safety goggles provide a range of protection against the

intense concentrations of light produced y lasers" The type of laser safety goggles youchoose will depend upon the equipment and operating conditions in your workplace"

Face shields" These transparent sheets of plastic extend from the row to elow the chin

across the entire width of the employee&s head" Some are polari-ed for glare protection"@hoose face shields to protect your employees& faces from nuisance dusts and potentialsplashes or sprays of ha-ardous liquids"

'an face shields protect employees instead of goggles or protective spectacles?

)ace shields do not protect employees from impact ha-ards" ou may use however, face shieldsin comination with goggles or safety spectacles, to protect against impact ha-ards, even in theasence of dust or potential splashes, for additional protection eyond that offered y goggles orspectacles alone"

How do I choose the correct eye protection from among all the different types?

Each kind of protective eyewear is designed to protect against specific ha-ards" 3y completingthe ha-ard assessment of your workplace outlined in the previous section, you will identify thespecific workplace ha-ards that pose a threat to your employees& eyes and faces" Tales 8through B and )igure 8 will help you find the protective devices most suited for your employeesand your workplace" Aocate the operations and ha-ards most similar to those in your workplace inTale 8 and match the numer to the corresponding drawing in )igure 8" *elding and laseroperations require lenses to e tinted to a degree sufficient to protect against the specific intensityof light present during that tasks your employees perform (see Tales C and B!"

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How dar! do lenses on welding helmets and goggles need to (e?

The intensity of light or radiant energy produced y welding, cutting, or ra-ing operations variesaccording to a numer of factors including the task producing the light, the electrode si-e, and thearc current" Tale C shows the minimum protective shade for a variety of welding, cutting, andra-ing operations" To protect employees who are exposed to intense radiant energy, egin yselecting a shade too dark to see the welding -one" Then try lighter shades until you find one thatallows a sufficient view of the welding -one without going elow the minimum protective shade"

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How do I protect employees from e)posure to laser (eams?

ou must provide safety goggles specifically designed to protect the employees& eyes from thespecific intensity of light produced y the laser" The level of protection will vary according the level

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of radiation emitted y the laser" 4f your employees are exposed to laser eams, you mustdetermine the maximum power density, or intensity, that the lasers can produce" 3ased on thisknowledge, you must select lenses that will protect against this maximum intensity" Tale B showsthe minimum optical density of lenses required for various laser intensities" Employers with lasersemitting radiation etween two measures of power density (or light locking capaility! mustprovide lenses that offer protection against the higher of the two intensities"

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How can I (e sure that laser safety goggles provide enough protection?

Every pair of safety goggles intended for use with laser eams must ear a lael with thefollowing information1

The laser wavelengths for which they are intended to e used"

The optical density of those wavelengths"

The visile light transmission"

*nce I have selected the appropriate eye protection equipment how do I ma!e sureemployees use it properly?

Train your employees to use the protective eyewear" @hecklist @ will help you prepare youremployees to use and care for the eye protection you provide"

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+y wor!place gets pretty dirty# How will my employees !eep their protective eyewear cleanand effective?

Train your employees how to clean the eye protectors" %llow them time at the end of their shifts todo the following1

/isassemle goggles or spectacles,

Thoroughly clean all parts with soap and warm water,

@arefully rinse off all traces of soap, and

Replace all defective parts"

#ccasionally, you must disinfect the protective eyewear" To do so, after cleaning you can do thefollowing1

4mmerse and swa all parts for 8D minutes in a germicidal solution"

Remove all parts from the solution and hang in a clean place to air dry at room

temperature or with heated air"

/o not rinse the parts after sumerging them in the disinfectant" Rinsing will remove the

germicidal residue that remains after drying"

%lso use ultraviolet disinfecting and spray9type disinfecting solutions also may e used

after washing"

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+y employees wor! in shifts# 'ould I provide one pair of protective eyewear for eachposition instead of each employee?

es" 4f you do this, however, you must disinfect shared protective eyewear after each use" 4f thegoggles or spectacles do not have to e individually designed to incorporate an employee&scorrective lenses and you disinfect the eyewear etween uses y different employees, more than

one employee may use the same set of protective eyewear"

Head Protection

When do my employees need head protection?

ou must provide head protection for your employees if1

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#'ects might fall from aove and strike them on the head.

They might ump their heads against fixed o'ects, such as exposed pipes or eams. or

They work near exposed electrical conductors"

What should I loo! for in head protection?

4n general, protective helmets, or hard hats, should

Resist penetration y o'ects,

%sor the shock of a low,

3e water resistant and slow urning, and

@ome with instructions explaining proper ad'ustment and replacement of the suspension

and headand"

Hard hats require a hard outer shell and a shock-absorbing lining. The lining shouldincorporate a head band and straps that suspend the shell from 1 to 1 1/4 inches (2.54 cm

to .1! cm" a#a$ from the user%s head. This design pro&ides shock absorption during

impact and &entilation during #ear.

's #ith de&ices designed to protect e$es the design construction testing and use ofprotecti&e helmets must meet standards established b$ ')*+. ,rotecti&e helmets

purchased after ul$ 5 14 must compl$ #ith ')*+ !.1-1!0(" #hereas those

purchased before this date must meet the ')*+ !.1-10 standard.

What types of head protection are availa(le?

$ard hats are divided into three industrial classes1

'lass ,#These helmets are for general service" They provide good impact protection ut

limited voltage protection" They are used mainly in mining, uilding construction,shipuilding, lumering, and manufacturing"

'lass -#@hoose @lass 3 helmets if your employees are engaged in electrical work" They

protect against falling o'ects and high9voltage shock and urns"

'lass '#/esigned for comfort, these light9weight helmets offer limited protection" They

protect workers from umping against fixed o'ects ut do not protect against fallingo'ects or electric shock"

ook at the inside of an$ protecti&e helmet $ou are considering for $our emplo$ees and

$ou should see a label sho#ing the manufacturer%s name the ')*+ standard it meets and

its class. 3igure 2 sho#s the basic design of hard hats.

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How do I choose the correct protective helmets from among the different types?

Each kind of protective helmet is designed to protect against specific ha-ards" 3y completing theha-ard assessment outlined aove, you will identify the specific workplace ha-ards that pose athreat to your employee&s head"

I have purchased new hard hats that meet the ,N"I requirements# Have I fulfilled myresponsi(ility to protect my employees. heads?

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0o" 4ssuing appropriate head protection to employees is a ma'or first step, ut you must makesure that the hard hats continue to provide sufficient protection to your employees" /o this ytraining your employees in the proper use and maintenance of hard hats including dailyinspection of them" 4f your employees identify any of the following defects, remove the hard hatsfrom service1

The suspension system shows signs of deterioration such as1

@racking,

Tearing, or

)raying"

The suspension system no longer holds the shell from 8 inch to 8 8?= inches (C"

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on the effects of paint and cleaning materials on their hard hats" eep in mind that paintand stickers can also hide signs of deterioration in the hard hat shell" Aimit their use"

Fltraviolet light and extreme heat, such as that generated y sunlight, can reduce the

strength of the hard hats" Therefore, employees should not store or transport hard hatson the rear9window shelves of automoiles or otherwise in direct sunlight"

%lso, instruct employees to clean the protective helmets periodically y1

4mmersing for one minute in hot (approximately 8=Do), or >Do@! water and detergent,

Scruing, and

Rinsing in clear hot water"

Foot and &eg Protection

When must I provide foot and leg protection?

ou must provide foot and leg protection if your workplace ha-ard assessment reveals potentialdangers to these parts of the ody" Some of the potential ha-ards you might identify include thefollowing1

$eavy o'ects such as arrels or tools that might roll onto or fall on employees& feet"

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Sharp o'ects such as nails or spikes that might pierce the soles or uppers of ordinary

shoes"

2olten metal that might splash on feet or legs

$ot or wet surfaces"

Slippery surfaces"

What are the types of protection and where do I use them?

The type of foot and leg protection you provide your employees will depend upon the specificworkplace ha-ards you identify and the specific parts of the feet or legs exposed to potentialin'ury" Safety footwear must meet minimum compression and impact performance standards andtesting requirements estalished y %0S4" Protective footwear purchased after ;uly

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What should I loo! for when choosing safety shoes for my employees?

+enerally, safety shoes must e sturdy and must have impact9resistant safety toes, instepprotection, and heat9resistant soles (see )igure B!" %ll safety shoes must comply with the %0S4standard(s! mentioned aove" 4n addition, depending on the types of worker exposures, you mayneed to provide specially designed safety shoes such as conductive or electrical9ha-ard safetyshoes"

'onductive "hoes1 Electrically conductive shoes protect against the uildup of static electricity"Essentially, these shoes ground the employees wearing them" Employees working in explosiveand ha-ardous locations such as explosives manufacturing facilities or grain elevators must wearconductive shoes to reduce the risk of static electricity uildup on an employee&s ody that couldproduce a spark and cause an explosion or fire" /uring training, employees must e instructednot to use foot powder or wear socks made of silk, wool, or nylon with conductive shoes" )oot

powder insulates and retards the conductive aility of the shoes" Silk, wool, and nylon producestatic electricity"

@onductive shoes are not general9purpose shoes and must e removed upon completion of thetasks for which they are required" Employees exposed to electrical ha-ards must never wearconductive shoes"

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Electrical ha/ard safety$toe shoesare nonconductive and will prevent your employees& feetfrom completing an electrical circuit to the ground" They can protect employees against opencircuits of up to >DD volts in dry conditions" Electrical ha-ard, safety9toe shoes should e used incon'unction with other insulating equipment and precautions to reduce or eliminate the potential

for your employees& odies or parts of their odies to provide a path for ha-ardous electricalenergy" 0ote1 0onconductive footwear must not e used in explosive or ha-ardous locations. insuch locations, electrically conductive shoes are required"

Train your employees to recogni-e that the insulating protection of electrical ha-ard, safety9toeshoes may e compromised if

The shoe is wet

The ruer sole is worn through

2etal particles ecome emedded in the sole or heel. or

#ther parts of the employees& odies come into contact with conductive, grounded

items"

Foundry "hoes04n addition to insulating your employees& feet from the extreme heat of moltenmetal, foundry shoes prohiit hot metal from lodging in shoe eyelets, tongues, or other parts"These snug9fitting leather or leather9sustitute shoes have leather or ruer soles and ruerheels" 4n addition, all foundry shoes must have uilt9in safety toes"

*nce I have selected equipment to protect my employees. feet and legs how do I ma!esure they use it properly?

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Train your employees to use the protective footwear" @hecklist E will help you instruct youremployees to use and care for the foot and leg protection you provide"

Hand and ,rm Protection

When must I provide hand and arm protection?

4f your workplace ha-ard assessment reveals that your employees risk in'ury to their hands andarms, and engineering and work practice controls do not eliminate the ha-ards, you must provideyour employees with appropriate protection" The in'uries you may need to guard against in yourworkplace include the following1

3urns

3ruises

%rasions

@uts

Punctures

)ractures

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%mputations

@hemical exposures"

What !ind of equipment is necessary to protect the hands and arms?

)or many workplace operations, machine guards such as point9of9operation guards will esufficient" )or example, install a arrier that makes it impossile for employees to put their handsat the point where a tale saw lade makes contact with the wood it cuts" )or other ha-ardousoperations, you may e ale to institute work procedures that eliminate the risk of in'ury to youremployees& hands or arms" *hen such measures fail to eliminate the ha-ard, however, protectivegloves will e the primary means of protecting employees& hands" *hen the risk of in'ury includesthe arm, protective sleeves, often attached to the gloves, may e appropriate"

Is there one !ind of glove that will protect against all wor!place ha/ards?

0o" The nature of the ha-ard(s! and the operation to e performed will determine your selectionof gloves" The variety of potential occupational hand in'uries may make selecting the appropriate

pair of gloves more difficult than choosing other protective equipment" Take care to choose glovesdesigned for the particular circumstances of your workplace"

What !inds of protective gloves are availa(le?

+loves made from a wide variety of materials are designed for virtually every workplace ha-ard"4n general, however, they may e divided into four groups1

/urale work gloves made of metal mesh, leather, or canvas"

)aric and coated faric gloves"

@hemical and liquid resistant gloves"

4nsulating ruer gloves"

+etal +esh &eather or 'anvas %loves1 Sturdy gloves made from metal mesh, leather, orcanvas provide protection against cuts, urns, and sustained heat"

&eather gloves1 Aeather gloves protect against sparks, moderate heat, lows, chips, and rougho'ects" *elders in particular need the duraility of higher9quality leather gloves"

,lumini/ed gloves1 These gloves usually are used for welding, furnace, and foundry workecause they provide reflective and insulating protection against heat" %lumini-ed gloves requirean insert made of synthetic materials that protect against heat and cold"

,ramid fi(er gloves1 %ramid is a synthetic material that protects against heat and cold" 2anyglove manufacturers use aramid fier to make gloves that are cut9 and arasive9resistant andwear well"

*ther synthetic materials1 Several manufacturers make gloves with other synthetic farics thatoffer protection against heat and cold" 4n addition to protection against temperature extremes,gloves made with other synthetic materials are cut9 and arasive9resistant and may withstandsome diluted acids" These materials do not stand up against alkalis and solvents"

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Fa(ric and 'oated Fa(ric %loves1 These gloves are made of cotton or other faric to providevarying degrees of protection"

Fa(ric gloves1 These gloves can protect against dirt, slivers, chafing, and arasion" Thesegloves do not provide sufficient protection, however, to e used with rough, sharp, or heavymaterials" %dding a plastic coating to some faric gloves strengthens them and makes them

effective protection for a variety of tasks"

'oated fa(ric gloves1 2anufacturers normally make these gloves from cotton flannel withnapping on one side" 3y coating the unnapped side with plastic, faric gloves are transformedinto general9purpose hand protection offering slip9resistant qualities" These gloves are used fortasks ranging from handling ricks and wire rope to handling chemical containers in laoratoryoperations" *hen selecting gloves to protect against chemical exposure ha-ards, always checkwith the manufacturer (or review the manufacturer&s product literature! to determine the gloves&effectiveness against the specific chemicals and conditions in the workplace"

'hemical$ and &iquid$1esistant %loves0+loves made of ruer (latex, nitrile, or utyl!, plastic,or synthetic ruer9like material such as neoprene protect workers from urns, irritation, anddermatitis caused y contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other chemicals" The use of ruergloves also reduces the risk of exposure to lood and other potentially infectious sustances"Some common gloves used for chemical protection are descried elow" 4n addition, Tale =rates various gloves as protectors against specific chemicals and will help you select the mostappropriate gloves to protect your employees"

-utyl ru((er gloves1 These gloves protect against nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, redfuming nitric acid, rocket fuels, and peroxide" $ighly impermeale to gases, chemicals, and watervapor, utyl ruer gloves also resist oxidation and o-one corrosion" 4n addition, they resist

arasion and remain flexile at low temperatures"

Natural late) or ru((er gloves1 The comfortale wear and pliaility of latex gloves as well astheir protective qualities make them a popular general9purpose glove" 4n addition to resistingarasions caused y sandlasting, grinding, and polishing, these gloves protect workers& handsfrom most water solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones" *hen selecting hand protection,you should e aware that latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals andthus may not e appropriate for all of your employees" $ypoallergenic gloves, glove liners, andpowderless gloves are possile alternatives for individuals who are allergic to latex gloves"

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Neoprene gloves" These gloves have good pliaility, finger dexterity, high density, and tearresistance which protect against hydraulic fluids, gasoline, alcohols, organic acids, and alkalis"

Nitrile ru((er gloves" These sturdy gloves provide protection from chlorinated solvents such astrichloroethylene and perchloroethylene " %lthough intended for 'os requiring dexterity andsensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to sustances that

cause other gloves to deteriorate" 4n addition, nitrile gloves resist arasions, punctures, snags,and tears"

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How do I ma!e sure my employees properly use the equipment I have selected?

Train your employees to use the protective gloves and sleeves" @hecklist ) will help you teachyour employees how to use and care for the equipment"

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-ody Protection

When must I provide my employees with full (ody protection?

ou must provide ody protection for employees if they are threatened with odily in'ury of onekind or another while performing their 'os, and if engineering, work practice, and administrativecontrols have failed to eliminate these ha-ards" *orkplace ha-ards that could cause odily in'uryinclude the following1

4ntense heat

Splashes of hot metals and other hot liquids

4mpacts from tools, machinery, and materials

@uts

$a-ardous chemicals

@ontact with potentially infectious materials, like lood

Radiation"

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If only part of the (ody faces potential in2ury must I provide my employees with full (odyprotection?

%s with all protective equipment, protective clothing is availale to protect against specificha-ards" ou need to provide personal protective equipment only for the parts of the odyexposed to possile in'ury" /epending upon ha-ards in your workplace, you may need to provide

your employees with one or more of the following1

ests

;ackets

%prons

@overalls

Surgical gowns

)ull ody suits"

4f your ha-ard assessment indicates that you must provide full ody protection against toxicsustances or harmful physical agents, you must1

4nspect the clothing carefully,

Ensure proper fit, and

2ake sure the protective clothing functions properly"

From what material should protective clothing (e made?

Protective clothing comes in a variety of materials, each suited to particular ha-ards" @onductyour ha-ard assessment" 4dentify the sources of any possile odily in'ury" 4nstall any feasileengineering controls, and institute work practice controls to eliminate the ha-ards" 4f the possiilityof odily in'ury still exists, provide protective clothing constructed of material that will protectagainst the specific ha-ards in your workplace" 2aterials for protective clothing include thefollowing1

Paperli!e fi(er#/isposale suits made of this material provide protection against dust

and splashes"

Treated wool and cotton#Protective clothing made from treated wool and cotton adapts

well to changing workplace temperatures and is comfortale as well as fire resistant"Treated cotton and wool clothing protects against dust, arasions, and rough andirritating surfaces"

3uc!#This closely woven cotton faric protects employees against cuts and ruises

while they handle heavy, sharp, or rough materials"

&eather#Aeather protective clothing is often used against dry heat and flame"

1u((er ru((eri/ed fa(rics neoprene and plastics#Protective clothing made from

these materials protects against certain acids and other chemicals"

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3e aware that different materials will protect against different chemical and physical ha-ards"*hen chemical or physical ha-ards are present, check with the clothing manufacturer to makesure that the material selected will provide protection from the specific chemical or physicalha-ards in your workplace"

How do I ma!e sure employees properly use the (ody protection I provide?

Train your employees to use the protective clothing" @hecklist + will help you instructthem in the use and care of the ody protection"

Hearing Protection

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When must I provide hearing protection for my employees?

/etermining the need to provide hearing protection can e tricky" Employee exposure toexcessive noise depends upon a numer of factors1

$ow loud is the noise as measured in deciels (d3%!G

*hat is the duration of each employee&s exposure to the noiseG /o employees move etween separate work areas with different noise levelsG

4s noise generated from one source or multiple sourcesG

+enerally, the louder the noise, the shorter the exposure time efore you must provide hearingprotection" )or instance, employees may e exposed to a noise level of :D d3% for 6 hours perday efore you must provide hearing protection for them" Suppose, however, that the noise levelreaches 88< d3% in your workplace" Then you must provide hearing protection if their anticipatedexposure exceeds 8< minutes"

Tale < shows when you must provide hearing protection to employees exposed to occupationalnoise at specific levels for specific periods" 0oises are considered continuous if the interval

etween occurrences of the maximum noise level is 8 second or less" 0oises not meeting thisdefinition are considered impact or impulse noises" Exposure to impact or impulse noises (loudmomentary explosions of sound! must not exceed 8=D d3" Examples of impact or impulse noisesmay include the noise from a powder9actuated nail gun, the noise from a punch press, or thenoise from drop hammers"

Will earplugs reduce employee e)posure to high noise levels?

%s with other types of ha-ards, you must implement feasile engineering controls and workpractices efore resorting to PPE such as earplugs or earmuffs" 4f engineering and work practicecontrols do not lower employee exposure to workplace noise to acceptale levels, then you mustprovide employees with appropriate PPE"

What if my employees are e)posed to different levels of noise throughout the day?

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4f employees move from location to location and the noise level is different in each location, or ifthe noise levels in an area change throughout the day (e"g", equipment turns on or off!, you mustcalculate an Hequivalent noise factorH to determine whether you must provide hearing protection"

2easure the noise level at each location in which the employee works"

)or each noise level, find the allowale duration in Tale

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capale of achieving the attenuation needed to reduce the employee&s noise exposure to withinthe acceptale limits noted in Tale

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Select the appropriate types of PPE to protect your employees from ha-ards that cannot eeliminated or controlled through engineering controls and work practices"

4nform your employees why the PPE is necessary and when it must e worn"

Train your employees how to use and care for the selected PPE and how to recogni-e PPE

deterioration and failure"

Require your employees to wear the selected PPE in the workplace"

The asic information presented here attempts to estalish and illustrate a logical, structuredapproach to ha-ard assessment and PPE selection and application for you to use as a startingpoint for your PPE program"