Power In Energy-Koncar

AIESEC Croatia – Leadership Development Congress 3rd – 7th December 2008

POWER IN ENERGYPOWER IN ENERGY

Boris NjavroBoris Njavro


Content

• What is energy?

• World energy data

• Problems with (without) energy

• Why is renewable energy important?

• Technology challenges

• Energy strategy


What is Energy?What is Energy?

Energy is the Ability To Do Work.Energy is the Ability To Do Work.

Energy can be found in a number of different Energy can be found in a number of different forms. forms.

It can be chemical energy, electrical energy, It can be chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy. mechanical energy, and nuclear energy.


ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFORMED ENERGY CAN BE TRANSFORMED INTO ANOTHER SORT OF ENERGY. INTO ANOTHER SORT OF ENERGY. BUT, IT CANNOT BE CREATED AND BUT, IT CANNOT BE CREATED AND

IT CANNOT BE DESTROYED. IT CANNOT BE DESTROYED. ENERGY HAS ALWAYS EXISTED IN ENERGY HAS ALWAYS EXISTED IN

ONE FORM OR ANOTHER. ONE FORM OR ANOTHER.

FIRST ENERGY LAWFIRST ENERGY LAW


““ENTROPY TENDS TO INCREASE”ENTROPY TENDS TO INCREASE”

SECOND ENERGY LAWSECOND ENERGY LAW

It means that no process is 100% It means that no process is 100% efficient, so there is no such efficient, so there is no such thing as a perpetual motion thing as a perpetual motion

machine machine


Forms of Energy

Electrical energy is the flow of electrons along a circuit. It can be transformed into:• mechanical energy by an elevator• thermal energy by a space heater Thermal energy is the use of heat as the source of energy. It can be transformed into:• mechanical energy using a steam engine.

Chemical energy is generated from chemical reactions in which the chemical bonds of a substance are broken and rearranged to form new molecules that can provide energy. It can be transformed into:• thermal energy by burning wood• mechanical energy through digestion of food in our bodies• electrical energy by burning coal.


Forms of Energy

Radiant energy comes from a light source, such as the sun. Energy released from the sun is in the form of photons. It can be transformed into:• electrical energy using solar panels

Mechanical energy refers to an object that is doing work by being in motion. Mechanical energy can be transformed into:• electrical energy using a wind turbine

Nuclear energy is generated when parts of the atoms in certain materials split off in a controlled environment. This process produces heat (thermal energy) for various uses, including electricity generation. Nuclear energy can be transformed into:• thermal energy in a fission reactor• electrical energy in a nuclear power plant


Renewables12.7%

Coal 25.3%

Oil 35.0%

Natural Gas 20.6%

Non-Renewable Waste 0.2%

Nuclear 6.3%

Hydro 2.2%

Renewable Combustibles

and Waste9.9%

Other 0.5%

World total primary energy shareWorld total primary energy share


Nuclear 15.7%

Coal 40.3%

Oil 6.6%

Gas 19.7%

Non-renewable wastes

0.2%

Renewables 17.9%

Hydro 16.0%

Renewable combustibles

and wastes 1.0%

Wind, solar, geothermal,

ocean 0.9%

Sources ofSources of electricalelectrical energy energy in the Worldin the World


Evolution of Global Primary EnergyEvolution of Global Primary Energy


Evolution of Global Primary EnergyEvolution of Global Primary Energy - Projection - Projection


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

NorthAmerica

OECDAsia &Pacific

Europe Middle-East

CIS LatinAmerica

China OtherAsia

Africa India WORLD

kWh/cap

1980 1990 2000 2006

Household electricity consumption per capita


Night lightsNight lights


International Energy Outlook indicates that over the next 20 years …

• Energy use will grow strongly, especially among the developing countries (2.7% per year in the developing world)

• There will be continued reliance on fossil fuels through 2025; oil remains the dominant fuel type (39 % of total world energy use)

• Natural gas is the fastest growing source of primary energy (2.2% per year)

• Coal will continue to be the predominant source for electricity generation, but natural gas will be an important supply source for power generation in many parts of the world, given its efficiency and environmental benefits.

• Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels will continue to grow (1.9% per year)


There are two energy-related crises:There are two energy-related crises:

1)1) Climate change threat that demands international Climate change threat that demands international co-operation rather than competition and co-operation rather than competition and conflict.conflict.Outcome:Outcome: Politicians and businesses aim to Politicians and businesses aim to collaborate to radically reduce dependence on collaborate to radically reduce dependence on fossil fuels.fossil fuels.

2) Oil and gas deficits are occurring through 2) Oil and gas deficits are occurring through scarcity and power politics leading to higher scarcity and power politics leading to higher prices.prices.Outcome:Outcome: Politicians and businesses look for Politicians and businesses look for energy supply security and compete to find and energy supply security and compete to find and control more cheap oil, coal and gas supplies.control more cheap oil, coal and gas supplies.


What do people want?What do people want?

Technical solutions??Technical solutions??

Social benefits??Social benefits??

EmploymentEmployment

Wealth retention in communitiesWealth retention in communities

New skillsNew skills

Social cohesionSocial cohesion Local investmentLocal investment

Protection of recreational areasProtection of recreational areasPride and independencePride and independence

Improved quality of lifeImproved quality of life

Stable climateStable climate Good healthGood health

Secure energy suppliesSecure energy supplies

EquityEquity

Happiness…….


SOLUTIONSOLUTION??

The development of The development of alternative clean energies and new alternative clean energies and new technologiestechnologies could reduce dependence on fossil could reduce dependence on fossil fuels AND reduce GHG emissions.fuels AND reduce GHG emissions.

ButBut,, can they be developed and deployed fast enough can they be developed and deployed fast enough to reduce the growing demand for oil, gas and coal?to reduce the growing demand for oil, gas and coal?


WORKSHOP:RENEWABLE ENERGY

• What is renewable energy?

• Why is it important?

• Is renewable energy solution?


WHY IS RENEWABLE ENERGY IMPORTANT?

Environmental Benefits Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. Energy for our children's children's children Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other sources of energy are finite and will some day be depleted. Jobs and the Economy Most renewable energy investments are spent on materials and workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than on costly energy imports. This means your energy dollars stay home to create jobs and fuel local economies, rather than going overseas. Energy Security Renewable energy is locally consumed resources and thus decrease dependence on imported energy.


Heating and Cooling Heating and Cooling - the Sleeping Giant - the Sleeping Giant

Around 40-50% of total consumer energy is used for Around 40-50% of total consumer energy is used for heating and cooling, yet most policy emphasis heating and cooling, yet most policy emphasis goes on electricity and biofuels.goes on electricity and biofuels.

There is high potential to more than double There is high potential to more than double renewable heating and cooling from bioenergy, renewable heating and cooling from bioenergy, solar and geothermal in the next decade if many solar and geothermal in the next decade if many countries would replicate cost-effective policies countries would replicate cost-effective policies as used by other leading countries.as used by other leading countries.


Croatian incentive system from July 2007.

– Minimum share of electrical energy from renewables:

– Incentive: guaranteed prices

Total electrical consumption

Share of renewables in el. consumption.

2002. 13 TWh 0,6%2010. 19 TWh** 5,8%


Second generation biofuels;Double the power generation capacity of the largest wind turbines, with off-shore wind as the lead application;Commercial readiness of large-scale Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power; Enable a single, smart European electricity grid able to accommodate the massive integration of renewable and decentralised energy sources;Mass market of more efficient energy conversion and end-use devices and systems, in buildings, transport and industry, such as poly-generation and fuel cells;Competitiveness in fission technologies, together with long-term waste management solutions;

KEY TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES in the next 10 years for 2020


• generates and distributes electricity more effectively, economically, securely, and sustainably

• integrates innovative tools and technologies, products and services, using advanced sensing, communication, and control technologies

• provides customers with greater information and choice, including power export, demand participation and energy efficency

Smart Grids


Next generation of renewable energy technologies; Breakthrough in the cost-efficiency of energy storage

technologies; Develop the technologies and create the conditions to

commercialise hydrogen fuel cell vehicles; New generation (Gen-IV) of fission reactors for increased

sustainability; Elaborate alternative visions and transition strategies towards

the development of the Trans-European energy networks and other systems necessary to support the low carbon economy of the future;

Breakthroughs in enabling research for energy efficiency: e.g. materials, nano-science, information and communication technologies, bio-science and computation.

KEY TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES in the years for 2030-2050


WORKSHOP:ENERGY STRATEGY

• Objectives (SMART)

• Goal

• Roles and responsibilities

• First steps


ENERGY STRATEGY FOR CROATIA

• Intention is to present situation in energy sector and consequences of development options on the basis of broad public discussion and made political decision about national strategy


ENERGY STRATEGY FOR CROATIA

• Objective is to define development of energy sector in next 10-20(30) years

• Goal is to build sustainable energy system with balanced development, environmental protection, competition and safety of supply.


BASIC FACTS

• Croatia is candidate for EU– Directive 20-20-20 by 2020

• Energy community

• Kyoto protocol

• High energy prices and volatility in the market


BASIC FACTS – TOTAL CONSUMPTION


BASIC FACTS – ELECTRICAL ENERGY


BASE SCENARIO

• NEW 300 MW IN HPPs BY 2020• NEW 1545 MW IN RENEWABLE PPs BY 2020• ADDITIONAL 100 MW IN ZAGREB AND 250

MW IN SISAK TPPs BY 2009• NEW 300 MW IN COGENERATION BY 2020

• TOTAL: ~ 2500 MW


BLUE SCENARIO

2 TPPs WITH NATURAL GAS AND 2 TPPs WITH COAL

• 2013, GAS TPP ~ 400 MW

• 2015, COAL TPP ~ 600 MW

• 2019, COAL TPP ~ 600 MW

• 2020, GAS TPP ~ 400 MW


GREEN SCENARIO

2 TPPs WITH NATURAL GAS, 1 NUCLEAR

• 2013, GAS TPP ~ 400 MW

• 2015, GAS TPP ~ 400 MW

• 2020, NUCLEAR PP ~ 1000 MW


WHITE SCENARIOWHITE SCENARIO

1 TPP WITH NATURAL GAS, 1 TPP 1 TPP WITH NATURAL GAS, 1 TPP ON COAL, 1 NUCLEARON COAL, 1 NUCLEAR

• 2013, GAS TPP 2013, GAS TPP ~~ 400 MW 400 MW• 2015, COAL TPP 2015, COAL TPP ~~ 600 MW 600 MW• 2020, NUCLEAR PP 2020, NUCLEAR PP ~~ 1000 MW 1000 MW


Myth 1*: solar power is too expensive to be of much use

Spanish and German companies are installing large-scale solar power plants of this type in North Africa, Spain and the south-west of America;

On hot summer afternoons in California, solar power stations are probably already financially competitive with coal.

Europe, meanwhile, could get most of its electricity from plants in the Sahara desert. We would need new long-distance power transmission but the technology for providing this is advancing fast, and the countries of North Africa would get a valuable new source of income.

*Chris Goodall, guardian.co.uk


Myth 2: wind power is too unreliable

Wind power is financially viable today in many countries, and it will become cheaper as turbines continue to grow in size, and manufacturers drive down costs.

Some projections see more than 30% of the world's electricity eventually coming from the wind.

Turbine manufacture and installation are also set to become major sources of employment, with one trade body predicting that the sector will generate 2m jobs worldwide by 2020.


Myth 3: marine energy is a dead-end

The thin channel of water between the north-east tip of Scotland and Orkney contains some of the most concentrated tidal power in the world.

The energy from the peak flows may well be greater than the electricity needs of London.

Similarly, the waves off the Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal are strong, consistent and able to provide a substantial fraction of the region's power.


Myth 4: nuclear power is cheaper than other low-carbon sources of electricity

The new nuclear power station on the island of Olkiluoto in western Finland should start with Electricity production in this year, but the latest news is that the power station will not start generating until 2012.

The impact on the cost of the project has been dramatic. When the contracts were signed, the plant was supposed to cost €3bn (£2.5bn).

The final cost is likely to be more than twice this figureand the construction process is fast turning into a nightmare.


Myth 5: electric cars are slow and ugly

The Tesla electric sports car, sold in America but designed by Lotus in Norfolk, amazes all those who experience its awesome acceleration.

Urban delivery van has a range of over 100 miles, accelerates to 70mph and has running costs of just over 1p per mile.

The cost of the diesel equivalent is probably 20 times as much.


Myth 6: biofuels are always destructive to the environment

Making some of our motor fuel from food has been an almost unmitigated disaster.

Within a few years we will be able to turn agricultural wastes into liquid fuels by splitting cellulose, the most abundant molecule in plants and trees, into simple hydrocarbons.


Myth 7: climate change means we need more organic agriculture

The world cannot feed its people and produce huge amounts of cellulose for fuels if large acreages are converted to organic cultivation.


Myth 8: zero carbon homes are the best way of dealing with greenhouse gas emissions from buildings

In most countries, only about 1% of the housing stock is newly built each year. Tighter building regulations have no effect on the remaining 99%. Second, making a building genuinely zero carbon is extremely expensive. The few prototype UK homes that haverecently reached this standard have cost twice as much as conventional houses.Careful attention to detail in both design and building work has produced unexpectedly large cuts in total energy use. The small extra price paid by householders is easily outweighed by the savings in electricity and gas. Rather than demanding totally carbon-neutral housing.


Myth 9: the most efficient power stations are big

Large, modern gas-fired power stations can turn about 60% of the energy in fuel into electricity. The rest is lost as waste heat.

New types of tiny combined heat and power plants are able to turn about half the energy in fuel into electricity, almost matching the efficiency of huge generators. These are now small enough to be easily installed in ordinary homes. Not only will they generate electricity but the surplus heat can be used to heat the house, meaning that all theenergy in gas is productively used.

Some types of air conditioning can even use the heatto power their chillers in summer.


Myth 10: all proposed solutions to climate change need to be hi-tech

Biochar is an astonishing idea. Burning agricultural wastes in the absence of air leaves a charcoal composed of almost pure carbon, which can then be crushed and dug into the soil.

Biochar is extremely stable and the carbon will stay in the soil unchanged for hundreds of years.

The original agricultural wastes had captured CO2 from the airthrough the photosynthesis process; biochar is a low-tech way of sequestering carbon, effectively for ever.

Power In Energy-Koncar

Technology

Transcript of Power In Energy-Koncar