G.SAI VIGHNA B.MANISHA

112G1A0219 112G1A0211

3rd EEE 3rd EEE

svighna94@gmail.com shanima.naidu@gmail.com

ANANTHALAKSHMI INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY

&SCIENCES

ABSTRACT: As we all know that Technology is a double edged weapon which can turn

any situation either into a boon or bane.

. In recent years we are much familiar with the word “global warming”

Increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near surface air and the

oceans

In this paper we are going to explain you about the largest financed

domestic project by United Nations for the year 2014.

The best way to control this is by efficient use of renewable energy and

this is our stream of interest to use solar energy in driving railways which

arises the concept of “Solar Train”.

Implementing solar energy usage in addition conserves energy sources to

an extent. Solar panels fitted on roof of the train used to convert solar to

electrical energy and using some technical methods to utilize that energy.

SUB TOPICS: INTRODUCTION

WORKING

SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION

SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

IMPLEMENTATION METHODS

COSTFACTOR

IMPLEMENTING NANO TECHNIQUES

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

DRAWBACKS

CONCLUSION

MATERIALS INVOLVED IN SOLAR TRAINS

SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTORS

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

NANO TECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES

SOLAR PANNELS

INTRODUCTION: The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet each year is about

twice the amount of energy that will be obtained forever from coal, oil, natural gas, and mined Uranium, The ultimate source of much of the world's energy is the sun, which provides the earth with light, heat and radiation.

Since generating electricity directly from sunlight does not deplete any of the earth's natural resources and supplies the earth with energy continuously, solar energy is a renewable source of electricity generation. Solar energy is our earth's primary source of renewable energy.

To manufacture inexpensive solar cells with the same efficiency as current technology.

Although this new technology is only capable of supplying low power devices with sufficient energy, its implications on society would still be tremendous.

The solar energy flux reaching the Earth’s surface represents a few thousand times the current use of primary energy by humans. The potential of this resource is enormous and makes solar energy a crucial component of a renewable energy portfolio aimed at reducing the global emissions of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the current use of this energy resource represents less than 1% of the total electricity production from renewable sources.

WORKING: Thermal solar energy collectors will be erected over portions of the site having deed

restrictionsfor industrial use only, thus converting a toxic problem into a renewable energy production facility.

This energy will be used to charge and recharge the fireless locomotive which then has a very short distance to service on the popular tourist train.

A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is a solid state device that converts the energy coming from the sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.

Assemblies of cells are used to make solar modules, also known as solar panels. The energy generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example of solar energy.

SOLAR ENERGY COLLECTION: Photovoltaic cells offer consumers the ability to generate electricity in a clean,

quiet and reliable way.

The source of light is usually the sun, they are often called solar cells.

Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated in the form of

a module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front (sun up)

side, allowing light to pass while protecting the conductor wafers from abrasion

and impact due to wind driven debris, rain, hail.

. Solar cells are also usually connected in series in modules, which creates an additive voltage.

Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current. Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or both, to create an array with the desired peak DC voltage and current.

Cells are described as photovoltaic cells when the light source is not

necessarily sunlight. These are used for detecting light or other electromagnetic

radiation near the visible range, for example infrared detectors, or measurement

of light intensity.

SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION: Solar-electric rail is a smokeless, noiseless rail transit system based

on recent advances in solar racing car technology.

To increase their utility, dozens ofindividual PV cells are

interconnectedtogether in a sealed, weatherproof package called a

module.

When two modules are wired together in series, their voltage is

doubled while the current stays constant.

. When two modules are wired in parallel, their current is doubled

while the voltage stays constant. To achieve thedesired voltage and

current, modules are wired in series and parallel into what is called

a PV array.

It would help preserve the environment, decrease soldiers

carrying loads, provide electricity for rural areas, and have a

wide array of commercial applications due to its wireless

capabilities.

IMPLEMENTATION METHODS . Passive solar technologies were already used by ancient

civilizations for warming and cooling habitations and for water heating; in the Renaissance, concentration of solar radiation was extensively studied and in the 19th century the first solar-based mechanical engines were built.

The discovery of photovoltaic effect by Becquerel in1839 and the creation of the first photovoltaic cell in the early 1950s opened entirely new perspectives on the use of solar energy for the production of electricity.

. Nowadays, there exist an extremely large variety of solar technologies, and photovoltaic have been gaining an increasing market share for the last 20 years.

COASTFACTOR: The current cost of solar technologies and their intermittent nature

make them hardly competitive on anenergy market still dominated

by cheap fossil fuels.

The new solutions for solar energy systems to become less capital

intensive and more efficient.

Low-cost and/or high efficiency photovoltaic device concepts are

beingdeveloped.

Intermittency isbeing addressed with extended research efforts in

energy storage devices, such as batteries and other electric storage

systems, thermal storage, and the direct production of solar fuels.

All these are valuable routes for enhancing the competitiveness

and performance of solar technologies.

IMPLEMENTING NANO TECHNIQUES:

Nano technology might be able to increase the efficiency of

solar cells,but the most promissing application of

nanotechnology.

Chemists at the University of California Berkeley, have

discovered a way to make cheap plastic solar cells that could

be painted on almost any surface

These new plastic solar cells achieve efficiencies of only 1.7

percent.

ENVIRONMENRAL ASPECTS: PV systems operate without producing air, water or solid wastes.

energyrequirement and the environmental impact of PV module manufacture can

be furtherreduced, even though recent analysis of the energy and carbon cycles

for PV technologiesrecognized that strong improvements were made both in

terms of energy and carbon paybacks. The deployment of solar technologies for energy production at a large scale

requires the involvement of both political and economical players, but also

further improvementsin the conversion efficiency and reduction of manufacturing

cost.

DRAWBACK: A significant problem with solar power is the capital installation

cost, although cost has been decreasing due to the learning curve

. Developing countries in particular may not have the funds to

build solar power plants, although small solar applications are now

replacing other sources in the developing world.

Since the manufacturing cost of conventional solar cells is one of

the biggest drawbacks, this new technology could have some

impressive effects on our daily lives.

CONCLUSION: Inexpensive solar cells would also help to provide electricity for rural

areas or third world countries.

Since the electricity demand in these areas is not high, and the areas are so

distantly spaced out, it is not practical to connect them to an electrical

grid. However, this is an ideal situation for solar energy.

If it were inexpensive enough, it could be used for lighting, hot water,

medical devices, and even cooking. It would greatly improve the standard

of living for millions, possibly even billions ofpeople!

Solar energy has a large potential to be a major fraction of a future

carbon-free energy port-folio, but technological advances and

breakthroughs are necessary to overcome low conversion efficiency and

high cost of presently available systems.

REFERENCES: 1.www.google.com

2.www.en.wikipedia.org

3.www.yahooanswers.com

4.www.wikianswers.com

5.www.wikihow.com

6.www.ehow.com

7.www.howstuffworks.com

8.www.webopedia.com

THANK YOU

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