Poverty: Good News or Bad News? According to Census Bureau figures, in 1990 13.1% of the U.S....

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Poverty: Good News or Bad News? According to Census Bureau figures, in 1990 13.1% of the U.S. population lived in poverty, while only 12.4% of the population lived in poverty in 2000. Assume populations of 249 million and 281 million in 1990 and 2000, respectively. a. Did the actual number of people living in poverty increase or decrease between 1990 and 2000? Show your work. b. Is the news about poverty good or bad? Justify your answer.
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Transcript of Poverty: Good News or Bad News? According to Census Bureau figures, in 1990 13.1% of the U.S....

• Poverty: Good News or Bad News?  According to Census Bureau figures, in 1990 13.1% of the U.S. population lived in poverty, while only 12.4% of the population lived in poverty in 2000. Assume populations of 249 million and 281 million in 1990 and 2000, respectively.  a.  Did the actual number of people living in poverty increase or decrease between 1990 and 2000?  Show your work.b.  Is the news about poverty good or bad?  Justify your answer.

• 32.6 million people in 1990• 34.8  million people in 2000

CPI

Consumer Price Index

• Prices typically go up – inflation• Guess the price of a Hershey’s Bar in 1962…• Right…$0.05• Now?• Right … $1.00

Percentage increase in price of items from 1962 to 1998

ItemPercentage Increase in 

Price

Hershey bar 1180%New York Times 1100%First class postage 700%Gasoline (gallon) 284%

Hamburger (McDonald's double) 861%

Chevrolet (full size) 790%Refrigerator freezer 60%

Some things regarding inflation

1. Compare other prices of the time2. Prices don’t go up consistently3. Consider better products

Most important… wage increases!

Index Numbers!!!

• Ratio of a quantity to its value at a base period.

• Base period = 100, easy % increases

Bread from 1980 to 1996

YearAverage Price of White 

Bread per pound (US City Average)

1980 $0.511981 $0.531982 $0.531983 $0.541984 $0.541985 $0.551986 $0.561987 $0.551988 $0.611989 $0.671990 $0.691991 $0.711992 $0.751993 $0.751994 $0.761995 $0.791996 $0.88

White Bread Index

• Choose a base year and set the index to 100

Year

Average Price of White Bread per pound (US City Average)

White Bread Index (1980=100)

1980 $0.51 100

1981 $0.53

1982 $0.53

1983 $0.54

The ratio….The index

100

1981in Index

1980in Price

1981in Price

100

1981for Index

51.0$

53.0$

9.103100*.51

.53 1981for Index Bread White

Similarly for 1983

100

1983for Index

51.0$

54.0$

100

1983in Index

1980in Price

1983in Price

9.105100*.51

.54 1983for Index Bread White

Bread IndexYear Price Index

1980 0.51 100.001981 $0.53 103.921982 $0.53 103.921983 $0.54 105.881984 $0.54 105.881985 $0.55 107.841986 $0.56 109.801987 $0.55 107.841988 $0.61 119.611989 $0.67 131.371990 $0.69 135.291991 $0.71 139.221992 $0.75 147.061993 $0.75 147.061994 $0.76 149.021995 $0.79 154.901996 $0.88 172.55

What is the percentage change from 1980 to 1996?

Buying power

• How do you arrive at this?• “Bundle” of goods

Components of the CPI(U) Housing 41.4%Transportation 17.8%Food 16.2%Energy 8.2%Medical Care 6.4%Apparel and Upkeep 6.1%

Other 3.9%

Average Dollar PriceYear

CPI1982-84=100

1990 130.71991 136.21992 140.31993 144.51994 148.21995 152.41996 156.91997 160.51998 163.01999 166.62000 172.22001 177.12002 179.92003 184.02004 188.92005 195.32006 201.6

So if goods and services cost on average $130.70 in 1990 then goods and services cost $148.20 dollars in 1994

Ratio from year to year• If we wanted to find the ratio of the cost of goodsin 2003 to those in 1991:

YearCPI

1982-84=1001990 130.71991 136.21992 140.31993 144.51994 148.21995 152.41996 156.91997 160.51998 163.01999 166.62000 172.22001 177.12002 179.92003 184.02004 188.92005 195.32006 201.6

35.12.136

0.184

1991

2003

CPI

CPI

Constant Dollar

Let’s say in you’re Aunt tells you that in 1990 she was making $50,000.  Let’s see what that translates tofor 2006 dollars…$130.70 in 1990 is equivalentto $201.60 in 2006.  

YearCPI

1982-84=1001990 130.71991 136.21992 140.31993 144.51994 148.21995 152.41996 156.91997 160.51998 163.01999 166.62000 172.22001 177.12002 179.92003 184.02004 188.92005 195.32006 201.6

Constant Dollar YearCPI

1982-84=1001990 130.71991 136.21992 140.31993 144.51994 148.21995 152.41996 156.91997 160.51998 163.01999 166.62000 172.22001 177.12002 179.92003 184.02004 188.92005 195.32006 201.6

50,000

Salary 2006

7.130

6.201

Dollars 77,123 Salary 2006

If prices were 1.54 times as large in 2006 then multiply the initial wage by this value.

“Expensive”

• You can check to see if some good increased in price at the same rate as the bundle or at a slower or faster rate.

• For example, the price of gasoline in 1981 was $1.38 per gallon on average. In 2005, it averaged $2.30. Was gasoline more expensive or less expensive in 2005?

“Expensive”

• Need to take inflation into consideration.  • Let’s convert one of the prices to the other year's constant dollars.

• Let’s convert the 1981 price of $1.38 to its equivalent in 2005 constant dollars.

priceCPI

CPI1981*

1981

2005

“Expensive”

• What this tells us is that $1.38 in 1981 was equivalent to $2.96 in 2005.  $2.96 is the 1981 price in constant 2005 dollars.

priceCPI

CPI1981*

1981

2005

96.2$38.1$*9.90

3.195

“Expensive”

• Since $2.96  is more than the $2.30 that people were actually paying in 2005, gasoline was more expensive in 1981 than it was in 2005 after we account for inflation using constant dollars.

“Expensive”

• Compare the price of gas in 1990 which was $1.16 to the price of gas in 2000 which was $1.51.  Again, nominally, the price in 2000 is larger than the price in 1990, but that is to be expected.  When did it "feel" more expensive to buy gas?  Convert the 1990 price to its 2000 constant dollar equivalent by multiplying the 1990 price by the ratio of the CPI values in 2000 and 1990:

“Expensive” YearCPI

1982-84=1001990 130.71991 136.21992 140.31993 144.51994 148.21995 152.41996 156.91997 160.51998 163.01999 166.62000 172.22001 177.12002 179.92003 184.02004 188.92005 195.32006 201.6

priceCPI

CPI1990*

1990

2000

53.116.1*7.130

2.172

Constant Dollar Price

DollarsConstant in Price Price) Old(*CPI Old

CPI New

DollarsConstant in Price Price) Old(*CPI Old

CPI New

Inflation Rate

• The inflation rate is defined as the percentage change in the CPIs from the previous year to the next. For example, the inflation rate in 1996 was

• freezer