INTRUCTIONAL

MATERIALS

SOCK PUPPET

Sock Puppet

IT IS AN INANIMATE OBJECT OR REPRESENTATIONAL FIGURE ANIMATED OR MANIPULATED BY A PUPPETEER.

ADVANTAGES: *HELP TO DEVELOP DRAMATIC EXPRESSION *PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR STUDENT EXPRESSION THROUGH THE

SOCIAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICTION.

LIMITATIONS: *THE PUPPETEERS SHOULD PRONOUNCE THE WORDS CORRECTLY, THEY NEED

TO MASTER INTONATION, CONVERSATION EITHER INTERPESONAL CONVERSTION.

UTILIZATION: *A SOCK PUPPET CAN CARRY OUT A MULTITUDE OF TASKS, IN DEBATING,

SHARING INFORMATION, COLLABORTING AND ENTERTAINING.

FLASHCARDS

FLASHCARDS

ARE VALUABLE MATERIALS FOR DRILL ACTIVITIES PARTICULARLY IN THE TEACHING OF MATHEMATIC, ENGLISH AND FILIPINO.

ADVANTAGE:

*FLASHCARD CAN BE IMPORTANT MEANS OF FIXING SKILL AND AUTOMIZING RESPONSES OF STUDENTS.

*FLASHCARDS CAN BE EASILY MADE FROM RECYCLED MATERIALS.LIMITATIONS:

*FLASHCARDS MAY BE SMALL TO BE SEEN BY THE ENTIRE CLASS *IN FLASHING IT NEEDS TO BE SNAPPY SO THE STUDENTS WILL NOT FIND

DIFFICULT INRECOGNIZING WHAT IS IN THE FLASHCARD

UTILIZATION:

*FLASHCARD MUST BE BOLD AND BIG ENOUGH TO BE SEEN BY EVERYBODY IN THE CLASS.

*HOLD THE FLASHCARD FIRMLY AT THE CHEST LEVEL

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

ARE GRAPH INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS WHICH REPRESENT NUMERICAL DATA.

ADVANTAGES: *GRAPHS ARE MADE TO SUMMARIZE DATA*GRAPHS WHICH ARE ORE COLORFUL ARE MORE APPEALING THAN TABLES.

LIMITATIONS:*GRAPHS CAN BE EASILY INTERPRETED*BECAUSE THESE EMPLOY NUMERICAL DATA.

UTILIZATION: *SYMBOLISM IN GRAPHS SHOULD BE TAUGHT TO FACILITATE UNDERSTANDING

OF GRAPHS. 

DIORAMA

DIORAMA A SCENE OFTEN IN MINIATURE, REPRODUCE IN 3 DIMENSIONS BY PLACING

AN OBJECT, FIGURE, ETC.

ADVANTAGES: *LESS ABSTRACT, MORE CONCRETE.*ATTRACT ATTENTION

LIMITATIONS:*THE DISTANT PAINTED BACKGROUND OR SKY WILL BE PAINTED UPON A

CONTINOUS CURVED SURFACE SO THAT THE VIEWERS IS NOT DISTRACTED BY CORNERS , SEAM OR EDGE.

UTILIZATION:*INCLUDE ONLY RELATED FIGURES IN PLACING THE OBJECT. 

FLIPCHART

FLIPCHART

A SET OF CHARTS RELATED TO SPECIFIC TOPIC HAVE BEEN TAGGED TOGETHER AND HANG ON A SUPPORTING STAND.

ADVANTAGE:*FLIPCHARTS ARE ECONOMICAL THEY DO NOT REQUIRE YOU TO USE ANY

SPECIAL FILMS OR PRINTERS TO PRODUCE THE REAL WORLD.

LIMITATION:*A GOOD LETTING IS NEEDED BECAUSE OTHERWISE THEY ARE HARD TO READ.

UTILIZATION:

COMIC STRIP

COMIC STRIP

IS THE GRAPHIC DEPICTION IN A SERIES OF PICTURES OR SKETCHES OF SOME CHARACTER AND EVENTS FULL OF ACTION.

ADVANTAGE:*CAN LEAD STUDENTS TOWARDS DISCIPLINE OF READING.*ENCOURAGE THE STUDENTS TO THINK CRITICALLY.*COMICS VISUAL QUALITY INCREASING LEARNING.

LIMITATION:*COMICSTRIP MIS GUIDED CHILDREN BY DEPICTING CHARACTER WITH SUPER

NATURAL POWERS DIVORCED FROM THE HARD REALITIES OF LIFE.

UTILIZATION:*FIXED LAYOUT WHICH EXACTLY REPLICATES THE PRINT DESIGN IS ALMOST

APPROPRIATE PICTURES FOR CHILDREN.

DIAGRAMS

DIAGRAMS

ALTHOUGH CONSIDERED AS CHARTS, THESE CONSIST OF LINES AND SYMBOLS THAT SHOW THE RELATIONSHIP OR KEY FEATURES OF A PROCESS, AN OBJECT OR AN AREA.

ADVANTAGE:*LIKE CHART, DIAGRAMS SHOW RELATIONSHIPS OD A LARGE AMOUNT OF DATA

IN A CONDENSED FORM.*DIAGRAMS ARE EASY TO USE BECAUSE THEY DO NOT REQUIRE SPECIAL

EQUIPMENT.

LIMITATIONS: *IDEAS RELY HEAVILY ON SYMBOLIC MEANS, HENCE CUOLD BE DIFFICULT TO

UNDERSTAND.

UTILIZATION:*GRAPHS ARE INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS WHICH REPRESENT NUMERICAL

DATA. GRAPHS ALSO ILLUSTRATE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG UNITS OF DATA AND TRENDS IN THE DATA.

POSTERS

POSTERS

ARE MATERIALS WHICH COMBINE IMAGES, LINES, COLORS AND WORDS.

ADVANTAGE:*POSTERS CAN BE EASILY PREPARED BY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS.*POSTERS CAN EASILY CONVEY A MESSAGE BECAUSE OF ITS COLOR*IT CAN EASILY CATCH ATTENTION.

LIMITATION:*POSTERS CAN PORTRAY DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS

UTILIZATION:*POSTERS SHOULD HAVE LIMITED TEXT AND KEYWORDS SHOULD STAND OUT

BY MEANS OF TYPE OR POSITION.

CARTOONS

CARTOONS

ARE COLORFUL LINE DRAWINGS WITH EXAGERRATED FEATURES OR SYMBOLS THAT PROVIDE HUMOR OR SATIRE.

ADVANTAGE:*CARTOONS SATISFY CHILDRENS IDEA OF ART

LIMITATIONS:*IN INTERPRETING CARTOONS, FOCUS ONLY ON THE COLORFUL DRAWINGS

RATHER ON THE WORDS ACCOMPANYING THEM.*PICTURES OR DRAWING ARE USUALLY EXAGERRATED WHICH COULD LEAD TO

MIS INTERPRETATIONS.

UTILIZATION:*CARTOONS MUST NOT HAVE SO MANY DETAILS.

MAPS AND GLOBES

MAPS AND GLOBES

MAPS ARE INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS WHICH REPRESENT THE EARTH OR PORTION OF THE EARTHS SURFACE , GLOBES ARE SPHERICAL MODELS OF THE EARTH.

ADVANTAGE:*MAPS AND GLOBE PROVIDE A CONCRETE VISUALIZATION OF THE FEATURES OF

THE EARTH, A COUNTRY OR COMMUNITY.

LIMITATION:*MAPS AND GLOBE REQUIRE A HIGHER LEVEL OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION

OR EXPERIENCE

UTILIZATION:*GIVE ENOUGH TIME FOR PUPILS TO HAVE THEIR LOOK ON MAPS AND GLOBES.*TEACH SYMBOLS NECESSARY TO FURTHER COMPREHEND MAPS AND GLOBES.

STILL PICTURES

STILL PICTURES

ARE 2 DIMENSIONAL AIDS, PHOTOGRAPHIC OR PHOTOGRAPHIC LIKE WHICH HELP ILLUSTRATES AND TEACH SPECIFIC LESSON TOPICS.

ADVANTAGE:*PROVIDE MORE REALISTICS, INTERPRETATIONS OF VERBAL SYMBOLS.*IN A WELL CHOSEN PICTURE THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT CAN BE

CONVEYED IS TREMENDOUS.

LIMITATIONS:*PICTURES ARE GENERALY SMALL .*SINCE PICTURE ARE 2 DIMENSIONAL THEY OFTEN FAIL TO PRESENT SCALE

SIZE OR PERSPECTIVE.

UTILIZATION:*TEACHERS AND STUDENTS SHOULD DISCUSS TOGETHER WHAT THEY FIND IN

THE PICTURE.

PHOTOGRAPHS

PHOTOGRAPHS

REFERS TO PICTURES WHICH ARE PRODUCED BY THE 35MM STILL CAMERA OR HE DIGITAL CAMERA.

ADVANTAGE:*THE MATERIAL COULD BE EASILY CAPTURED BY THE SUBJECTS AS DEEMED

FOR INSTRUCTION PHOTOGRAPHS COULD BE EASILY TAKEN AND PRODUCED AS IN THE CASE OF THOSE TAKEN FROM DIGITAL CAMERAS.

LIMITATION:*PHOTOGRAPHS ARE GENERALLY SMALL.*THERE COULD BE MISINTERPRETATIONS IN THE SIZE OR PERSPECTIVE OF THE

PICTURE.

UTILIZATION:*TEACHERS SHOULD USE PHOTOGRAPHS THAT SUGGEST MOTIONS OR CANDID

SHOTS ,AS SHOTS PICTURES DO NOT POSE MUCH CHALLENGE AND INTEREST.

RADIO BROADCAST

RADIO BROADCAST

THESE REFER TO EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS BY OF PROGRAMS WHICH COULD BE HEARD FROM YHE RADIO.

ADVANTAGE:*RADIO CAN BE USED ANYWHERE WITH OR WITHOUT ELECTRICITY.*RADIO IS ONE OF THE BEST OF BRINGING UP TO NEWS OR CURRENT EVENTS

WHICH CAN BE A BASIS OF CLASSROOM DISCUSSION IN SOCIAL STUDIES OR OTHER SUBJECT.

LIMITATION:*RADIO ENTAILS RELATIVELY HIGH INITIAL COST.*RADIO PROGRAMS MOVE AT A CONSTANT SPEED AND CANNOT CONTROL

DRILL.

UTILIZATION:*CHECK VOLUME FOR DIFFERENT LOCCATIONS OF THE ROOM.*AS LISTENING TO RADIO BROADCAST IS NOT INTERACTIVE, STUDENT SHOULD

BE MOTIVATED TO LISTEN CAREFULLY.

RECORDINGS

RECORDINGS

AUDIO RECORDINGS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO COMMON TYPES OF AUDIO DISC AND AUDIO TAPES.

ADVANTAGE:*RECORDINGS CAN CAPTURE AND STORE THE ORIGINAL SOUND OF SPEECHES,

SONGS, OR CONVERSATIONS .*RADIO BROADCAST COULD BE RECORDED SO THEY CAN BE USED IN ANOTHER

TIME.

LIMITATION:*RECORDINGS APPEAL ONLY TO THE SENSE OF HEARING.*IN THE RECORDING PROCESS, BACKGROUND NOISE MAY BE INCLUDED WITH

THE INTENDED MATERIAL.

UTILIZATION:*CHECK VOLUME FOR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF THE ROOM.*MOTIVATE STUDENTS TO LISTEN CAREFULLY.

LANGUAGE

LABORATORY

LANGUAGE LABORATORY

IS A PLACE WHERE STUDENTS CAN LISTEN AND STUDY SUONDS AND WORDS OF A LANGUAGE USING AUDIOTAPES AND PLAYBACK EQUIPMENT.

ADVANTAGE:*ENCOURAGE POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE.*STUDENTS SPEECH CAN BE EASILY CORRECTED .

LIMITATIONS:*THE LANGUAGE LABORATORY IS VERY COMPLEX TO MANAGE.*INITIAL ACQUISITION AND MAINTENANCE OF THE DIFFERENT EQUIPMENT FOR

THE LABORATORY CAN BE COSTLY.

UTILIZATION:*ACQUIRE A LANGUAGE SOFTWARE PACKAGE THAT ALLOWS STUDENTS TO

RECORD THEMSELVES USING INSTANT PLAYBACK.*HAVE STUDENTS PRACTICE AS OFTEN AS POSSIBLE

SLIDES

SLIDES

SLIDE ARE SMALL TRANSPARENT PHOTOGRAPHS INDIVIDUALLY MOUNTED FOR ONE AT A TIME PROJECTION.

ADVANTAGE:*SLIDES CAN BE ARRANGED INTO MANY DIFFERENT SEQUEBCES.*SLIDES ARE PORTABLE AND CAN BE EASILY STORED.

LIMITATIONS:*THERE IS A TENDENCY FOR SLIDES TO BECOME EASILY DISORGANIZED.*USE OF SLIDE PROJECTION IS NOT EFFECTIVE LIGHTED ENVIRONMENT.

UTILIZATION:*CHECK THE VISION OF STUDENTS SEATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AROUND

THE CLASSROOM.

POP UP

POP-UP

THE TERM POP UP BOOK IS OFTEN APPLIED TO ANY THREE DIMENSIONAL OR MOVABLE BOOK.

ADVANTAGE:*ELABORATE SCENES FROM PAGE TO PAGE THAT ALLOWED FER THE READER TO

DETERMINE THE OUTCOME OF THE STORY.*POP UP BOOK HAVE GROWN TO BE THE GENRE THAT DELIGTHS, INRIGUES

AND EDUCATES CHILDREN OF ALL AGES.

LIMITATION:*HAVE LOW QUALITY BECAUSE THE EMPHASIS IS OFTEN ON THE POP UP.

UTILIZATION:*POP UP BOOKS ARE FRAGILE STUDENTS NEED TO TREAT THE M VERY GENTLY.

SUBMITTED BY: JUSTINE M. FERNANDEZ