PPDR Communications: A NATO Perspective

NATO UNCLASSIFIED1

PPDR Communications: A NATO Perspective

Dr Michael Street

NATO Command, Control and Consultation Agency

2 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATONATONATONATO

• NATO - 19 nations•The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them.

•In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.

• NATO - 19 nations•The fundamental role of NATO is to safeguard the freedom and security of its member countries. It is one of the foundations on which the stability and security of the Euro-Atlantic area depends and it serves as an essential forum for transatlantic consultations on matters affecting the vital security interests of all its members. Its first task is to deter and defend against any threat of aggression against any of them.

•In order to improve security and stability in the area, the North Atlantic Alliance also plays a key role in the field of crisis management, by contributing to effective conflict prevention and, in the event of a crisis, by taking appropriate action to resolve the crisis when there is consensus among the member countries to do so.

3 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

• NATO

• NATOs Civil Emergency Planning Role

• NATO C3 Agency

• Public Protection and Disaster Relief Scenarios

• Military use of civil technology for PPDR

• Military contribution to civil technology and standards

• NATO

• NATOs Civil Emergency Planning Role

• NATO C3 Agency

• Public Protection and Disaster Relief Scenarios

• Military use of civil technology for PPDR

• Military contribution to civil technology and standards

4 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO, Partnership for Peace and Mediterranean DialogueNATO, Partnership for Peace and Mediterranean DialogueNATO, Partnership for Peace and Mediterranean DialogueNATO, Partnership for Peace and Mediterranean Dialogue

5 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

PPDR Regional Activities:PPDR Regional Activities: NATO, the North Atlantic Region and beyondNATO, the North Atlantic Region and beyond

PPDR Regional Activities:PPDR Regional Activities: NATO, the North Atlantic Region and beyondNATO, the North Atlantic Region and beyond

• Partnership for Peace - 27 nations• NATO + PfP = Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)

• Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordinating Centre (EARDCC)

• Partnership for Peace - 27 nations• NATO + PfP = Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)

• Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordinating Centre (EARDCC)

• Mediterranean Dialogue - 7 nations• Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. • Security in Europe is closely linked to security in the Mediterranean

region• http://www.nato.int/med-dial/home.htm

• Mediterranean Dialogue - 7 nations• Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. • Security in Europe is closely linked to security in the Mediterranean

region• http://www.nato.int/med-dial/home.htm

• .. and beyond the North Atlantic• Pacific nations co-operate with NATO, particularly for crisis

response

• .. and beyond the North Atlantic• Pacific nations co-operate with NATO, particularly for crisis

response

6 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO’s Third DimensionNATO’s Third DimensionNATO’s Third DimensionNATO’s Third Dimension

•First and Second dimensions of NATO•“The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.”

•Third dimension•Scientific and environmental co-operation•Responding to civil emergencies

•First and Second dimensions of NATO•“The fundamental roles of NATO have always been concerned with security cooperation between member countries and, in more recent years, with Partner countries, in the political and defence fields. These have therefore been regarded as the first and second "dimensions" of the Alliance.”

•Third dimension•Scientific and environmental co-operation•Responding to civil emergencies

7 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Civil Emergency Planning (CEP) in NATOCivil Emergency Planning (CEP) in NATOCivil Emergency Planning (CEP) in NATOCivil Emergency Planning (CEP) in NATO

• .. to coordinate civil planning efforts for using a nations civil capabilities (communications included) for the 5 roles of NATO CEP• civil support for Alliance Military operations under article 5;• support for non article 5 crisis response operations;• support for national authorities in civil emergencies;• protection populations against .. weapons of mass destruction;• co-operation with partners.

• Civil communications planning in NATO • reviews existing civil communications • determines suitability to meet requirements of the Alliance (political,

military and civil) • recommends (to the nations) .. considering new and emerging

technology, the role of international organisations in the civil communications field and national legislation and arrangements.

• .. to coordinate civil planning efforts for using a nations civil capabilities (communications included) for the 5 roles of NATO CEP• civil support for Alliance Military operations under article 5;• support for non article 5 crisis response operations;• support for national authorities in civil emergencies;• protection populations against .. weapons of mass destruction;• co-operation with partners.

• Civil communications planning in NATO • reviews existing civil communications • determines suitability to meet requirements of the Alliance (political,

military and civil) • recommends (to the nations) .. considering new and emerging

technology, the role of international organisations in the civil communications field and national legislation and arrangements.

8 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Civil Communications Planning in NATOCivil Communications Planning in NATOCivil Communications Planning in NATOCivil Communications Planning in NATO

• Civil communications• Public telecommunications services - public, leased, postal• Excludes military communications assets

• Activities• International Emergency Preference scheme

–NATO CEP initiative–NATO initiative now offered to ITU

• Agreed NATO CEP documents on • Use of network management in crises• Mobile cellular systems• Co-operation with International organisations

• Civil Communications Planning• aims to have civil communications sectors available for all vital, civil

and military users if required.

• Civil communications• Public telecommunications services - public, leased, postal• Excludes military communications assets

• Activities• International Emergency Preference scheme

–NATO CEP initiative–NATO initiative now offered to ITU

• Agreed NATO CEP documents on • Use of network management in crises• Mobile cellular systems• Co-operation with International organisations

• Civil Communications Planning• aims to have civil communications sectors available for all vital, civil

and military users if required.

9 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NATO C3 ORGANISATIONNATO C3 ORGANISATIONNATO C3 ORGANISATIONNATO C3 ORGANISATION

NATO UNCLASSIFIED

NAC/DPCNorth Atlantic Council/ Defence Planning Committee

Group of NationalC3 Representatives

NATO HeadquartersC3 Staff

NATO CIS Operatingand Support AgencyNATO C3 Agency

NATO C3 Board

NATO C3 Subordinate

StructureNC3A formed in 1996 through merger of

SHAPE Technical Centre and

NATO CIS AgencyThird dimension “scientific

co-operation” element

10 NATO UNCLASSIFIED

Goal:Goal: NC3A provides managerial, scientific, and technical abilities, NC3A provides managerial, scientific, and technical abilities, resources, and advice in all areas of consultation, command, and resources, and advice in all areas of consultation, command, and control for NATOcontrol for NATO

Mission:Mission:• Provide unbiased scientific & technological support for NATOProvide unbiased scientific & technological support for NATO • Be the acquisition and procurement agent for NATO C3Be the acquisition and procurement agent for NATO C3

NATO C3 AgencyNATO C3 AgencyNATO C3 AgencyNATO C3 Agency

Scope:Scope:• Heads of governmentHeads of government • Support to major missions to NATOSupport to major missions to NATO

•Collective DefenceCollective Defence•Peace support / crisis responsePeace support / crisis response

• Military commandsMilitary commands•Strategic, Tactical and Operational military commandsStrategic, Tactical and Operational military commands


PPDR: Crisis Response ScenariosPPDR: Crisis Response ScenariosPPDR: Crisis Response ScenariosPPDR: Crisis Response Scenarios

• Crisis scenarios where a response is required•Natural disasters

–Flooding (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, UK)

–Earthquakes (Italy, Turkey, USA)–Hurricanes and Ice storms (Canada, USA)

•Non-natural disasters–Transport crashes (Canada, Germany, Norway)–Fires (Germany, Netherlands)–Terrorism

• Crisis Response Operations• ‘Traditional’ military CRO• Peace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etc

• Crisis scenarios where a response is required•Natural disasters

–Flooding (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, UK)

–Earthquakes (Italy, Turkey, USA)–Hurricanes and Ice storms (Canada, USA)

•Non-natural disasters–Transport crashes (Canada, Germany, Norway)–Fires (Germany, Netherlands)–Terrorism

• Crisis Response Operations• ‘Traditional’ military CRO• Peace-keeping, peace-support, Operations Other than War etc


Military and Civil CommunicationsMilitary and Civil CommunicationsMilitary and Civil CommunicationsMilitary and Civil Communications

• In all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated manner

• In ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etc

• Communications between military and civil emergency services are vital

• Both have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vital

• In all previous disaster scenarios the military has been involved to support civil emergency services in a co-ordinated manner

• In ‘traditional’ CRO, military works with NGOs, local services etc

• Communications between military and civil emergency services are vital

• Both have effective individual communications systems - the interface between is vital


Effect of Disasters on TelecomsEffect of Disasters on TelecomsEffect of Disasters on TelecomsEffect of Disasters on Telecoms

• Area affected •Natural - widespread•Man-made - limited

• Effect of disaster on communications•Fixed line

–Congestion and/or disruption•Radio

–Congestion and/or disruption–Loss of power–Loss of infrastructure–Priority mechanisms utilised occasionally

– From Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,

Civil Communications Planning Committee (N/EAPC U)

• Area affected •Natural - widespread•Man-made - limited

• Effect of disaster on communications•Fixed line

–Congestion and/or disruption•Radio

–Congestion and/or disruption–Loss of power–Loss of infrastructure–Priority mechanisms utilised occasionally

– From Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council,

Civil Communications Planning Committee (N/EAPC U)


Emergency Telecoms:Emergency Telecoms: What is needed to overcome disaster effectsWhat is needed to overcome disaster effects

Emergency Telecoms:Emergency Telecoms: What is needed to overcome disaster effectsWhat is needed to overcome disaster effects

• Communications system requirements:

•Rapidly deployable•Easy to use

–no time for operator training•Self supporting• Interconnected to other networks

•High capacity–Congestion is a recurring problem in many emergency scenarios

• Communications system requirements:

•Rapidly deployable•Easy to use

–no time for operator training•Self supporting• Interconnected to other networks

•High capacity–Congestion is a recurring problem in many emergency scenarios


NC3A “Concept validation”NC3A “Concept validation”Satcom Experimental TerminalSatcom Experimental TerminalNC3A “Concept validation”NC3A “Concept validation”Satcom Experimental TerminalSatcom Experimental Terminal

Specifications:Specifications: 1.2 m dish1.2 m dish 1.8 kW power1.8 kW power ~ 500 kg weight~ 500 kg weight < 15 min setup< 15 min setup COTS equipmentCOTS equipment

Operational Use:Operational Use: Highly MobileHighly Mobile Exercise SupportExercise Support

Developed by:Developed by: NC3A, CIS DivisionNC3A, CIS Division

- Rapidly deployable- Rapidly deployable- Self supporting- Self supporting- High throughput- High throughput- Easy to use- Easy to use


Picture courtesy of DERA / Qinetiq (UK)

Military Use; Civil TechnologyMilitary Use; Civil TechnologyMilitary Use; Civil TechnologyMilitary Use; Civil Technology

Civil technology, the GSM “Piconode” is also

- rapidly deployable (20 kg, 0.6 m3)

- standalone (complete GSM infrastructure BTS, BSC, MSC, NMS)

- easy to use

Can be connected to other networks other GSM, PSTN, PABX Satellite backhaulTactical Military


COTS Services for PPDR ScenariosCOTS Services for PPDR Scenarios COTS Services for PPDR ScenariosCOTS Services for PPDR Scenarios

GSM & GPS

• GSM data services support useful services for Emergency Operations

• Position reporting• Status monitoring

• Utilises basic Short Message Service of a COTS digital personal communications system

• Any digital radio system with SMS type service can do this task

GSM & GPS

• GSM data services support useful services for Emergency Operations

• Position reporting• Status monitoring

• Utilises basic Short Message Service of a COTS digital personal communications system

• Any digital radio system with SMS type service can do this task


Reasons against “deployed” GSMReasons against “deployed” GSM Reasons against “deployed” GSMReasons against “deployed” GSM

• Security• No end-to-end encryption

• Services• Services don’t always match requirements• GSM not designed for Command & Control use ….. but other Professional Mobile Radio systems were

• Spectrum• Frequency allocation• GSM bands usually licensed to commercial operators

• So, GSM is not necessarily the best choice if deploying own infrastructure.

• But it is VERY good if you want to use existing infrastructure

• Security• No end-to-end encryption

• Services• Services don’t always match requirements• GSM not designed for Command & Control use ….. but other Professional Mobile Radio systems were

• Spectrum• Frequency allocation• GSM bands usually licensed to commercial operators

• So, GSM is not necessarily the best choice if deploying own infrastructure.

• But it is VERY good if you want to use existing infrastructure


End to end encrypted GSMEnd to end encrypted GSMEnd to end encrypted GSMEnd to end encrypted GSM

• Working with “secure GSM” since 1999

• Valuable capability for certain user groups• Wanting GSM type services• On existing commercial infrastructure

–and commercially operated spectrum

• NSK 200• Norwegian / Swedish government dev.• Crypto integral to terminal• Authentication required• Approved to NATO SECRET• Tested over GSM, DECT & via Inmarsat

• NC3A workshop on “Secure GSM”• nc3a.info/GSM

• Working with “secure GSM” since 1999

• Valuable capability for certain user groups• Wanting GSM type services• On existing commercial infrastructure

–and commercially operated spectrum

• NSK 200• Norwegian / Swedish government dev.• Crypto integral to terminal• Authentication required• Approved to NATO SECRET• Tested over GSM, DECT & via Inmarsat

• NC3A workshop on “Secure GSM”• nc3a.info/GSM


NC3A PCS StudyNC3A PCS StudyNC3A PCS StudyNC3A PCS Study

• GSM is one part of a wider NC3A programme to:

• Study all available Personal Communications Systems • terrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTS - includes GSM

• Evaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenario

• Match for suitability• users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOs• applications e.g. speech, location, data, video• tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissance• phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace support

– 2+ year lifespan

• GSM is one part of a wider NC3A programme to:

• Study all available Personal Communications Systems • terrestrial, satcom, COTS & GOTS - includes GSM

• Evaluate for use against a detailed Crisis Response scenario

• Match for suitability• users e.g. military, policing, NGOs, VSOs• applications e.g. speech, location, data, video• tasks e.g. liaison, reconnaissance• phases e.g. initial deployment to long-term peace support

– 2+ year lifespan


TETRA - Military Services; Civil StandardTETRA - Military Services; Civil StandardTETRA - Military Services; Civil StandardTETRA - Military Services; Civil Standard

Developed for Public Safety & Security with C3 featuresGroup Communication• Direct Mode Operation (when no infrastructure)• Emergency facilities (call priorities & preemption)• Dispatching

• TETRA services Combat Net Radio features • has many large, security conscious user groups

–Large user groups -- COTS equipment

• Spectrum• Operates in Military UHF band• Spectrum efficient

–Military UHF allocation is mainly 25kHz A-G-A

Developed for Public Safety & Security with C3 featuresGroup Communication• Direct Mode Operation (when no infrastructure)• Emergency facilities (call priorities & preemption)• Dispatching

• TETRA services Combat Net Radio features • has many large, security conscious user groups

–Large user groups -- COTS equipment

• Spectrum• Operates in Military UHF band• Spectrum efficient

–Military UHF allocation is mainly 25kHz A-G-A


Position reporting through Position reporting through TETRA terminal with TETRA terminal with C2PCC2PC Command & Control Command & Control softwaresoftware

Position reporting through Position reporting through TETRA terminal with TETRA terminal with C2PCC2PC Command & Control Command & Control softwaresoftware

Position Reporting via COTS Mobile RadioPosition Reporting via COTS Mobile RadioPosition Reporting via COTS Mobile RadioPosition Reporting via COTS Mobile Radio


Deployable TETRA System ConfigurationDeployable TETRA System ConfigurationDeployable TETRA System ConfigurationDeployable TETRA System Configuration

HiComDigitalPABX

Command &ControlSystem

Base Station and Switch

SystemManagement

COP, Web, E-Mail, Clients

COP, Web, E-mailApp Servers

Data Interface

MobileRadio

Handheld Voice Users

AccessRouter

Portable Data Users

ISDN

AVLSGateway

MCCIS

MobilewithGPS


Civil Standards; NATO ExercisesCivil Standards; NATO ExercisesCivil Standards; NATO ExercisesCivil Standards; NATO Exercises

• Combined Endeavour 2002, 2001• Strong Resolve

• Used to establish comms infrastructure for exercise• ACAP Battalion

• SFOR trial, Banja Luka• 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK

• JWID 2001

• Combined Endeavour 2002, 2001• Strong Resolve

• Used to establish comms infrastructure for exercise• ACAP Battalion

• SFOR trial, Banja Luka• 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade, UK

• JWID 2001

NC3A TETRA system used

on exercises and trials


NC3A Trial ResultsNC3A Trial ResultsNC3A Trial ResultsNC3A Trial Results

•Easy to deploy•Setup time approx 15 mins

•Easy to use•Users like it

•Basic services meet users needs•Group calls, low rate data etc

•Range governed by terrain•Limitation is laws of physics, not technology

•Easy to deploy•Setup time approx 15 mins

•Easy to use•Users like it

•Basic services meet users needs•Group calls, low rate data etc

•Range governed by terrain•Limitation is laws of physics, not technology


Secure Voice CommunicationsSecure Voice CommunicationsSecure Voice CommunicationsSecure Voice Communications

• Military and many public safety users want secure speech services

• In emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from media

• Security against eavesdropping and disruption• Must consider and protect against emergencies where

cause is deliberate• Unprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerable

• Military and many public safety users want secure speech services

• In emergency scenarios public safety users may want privacy from media

• Security against eavesdropping and disruption• Must consider and protect against emergencies where

cause is deliberate• Unprotected communications leaves rescuers vulnerable

• Air interface and end-to-end encryption• Authentication• Key management

• Air interface and end-to-end encryption• Authentication• Key management

• Users still want interoperability - securely• Users still want interoperability - securely


TETRA Security and Fraud Prevention GroupTETRA Security and Fraud Prevention GroupTETRA Security and Fraud Prevention GroupTETRA Security and Fraud Prevention Group

Guidance on implementing interoperable end-to-end encryption within ETSI Standards

Prepared with public safety, commercial & military input

Courtesy of D Parkinson, BT Exact

Courtesy of THALES

• SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards

• Choice of algorithms up to users

• Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)

• SFPG Rec 02 gives guidance within the standards

• Choice of algorithms up to users

• Support for TETRA Release 2 (additional vocoders)


Avoiding CongestionAvoiding CongestionAvoiding CongestionAvoiding Congestion

• Congestion is a problem in emergency scenarios

• Frequency congestion and allocation is affected by throughput requirements• affected by amount and type of traffic

• Military is used to minimising throughput for low capacity channels•New NATO voice coder

–Same speech intelligibility as COTS professional radio systems

–At least half the throughput requirements–Works in noisy environments–Interoperability

• Congestion is a problem in emergency scenarios

• Frequency congestion and allocation is affected by throughput requirements• affected by amount and type of traffic

• Military is used to minimising throughput for low capacity channels•New NATO voice coder

–Same speech intelligibility as COTS professional radio systems

–At least half the throughput requirements–Works in noisy environments–Interoperability


Military vs Civil VocodersMilitary vs Civil VocodersMilitary vs Civil VocodersMilitary vs Civil Vocoders

0

20

40

60

80

COTS X (6k) COTS Y (4.5k) COTS Z (4.5k) S4591 (2.4k)

Quiet

0

20

40

60

80

COTS X (6k) COTS Y (4.5k) COTS Z (4.5k) S4591 (2.4k)

Quiet

Female speaker

Military voice coder (STANAG 4591) offers comparable or improved performance over voice coders used in existing COTS PMR systems.

Throughput requirements are much reduced.

Designed to work in noisy environments.


Further information on STANAG 4591 Further information on STANAG 4591 Further information on STANAG 4591 Further information on STANAG 4591

Stanag 4591 test and selection processStreet MD and Collura JS, “The test and selection of the future NATO narrow band voice coder”, RCMCIS - NATO Regional Conference on Military CIS, Warsaw, Zegrze, October 2001.

http://nc3a.info/Voice/mds_nc3a_nbvc.shtml

MELPe: the selected voice coderCollura JS and Rahikka DJ, “Interoperable secure voice communications in tactical systems, IEE coll. on Speech coding algorithms for radio channels, London, February 2000.

An overview of the MELP voice coder and its use in military environments http://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communications

Collura JS, Rahikka DJ, Fuja TE, Sridhara D and Fazel T, “Error coding strategies for MELP vocoder in wireless and ATM environments”, IEE coll. on Speech coding algorithms for radio channels, London, February 2000.

Performance of MELP with a variety of different error correction mechanismshttp://www.iee.org/OnComms/pn/communications

NC3A’s STANAG 4591 Serverhttp://s4591.nc3a.nato.int


Working for future interoperabilityWorking for future interoperability Coordinated Military / Public Safety Communciations Coordinated Military / Public Safety Communciations

Working for future interoperabilityWorking for future interoperability Coordinated Military / Public Safety Communciations Coordinated Military / Public Safety Communciations

Future Public Safety Communication Standards

- Voice, Data, VTC etc

www.projectmesa.org

Satellite link

Repeater or gateway for nearby personnel

In-vehicle C2 systems


Concept validation Concept validation NC3A RovinNC3A Rovingg Command Vehicle Command Vehicle

Concept validation Concept validation NC3A RovinNC3A Rovingg Command Vehicle Command Vehicle

Concept Demonstrator

On board C2 Systems

Multiple comms systems

• HF BLOS• Satcom

–Commercial–Military

• VHF• UHF

Concept Demonstrator

On board C2 Systems

Multiple comms systems

• HF BLOS• Satcom

–Commercial–Military

• VHF• UHF

Satellite links

V/UHF comms fornearby personnel

In-vehicleC2 systems


Summary ISummary ISummary ISummary I

• Military forces work with public safety in emergencies• NATO is prepared for this role

–NATO Civil Communications Planning Committee• Often NATO works with many other nations operating under a

UN mandate–http://www.nato.int/sfor/docu/d981116a.htm

• Current crises require combined responses• Multi-national components• Needs effective, secure communications• CIS equipment from diverse sources• Technical interoperability

• Interoperability isn’t just technical • technical problems will prevent it

–technical interoperability does not guarantee operational interoperability

• Military forces work with public safety in emergencies• NATO is prepared for this role

–NATO Civil Communications Planning Committee• Often NATO works with many other nations operating under a

UN mandate–http://www.nato.int/sfor/docu/d981116a.htm

• Current crises require combined responses• Multi-national components• Needs effective, secure communications• CIS equipment from diverse sources• Technical interoperability

• Interoperability isn’t just technical • technical problems will prevent it

–technical interoperability does not guarantee operational interoperability


Summary IISummary IISummary IISummary II

• COTS equipment can meet military requirements•For scenarios such as PPDR and crisis response operations

•Cost benefits of using COTS equipment

• Standardisation can aid interoperability•Between national components, local services and others

• NC3A is working with civil standards organisations to:•Get military requirements into standards definition•bring military expertise and technology to civil systems

• COTS equipment can meet military requirements•For scenarios such as PPDR and crisis response operations

•Cost benefits of using COTS equipment

• Standardisation can aid interoperability•Between national components, local services and others

• NC3A is working with civil standards organisations to:•Get military requirements into standards definition•bring military expertise and technology to civil systems

PPDR Communications: A NATO Perspective

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