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Poverty in Chicago - University of Chicago · years of the Black Metropolis. The Depression had not...
Transcript of Poverty in Chicago - University of Chicago · years of the Black Metropolis. The Depression had not...
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Poverty in ChicagoA Sociological Perspective
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Estimated progress towards a four-year college degree among a cohort of 13- year-olds in the Chicago Public Schools!
Of 100 entering freshman, how many….!
Graduate high school by age 19!
Enter a 4 year college within one year after high school!
Graduate from a four year college within 6 years!
Total!
African-American!
female!male!female! female! male!male!
Latino! White/other ethnic!
Source: Melissa Roderick, School for Social Service Administration and Roderick, Nagoaka & Allensworth, 2006, 2006 update, Consortium for Chicago School Research.
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•So how did we get here?
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Chicago 1850Population: 29,963
Incorporated in 1837 with a few thousand residents; becomes major grain port
Maps by Dennis McClendon
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Chicago 1860Population: 109,260Black: about 1,000
Nature’s Metropolisleads U.S. and world in wheat/corn, pork/beef•12 rail lines to carry
grain/reapers
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Chicago 1870Population: 298,977Black: about 4,000
Manufacturing and agricultural center
• keys Civil War victory
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Chicago 1880Population:
503,185
1871 Chicago Fire destroys 1/3 ofcity’s valuation• astonishing
recovery
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Chicago 1890Pop: 1,099,850Black: 14,000
By 1890 stockyards “processed” 9,000,000
animals per year• employed 25,000
• supplied 82% U.S. meat
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“During the postwar years, the formal pattern of segregation that had characterized race relations in antebellum Chicago broke down. Despite these advances... [blacks] continued to face discrimination in housing, employment and... public accommodation. But they were not confined to a ghetto. Most... lived in mixed neighborhoods. [Black] businessmen and professional men cater to a white market and... there were still few separate civic institutions.”
- Allan Spear, Black Chicago, pp. 6-7
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Chicago 1900Pop: 1,698,575Black: 30,000
5th largest in world• 1893 World’s Fair
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Chicago 1910 Pop: 2,185,283Black: 44,000
• 1909 Plan of Chicago• Germans, Irish, Italians,
Polish, Austrians, Russians, Swedes to city
• African Americans conspicuous, used as scabs
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Chicago 1920Pop: 2,701,705Black: 109,000
European immigration lessens during war, restricted in 1920s
• black migration high
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Source: Spear,Black Chicago
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“1924 to 1929 have been regarded as the golden years of the Black Metropolis. The Depression had not yet begun, and 75,000 wage earners supported a prosperous and well-educated professional and business class. By 1929 Chicago outranked New York as the site of the most black-owned businesses in the country.”
- Tracy Poe, “The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago,” 1915-1947, p. 19
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Chicago 1930Pop: 3,376,438Black: 234,000
Roaring 20s, frantic growth outward
• blacks concentrated in Black Belt
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Chicago 1940Pop: 3,396,808Black: 278,000
Depression slows growth
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• mechanized cotton picker debuts in 1940s• massive migration from South (278,000-813,000)• overcrowding, housing increasingly scarce• rapid “racial succession” (2 years in some cases)• white flight to suburbs
Sources: Lemann, The Promised Land; Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto
Making the Second Ghetto, 1940-1960
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Chicago 1950Pop: 3,620,962Black: 492,000
• labor demand peaks, strong pull north
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Chicago 1960Pop: 3,550,404Black: 813,000
• 1950s controversy over public housing siting
• After riots, protests, City Council votes to
build in Black Belt
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Source: Massey and Denton,American Apartheid
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Robert Taylor Homescompleted in 1962
• 27,000 people• 28 identical buildings• 16 stories• 4,300 units• two miles long• largest in world
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Chicago 1970Pop: 3,369,359
• expressways, more housing finished• social unrest
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Chicago 1980Pop: 3,005,072
• Growth to Oak Brook, Schaumburg
• manufacturing down• poverty concentrates as population decline
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Chicago 1990Pop: 2,783,726
1980s difficult for cities• manufacturing hit hard• crack, AIDS epidemics
• out-migration continues
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economic restructuring, deindustrialization
black middleclass out-migration
joblessness, irregular work, esp. men in central cities
decentralizationof employment
decline in socialorganization
concentrated,extreme poverty
“ghetto-relatedbehaviors, attitudes”:informal work, crime,dysfunctional schools
William J. Wilson, “The New Urban Poverty”
segregation
migration waves, white flight &
violence, housing actors and policies
social isolation
depopulation, vacant lots, abandonment
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Chicago School Reform I
• 1988 School Reform Law• decentralization, democratic localism
• 1991 Daley elected• 1995 Daley’s mayoral takeover• 1995-2001 Paul Vallas, first CEO of CPS
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Chicago 2000Pop: 2,896,016
Redevelopment ofurban core in 1990s
• public housingin disrepair
• segregation stark
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0
750
1,500
2,250
3,000
1970 1980 1990 20000
2,250
4,500
6,750
9,000
High-Poverty Neighborhoods and High-Poverty Neighborhood PopulationH
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Number of High-Poverty Neighborhoods High-Poverty Neighborhood Population (thousands)
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• public housing demolished, refurbished• replaced w/mixed-income developments• attempt class rather than race integration• some received Section 8 vouchers• poverty deconcentrates with mixed results
The Transformation, 2000-2010
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# Children Living in Poverty,
Ages 0-17, 2005
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• and 68% of low-income families (up to 200% of FPL) have at least one worker
Source: National Center of Children in Poverty
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Washington Park, 2005• # Children in Poverty: 3,657• % Children in Poverty: 86%
Woodlawn, 2005• # Children in Poverty: 4,899• % Children in Poverty: 61%
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Chicago School Reform II
• 2001-2009 Arne Duncan as CEO of CPS• 2004 Renaissance 2010 to close 60, build 100
• 2005 Fresh Start schools (CBE/CTU agreement)
• 2006 first turnaround school: Sherman• 2009-present Ron Huberman becomes CEO
Sources: http://www.ren2010.cps.k12.il.us/ and http://www.cps.edu/http://www.catalyst-chicago.org/guides/index.php?id=104
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Promise and Possibility
•Social science advances
• fluid nature of intelligence
• payoff for early cognitive investment
• payoff for non-cognitive skills investment
Sources: Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It;Heckman, “The Productivity Argument”
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Promise and Possibility
• Urban Education Institute
• Woodlawn: 98% accepted to college
• professional development
• Urban Teacher’s Education Program
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Promise and Possibility
• Harlem Children’s Zone
• mission: place-based anti-poverty
• theory of change: contamination
• methods: early, continuous, comprehensive
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Selected Bibliography
• Spear, Black Chicago
• Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis
• Lemann, The Promised Land
• Grossman, Land of Hope
• Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto
• Massey and Denton, American Apartheid
• Wilson, When Work Disappears
• Lareau, Unequal Childhoods
• CCSR, From High School to College to the Future
• Tough, Whatever It Takes
• Payne, So Much Reform, So Little Change
• Heckman, “The Productivity Argument”
• Nisbett, Intelligence and How to Get It
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% Children Living in Poverty,
Ages 0-17, 2005
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Chicago 2000Median Age
(darker = older)
Chicago 2000% Hispanic
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Chicago’s Changing Demographics
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey; Chicago Public Schools.
Population 2008 CPS 1999 CPS 2009
African American
Asian
Hispanic
White, alone
Total
935,000 (34.6%)
227,000 (52.5%)
185,000 (45.1%)
133,000 (4.9%)
14,000 (3.2%)
15,000 (3.6%)
760,000 (27.8%)
148,000 (34.2%)
172,000 (41.9%)
860,000 (31.5%)
43,000 (10.0%)
38,000 (9.2%)
2,700,000 (100%)
432,000 (100%)
409,000 (100%)
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