PowerPoint-presentatie...06/10/2014 2 screens grit chamber Raw sewage high-rate anaerobic treatment...
Transcript of PowerPoint-presentatie...06/10/2014 2 screens grit chamber Raw sewage high-rate anaerobic treatment...
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06/10/2014
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Op terugwinning van grondstoffen
gebaseerde sanitatie
02-10-2014, Grietje Zeeman; WUR-ETE
Department of Environmental Technology
large quantities of water for toilet flushing
Dilution of toilet waste water
Industrialized
countries
screens grit
chamber
Raw sewage
primary sedimentation
tank
activated sludge tank
secondary sedimentation
tank
sludge digestion
sludge dewatering
Sludge
Treated effluent
Basic setup of
aerobic treatment
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screens grit
chamber
Raw sewage
high-rate anaerobic treatment
Post-treatment
sludge drying beds
Sludge
Treated effluent
Basic setup of
anaerobic treatment
AWWT plant
Bucaramanga,Colombia
UASB
UASB (Upflow
Anaerobic Sludge
Bed) reactor
• Developed by Lettinga (1970’s)
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Low temperature
& low
concentration
Large UASB reactors
Direct anaerobic treatment in UASB-digester
effluent
influent
10-20°C
UASB 10-20°C Digester 30-35°C
biomass
dissolved
suspended
biogas
biogas
CH4
N removal &CH4 removal:
DAMO
Denitrification with Methane
Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera
Mahmoud N, Zeeman G, Gijzen H, Lettinga G. 2004. Anaerobic sewage treatment in a one-stage UASB reactor and a combined UASB-Digester system. Water Research 38: 2347-2357.
Lei Zhang, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Weiguang Li, Christel Kampman, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman (2013). Co-digestion to support low temperature anaerobic pre-treatment of municipal sewage in a UASB-Digester. Bioresource technology 148, 560-566
Christel Kampman, Tim L.G. Hendrickx, Francisca A. Luesken, Theo A. van Alen, Huub J.M. Op den Camp,Mike S.M. Jetten, Grietje Zeeman, Cees J.N. Buisman,Hardy Temmink (2012). Enrichment of denitrifying methanotrophic bacteria for application after direct low-temperature anaerobic sewage treatment; Journal of Hazardous Materials; Volumes 227–228, 164–171
ammonia
'New Sanitation’ concept
Community-on-site recovery of:
•Biogas
•P-fertiliser
•Organic fertiliser
•Water
struvite
precipitation
reuse
discharge
black
water
kitchen
waste
grey
water
UASB-
(ST)
bio
gas
nutrient rich
product
Nitrogen
removal
(OLAND)
*Removal micro-
pollutants
(ozone)
sludge
hygienisation
treatment
*not yet realised
'New Sanitation’ concept
Community-on-site recovery of:
•Biogas
•P-fertiliser
•N-fertiliser
•Organic fertiliser
•Water
struvite precipitation
reuse
discharge
black water
kitchen waste
grey water
UASB- (ST)
bio
gas
nutrient rich
product
Nitrogen recovery)
*Removal micro-
pollutants (ozone)
sludge
hygienisation
treatment
*not yet realised
Pathogen & MP
free
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‘New Sanitation’; restore the cycle with agriculture Barrel system
End of the 19th century:
Feces & urine collected in barrels
Hygienic ?
Barrel system
Abraham: ’’what, not yet forbidden….?’’
Van Zon, 1986
The potential for recovery
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
BW + KW (tons per year)
Fertilizer production (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27
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Recovery and
reuse of nitrogen
needed?
..
78%
Haber-Bosch
process
N2 + 3 H2 → 2NH3
Energy use :
*37-45 kJ/g N;
*Maurer, M., Schwegler, P., and Larsen, T. A. (2003). Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery.
Water Science and Technology, 48 (1), 37-46.
The potential for recovery
World Population:6,911,750,810 people (http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html) #Cordell, D., Drangert, J.-O., and White, S. , (2009). ##J. N. Galloway et al, (2008); + Haber-Bosch:35kJ/gN; ++anaerobic treatment: 70% conversion; 0.0378 MJ/LCH4 .
BW + KW (tons per year)
Fertilizer production (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
P 3.9*106 #14.9*106 27
N *30.9*106 ##121*106 25 1.1*103 PJ/y
The potential for recovery
BW + KW (tons per year)
% coverage
Energy equivalent
COD 280*106 ±cooking energy
69*109
m3 CH4 per year
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EET & STOWA supported
New sanitation‘Brouwershuis’
New sanitation ‘Brouwershuis’
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Modern vacuum
collection and
transport
• comfort • limited dilution • water use:1 liter per flush
(6l/person/day)
• Future: 1l/person/day?
Black water treatment
UASB
Air Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Effluent
Biogas
MP & Pathogens
Sludge
UASB
MP & Pathogens
Local use
Black water treatment
UASB
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Agriculture
Effluent
Biogas
Sludge
UASB
MP & Pathogens
MP & Pathogens
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Granule formation in black water UASB reactor (a) dried granule (b) and inorganic core of granule (burned at 550"C) (c)
Taina H. Tervahauta, Renata D. van der Weijden, Roberta L. Flemming, Luc´ıa Hern´andez Leal, Grietje Zeeman,,Cees J. N. Buisman (submitted) Calcium phosphate precipitation in anaerobic treatment of black water: a new approach to phosphorus recovery. Water Research 48 (2 014 ) 632-642
Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &
CH4 production in a UASB
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Energy
Liquid Eff. N,K
orga-nics
Black Water P-granules
Sludge
Simultaneous Ca-Phosphate precipitation &
CH4 production in a UASB
NH3-recovery; microbial fuel cell
Kuntke, P., Śmiech, K.M. , Bruning, H., Zeeman, G., Saakes, M. , Sleutels, T.H.J.A. , Hamelers, H.V.M., Buisman, C.J.N. (2012). Ammonium recovery and energy production from urine by a microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 46-8, 2627-2636
• migrational ion flux to the cathode
• driven by electron production
• anaerobic degradation of organic matter in urine.
N & P recovery; microalgae growth on
urine
Kanjana Tuantet, Marcel Janssen, Hardy Temmink, Grietje Zeeman, René H. Wijffels, and Cees J.N. Buisman (2013). Nutrient removal and microalgal biomass production on urine in a short light-path photobioreactor. Water R e search 5 5, 1 6 2 -1 7 4
N & P recovery; microalgae growth on BW
Schematic representation of current and future black water according to new sanitation concepts. Adapted from Tania Fernandes, NIOO
effluent polishing
BW
UASB
DBW
Vacuum toilet
Biogas
PBR
NIOO - KNAW
Wetland
Algae harvesting
H 2 O
C
NIOO - KNAW
N & P
Pilot research
Agriculture
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Organic Fertiliser production from BW
Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture: Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236
Black water does not contain external heavy metal sources, such as household chemicals.
Organic Fertiliser production from BW
Taina Tervahautaa,, Sonia Rania, Lucía Hernández Leala,Cees J.N. Buismana, Grietje Zeeman (2014). Black water sludge reuse in agriculture: Are heavy metals a problem? Journal of Hazardous Materials 274 ; 229–236
Feces • main contributor to the heavy
metal loading of vacuum collected black water (52–84%)
• In sewage the contribution of feces to heavy metals is less than 10%.
Hyper-thermophilic ‘Anaerobic Disinfection’
(Hyper)-thermophilic anaerobic treatment
(50-70°C); ‘Anaerobic disinfection’
*Collected with improved vacuum toilets
Energy
Liquid Eff.
Sludge
N,P,K
COD
Pathogens
Micro Pollutants
Concentrated Black Water*
Future transition
research
DESAH BV
The Netherlands:
100.000 km sewer network & 351
WWTPs
towards
Resource recovery based sanitation
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Micro-pollutants
(MPs)
*almost 200 micro-pollutants from personal care products in GW
**190 different pharmaceutical substances recorded
DESAH BV
*Eriksson, E.; Auffarth, K.; Eilerse, A. M.; Henze, M.; Ledin, A (2003). Household chemicals and personal care products as sources
for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA, 29, 135–146. **Winker, M., Faika, D., Gulyas, H. and Otterpohl, R. (2008). A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw
municipal wastewater and yellow water. Science of the total environment
Lucia Hernandez
Fate MPs in
biological BW- or
GW-treatment
*Personal care products in GW
**Pharmaceutical residues & estrogens in BW
*Hernandez Leal L., Vieno, N., Temmink H., Zeeman G., Buisman C.J.N. (2010). Occurrence of Xenobiotics in Grey Water and Removal in Three Biological Treatment Systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2010, 44 (17): 6835–6842
**de Graaff, M.S., Vieno, N.M., Kujawa-Roeleveld, K., Zeeman, G.; Temmink, H.; Buisman, C.J.N. (2011). Fate of hormones and pharmaceuticals during combined anaerobic treatment and nitrogen removal by nitritation-anammox in vacuum collected
black water. Water Research, Volume 45, Issue 1; **T.Z.D. de Mes, K. Kujawa-Roeleveld, G. Zeeman and G. Lettinga (2007). Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment. Water Science & Technology Vol 56 No 5.
Marthe de Graaff Titia de Mes
Conclusies; op terugwinning van
grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie
3 ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ toepassingen in Nederland
Ontwikkeling UASB-slibvergisting systeem
Conclusies; op terugwinning van
grondstoffen gebaseerde sanitatie
Verbeteringen ‘Nieuwe Sanitatie’ in ontwikkeling
Transitie strategie noodzakelijk
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Op terugwinning van grondstoffen
gebaseerde sanitatie
VRAGEN?