PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of...
Transcript of PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of...
![Page 1: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 14Liquids: Condensation,
Evaporation, and Dynamic Equilibrium
![Page 2: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chapter Map
![Page 3: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Condensation (Gas to Liquid)
![Page 4: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Evaporation
![Page 5: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
For a particle to escape from the surface of the liquid, it must meet the following criteria.
• The particle must be at the liquid’s surface.
• Its direction of motion must take it beyond the liquid’s surface.
• Its momentum must be great enough to take it beyond the backward pull of the other particles at the surface.
![Page 6: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rate of Evaporation
• The rate of evaporation is the number of particles moving from liquid to gas per second.
• It is dependent on the following:– Surface area of the liquid– Strength of attractions between the
particles in the liquid– Temperature
![Page 7: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Relative Rates of Evaporation
![Page 8: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Temperature and Rate of Evaporation
![Page 9: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dynamic Equilibrium and Rates of Evaporation and Condensation
![Page 10: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium
![Page 11: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Relative Equilibrium Vapor Pressures
![Page 12: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Temperature Effect On Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
![Page 13: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Acetone/Water Pvap vs. T
![Page 14: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Spaces in Liquids
![Page 15: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bubble in Liquid
![Page 16: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Bubble Formation
![Page 17: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pressure and Boiling Points
![Page 18: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Pressure and
Boiling Point
for Water
![Page 19: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Strengths of Attractions and Boiling
Point
![Page 20: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Normal Boiling Points
![Page 21: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
More Chapter 14
![Page 22: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Condensation (Gas to Liquid)
![Page 23: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dipole-Dipole Attractions
![Page 24: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dipole-Dipole Attractions in a Liquid
![Page 25: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Electronegativities
![Page 26: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electronegativity, a measure of the electron attracting ability of atoms in chemical bonds is used to predict.
• whether a chemical bond is nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.
• which atom in a polar covalent bond is partial negative and which is partial positive.
• which atom in an ionic bond forms the cation and which forms the anion.
• which of two covalent bonds are more polar.
![Page 27: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bond Types
![Page 28: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Which atom in a polar covalent bond is partially negative and which is partially positive?
higher electronegativity↓
partial negative charge
lower electronegativity↓
partial positive charge
![Page 29: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Which of two bonds is more polar?
The greater the ΔEN is, the more polar the bond.
![Page 30: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Predicting Molecular Polarity
• Three questions will help you predict whether substances are composed of polar or nonpolar molecules. – Is the substance molecular?– If the substance is molecular, do the
molecules contain polar covalent bonds?
– If the molecules contain polar covalent bonds, are these bonds asymmetrically arranged?
![Page 31: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Examples of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
• Polar– H2O, NH3
– Oxyacids– Hydrogen halides: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI– Alcohols: CH3OH, C2H5OH
• Nonpolar– Elements composed of molecules: H2, N2,
O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, P4, S8, Se8
– CO2
– Hydrocarbons, CaHb
![Page 32: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonds in HFIn HF, the hydrogen bond is between the partial positive H of one HF molecule and the partial negative F of another HF molecule.
![Page 33: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonds in WaterIn H2O, the hydrogen bond is between the partial positive H of one H2O molecule and the partial negative O of another H2O molecule.
![Page 34: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonds in MethanolIn CH3OH, the hydrogen bond is between the partial positive H of one CH3OH molecule and the partial negative O of another CH3OH molecule.
![Page 35: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonds in AmmoniaIn NH3, the hydrogen bond is between the partial positive H of one NH3 molecule and the partial negative N of another NH3molecule.
![Page 36: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
London Forces
![Page 37: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
London Forces in Polar
Molecules
![Page 38: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Why Larger Molecules Have Stronger London Forces
![Page 39: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Types of Attractions – Carbon
• Diamond - Carbons atoms held together by covalent bonds, forming huge 3-dimensional molecules.
• Graphite - Carbons atoms held together by covalent bonds, forming huge 2-dimensional molecules held together by London forces.
• Fullerenes - Carbons atoms held together by covalent bonds, forming 3-dimensional molecules held together by London forces.
![Page 40: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Predicting Types of Attractions
![Page 41: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Types of Particles and Attractions - Elements
Type of element
Particles to visualize
Examples Type of Attraction
metals cations in a sea of electrons gold, Au metallic
bonds
noble gases atoms xenon, Xe London forces
carbon (diamond) atoms C(dia) covalent
bonds
other nonmetallic elements
molecules H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, S8, Se8, P4
London forces
![Page 42: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Types of Particles and Attractions - Compounds
Type of compound Particles to visualize
Examples Type of Attraction
ionic cations and anions NaCl ionic
bonds
nonpolar molecular molecules hydrocarbons London forces
polar molecular w/out H-F, O-H, or N-H molecules HCl dipole-
dipole
polar molecular with H-F, O-H, or N-H molecules HF, H2O,
NH3, alcoholshydrogen
bonds
![Page 43: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Particles and Types of Attractions for the Elements
• Metals – cations in a sea of electrons, metallic bonds
• Noble gases – atoms, London forces
• Carbon (diamond) – atoms, covalent bonds
• Other nonmetallic elements –molecules, London forces
![Page 44: PowerPoint Chapter 14 - An Introduction to Chemistry · PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 14 of An Introduction to Chemistry. Created Date: 3/24/2006 5:02:38 PM ...](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013010/5f580f356ad8f7449254568d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Particles and Types of Attractions for the Compounds
• Ionic – cations and anions, ionic bonds
• Molecular– Nonpolar – molecules, London forces– Polar without H-F, O-H, or N-H –
molecules, dipole-dipole attractions– Polar with H-F, O-H, or N-H –
molecules, hydrogen bonds