PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole ’ s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier...
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Transcript of PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany Hole ’ s Human Anatomy and Physiology Tenth Edition Shier...
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s HumanAnatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier Butler Lewis
Chapter
14
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 14-1
Chapter 14Blood
Functions• transports vital substances• maintains stability of interstitial fluid• distributes heat
Blood Cells• form mostly in red bone marrow• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)
14-2
Blood Volume
•about 8% of body weight• about 5 liters•varies with
• body size• changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration• amount of adipose tissue
14-3
Blood Composition
14-4
Origin of Blood Cells
14-5
Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes• biconcave• one-third hemoglobin
• oxyhemoglobin• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze through capillaries• lack nuclei and mitochondria
14-6
Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
14-7
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
• vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary
14-8
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cell
• circulate for about 120 days
• macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs
• hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin
• iron return to red bone marrow
• bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile
14-9
Types of Anemia
• aplastic anemia• bone marrow damaged• toxic chemicals• radiation
• hemolytic anemia• RBCs destroyed• toxic chemicals
• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs• inability to absorb B12
• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs• defective gene
• thalassemia• hemoglobin deficient• RBCs short-lived• defective gene
14-10
Hemolytic Anemia
Normal RBCs
RBCs of person with hemolytic anemia
14-11
White Blood Cells
• leukocytes• protect against disease• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development
• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils
• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes
14-12
Neutrophils
• light blue granules in acid-base stain• lobed nucleus• other names
• segs• polymorphonuclear leukocyte• bands (young neutrophils)
• first to arrive at infections• phagocytic• 54% - 62% of leukocyte• elevated in bacterial infections
14-13
Basophils
• deep blue granules is basic stain• release histamine• release heparin• less than 1% of leukocytes
14-14
Eosinophils
• deep red granules in acid stain• bilobed nucleus• moderate allergic reactions• defend against parasitic worm infestations• 1% - 3% of leukocytes• elevated in worm infestations and allergic reactions
14-15
Monocytes
• largest blood cell• kidney-shaped or oval nuclei• leave bloodstream to become macrophages• 3% - 9% of leukocytes• elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis
14-16
Lymphocytes
• about the size of RBC• large spherical nuclei• thin rims of cytoplasm• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS
14-17
Diapadesis
• leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to enter tissue space outside the blood vessel
14-18
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood• 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood
• leukopenia • low WBC count• typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS
• leukocytosis • high WBC count• acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids
• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 14-19
Blood Platelets
• thrombocytes• cell fragments of megakaryocytes• 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• helps control blood loss from broken vessels
14-20
Blood Plasma
• straw colored• liquid portion of blood• 55% of blood
14-21
Plasma Proteins
Albumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
Fibrinogen• originate in liver• plays key role in blood coagulation
Alpha and Beta Globulins• originate in liver• transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity
14-22
Gases and Nutrients
Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen
Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids• lipoproteins
14-23
Plasma Lipoproteins
Chylomicrons• high concentration of triglycerides• transport dietary fats to muscles and adipose cells
HDLs• relatively high concentration of proteins• relatively low concentration of lipids• transport remnants of chylomicrons to liver
LDLs• relatively high concentration of cholesterol• formed from VLDLs• deliver cholesterol to various cells
VLDLs• relatively high concentration of triglycerides• produced in the liver• transport triglycerides from liver to adipose cells
14-24
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances
• molecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins• urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPN substances• uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism• amino acids – product of protein catabolism• creatine – stores phosphates• creatinine – product of creatine metabolism• BUN – blood urea nitrogen; indicate health of kidney
14-25
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium• potassium• calcium• magnesium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sulfate• sodium and potassium most abundant
14-26
Hemostasis
• stoppage of bleeding
Blood Vessel Spasm• triggered by pain receptors, platelet release, or serotonin• smooth muscle in vessel contracts
Platelet Plug Formation
• triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen• platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug
Blood Coagulation• triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces• blood clot forms
14-27
Platelet Plug Formation
14-28
Blood Coagulation
14-29
Blood Coagulation
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism• chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation• triggered by thromboplastin (not found in blood)• triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism• chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation• triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood)• triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface
14-30
Blood Clots
• After forming, blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together
• Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessels
• Plasmin digests blood clots
• thrombus – abnormal blood clot• embolus – blood clot moving through blood
14-31
Prevention of Coagulation
• The smooth lining of blood vessels discourages the accumulation of platelets
• As a clot forms, fibrin absorbs thrombin and prevents the reaction from spreading
• Antithrombin interferes with the action of excess thrombin
• Some cells secrete heparin
14-32
ABO Blood Group
14-33
Agglutination
14-34
Preferred and Permissible Blood Types for Transfusion
14-35
Clinical Application
Leukemia
Myeloid Leukemia• bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes• leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells• anemia• bleeding• susceptible to infections
Lymphoid Leukemia• lymphocytes are cancerous• symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia
Treatments• blood transfusions• marrow transplants• anti-cancer drugs• stem cell transplants
14-36