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Transcript of Power Quality and Harmonic Mitigation
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WWW Seminar
November 10, 2009
Power Quality andHarmonic Mitigation
WWW Seminar
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Schneider Electric 2-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Agenda
● Overview
● Harmonic Basics
● IEEE 519
● Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
●
AccuSine®
PCS● Applications & Installation Notes
● Specification Recommendations
● Summary
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Schneider Electric 3-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Schneider Power Quality Correction Group
●Power Factor Correction and
Harmonic Filtering:●
Capacitor Systems
●LV & MV up to 15 kV
●
Fixed, Standard and
Detuned Auto Banks●
AccuSine PCS
●Voltage Regulation:
●
Hybrid VAR Compensator
●
Electronic Sag Fighter
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Fundamental
3rdHarmonic
Harmonic Basics
● What are harmonics?
●
Proliferated by power semiconductor devices
●Converts power (AC to DC)
●
A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave
having a frequency that is an integer multiple of
the fundamental power line frequency
●
Characteristic harmonics are the
predominate harmonics seen by the power
distribution system
●
Predicted by the following equation:
●
Hc = np +/- 1●hC
= characteristic harmonics to be expected
●n = an integer from 1,2,3,4,5, etc.
●p = number of pulses or rectifiers in circuit
Harmonic Frequency Sequence1 60Hz +
2 120Hz 0
3 180Hz 04 240Hz 0
5 300Hz -6 360Hz 0
7 420Hz +: : :
19 1140Hz +
5thHarmonic
7thHarmonic
ResultantWaveform
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Multi-pulse ConvertersHn
1 phase
4-pulse
2 phase
4-pulse
3 phase
6-pulse
3 phase
12-pulse
3 phase
18-puls
3 x x
5 x x x
7 x x x
9 x x
11 x x x x
13 x x x x
15 x x
17 x x x x
19 x x x x
21 x x
23 x x x x
25 x x x x
27 x x
29 x x x
31 x x x
33 x x
35 x x x x x
37 x x x x x
39 x x
41 x x x
43 x x x
45 x x
47 x x x x
49 x x x x
Harmonics present by rectifier design
Type of rectifier
Hc
= np +/- 1
Hc
= characteristic
harmonic order present
n = an integer
p = number of pulses
8/2/2019 Power Quality and Harmonic Mitigation
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Harmonic Basics●Nonlinear loads draw it
●Example: 6-Pulse VFD
Inver ter Conver ter
DC bus
M
ABC
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Schneider Electric 7-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic Basics
● Why a concern?●
Current distortion
●Added heating, reduced capacity in :
–
Transformers
–
Conductors and cables
●
Heating effect proportional to harmonic order
squared
●
Nuisance tripping of electronic circuit
breakers (thermal overload)
●Blown fuses
●Detrimental to generators
– Heating of windings●Detrimental to UPS
–
UPS can’t supply the current
Loads
Ih
Vh
= Ih
x Zh
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Schneider Electric 8-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic Basics
●Voltage distortion●
Interference with other electronic loads
●Faulting to destruction
●
Creates harmonic currents in linear loads
●
Generator regulators can’t function
●Shut downs
●Not compatible with standard PF caps●
Potential resonance condition
●Excessive voltage●
Overheating of PF correction capacitors
●
Tripping of PF protection equipment
●
Shutdown / damage to electronic equipment
Loads
Ih
Vh
= Ih
x Zh
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Schneider Electric 9-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Total Power Factor
TPF
= (DPF)
x (Distortion factor)
DPF =KW
KVAf = Cos
Distortion Factor =1
1 + THD(I)2
TPF = Total or true power factor DPF = Displacement power factor
Distortion Factor = Harmonic power factor
= Cos
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Schneider Electric 10-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Total Power Factor Example
●Variable frequency drive (PWM type)
●
DPF = .95
●
THD(I) = 90%
●(no DC choke & no input line reactor)
●
Distortion Factor =
●TPF = .95 x .7433 = .7061
11 + .92
= .7433
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Schneider Electric 11-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
How are harmonics handled today?
●Mixed bag of objectives
●Basis of compliance is mixed
–
THDi, THDv, TDD?
–
IEEE 519-1992?
●Where is PCC?
●What level of harmonics is to be attained?
●How to obtain compliance?
–
Sometimes defined
–
Sometimes open ended
●
Validation
●Poorly defined
●By each equipment vendor
●No ‘Total Responsibility’
for harmonics
●
Has the User been protected where it matters – inside the facility
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Schneider Electric 12-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Typical Present Situation
●Specifications direct manufacturers of nonlinear loads to comply withinequipment specifications
●Manufacturers of nonlinear loads have other concerns
●
Sell standard equipment at competitive prices
●Leads to minimized harmonic solutions●Leads to misleading information about harmonic performance
●Leads to operational difficulties
–
e.g. Can’t operate on backup generators/UPS
●
Force the IEEE 519 discussion to the utility PCC
●Many types of solutions are not compatible
●
Each manufacturer does his own thing without regard to other solutions
●
Approaches are for ‘my’
equipment only
●
‘My’
simulation is for ‘my’
equipment only –
I can’t include the others
● ‘Total’
solution not achieved
●
User has system that exceeds specification objectives
●
Consulting engineers can’t get overall compliance
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Schneider Electric 13-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
ANSI Standard IEEE 519-1992
● Issues addressed:
●
THD(V) delivered by utility to user (Chapter 11)
●THD(V) must be < 5% [< 69 KV systems]
●
Defines the amount of TDD a user can cause (Chapter 10)
●Based upon size of user in relation to power source
●Table 10.3 for systems < 69 kV
●
Defines limits for voltage notches caused by SCR rectifiers – Table10.2
●
Defines PCC (point of common coupling)
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Schneider Electric 14-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
IEEE 519-1992
●Defines current distortion as TDD
●
Total Demand Distortion
●
Largest amplitude of harmonic current occurs at maximum
load of nonlinear device –
if electrical system can handle
this it can handle all lower amplitudes
●Always referenced to full load current
●Effective meaning of current distortion
●Defines voltage distortion as THD●
Total harmonic voltage distortion
●Does not use THD(I)
●
Total harmonic current distortion
●
Instrument measurement (instantaneous values)
●
Uses measured load current to calculate THD(I)
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Schneider Electric 15-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
IEEE 519-1992
Total I,
rms
Fund I,
rms
Harm I,
rms THD(I) TDD
Full load 936.68 936.00 35.57 3.8% 3.8%
836.70 836.00 34.28 4.1% 3.7%
767.68 767.00 32.21 4.2% 3.4%592.63 592.00 27.23 4.6% 2.9%
424.53 424.00 21.20 5.0% 2.3%
246.58 246.00 16.97 6.9% 1.8%
111.80 111.00 13.32 12.0% 1.4%
Measured
• TDD and THD(I) are not the same except at 100% load
• As load decreases, TDD decreases while THD(I) increases.
• Example:
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Schneider Electric 16-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
IEEE 519-1992 Table 10.3
Current Distortion Limits for General DistributionSystems (<69 kV)
Isc / Iload <11 11<=h<17 17<=h<23 23<=h<35 h>=35 TDD<20 4.0% 2.0% 1.5% 0.6% 0.3% 5.0%
20<50 7.0% 3.5% 2.5% 1.0% 0.5% 8.0%
50<100 10.0% 4.5% 4.0% 1.5% 0.7% 12.0%
100<1000 12.0% 5.5% 5.0% 0.2% 1.0% 15.0%
>1000 15.0% 7.0% 6.0% 2.5% 1.4% 20.0%
Isc = short circuit current capacity of source
Iload = demand load current (fundamental)
(TDD = Total harmonic current distortion measured against
fundamental current at demand load.)
TDD = Total Demand Distortion
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Schneider Electric 17-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic Standards
•
Most harmonic problems are not at the PCC with utility.
Typically harmonic problem occur:
• Within a facility• With generator & UPS operation
• Where nonlinear loads are concentrated
•
Need to protect the user from self by moving the harmonic
mitigation requirements to where harmonic loads are located
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Schneider Electric 18-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation MethodsIII. AccuSine® PCS
IV. Applications
V. Specification Recommendations
VI. Summary
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Schneider Electric 19-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic Mitigation Methods
●Typically applied per device
●
Line reactors/DC bus chokes/isolation transformers
●
5th
harmonic filters (trap filters)
●
Broadband filters
●
Multi-pulse transformers/converters
●
Active front end (AFE) converter
●System solution●
Active harmonic filter
Harmonic mitigation methods (Applied per VFD)
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Harmonic mitigation methods - (Applied per VFD)
Solution Advantage Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*Inc rease shortc ircuit capac ity Reduc es THD(V)
●Inc rea ses TDD●Not likely to oc cur**
Dependentup on SCR***
Cost of transformer andinsta lla tion change out
C-Less Tec hnolog y
●Lower TDD●Simp lified design
●Less c ost
●Comp lianc e is limited●Application limited
●Size limited 30 - 50% TDD 0.90 - 0.95
Imped anc e (3% LRor 3% DC c hoke)
●Low c ost ad de r●Simple ●Comp lianc e d ifficult 30 - 40% TDD 1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filterRed uc es 5th & to ta lTDD
●Does not meet ha rmoniclevels at higher orders^ 18 - 22% TDD 1.20 - 1.45
Broa dband filter Reduc es TDD (thru13th)
●
Large heat losses●Application limited 8 - 15% TDD 1.25 - 1.50
12-pulse rec tifiers●Reduc es TDD●Reliable
●Large footprint/ heavy●Go od for >100 HP 8 - 15 % TDD 1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rec tifiers●Reduc es TDD●Reliable
●Large footprint/ heavy●Go od for >100 HP 5 - 8% TDD 1.65 - 1.85
Ac tive front endconverter
●Very go od TDD●Regenerationpossible
●Large footprint/ heavy●Very high c ost per unit●High heat losses < 5% TDD 2.0 - 2.5
* Pric e c ompared to a sta ndard 6-pulse VFD.** Utilities and users are no t likely to c ha nge their distribution systems.*** Inc reasing short c ircuit capac ity (low er imped anc e sourc e o r la rger KVA c apac ity) ra ises TDD but lowers THD(V).^ Ca n be sa id for a ll me thods listed .
Harmonic mitigation methods
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Schneider Electric 21-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic mitigation methods
Solution Advantage Disadvantage
Typical %
TDD
Typical Price
Multiplier*Inc rease shortc ircuit capac ity Reduc es THD(V)
●Inc rea ses TDD●Not likely to oc cur**
Dependentup on SCR***
Cost of transformer andinsta lla tion change out
C-Less Tec hnolog y
●Lower TDD●Simp lified design
●Less c ost
●Comp lianc e is limited●Application limited
●Size limited 30 - 50% TDD 0.90 - 0.95
Imped anc e (3% LRor 3% DC c hoke)
●Low c ost ad de r●Simple ●Comp lianc e d ifficult 30 - 40% TDD 1.05 - 1.15
5th Harmonic filterRed uc es 5th & to ta lTDD
●Does not meet ha rmoniclevels at higher orders^ 18 - 22% TDD 1.20 - 1.45
Broa dband filter Reduc es TDD (thru13th)●
Large heat losses●Application limited 8 - 15% TDD
12-pulse rec tifiers●Reduc es TDD●Reliable
●Large footprint/ heavy●Go od for >100 HP 8 - 15 % TDD 1.65 - 1.85
18-pulse rec tifiers●Reduc es TDD●Reliable
●Large footprint/ heavy●Go od for >100 HP 5 - 8% TDD 1.65 - 1.85
Ac tive front endconverter
●Very go od TDD●Regenerationpossible
●Large footprint/ heavy●Very high c ost per unit●High heat losses < 5% TDD 2.0 - 2.5
* Pric e c ompared to a sta ndard 6-pulse VFD.** Utilities and users are no t likely to c ha nge their distribution systems.*** Inc reasing short c ircuit capac ity (low er imped anc e sourc e o r la rger KVA c apac ity) ra ises TDD but lowers THD(V).^ Ca n be sa id for a ll me thods listed .
AccuSine
AccuSine
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Schneider Electric 22-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Inductors/Transformers/DC Bus Chokes
Description:Converter-applied inductors or isolation transformers.
●Pros:
●
Inexpensive & reliable●
Transient protection for loads
●
1st Z yields big TDD reduction (90% to 35% w/3% Z)
●
Complimentary to active harmonic control
●Cons:●
Limited reduction of TDD at equipment terminals after 1st Z
●
Reduction dependent on source Z
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Schneider Electric 23-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
5th Harmonic Filter (Trap Filter)
•
Inductor (Lp
) and Capacitor (C) provide low
impedance source for a single frequency
(5th)
• Must add more tuned filters to filter morefrequencies
•
Inductor Ls
required to detune filter from
electrical system and other filters
•
If Ls
not present, filter is sink for all 5th
harmonics in system
•
If Ls
not present, resonance with other
tuned filters possible
•
Injects leading reactive current (KVAR) at
all times –
may not need
LoadVs
Zs
Lp
C
Ls
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Schneider Electric 24-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
• Mitigates up to 13th
order or higher
• Each inductor (L) > 8% impedance
• V drops ~ 16% at load
• Trapezoidal voltage to load
•Can only be used on diode converters
• Prevents fast current changes (only good for centrifugal loads)
• When generators are present, re-tuning may be required
• Capacitor (C) designed to boost V at load to proper level (injects leading VARs)
• Physically large• High heat losses (>5%)
• Series device
Broadband Filters
Load
Source
L L
C
~Lp
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Schneider Electric 25-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Multi-Pulse Drives
Description: Drives/UPS with two (12 pulse) or three (18 pulse) input bridges
fed by a transformer with two or three phase shifted output windings.
●Pros:
●
Reduces TDD to 10% (12 pulse) & 5% (18 pulse) at loads
●
Reliable
●Cons:
●
High installation cost with external transformer
●
Large footprint (even w/autotransformer)
●
Series solution with reduction in efficiency
●
One required for each product
●
Cannot retrofit
Harmonic mitigation methods
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Schneider Electric 26-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Harmonic mitigation methodsVFD mitigation topologies
6-Pulse converter
“C-less” or 3% reactance min (ifincluded); small footprint,
simplified cabling
Current waveform distortedTDD 30% to 40% with 3% reactor(depending on network impedance)
Externally mounted 3 winding
transformer; more wire andcabling; complicated
Current slightly distortedTDD 8% to 15% (depending onnetwork impedance)
12-Pulse converter 18-Pulse converter
Large footprint, more steel& copper (losses)
Current wave form goodTDD 5% to 7% (depending onnetwork impedance)
0
100
A
6 pulse
0
100
A
12 pulse
0.0s 0.02s
0
100
A
18 pulse
+
-
DC Bus Load
Delta
Delta
Wye
AC Line
A
B
C
DC+
DC-
LineReactor
Rectifier Assembly
TransformerTertiary
MultipulseTransformer
A
BC
1
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
DC LinkReactor
M
A ti F t E d (AFE) C t
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Schneider Electric 27-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Active Front End (AFE) Converters
●Used in UPS and VFD●Replaces diode converter with IGBT converter
●The hype
●
Permits current smoothing on AC lines (< 5% TDD)●
Permits 4-quadrant operation of VFD
●
Maintains unity TOTAL PF
●
Meets all harmonics specs around the world
A
C
S
o
u
r
c
eFilter
Converter Inverter
DC Bus
AC
Motor
IGBT IGBT
VFD
Input Filter
Required to
limit THDv
to
<5%
AFE C
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Schneider Electric 28-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AFE Converters
Significant harmonics above 50th
order
American Bureau
of Shipping (ABS)
requiresexamination to
100th
order when
AFE applied
Higher frequencies
yield higher heating
of current path &
potential resonance
with capacitors
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Schneider Electric 29-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AFE Converters●
Cons●
Larger and more expensive than 6 pulse drives
●Approximately twice the size & price
●
Mains voltage must be free of imbalance and voltag
harmonics●Generates more harmonics
●
Without mains filter THD(V) can reach 40%
●
Requires short circuit ratio >
40 at PCC
●
Switched mode power supplies prohibited●
Capacitors prohibited on mains
●
IGBT & SCR rectifiers prohibited on same mains
●No other nonlinear loads permitted
200
KVA
rated
PWM
VFD
DCDrive
PFcaps
100
KVA
rated
AFE
VFD
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Schneider Electric 30-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Agenda
I. Harmonic Basics
II. Conventional Harmonic Mitigation Methods
III. AccuSine® PCSIV. Applications
V. Specification RecommendationsVI. Summary
The System Solution
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Schneider Electric 31-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
The System Solution
●The System Solution:
●
Single point of responsibility for the ‘total’
harmonics
●
One specification for harmonic definitions
●
One validation responsibility and guarantee
● Standard nonlinear products
●
3% input line reactors on most non-linear devices, 3% DC bus choke okay for
PWM VFD
● Limits rms
current at load for diode rectifiers
● Avoids interaction with snubber
circuit for SCR rectifier
●
Best cost and performance
● Compatible with all nonlinear products
●
Compliance with harmonic specifications
●
Controls harmonic levels with facility
S h id El t i ’ S l ti
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Schneider Electric 32-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Schneider Electric’s Solution
● AccuSine Power Correction System (PCS)
●
Active harmonic filter
● Provides 5% TDD per load or system
● Cancels everything from 2nd
to 50th
harmonic order
● Used on any/all nonlinear load
●
Active reactive current correction● Does not use PF capacitors
● Used to correct Displacement PF
● In conjunction with or independent of harmonic control (dual mode)
● High-speed reactive power
Active Harmonic Filter System Solution
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Schneider Electric 33-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Active Harmonic Filter System Solution
● Applied to one or many nonlinear loads●
VFD, UPS, UV, DC drives, DC power supplies
● Provides DPF correction
● More cost effective for multiple loads●
For two or more drives, AccuSine and 6 pulse drive combination
has lower initial and operating costs than 18 pulse drives
●
For installations with redundant drives, size AccuSine for the
operating drives only
● Saves space● Lower heat losses
● Not critical to operation●
Parallel connected
Comparison of 18-P VFD to
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Schneider Electric 34-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Co pa so o 8 to
AccuSine PCS + standard VFD
●Footprint required
●
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
(w/autotransformer) for all conditions
●Heat losses
●
AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD less than 18-P VFD
●Exception at single units of 50-75 HP, advantage 18-P VFD
●
Less costly to operate AccuSine PCS+ Std VFD●
Less site cooling required with AccuSine PCS + Std VFD
●Price (first cost)
●
When more than one VFD, AccuSine PCS + Std VFD always
beats 18-P VFD
●
If only one VFD involved, 300-500 HP sizes favor 18-P VFD
A Si A ti H i Filt
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Schneider Electric 35-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine Active Harmonic Filter
AHFLoad
L
CT
Source
Is
Ia
I l
~
AHF
•Parallel connected
•Is
+ Ia
= Il
•Ia
includes 2nd
to 25/50th
harmonic current
•Is
<5% TDD
AccuSine® PCS
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Schneider Electric 36-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine® PCS
Power Diagram
+
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
E
C
LineInductor
Filter
Board
Pre-charge
Contactor
Inductor
Fuse
Fuse
Fuse
AC
Lines
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3DC Bus
Capacitors
IGBT Module
System Solution
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Schneider Electric 37-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
System Solution
AccuSine®
PCS Sizing Example
●
A 125 HP variable torque 6-pulse VFD with 3% LR
●
Required AHF filtering capability = 47.5 amperes
●
Two 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR●
Required AHF size = 84.4 amps
●
Three 125 HP VT 6-pulse VFD w/3% LR
●
Required AHF size = 113.5 amps
●
Six 125 HP VT VFD w/3% LR●
Required AHF size = 157.6 amps
●
(not 6 x 47.5 = 285 amps)
AS off AS onOrder % I fund % I fund
AccuSine Performance
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Schneider Electric 38-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Fund
100.000%100.000%
3
0.038% 0.478%
5
31.660% 0.674%
7
11.480% 0.679%
9
0.435%
0.297%
11
7.068%
0.710%
13
4.267%
0.521%
15
0.367%
0.052%
17
3.438%
0.464%
19
2.904%
0.639%
21
0.284%
0.263%
23
2.042%
0.409%
25
2.177%
0.489%
27
0.293%
0.170%29
1.238%
0.397%
31
1.740%
0.243%
33
0.261%
0.325%
35
0.800%
0.279%
37
1.420%
0.815%
39
0.282%
0.240%
41
0.588%
0.120%
43
1.281%
0.337%
45
0.259%
0.347%
47
0.427%
0.769%
49
1.348%
0.590%TDD 35.28% 2.67%
AccuSine Performance
AccuSine injection
Source current
At VFD Terminals
700 HP Drive – AccuSine ON – OFF
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Schneider Electric 39-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
700 HP Drive – AccuSine ON – OFF
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Schneider Electric 40-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
700 HP Drive – AccuSine ON – OFF
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Schneider Electric 41-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
700 HP Drive – AccuSine ON – OFF
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Schneider Electric 42-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
700 HP Drive – AccuSine ON – OFF
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Schneider Electric 43-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Applications
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Schneider Electric 44-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Applications
● Most common –
VFD sites
●
Centrifugal pumps and fans
●Pumping Stations
– Potable –
Wastewater
●Wastewater Plants
●Water Purification (potable)
● Disinfectant Systems
●UV systems (ultraviolet)
–
Electronic ballasts –
3
●
Ozone generators (SCR power supplies)● Industrial –
in-rush support
AccuSine PCS Specifications
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Schneider Electric 45-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
p
● Universal Application
●
208 –
480 VAC
● No user action required to set
● Highly customized transformers for higher voltages (to 15 kV)
●
50 or 60 Hz
● Fuse protected (200,000 AIC)
● UL 508 & CSA approved
● CE EMC -
400V
● Logic ride through –
1 to 10 minutes
Specification Discussion
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Schneider Electric 46-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Specification Discussion
●
Write a specification in Section 16 for an active harmonic filter ●
Specify any points of concern for insertion of AHF
●Size of AHF
●Located per electrical bus
●
Specify total responsibility for all harmonics in facility
●
Specify TDD levels desired at each location
●5% TDD guarantees 5% THDv
(caused by the loads) with any source
●
Specify compliance tests for each location
●
Write standard nonlinear load specification
●Reduces harmonic incompatibilities and product interactions
●Need 3% impedance on each nonlinear load
●
Universal solution
●
Good for all nonlinear loads
●
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
●
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant
●
Avoids harmonic problems –
both TDD and THD(V)
●
Write TDD specs not THD(I) at 5%
AccuSine Tools
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Schneider Electric 47-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
● Internet Tools●
Active Filter Guide Spec (www.reactivar.com)
● Stand alone spec section (Section 16)
● Includes harmonic and PF correction requirements
●
Selection Program (www.squaredleantools.com)●
Easy selection based upon loads not source (same
selection for utility or generator)
● Simple tool to use
●
We guarantee results if used properly duringdesign/layout stage
●
Brochure
●
Application Notes
● Water/wastewater and other applications
●
Installation Bulletin
● Best/total information for consultant
●
MCC Selector
Product Package
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Schneider Electric 48-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
g
●Standard (UL only)●Enclosed –
NEMA 1
●
50 amp –
48”H x 21”W x 19”D, 250 lbs
●
100 amp –
65”H x 21”W x 19”D, 350 lbs
●Wall mounted●
300 amp –
75”H x 32”W x 20”D, 775 lbs
●Free standing
●Chassis & NEMA12 Also Available
Product Package
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Schneider Electric 49-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Product Package
● International enclosures
●
NEMA 12, IP30, IP54
●
50 amp –
75”(1905mm) x 31.5”(800mm)
x 23.62”(600mm)●Weight –
661Ib(300Kg)
●
100 amp –
75”(1905mm) x
31.5”(800mm) x 23.62”(600mm)
●Weight –
771Ib(350 Kg)
●
300 amp –
91”(2300mm) x
39.37”(1000mm) x 31.5”(800mm)
●Weight –
1212Ib(550 Kg)
●
Free standing with door interlocked
disconnect●
CE Certified, C-Tick, ABS, UL, CUL
Product Re-packaging
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Schneider Electric 50-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
p g g
●Maximum ambient into air inlet –
400C
●Must meet air flow at inlet of AccuSine
●
50 amp –
300 CFM
●
100 amp – 500 CFM●
300 amp -
1250 CFM
●Heat released
●
50 amp –
1800 watts
●
100 amp –
3000 watts
●
300 amp –
9000 watts
●DIM considerations required
●
On chassis
●
Remote with cable
Product Re-packaging
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Schneider Electric 51-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Product Re packaging
●MCC Packaging
●
50 & 100 amp models only
●
Requires one vertical 20”
x 20”
section
●
Includes circuit breaker
AccuSine PCS Current Transformers
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Schneider Electric 52-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Current Transformers
●AC lines●
Class 1
●
400 Hz
●
Four sizes
●500:5/1000:5/3000:5/5000:5●
Stock split core –
round units
●Added to AccuSine (when parallel connected & source sense)
●
Use solid core at equal ratio as AC lines CT
AccuSine PCS Performance
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Schneider Electric 53-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Performance
Source XFMR
Load(s)
Is
Ias
•AccuSine Logic
•Is + Ias = Il
•AccuSine injects the harmonics the loads want
DEFINITIONS
Is = source current
Ias = AccuSine current
Il = total load current
(vector representations)
Il
AccuSine PCS Performance
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Schneider Electric 54-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Performance
●
Obtain 5% TDD (current distortion)
●
Overall 10:1 attenuation
●Cos
= .998
●
Obtain near unity lagging DPF (Cos
●
Optional: Inject to obtain a user set point
●
Either or both functions
●
VAR compensation
●
100 second
detect-to-inject
●
Dynamic response
●
½ cycle to full control for step load changes
AccuSine PCS Overall Performance
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Schneider Electric 55-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Overall Performance
●Harmonic compensation
●
2nd
through 50th
order
●
Includes inter-harmonics
●
Independent of source impedance
●
Selection and operation same whether on AC line or backup generator or UPSoutput
●Reactive current injection
●
Secondary function to harmonic mode
●
Defaults to unity lagging set point
●
Injects leading or lagging reactive current
AccuSine PCS Cos Performance
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Schneider Electric 56-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Cos
Performance
● In dual mode (Cos
+ Cos
)
●
Reactive current injection is secondary to harmonic mitigation
●Activation of Cos in the field via DIM
●Default to unity lagging Cos ●
Can enter a set point (i.e. 0.90 lagging)
●
Can inject leading (capacitive) or lagging (inductive) reactive current
Dual Mode Operation
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Schneider Electric 57-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Dual Mode Operation
Ias = rms output current of AccuSine
Ih = rms harmonic current
Ir = rms reactive current
Ias = Ih2 + Ir
2
Ias Ih Ir
100.0 10.0 99.5
100.0 20.0 98.0
100.0 30.0 95.4
100.0 40.0 91.7
100.0 50.0 86.6100.0 60.0 80.0
100.0 70.0 71.4
100.0 80.0 60.0
100.0 90.0 43.6
100.0 95.0 31.2
Examples
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Schneider Electric 58-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
AccuSine PCS Installation Considerations (When in ‘harmonic mode’
–
does not apply for ‘reactive mode-only’)
AccuSine PCS Installation Considerations
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Schneider Electric 59-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
●
For Optimal Performance:●
Impedance –
3% input line reactors (minimum) on every nonlinear load
●
Transformer, 3% DC bus choke for PWM VFD or long power cables (not
encapsulated type) can substitute for line reactors
● Standardizes selection of AccuSine●Diode rectifiers: Need to limit rms
current at load (limits rise of Ihrms
at load)
●Thyristor rectifiers: Need to protect snubbers (capacitors) on thyristor
●
No capacitors downstream of CT
AccuSine PCS Installation Considerations
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Schneider Electric 60-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
This configuration provides individual AccuSineoperation per side regardless of breaker positions.
Main –
Left Main –
Right
CBm
l CBmr
Tie
CTml CTtl CTtr CTmr
AccuSine RAccuSine L
CBal CBar
Main-tie-main
Summary
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Schneider Electric 61-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
y
●Universal solution
●
Good for all nonlinear loads (3-phase)
●
Apply AccuSine per electrical bus (best economics)
●System Solution
●
Can attain 5% TDD per load or bus inside the plant
●Guarantees 5% THDv
●Requires 3% impedance at loads
●Selection based upon loads
●
Easy to use on-line tool
●www.squaredleantools.com
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Schneider Electric 62-Power Quality Correction Group – October 2009
Thank You !
Questions?