Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks
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Transcript of Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks
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Power Electronics in Hybrid Energy Networks
Johan Enslin David [email protected] [email protected]
KEMA Inc. T&D ConsultingRaleigh, NC
USA
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Outline The Future of Energy
Hydrogen Economy Hybrid Hydrogen Economy Energy Web Concept and Distributed Power
Power Electronics’ role in the Future of Energy Interconnection of Large-scale PV Interconnection of Wind Energy
Energy Storage’s and FACTS role in the Future of Energy
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Hydrogen Hope and Gamble
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Grid-less Hydrogen Society? National National
Energy SecurityEnergy Security
DIVERSE DIVERSE DOMESTIC DOMESTIC
RESOURCESRESOURCES
Distributed GenerationDistributed Generation
Transportation
The EnvironmentThe Environment
ZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGZERO/NEAR ZERO GHGand other EMISSIONSand other EMISSIONS
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
Se
qu
es
tra
t io
n
Biomass
Hydro
Wind
Solar
BiomassWater
WindHydroSolar
Geothermal
Coal
Nuclear
Natural
Gas
Oil
Se
qu
es
tra
t io
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Electrolyzer
- Water purification - Regulators- Gas dryer- Integrated Heating - CHP
HydrogenStorage
Hybrid AC/DC Networks
H2 Gas
+
-
V
Water Supply
H2 Trucking H2 Pipeline
O2 Gas
Peak Shaving
Fuel Cell
Power Electronics- Grid Interconnection- STATCOM / APF- Max Power Tracker- Electricity Storage- Transfer Switch
Control,Protection Comms
Local H2 Use
DP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System ConceptDP - Network - Hydrogen Hybrid System Concept
Electrical Interconnection
Transport
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Energy Web Concept
Residence
FactoryCHP
Wind
Microturbine
CommercialCHP
Central Generation
Fuel Cell
Flywheel
Substation
Photovoltaic
Storage
Power & Communications LinksGas TurbinesFuel Cell Car
Flow Batteries
Pumped Storage DecentralizedDER Dispatch
Data Centers
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Energy Web Concepts Characteristics of Energy Supply in 2010
Nuclear Generation: Upgrade and Replace Centralized Nuclear Generation and Small Scale Pebble Bed Modular Nuclear Reactors
Gas & Electrical Networks merge – Move to Hydrogen Renewable Energy Generation: Targets 10 - 20%
(Environmental) High premium on Network Reliability and Security Shift from power supply to service orientated culture
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Energy Web Concepts--Cont
Technology Higher Efficiency for Distributed Generation Flexible and lower cost power electronic interfaces Less NOx and CO2 generation Low-cost, flexible energy storage
Interconnections and Regulations Standardization of Power and Communication Interfaces Simplified regulations for small DP Safety considerations in island operation Formation of self-sustained islanding mini grids
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Energy Web Concepts--Cont Distributed Power has to Offer:
“Plug & Play” Functionality with enforced standards Intelligent Communicating Components – Extra services Network Reliability, Quality, Stability and Security built-
in Power Electronics Multi-fuel driven micro-turbine technologies High efficiency technologies with CHP functionality Interface Between Hybrid AC / DC / Gas / Hydrogen
Networks
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Distributed and Renewable Power Dutch Government and Utilities promote
use of renewables with subsidies and customer programs.
Dutch generation > 35% distributed CHP Wind (10%)
Some whole suburbs are installed with roof-mounted PV arrays
Nieuwland 500 homes in total 12 000 m² PV. 1 GWh Renewable Energy
6 GW off-shore wind power is currently planned for 2020.
Amersfoortse suburb Nieuwland
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Distributed Power Trends 2010
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Interconnection Issues with DP Power Quality considerations on system level
Background system distortion; All indices; Network Resonances Require integrated mitigation solutions
Protective Relaying Considerations Feedback Power Islanding
Voltage and Angular Stability Distribution Networks behave like Transmission Networks Require innovative solutions – FACTS; Storage; Hybrid Networks
Interconnection Standards and Guidelines Crucial to do updates: IEEE 1547 , IEC 61400-21 , EN 50160
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Case A: Interconnection of Large-scale PV
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Interconnection Issues with DP inverters 200-500 Homes with PV panels
1-3 kW PV inverters, connected at 220 Volts feeder 1GWh is generated annually
By Measurements at the site… Voltage regulation and Flicker:
Exceeding voltage limits and inverters trip Voltage fluctuations due to power fluctuations
Harmonics: Inverters individually satisfy IEC 61000-3-2 specification EN 50160 can temporarily be exceeded. Inverters trip unexpectedly
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Interconnection Issues with DP inverters
Attention Points on Standards Effect of background supply distortion Increased distortion due to a resonance phenomenon Islanding may be a good alternative
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Case B: Interconnection of Wind Energy
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Wind Park
ConnectionPoints
Wind Park
ConnectionPoints
Network Interconnection of 6 GW Wind Feasibility of 6 GW Wind
Power in 2020 Total cost 10.000 M€ Stability Issues and
Reactive Power Compensation
Required 350 M€ - 650 M€ network upgrades
Conventional solution requires 100 M€ expenditure
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Energy Storage for 6 GW Wind Farm
Possible savings of 250 M€ - 550 M€ network upgrades if storage is included
Requires 2,5 GW and 62 GWh storage for 6 GW wind farm
-3000
-2000
-1000
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1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (DAYS)
Win
d P
ow
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(MW
)
Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
60001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time (DAYS)
Win
d P
ow
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(MW
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Off-shore wind park Power Output Storage Capacity
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Storage Options for 6 GW Wind Farm
Based on Flow-battery technology 6,000 M€, 30 years NPV, 1x1 km size
Not feasible by factor 10 as a single solution
Dimensioning Flow-battery
Surface of Battery Plant for Wind Park (6000 MW):
• 792.000 m2 (e.g 990 x 800 m)
Power
2555 MW
Energy
62004 MWh
Electrolytic
Storage TanksFuel-Cell Stacks
VSC Inverter
and Controller
Transformer
VSC Interface
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Integrated Storage Approach Primary Application:
Wind Power Stabilization. Secondary Applications:
Interface of Constant Speed Offshore Wind Turbines Power Balance and Reserve Power Management Power Quality and Reactive Power management Spinning Reserve Management Black-start Availability Stop-start Reduction of generating units Network security - UPS operation
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Conclusions Hydrogen economy
Will be gradual process with DP playing a key role An excellent opportunity for power electronics –
Mobile & Stationary applications Distributed Power
Preferred option to integrate renewables at high network reliability, stability and security levels
Power electronics are key for better DP interconnections
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Conclusions--Cont Interconnection Issues
Large-scale wind energy interface provide major network interconnection challenges – Hydrogen hybrids
Design and control of DP converters for system integration needs attention
Futuristic View… Cost effective H2 and electricity storage together with Power
Electronics.
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Hybrid Wind Network Options
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
170 MW$1000/kW ~75%
3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh
HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day
HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day
@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg
HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)
5 MW
North Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
3 gal/kg H
2
HydrogenBuffer Storage
O2 Gas
200 MW
3825 kg/hr, 25 bar
350 bar
North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles
170 MW$1000/kW ~75%
3060 kg (102 MWh)$100/kWh
HVDC Transmission (NDHVDC Transmission (ND--Chicago) Chicago) –– HH22 Production Production
500 MW$1000/kWutil. 40%
WaterWater275,427 gal/day275,427 gal/day
HH22 ProductionProduction91,810 kg/day91,810 kg/day
@ $8.85/kg@ $8.85/kg
HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile ~85% (1000 miles)
5 MW
North Dakota - Chicago1000 milesNorth Dakota - Chicago1000 miles
3 gal/kg H
2
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Distributed Power: Mobile
HYPERCAR
NECAR
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Energy Storage for Renewable and Distributed Power
CHP