Power Applications of Lightning Detection 101705

8/9/2019 Power Applications of Lightning Detection 101705

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ThunderstormInformation Systems(TIS) and the PowerUtility Industry

Applications of Thunderstorm Information Systems to the Power Industry

Edward Bardo

Product Manager, Lightning Sensors and Systems-Vaisala Tucson


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Vaisala | date | Ref. code | Page 2

Vaisala is the world leader in lightningdetection with over 90% of the worldmarket.

Vaisala has been producing reliable lightningdetection systems for about 30 years.

No other company in the world has as muchresearch and field experience as Vaisala

in the area of lightning detection.Vaisalas networks use a combination of

technologies to give high performanceand quality results.

Vaisala and Thunderstorm Detection


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Worldwide Market Acceptance

Vaisala equipment is installed and operating in 42 countries

20 of the 25 largest meteorological agencies have a nationalthunderstorm network.

8 of the 10 largest power companies use lightning information.

ALL with Vaisala technology


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Worldwide Presence with Networks

LF sensors SAFIR sensors

LF sensors SAFIR sensors

Vaisala TS Lightning Location Networks are inVaisala TS Lightning Location Networks are inoperation in 42 countries, serving :operation in 42 countries, serving :

38 National Meteorological Services38 National Meteorological Services22 Aviation authorities22 Aviation authorities

149 Electric power companies149 Electric power companies

15 Defense agencies15 Defense agencies


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Corporate Philosophy Vaisala Reliable

Leading Technology - Technological advancement is an integralpart of our corporate charter Vaisala technology gets better and better.

Reliability - Equipment reliability will be the foundation of customerconfidence It will go in and it will work 30,000+ hour projected sensor MTBF

57,000 hour actual MTBF in the field

30 minute MTTR

Support - We will judge the quality of our customer relationships atthe end of 10 years, not at the beginning. Our support structure keepssystems going for many years.

Experience Vaisalas experience in lightning detection doesnt justcome from providing lightning networks through the years, but fromoperating the worlds largest network, the National Lightning DetectionNetwork.


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Overview of Lightning Detection Technology


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Overview of Lightning Detection Technology

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Differences in LF and VHF Signals

C-G lightning emits the highest amplitude pulses in the low frequency (LF)

to very low frequency (VLF) range due to a large amount of currentmoving over large distances.

Cloud lightning involves short range discharges with very little current.The result is small LF pulses but larger very high frequency (VHF) pulses.

Since the overall electrification and lightning discharge process involvesmany small electrical events, most of these are not seen in the LFfrequency range.

Compare the differences of a lightning flashes at different frequencies.


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A Brief Overview

C-G lightning is typically detected in the LF range.

The C-G lightning has a certain fingerprint that is detected in its

waveform.

C-G lightning can be located using one of these methods.

Time of Arrival (TOA)

Magnetic Direction Finding (MDF)


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Time-of-arrival (TOA)

Employs 3 or more sensors that measure the arrival time of the lightningdischarge.

GPS is used to give very accurate timing information.

The sensors measure the relative time difference between arrival times atmultiple sensors.

Each pair of sensors gives a hyperbola that shows a all possible solutions

that match the time difference calculations. When 3 or more sensors are used, it is possible to locate lightning by the

intersection of these hyperbolas.

With only 3 sensors, it is possible to have 2 solutions with 3 hyperbolas.

Use of four sensors guarantees a unique solution.


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Time-of-arrival Location Method

Sensor 2

Sensor 1

Sensor 3

1. Lightning makes contact withthe ground creating a returnstroke.

2. The LF singal propogates inall directions and is picked up

by the LF antenna on eachsensor. The time of arrival ofthe LF Signal is time stamped.

3. The equal time differencebetween sensor 1 and sensor 2are marked with the blue line

4. The equal time differencebetween sensor 1 and sensor 3are marked with the purple line

5. The equal time differencebetween sensor 2 and sensor 3are marked with the green line

6. The intersection of three ormore hyperbolas is the strokelocation.

STROKE POSITION

LF


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Disadvantages of TOA method

Sensor 2

Sensor 1

Sensor 3

Example of an ambiguous location for a three-sensorhyperbolic intersection

STROKE POSITION

FALSEPOSITION

Requires 4 sensors to guaranteea solution. Possibility of falselocation with less than 4 sensors.

Often has ghost storms and

falsely plotted locations Typically works in the low

frequency (LF) band so does notdetect a majority of cloud lightning

Older methodology and

technology Vaisala and Vaisala

customers have beenoperating TOA networks formany years and have each

determined that this methodhas clear shortcomings thatneeded improvement.


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Magnetic Direction Finding

In MDF the sensor measures the azimuth (angle from true north)between sensor and lightning stroke.

MDF uses triangulation to plot a location. In other words, lightning

would be located at the intersection of two or more vectors from thesensors.

Only two sensors are needed for an intersection to locate lightning.This means higher detection efficiency since only two have to see

any event.

When 3 or more sensor participate, the angle error can be minimizedand a unique solution can be guaranteed.

Optimization chooses the most likely point for the location.


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Principle of Magnetic Direction Finding

Sensor 1

Sensor 2

Sensor 3

X

L12 L13

L23

Optimal Estimate

LF

1. Lightning makes contactwith the ground creating areturn stroke.

2. Low Freqency signalspropogate in all directions asa result of the return stroke

3. The Magnetic Cross LoopAntenna on the sensor 1, 2and 3 picks up the magnetic

field from the return strokeand determines the directionof the source of the magneticfield

4. The Central processor then

triangulates the results fromeach sensor creating anoptimal estimate of location ofthe lightning


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Problems with Magnetic Direction Finding

When 2 sensors see lightning along the same line, the baseline, it ispossible that a solution cannot be produced.

An improperly calibrated sensor might introduce large angle errors to

solutions.

Detects lightning in the low frequency range (LF) so does not see amajority of the cloud lightning.

What is the best solution then? Combine the two methods!


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Combining CG Lightning Location Methods OptimalSolution

Individual locations L12, L13,and L23 are triangulatedlocations for pairs of sensors.The optimal estimate isproduced by using thedirection information from all

reporting sensors.

The location is based on theintersection or hyperbolasproduced by arrival-time-differences between pairs ofsensors.

Combined MDF + TOA technologyLocation with 5 Sensors( Least-squared Error Combinationof Arrival-time and Angle )

DIRECTION FINDING TIME OF ARRIVAL COMBINED DF+TOA


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How do you set up aHow do you set up a

lightning network?lightning network?


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1 TS Sensor

3 - Display

2 - CentralProcessor

The Lightning Detection Network


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Vaisala | date | Ref. code | Page 21LS 7000 LS 8000

Modularity in the LS Line of Sensors


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The LS7000 Sensor Enhanced Lightning Detection


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Sensor :Sensor :

Crossed looped magnetic antenna

Electric field antenna.

Principles :Principles :

Magnetic Direction Finding provided by the ratio ofthe B fields in the 2 magnetic loops.

Time Of Arrival of LF pulses provided by the E fieldantenna.

Waveform identification for high efficiency lightningtype discrimination

Advantages :Advantages :

High accuracy on CG return strokes through patentedoptimized DF & TOA combined processing.

Calibrated lightning strokes parameters thanks to theMagnetic measurements.

Long range detection

Survey level IC detection

LF MDF/TOA and the LS7000 Sensor


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Standard 19 inch rack.

Included power backup.

Sealed electronicsenclosure unit to allowinstallation in allenvironments.

Electronics modularity foreasy repair and ability toupgrade sensor.


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The sensor used by almost all other power companies because itprovides detailed, reliable lightning location information in real-time.

Similar to the previous generation IMPACT ESP sensor and works withthe IMPACT sensors in networks.

Provides large region coverage.

Modular so it can be upgraded to the LS8000 sensor.Provides scientifically verified performance and validated reliabilitythrough extensive field experience.


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Cloud Detection Overview

As seen again in the next slide, efficient detection of cloud dischargescannot occur in the low frequency (LF).

The best way to see these discharges is by looking in anotherfrequency range, the very high frequency (VHF) range.

Several methods can be used to locate these discharges including

VHF Interferometry

VHF Time of Arrival


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The LS8000 Sensor Total Lightning Detection

LS8000 Series Sensor Features:

The only sensor on the market capable ofdetecting cloud lightning at a high detection

efficiency as specified by the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO).

Combines the improved, reengineered SAFIRand IMPACT sensor technologies

VHF total lightning detection covering all typesof cloud discharges

LF lightning detection and all features from theLS7000.

Modular design for maintainability and futureupdates.

LS7000 can be upgraded in some or all areasto LS8000.


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The LS8000 Sensor Total Lightning Detection

The 5 dipole antenna VHFinterferometry system locatescloud discharges with a high level

of accuracy.

The LF antenna from the LS7000sensor gives detailed cloud toground lightning information.

Combining the two gives a clearpicture of total lightning.


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Best Combination of Sensing Technologies for ALLThunderstorm Phases


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DETECTIONNETWORK

USERSTERMINALS

CP 8000CP 7000

Remote supportfrom Vaisala

Communicationnetworks

Links withNeighbouring systems

NETWORKCENTER

Typical System Configuration

Modular Lightning SensorsLS 7000 - 8000


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A Sample 5 Sensor CG Network with DetectionEfficiency


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Performance Simulation of Cloud Lightning Accuracy


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Upgrades and Hybrid Networks

Pre-existing lightning networks can be easily upgraded toLS7000 and potentially to LS8000 type sensors.

The LS7000 is almost a direct drop in replacement for theprevious generation IMPACT sensors or LPATS sensors.

The LS7000 is completely compatible with the existing

central processor (LP2000). The LS7000 is also compatiblewith IMPACT sensor networks meaning that IMPACTnetworks can be upgraded in phases.

The LS8000 can be added in to create a hybrid network. A

hybrid network consists of both VHF LS8000 and LFLS7000 sensors.


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Upgrades and Hybrid Networks

A hybrid network allows network upgrades in phases thatmaximize benefits right away.

LS8000 total lightning upgrade coverage can start overlarge metropolitan areas where the need for detailedlightning information is more important.

Safety Concerns and Early Warning

Anticipation of strong precipitation

Larger, less populated areas can be covered by LS7000 atan economical cost and easy site installation.

The ability to upgrade from LS7000 to LS8000 at the samesite allows you to increase coverage as needed.


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Applications of Thunderstorm Information Systems

But of course the big question is What benefits orapplications would I get from a thunderstorm information

system?

Glad you asked. Now to look at the applications andbenefits for the power industry in some level of detail.


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Applications of VaisalasThunderstorm

Information System tothe Power Utility Industry

Current Examples of Applications of Thunderstorm Systems to Met and Safety

Edward Bardo

Product Manager, Lightning Sensors and Systems-Vaisala Tucson


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Electric Power Utility Applications


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EPRI, the NLDN, and Power Utilities

The conversion of research remote sensing lightning detection networks to a

practical tool for the power industry began in the United States when the

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) provided funding to institute a US

national cloud to ground (C-G) lightning network starting in June 1983. Thenational lightning network covered the US by the end of 1988.

EPRI members were initially provided a data feed and a real-time display thatshowed lightning as it occurred in the US. The system operated in the DOS

environment.In 1993 EPRI contracted Global Atmospherics to develop tools that could beused by the electric utility industry to analyze forensic lightning data.

This resulted in the development of the Fault Analysis Lightning Location

System (FALLS) which is the most common software used in the United Statesby electric utilities to analyze lightning data.


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EPRI, the NLDN, and Power Utilities

Due to the overwhelming positive response from the electric utilityindustry, EPRI was involved in several other projects with the NLDNincluding research to improve location accuracy and detection efficiency

of the network. This resulted in a major upgrade to the NLDN completedin 1995.

Subsequent stroke information was first provided to the power utilitiesin January 1995 in the US.

As the electric power market became competitive in the US, the needto market clean power arose. The FALLS application is used by almostevery major power utility in the US to analyze C-G lightning and itsimpact on their operations.

The use of FALLS and C-G networks for power utility expands outsideof the US. The value of this type of lightning network and applications isthe reason many power utilities purchase national lightning networks.


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Lightning Detection and Lightning Data

Lightning occurs as a natural event from thunderstorm clouds. It occursas cloud to ground lightning (CG) and cloud to cloud lightning (CC).

Cloud to ground lightning can be detected from a long distance awayby a series of Vaisala sensors that receive the signal up to 600kilometers away! These types of networks can economically cover acountry and provide continuous information and warning of severeweather.

Vaisala systems can provide real-time locations in less than 30seconds from when these CG events occur.

Lightning information can be used in both real-time displays orarchived for analysis with more detailed software packages.

Many countries in the world have lightning networks with the largestbeing in the United States and Canada.


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But Why Use Lightning Information?

Lightning is one of the most common reasons for power interruption.Lightning causes outages or seriously reduces the quality of powerdelivered to customers.

Lightning is a serious safety concern for crews working in the field onpower lines or substations.

Lightning caused problems can be controlled ONLY if they are

analyzed and understood.

New geographic based tools make it very easy to analyze howlightning is affecting power systems.

As computer systems and delicate technology continue to becomemore common, delivering quality power is essential.

Common Applications of Lightning Information


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Common Applications of Lightning Information

Identify Geographical Trends

Verify Historical Trends

Quantify Lightning Stress on PowerLines

Evaluate Asset Performance Relative

to Individual Strokes

Correlate Individual Strokes withTime of Fault

Prioritize Regions for Improvement

Site Facilities: Low Exposure Areas

Employ Exposure/Reliability BasedPreventative Maintenance

Assess Asset Design Standards

Validate Completed Upgrades

Quickly Dispatch Crew to Fault

Location


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Real-time Applications

Real-time data arrives to a display within 30 seconds of the C-G event.

Lightning information provides a power utility real-time meteorologicalinformation to see when severe storms develop over a large area. Lightning

networks are capable of seeing storms a long distance outside of the networkboundaries.

Real-time data is used for safety. The ability to see when severe storms arecoming allows work crews to clear out of danger areas before storms arrive.Warning areas can be setup on displays to alarm when lightning occurs within a

specific user defined region.

Real-time data allows for the planning of resources by being able to predictwhere storm damage is likely to occur.

A national network allows a user to see severe weather develop anywhere

within the country as it develops and even see storms outside of the network asthey approach you.

Real-time data can be used for verification of lightning caused faults andcustomer outage complaints.


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Real time Prediction Where Are Storms Going?


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A Real-time Display


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Real-time Warning Applications

Real-time systems offer the capability to alarm users anytime lightningcomes into a predefined area.

The alarm can be an audio alarm or an email sent to any address. Itcould also be a short message sent to a pager or cell phone. You canbe anywhere and receive a warning that lightning is a danger to an areayou have defined.

Imagine defining an alarm around a major transmission line for a

customer so that when lightning is within 10 kilometers of thetransmission line, the customer is warned and can switch to internalgeneration.

Any number of custom alarm regions can be defined with each alarm

activating its own warning.This can be a value added service for important customers.


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Lightning Tracking System/ LTS2005

ThunderstormcellsMonitoring &Tracking

Cumulated Totallightning Densitymapping

Thunderstorm cellsNowcasting & Automatic Warning

Thunderstorm Cell Identification and Tracking:


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gLightning Data Helps Identify Thunderstorms Located in Radar Beam Blockage Areas

Thunderstorms

identified by LFCG lightningdetection

network in radarbeam blockage

area


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Historical Applications

Lightning collected over time provides a method for doing historicalanalysis and trend analysis.

The FALLS software developed by Vaisala for the power utility industryprovides many tools for analyzing data in near real-time to extensivehistorical analysis.

FALLS is used by almost every major power utility in the United Statesincluding Southern Company, Entergy, National Grid, Commonwealth

Edison, and more.

FALLS uses Geographic Information Systems to allow you toincorporate your maps into the software.

Since FALLS automates or incorporates many of the needs as defined

by the power utilities, many examples of applications will be shownthrough FALLS.


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Layering otherLayering other

Data SetsData Sets

Topographic DataTopographic Data

Many layers canMany layers can

overlay and beoverlay and be

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KCP&L Strike Density 1993


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Lightning Flash Density - 1992


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Lightning Flash Density 1993



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Lightning Flash Density 1994

Data Visualization Standard Density Grid


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Data Visualization Standard Density Grid

Data Visualization Smoothed Density


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ata sua at o S oot ed e s ty

Data Visualization 3D Density Map


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FALLS Exposure Analysis


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How can you determine line or substation performance againstlightning if you dont know how much lightning there was around theline/substation that year?

An area of exposure is defined and all lightning around a ground basedasset is analyzed and plotted.

Exposure analysis shows all lightning around a power line or

substation and provides detailed statistics of what is really happeningaround your assets. This includes lightning counts, average strength oflightning, time, location, etc.

Allows you to compare the amount of lightning that is near your lines

from year to year. You can define what the 90 percentile lightning strikeis around this line using real data. Great for design purposes.

p y



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Exposure Analysis Annual Line Exposure

Primary Goal - Improve Reliability


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To reduce lightning-caused interruptions:

Verify the problem as lightning caused

Quantify the problem before you spend

Justify recommendations and expenditures for surgical upgrades

Evaluate improved performance relative to lightning

FALLS Reliability Analysis


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Detailed analysis that allows correlation of lightning with lightningcaused problems such as outages or interruptions.

Helps locate where a lightning caused outage may have causeddamage to your system.

Detailed enough to point to specific towers on a transmission linesystem.

Reduces time in finding problems caused by lightning. Reduces overallmaintenance and potential need for helicopter flyovers.

Can do multi- year analysis to spot trouble spots on a line. Helps locategrounding and lightning protection issues.

FALLS - Reliability Analysis


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Reliability Analysis


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2 occurrences of strokes detected

in 70 to 75 kA (-) range

Over 60 occurrences of strokes detectedin 20 to 25 kA (-) range

Summary of Electric Utility Applications


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Identify Geographical Trends

Verify Historical Trends

Quantify Lightning Stress on PowerLines

Evaluate Asset Performance Relative

to Individual Strokes

Correlate Individual Strokes withTime of Fault

Prioritize Regions for Improvement

Site Facilities: Low Exposure Areas

Employ Exposure/Reliability BasedPreventative Maintenance

Assess Asset Design Standards Validate Completed Upgrades

Quickly Dispatch Crew to Fault

Location

Lightning and Power Where Do You Stand?


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Remember, you cant understand something completely until youquantify and measure it.

Lightning is something that can be analyzed and controlled by havingthe proper information.

Only Vaisala networks can give you the accurate and reliableinformation, you need to improve.

Thank you for your time.

Power Applications of Lightning Detection 101705

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