Powerpoint Presentation by Jenny Brinkies, Swinburne University of Technology © 2004 John Wiley &...
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Transcript of Powerpoint Presentation by Jenny Brinkies, Swinburne University of Technology © 2004 John Wiley &...
![Page 1: Powerpoint Presentation by Jenny Brinkies, Swinburne University of Technology © 2004 John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e9e5503460f94b9f8f3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Powerpoint Presentation by Jenny Brinkies, Swinburne University of Technology© 2004 John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd
![Page 2: Powerpoint Presentation by Jenny Brinkies, Swinburne University of Technology © 2004 John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649e9e5503460f94b9f8f3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter 7
Groups and group dynamics
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What is a Group?
• Groups are collections of two or more people who work with one another regularly to achieve one or more common goals.
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Formal Groups
• Permanent formal work groups
• Temporary work groups
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Informal Groups
• Friendship groups
• Interest groups
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Purpose of Groups in Organisations
• Meeting organisational needs
• Meeting individual needs
• Benefiting organisations and individuals
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Key Concerns for Managing Groups
• Advantages of groups
• Disadvantages of groups
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Groups and Task Performance
• Synergy
• Social loafing
• Disruptive behaviour
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Group Norms and Group Roles
• Group norms
• Group position roles
• Group function roles
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Characteristics of Group Effectiveness
• Effective groups are groups that achieve high levels of both task performance and human resource maintenance.
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Groups as Open Systems
• Open systems interact with the environment to transform resource inputs into outputs.
• The environment of any group consists of other individuals and groups with whom the group interacts.
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Foundations of Group Effectiveness
• The better the group inputs, the better the chance of group effectiveness.
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Organisational Setting
• Goals, reward systems and technologies
• Cultures and structures
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Nature of Group Tasks
• Ego involvement
• Ends agreement
• Means agreement
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General Membership Characteristics
• Interpersonal compatibilities
• Membership homogeneity/heterogeneity
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Group size
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Key Obstacles to Group Effectiveness
• Lack of direction
• Infighting
• Shirking of responsibilities
• Lack of trust
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Group Processes and Group Effectiveness
• Required behaviours
• Emergent behaviours
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Stages of Group Development
• Forming
• Storming
• Initial integration
• Total integration
• Adjourning
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The Forming Stage
• The first stage of group development, in which the primary concern is the initial entry of members to the group.
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The Storming Stage
• The second stage of group development which is marked by a period of high emotion and tension among group members.
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The Initial Integration Stage
• The third stage of group development, at which the group begins to come together as a coordinated unit.
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The Total Integration Stage
• The fourth stage of group development which sees the emergence of a mature, organised and well-functioning group.
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The Adjourning Stage
• The last stage, in which members of the group disband when the job is done.
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Communication Patterns in Groups
• Interacting groups
• Decentralised communication networks
• Co-acting groups
• Centralised communication networks
• Counteracting groups
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Communication Networks
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Decision Making in Groups
• Edgar Schein’s methods
• U.S. Center for Rural Studies
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Groupthink
• The tendency of members in highly cohesive groups to lose their critical, evaluative capabilities.
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Symptoms of Groupthink
• Illusions of group invulnerability
• Rationalising unpleasant data
• Belief in inherent group morality
• Negative stereotyping of outsiders
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Symptoms of Groupthink
• Applying pressure to deviants
• Self-censorship of members
• Illusions of unanimity
• Mind guarding
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Improving Group Decision Making
• Individual contributions plus group process gains minus group process losses = group decision effectiveness
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Group Tasks and Maintenance Needs
• Group task performance
• Group maintenance
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Intergroup Dynamics
• Workflow interdependency
• Structural factors
• Dynamics of intergroup competition
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