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Powerful Group Activities that Work!
Christine Harrington Ph.D.Middlesex County [email protected]
University of Wisconsin- Eau ClaireJanuary 8, 2015
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AgendaResearch on Active Learning and Group WorkDiscuss and Engage in a Variety of Group ActivitiesMaking Research Based Changes in your Classroom
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Turn and Talk:Why is Group Work Important?
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Employers want….
Teamwork skills
Communication skills
Koc (2011); Costigan & Donahue (2009)
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Group Work Works!Springer, Stanne & Donovan (1999)
Increases in…
Achievement
Persistence
Attitudes
Meta-analysis of 37 studies!
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Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
Cognitive
Language
Social
www.eca.usp.br
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Not all group work is equal…
Unstructured Group Work
Cooperative Group Work
Talk to others about a topic May get off topic Monopolizers/Social
loafers Minimal investment
Structured Clear purpose Everyone is involved
and accountable
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Brainstorming- The Power of Groups?
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Brainstorming- The Power of Groups?
Brainstorm
Work together to create a list
Nominal
Work independently until I tell you,
then share answers to create a list
Better Quality and Quantity
(Mullen, Johnson, & Salas, 1991)
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Problems with Brainstorming
Production Blocking My idea is not “good
enough” Forget idea by time other
member is finished
Group Think- support others and avoid conflict
Social Loafing- view contribution as not important or needed
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Brainwriting (Paulus & Yang, 2000; Heslin, 2009)
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12Clark, Kirschner & Sweller (2012)
Direct Instruction
is BEST for Novice Learners
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Brief Opportunities for Active Learning: How Often?
Prince (2004)
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Jigsaw Classroom (Aronson et al., 1978)
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HOME BASE GROUP: 3-5 students
EXPERT GROUP: Work together to learn the topic and be ready to teach your home base group members
HOME BASE GROUP: Teach each other
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Your Task:
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Decide on “experts”:
1. Self-selection vs. assigned groups
2. Strategies to equalize workload
3. Grading group work
In “expert” groups: Discuss the topic Determine 2-3 most
important points Be prepared to
“teach” your home base group members- they are depending on you!
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In Expert Groups, Answer:SELF-SELECTION vs. ASSIGNED GROUPSShould you allow students to choose groups or should you assign students to groups? Why?
EQUALIZING WORKLOADHow can you reduce social loafing and increase the likelihood that all students are contributing?
GRADINGShould you give individual, group, or combination grades? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?
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Jigsaw Classroom (Walker & Crogan, 1998)
Improved academic performance
Better attitude toward peers
Reduced prejudice
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Self-Selection Vs. Assigned Groups
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Assign Groups
Assign Groups to avoid homogeneous groups and to increase individual and group outcomes(Hinds, Carley, Krackhardt, & Wholey, 2000; McClelland, 2012)
Self-selection has NEGATIVE impact on minority and low ability students (Shimazoe & Aldrich, 2010)
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Optimizing Creativity (Paulus, 2000)
Cognitive diversity leads to more ideas
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Change Groups After a Few Sessions
Changing groups led to better results than groups who stayed together for more than half a semester (Tomcho & Foels, 2012)
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Strategies to Equalize Workload
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Group Training, Rules and Roles
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The 5R Approach to Group Work (Harrington,
2016)
Establish Rapport
Develop Rules
Determine Roles
Get Ready to Work and Support One Another
Remember to Evaluate
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Group Roles Group Leader
Note-Taker
Visual Aid Leader
Finishing Touch Specialist
Questioner
Rehearsal DirectorHarrington (2016)
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Training students on group process works!
Peterson (2012)
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Team Skills Training- Prichard, Stratford, & Bizo (2006)
Groups in
Experiment
Trained Together
Trained Re-
assigned
Untrained
IndividualAnd
Group Learning Outcomes
n=108Two 45 minute training sessions
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Results…
Trai
ned
Toge
ther
Trai
ned
Reass
igne
d
Untra
ined
010203040506070
Group Score
Group Score
Trai
ned
Toge
ther
Untra
ined
05
10152025303540
Individual Score
Individual Score
Not significantly different *Significantly different p <.05
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Group Work – Research Based Tips
(Sarfo and Ellen, 2011)
Working individually on entire project BEFORE working together resulted in better academic performance
Knowing full CONTENT first (vs. part of the content) led to better performance
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Inter-teaching Boyce & Hineline (2002)
Prep Reading Guide to be completed before class• 10-12 questions • 10-15 pages
Clarifying Lecture• Based on prior record sheets
Pair with another student to review Reading Guide• Professor answers questions• Record sheet on discussion, identifying difficult
concepts
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Inter-teaching
Class Time
Clarifying LectureWork in Pairs on Guided Reading Sheet
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Save the Last Word for MeInter-teaching1. Skim Saville, Lambert & Robertson (2011)
article2. Identify one quote or statement that you find
interesting- write this on your index card.3. On the back: Why did you choose this
quote?4. Group Share
1. Share Quote only2. Other members react to the quote3. Initial member shares thoughts and reflects on
group contributions4. Repeat until everyone has shared their quote(Vaughan & Estes,1986; Short, Harste, & Burke,1996)
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Structured Problem Solving Approach
Group members are informed that someone will be randomly chosen to report out on their work
No one knows who is presenting what until the day of the presentation
(Millis 2002)
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Individual Accountability to Group
Performance8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
ToldNot Told
(Sarfo and Ellen, 2011)
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Grading Issues
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Grading Issues
High achieving students often receive lower grades
Low achieving students often receive higher grades on group work
(Almond, 2009)
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Grading Group Work: The Student Perspective
Barfield (2003)
Inexperienced group members more likely to believe everyone should get the same grade
Part time workers more likely to believe grading is fair as compared to full time workers
Older students were most dissatisfied with group grades
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What about Introverts?
Although extraverts like
group work more than introverts, they performed equally well on assessments
Group
Wor
k
Inde
pend
ent W
ork
Exam
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
Extroverts
Introverts
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Grading Self and Others
Students tend to give high grades to self and peers
(Breneiser, Monetti, & Adams, (2012)
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Group Accountability Log
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Individual vs. Group Grade
http://decker.com/blog/tag/pros-and-cons/
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Grading Considerations (King & Behnke 2005)
Not everything needs to be graded
Avoid “Firing” members
Group grades can have negative interpersonal impact
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Applying What You’ve Learned
What “take-away” did you get from this workshop?
What might you do differently as a result of
participating today?
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Brainwriting1. Write down one “take-away” from this
workshop on the index card.2. Pass the card to your right.3. Read the card. Add another “take-away”. It
can’t be an idea written on the card or one you have already written on a card.
4. Continue passing the card to your right and writing additional “take-aways” until we tell you to stop.
5. Discuss the “take-aways” with your group.
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Thank You and Best Wishes with Group Work in your Classroom!
Questions? Contact me at [email protected]
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References Almond, R. J. (2009). Group assessment: Comparing group and individual undergraduate module marks. Assessment & Evaluation In
Higher Education, 34(2), 141-148. doi:10.1080/02602930801956083
Aronson, E., Blaney, N., Stephan, C., Sikes, J. and Snapp, M. (1978) The Jigsaw Classroom, Sage, Beverley Hills, CA.
Barfield, R. L. (2003). Students' perceptions of and satisfaction with group grades and the group experience in the college classroom. Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education, 28(4), 355-369. doi:10.1080/0260293032000066191
Boyce, T. E., & Hineline, P. N. (2002). Interteaching: A strategy for enhancing the user-friendliness of behavioral arrangements in the college classroom. The Behavior Analyst, 25(2), 215-225.
Breneiser, J. E., Monetti, D. M., & Adams, K. S. (2012). The Nexus between the Above-Average Effect and Cooperative Learning in the Classroom. Educational Research Quarterly, 36(2), 42-61.
Clark, R. E., Kircshner, P. A., & Sweller, J. (2012). Putting students on the path to learning: The case for fully guided instruction. American Educator. 6-11.
Costigan, R. D., & Donahue, L. (2009). Developing the Great Eight Competencies with Leaderless Group Discussion. Journal Of Management Education, 33(5), 596-616.
Heslin, P. A. (2009). Better than brainstorming? Potential contextual boundary conditions to brainwriting for idea generation in organizations. Journal Of Occupational And Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 129-145. doi:10.1348/096317908X285642
Hinds, P. J., Carley, K. M., Krackhardt, D., & Wholey, D. (2000). Choosing work group members: Balancing similarity, competence, and familiarity. Organizational Behavior And Human Decision Processes, 81(2), 226-251. doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2875
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References Hoffman, J. R., & Rogelberg, S. G. (2001). All together now? College students' preferred project group grading procedures. Group Dynamics: Theory,
Research, And Practice, 5(1), 33-40. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.5.1.33
King, Paul E., and Ralph R. Behnke. (2005)). Problems associated with evaluating student performance in groups. College Teaching 53.2, 57-61. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier.
Kirschner, F.; Paas, F.; Kirschner, P. A (2009). A cognitive load approach to collaborative learning: United brains for complex tasks. Educational Psychology Review, 21, 31-42. doi:10.1007/s10648-008-9095-2
Koc, E. W. (2011). Getting Noticed, Getting Hired: Candidate Attributes That Recruiters Seek. NACE Journal, 72(2), 14-19.
McClelland, G. P. (2012): The influence of randomly allocated group membership when developing student task work and team work capabilities, Journal of Further and Higher Education, 36:3, 351-369.
Millis, B. J. (2002). Enhancing learning-and more! Through cooperative learning. IDEA Paper #38. Retrieved from: http://www.theideacenter.org/sites/default/files/IDEA_Paper_38.pdf
Mullen, B., Johnson, C., & Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic And Applied Social Psychology, 12(1), 3-23. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1201_1
Paulus, P. B. (2000). Groups, teams, and creativity: The creative potential of idea-generating groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 49(2), 237-262. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00013
Paulus, P. B., & Yang, H. (2000). Idea generation in groups: A basis for creativity in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82 (1), 76-87. doi: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2888
Peterson, C. (2012). Building the Emotional Intelligence and Effective Functioning of Student Work Groups: Evaluation of an Instructional Program. College Teaching, 60(3), 112-121. doi:10.1080/87567555.2011.645258
Prichard, J. S., Stratford, R. J., & Bizo, L. A. (2006). Team-skills training enhances collaborative learning. Learning And Instruction, 16(3), 256-265. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2006.03.005
Sarfo, F., & Elen, J. (2011). Investigating the impact of positive resource interdependence and individual accountability on students' academic performance in cooperative learning. Electronic Journal of Research In Educational Psychology, 9(1), 73-93.
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References Saville, B. K., Lambert, T., & Robertson, S. (2011). Interteaching: Bringing Behavioral Education into the 21st Century. Psychological
Record, 61(1), 153-165.
Saville, B. E. (2011). Interteaching. New Directions For Teaching & Learning, 2011(128), 53-61.
Saville, B. K., & Zinn, T. E. (2011). Interteaching. New Directions For Teaching & Learning, 2011(128), 53-61. doi:10.1002/tl.468
Shimazoe, J., & Aldrich, H. (2010). Group Work Can Be Gratifying: Understanding & Overcoming Resistance to Cooperative Learning. College Teaching, 58(2), 52-57.
Short, K. G., Harste, J., & Burke, C. (1996). Creating classrooms for authors and inquirers (2nd ed.). Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
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