PowerStar, Energy From Space

7/25/2019 PowerStar, Energy From Space

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So new its scarcely

So old its almost foAlso contributed at the International Conferenceon SBSP, Kobe, Japan, April 2014

POWER STARTM: HARVESTING THE SUNS ENERGY IN SDavid C. Hyland

UWAA Chairs Distinguished Seminar Series

November 12, 2015


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Background

All previous SPS concepts Involve gigantic, complex, articulated structures Contain numerous, perhaps 1000s, of moving parts Require numerous launches Require on-orbit fabrication/construction, usually robotic Involve serious dynamic stability issues

Power StarTMcombines very new and very old technologies to

The simplest possible structure No moving parts (except electrons and photons) One launch vehicle (A one-km system can fit into several existing ve No on-orbit construction Inherent dynamic stability and robustness


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Printed Solar Arrays Printed Pa

Solar-Microwave

Fabric

The New

Solar collectors and microwavetransmitters are printed on a thinfabric (in a randomized pattern ifnon-overlapping)

The collectors and transmittersare combined in local modules no high voltage power

distribution system

The fabric collectmicrowaves and tformed beam(s) algorithm. (Two m

Passive Moa low amp

Active Modtracking sig

target serv

Solar cell

Transceivers

Substrate layer

Transmitter

Solar cell

Exterior

surface


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Solar Microwave Fabric: Cross-Sectional Configurations

We assume solar cell efficiency of only 2% (currently roll-to-roll).Near-term improvementUltimately: 20%. Thicknesses down to 1 m currently - e.g. Copper Indium Gallium SelenideTelluride

Substrate materials: metals, Mylar, Kapton, fabrics, even paper!

Patch antenna efficiency: 70-80%. Thickness depends on wavelength, etc. Can produce ~ 1-3

Once printing process and algorithm are set, churn this out like wallpaper (roll-to-roll manufac

Metallic grid

Power connector

Solar Cell

Substrate layer

Transparent Transmitters

Transceivers

Solar cell

Transceivers

Substrate layer

Transmitter

Solar cell

Exterior

surface

Solar CellSolar Cell

(a) Non-overlapping

configuration

(b) Fully co-

populated

configuration

Present paper desc

where solar cells a

do not overlap on Consequently, a ra

is needed to avoid

However, one can

transparent antenn

that both solar cell

each occupy the w

increases the collefold

2L


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The Old: Echo Satellite Technology


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Meridonial SectorsSpherical Ball

Balloon Fabrication


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Packaging and Deployment: One compact

container one launch vehicle


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Echo II Improved Inflation Technology

Echo 2 inflation system pillows. Top: stowed configuration; Bottom: Pillow out-gassing from its perforations.

Pillows containing sublimating powder are flattened against the interior surface.

Exposed to the heat from the sun, the pillows inflate, and vent gas through perforation

This prevents the gas from getting trapped in pockets and producing deleterious stres

In the Power StarTM , as in Echo II,a metallic grid (for electrical ground) is embedded i

to yield at theinflation pressure. The yielded grid rigidifies the structure.

Then one of the pillows is ruptured, evacuating the balloon, making it an empty shell.


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Rectenna

Beacons

Printed m

trans

elem

In each patch antenna:

Local analog circuit receives

beacon radiation

Amplifies waveform and emits it

back in

reverse time

Power optimally matches desired

power distribution on the ground.

No moving parts!

Exterior

surface

Substrate layer

Transmitter

Solar cell Solar cell

transceivers

Copper grid

Power connec


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Illustration of beam shaping

Recording the beacon signals, then amplifying them and playing them back in reverse time o

To simplify the explanation, we illustrate these steps separately. First, consider the beacon pr

On this plane we

have three point

sources

representing the

beacons

Each pixel on the

spherical surface is

a separate recorder

When the beacon

radiation reachesthe surface each

pixel representing a

antenna records the

wave-form that it

sees.

Each antenna acts

by itself

The time-reversal principle was first applied to acoustics. See Scientific American, Novemb


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Now turn off the beacon and let each pixel on the surface re-transmit the wave-form

recorded - but in reverse time

Note the converging

wave fronts

Each pixel on the surface

transmits the recorded signal

in reverse time

The amplitu

ground plane

concentration

on the beaco

transmitting a

infinite in ext

would be po

concentration


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Beacon

radiation

Solar radiation

,S B

,S B

,S B

,S B

Interior surface printed with -wave

receiver/transmitters (possibly shorterwavelengths)

, exterior surface illuminated by bo

External solar arrays power local

, exterior surface illuminated by s

External solar array

S B

S B

s power the

receiver/transmitters & they trans

internal receiver/transmitters in

, exterior surface exposed to beacoS B

Exterior transmitters powered by

receiver/transmitters (that receive

, exterior surface shaded from bot

Do nothing

S B

Localized Power Dist


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Power Distribution - Summary

Each antenna transmits only if the beacon(s) radiation is recei

Each transmitting antenna draws power from Solar cells in its immediate vicinity (within a few centimeters), or

Through the thickness of the skin from receivers on the innersurfskin.

Power transmission through the skin traverses a few centimete

Each transmitter receives just a few WattsNo high voltages, no large wir

Power distribution to each antenna is local there is no need complex power management system.

Strictly local architecture meansrobustness

against partial dam


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Power Transmission Capabilities

Figure 11. Power transmitted as a function of balloon diameter for various values of the solar cell

If transparent patch

antennas are used,

multiply by 4


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Packaging for Launch

Figure 13. Stowed diameter as a function of the inflated balloon diameter.


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Orbit Lifetime

U. S, Sta

Atmosph

over Sola

Ballistic C

areal den

Aerodyna

Radiation

included.

sustain 1

Radiation

a powerfu

system!


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~ 1 km

w

Printed microwave

transmitter elements

Printed solar array

elements

Random Tessellation to

prevent grating lobes

Summary Sketch of the ConceptUnique features:

Its structure is extremely s

into many launch vehicle pa

It can gather solar power f

beam power in any directionor structural deformation.

It has no moving parts.

It can optimally approxim

distribution on the ground.

It requires no in-space ass

It has no control/structure

system is guaranteed dynam

The operation of the phas

so that even if severely dama

retain some level of useful p

Substrate layer

Transmitter


transceivers


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An Extended Application:Placed at GEO, Power Star is easily designed to produce

power densities that are safe for humans on the ground

But if an intruder should approach within just a few hundred

kilometers, Power Star can be run in active mode and irradiate

the target with enormous power density


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Power Distribution on the Target Plane

1.04

Distance

WavelengthDiameter

A

A

x z D

z

D

If:

Apo

1/

Th

A

po

(3

13


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Orbital Debris Clearance

ER

PH

x

y

a

,0E PR H

Line of initial LOS contact

Simple geometry used to estimate de-orbit time of a debris object due to Power StarComplete time history of the altitud

De-orbit in 70 days


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Orbital Debris Problem


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Orbital Boost

1, 2: Debris clearance

3, 4, 5: Orbital boosts


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Rapidly Deployable Power Generation / Air and Missile Defens

At a forward operating base, lay out Solar-Microwave rugs.

Whatever the mode of operation, the rugs need not be flat nor does one need a continuous

sheet (there can be minor gaps)

For power generation, use only the solar cells. If receiving power from Power Star, engagetransceivers

Substrate layer

Trans

mitter


Conductive coating (ground)

Power

connector

s


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Rapidly Deployable Power Generation / Air and Missile Defens

Using power direct from solar cells or another source, operate beam forming in active mode.

This means irradiate target, sense return and use as beacon signal. Beam forming proceeds as

described for Power Star.

S S t D i C (D H l d)


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Space System Design Courses (D. Hyland)Some Basic Objectives

Provide an open-ended realistic design challenge that demands the crefforts of students.

Open ended design goes on everywhere and all the time in the aer

community

Design is very different from the analytical exercises that are fami

most undergraduates.

Replicate as closely as possible the design processes and teamwork thaprevailing norms in the aerospace community

Ensure that the class work receives a hard look from external evalua

using prevailing community-wide standards and

R fi th d i i


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Refine the design usingconcurrent engineeringdesign facilities(Bringclasses to JPL Team X,Ames Mission DesignCenter, etc.)


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Questions?

Id put my money on the sun

and solar energy. What a source

of power! I hope we dont have

to wait unti l oi l and coal run out

before we tackle that.

Thomas Edison, 1931.


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Target Wavelength Regimes


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Ph C j ti Ci it


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Phase Conjugation Circuit

Low-pass filter

Amplifier

2LO B

Transmitter

Mixer

Local Oscillator

cos cos

cos1 =

2 cos

1 cos c

2

1 cos2

M B B B LO

LO B

B LO

LO B

B LO B B

F B LO B B

V V t V

tV V

V V t

V V V t

MV

BV

FV

Analog Phase Locked Loop


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Analog Phase Locked Loop

cos 2LO k B V t k

L

Phase Detector(analog multiplier

and filter)

Low passfilter

Voltage

ControlledOscillator

gv=sensitivity of

VCO

C

(>0)

_

APLL & LO, for transmitter k

2k ref B ref L V t

1

sin 0 , 1,...,

02

k k k ref

v

mk ref LO k

k N

g CV V

Individual circuit augmented for self synchroniza


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Individual circuit augmented for self-synchroniza

APLL & LO

Low-passfilter

Amplifier

Mixer

Band-

pass

filtercentered

at 2B

cos 2LO k B kV t

Band-

pass

filtercentered

at 2B

kL

Leakage

centered at

2B

transmitted to

neighboringantennae

Leakage

centered at

2Breceived

from

neighboringantennae Transmitterk

1,

, real a

N

k mk LO m

mm k

mk km

L V

1

1

,

N

k k

m

mk

k

O l h d i S S l P i h b ffi i


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Solar Constant

= rate of energy intercepted by

one square meter at normal

incidence in space at 1 AU

from the Sun

= 1367 W/m2

This means you can collect 12 MW-Hr

a year, in space

Source of Ground-levelattenuation

Attenuation Factor

Atmospheric

(absorption & weather)

~0.6

Average inclination ~0.5

Day/night 0.5 to 0.25

Net attenuation

~ 0.15 to 0.07

So, collecting solar power in

(if you can do it) could be m

more dependable and effici

Once you learn how to do it, Space Solar Power might be more efficient...


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R f
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Array Antenna on a Flexible Substrate." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.: 170-73. 28.Lin, Xiaohui, Harish Subbaraman, Pan Zeyu, Amir Hosseini, Chris Longe, Klay Kubena, Paul Schleicher, Phillip Foster, Sean Bricke

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29. Vaillancourt, Jarrod, Haiyan Zhang, Puminun Vasinajindakaw, Haitao Xia, Xuejun Lu, Xuliang Han, Daniel C. Janzen, Wu-Sheng ShStroder, Maggie Yihong Chen, Harish Subbaraman, Ray T. Chen, Urs Berger, and Mike Renn. "All Ink-jet-printed Carbon NanotubPolyimide Substrate with an Ultrahigh Operating Frequency of over 5 GHz." Applied Physics Letters Appl. Phys. Lett.: 243301. Pri

30. For information related to the nature of the orbital debris problem, the following seminar presentation was used:http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20110014006.pdf

This was a presentation given by J.-C. Liou of the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office given at the OCT Technical Seminar, June 15th
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