PowerPoint Presentation€¦ · 04/01/2020 · Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Juan...
Transcript of PowerPoint Presentation€¦ · 04/01/2020 · Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Juan...
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Ecotonos y bordes
Juan C. Benavides
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Ecotonos
• Eco = casa (ecología)
• Tono=tensión
• Zona de transición abrupta a lo largo de los limites de dos comunidades ecológicas
https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/77752_regenwald_brasilien_luftaufnahme275px.jpg
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Los ecotonos ocurren a diferentes escalas
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Ecotonos
• Los límites entre las grandes zonas de vegetación son imprecisos
• La transición de una zona a la siguiente es gradual
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Ecotonos
• i.e.
• Arboles desaparecen en la tundra
• Controlados por clima
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Ecotonos
• Cambios en:
– Clima
– Radiación
– Precipitación
– Suelos
– Interacciones bióticas
• Pueden determinar cambios en vegetación
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Ecotonos
• Bosque
• Humedal
• Determinado por humedad
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Ecotonos
• Límites en la distribución de diferentes especies
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Ecotonos
• Límites en la distribución de diferentes especies
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Ecotonos
• Límites en la distribución de diferentes especies
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Ecotonos
• Límites en la distribución de diferentes especies
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Ecotonos
• Límites en la distribución de diferentes especies
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Bordes• Consecuencia de la fragmentación es el aumento de los
bordes• La respuesta a los bordes no es igual a todos los
organismos
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Definiciones
• Borde: Límite abrupto entre diferentes comunidades
• Bordes creados: bordes creados por perturbaciones naturales o humanas
– Gradientes intensos pueden crear bordes (ecotonos)
• Borde de bosque: Transición abrupta entre comunidades de bosque y no bosque o entre bosques con condiciones contrastantes
– Cultivo vs bosque natural
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Definiciones
• Interior de bosque
– Área al interior de un fragmento bosque en la cual no se detecta una influencia del borde. Las condiciones del interior de bosque se miden al interior de zonas extensas de bosque.
• Influencia del borde
– Cambios en los procesos bióticos o abióticos que resultan en cambios en la estructura, composición o función de la comunidad
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Definiciones• Magnitud de la influencia del borde
– Magnitud de la diferencia de un parámetro entre el borde y el interior (explorar por significancia estadística - ecológica)
• Distancia de la influencia del borde– Distancia a la cual se detectan efectos del borde
(puede ser en ambas direcciones)
• Área núcleo– Área total del paisaje que esta por fuera de la zona de
influencia del borde
• Contraste de parches– Diferencia en condiciones entre ecosistemas
(unidades del paisaje) vecinos
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Efecto de borde• Al principio del tiempo…
• El efecto del borde era equivalente a 2-3 veces la altura del bosque (FAO 1987)
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Canopy Cover (%)
Efecto de borde sobre plantas
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Efecto de borde sobre plantas
Seedling Population
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Efecto de borde sobre el microclima
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Orientación del borde
• La intensidad de la radiación difiere si el borde esta orientado N-S o E-W
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Densidad de borde
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Tipos de borde
• Inherente– Contraste
fuerte
• Inducidos– Contraste leve– Entre estadios sucesionales
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Estructura del borde• No es estática
• Sucesión de borde
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Sucesión en los bordes
• Condiciones en el nuevo borde difieren tanto del interior como de la matriz
• Gradientes fuertes de radiación, evaporación, viento, humedad, temperatura
• Ambientes xéricos en los bordes de bosque-pasto
• Desarrollo de una comunidad propia del borde
– Ecotono
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Un borde inducido es creado por tala o remoción cobertura original
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• Desarrollo de condiciones xericas
• Alta evapotranspiración• Alta radiación• Expansión de la corona• Ramificación hacia la matriz
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• Competencia por luz
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• Supervivencia diferencial de especies
• Mezcla de especies tolerantes a la luz y especies de sombra
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Efecto de borde diferentes organismos
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Hasta 1990 se buscaban mas bordes• Animales de caza prefieren bordes
• Licencias de casería pagan por la conservación
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Figure 2. Spatial patterns of the number of pine seedlings per m−2 and their mean height (cm) along 30-m transects going from inside the forest stand, out into forest gaps. On the x-axis, 0 m denotes the forest edge. The forest edges faced either north or south.
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Cambio climático y ecotonos
EcographyVolume 38, Issue 12, pages 1167-1175, 1 APR 2015 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01050http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.01050/full#ecog1050-fig-0001
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Cambio climático y ecotonos
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Cambio climático y ecotonos