C. B. SinghAssociate Director

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145

U.S. Nagar, Uttarakhand

Instructional Poultry FarmCollege of Veterinary and Animal Sciences

Generally poultry production was considered a backyard profession till 1950 in India and people belonging to only lower strata of society used to accept it.

Although the homeland of domesticated chickens have been reported in India and its neighboring countries, but their improved verities have been developed elsewhere in foreign countries.

India imported these improved breeds of poultry for poultry development in the country. Since the decade of sixties poultry production was limited to “desi” birds only but now it has come to the level of a well organized profession and the use of new technology, good management, latest equipments have given it the shape of a modern Industry. India today ranks 3rd in the world in respect of table egg production and 5th in respect of broiler production.

Contd..

The integration of livestock & fish increase overall production intensity and economise on land, labour and water requirements for both poultry and fish. For example one hectare of static water fish ponds can process the wastes of up to 1500 poultry, producing fish in quantities of up to 10 MT./ha. without other feeds or fertilizers.

Linkages between poultry and fish production may bring benefits to both components and the wider farming system.

Poultry production wastes have inherent qualities that make them particularly valuable for fish production as compared to other livestock wastes. Poultry wastes are more nutrient dense than other livestock wastes.

Typically they contain less moisture, fiber and compounds such as tannins that discolour water when used as fish pond fertilizers.

In poultry–fish integrated farming system the fish crop is integrated using only poultry droppings or deep litter by rearing the poultry either directly over the pond or on the pond embankment.

Many breeds and varieties of chicken have been developed with their physical feature varying in size, shape and colour etc., but few breeds/strains like RIR, Hitkari, Vanraja, WLH, Kuroiler etc. are suitable for integrated poultry-fish farming.

About 8 weeks old chicks, after vaccination against viral diseases and providing other necessary prophylactic measures as a safeguard against epidemics are kept in poultry house near the ponds.

Important poultry breeds/strains developed through research under public sector

Poultry stock Kind Institute where Developed

ILI-80 Commercial layer CARI, Izatnagar

CARI- Galden 92 Brown egg layer -do-

CARI-Priya Commercial layer -do-

CARI- Sonali Brown egg layer -do-

H.H. 260 Commercial layer C.P.B.F. Bangalore

Kaling Brown Brown egg layer C.P.B.F. Bhubneshwar

Punjab white layer Commercial layer P.A.U. Ludhiana

ILM -90 Commercial layer Kerla Agri. Univ. Trichur

ILAR-90 Commercial layer A.P. Agri. Univ. Hyderabad

CARI Bro-91 Commercial broiler CARI Izatnagar

B-77 Coloured broiler CARI Izatnagar

CARI-Shyma Dual purpose CARI Izatnagar

CARI-Hitkari Dual purpose CARI Izatnagar

CARI-Nirbhik Dual purpose CARI Izatnagar

CARI-Vanraja Dual purpose CARI Izatnagar

CARI-Devendra Dual purpose CARI Izatnagar

Layer Strain

Broiler Strain

CARI Priya White Leghorn

CARI-Bro CARI Dhanraja

Dual purpose breedsRIR Columbian

Australarp

Indigenous breeds

Kadaknath

Local hill fowl

Guinea fowl Guinea fowl kits

Turkey Quail

Other poultry breeds

The primary objective of housing of poultry birds is to protect them from extreme weathers, parasites and predators.

In integrated poultry– fish farming two types of poultry houses are used

viz. cage system and deep litter system.

In integrated poultry–fish farming deep litter system is preferred and advantageous over cage system due to higher manurial value of built-up deep litter and easy management of birds.

Cage system

Deep litter system

Housing Management Practices

Brooding Management Practices

Feeding constitutes the fundamental and major management concern in poultry production since major expenditure (60-70 %) in poultry raising is feed cost.

Efficiency in feeding therefore is one of the key factor for successful poultry production.

During the 9-20 weeks grower mash containing 16 percent protein and 2600 kcl. energy should be provided @ 50-70 gm./bird /day, whereas above 20 weeks a layer mash containing 18 percent protein and 2700 kcl. energy should be provided @ 80-120 gm./bird /day.

Feed is provided to the birds in feed hoppers to avoid wastage.

Feeding of birds

Generally egg production commence at the age of 20 weeks.

Each pens of laying birds is provided with one nest for 5-6 birds.

The peak period of egg production is 20 to 40 weeks and after 40 weeks egg production is gradually decline.

After the age of 18 months the birds may be disposed.

Poultry house and equipments must be disinfected at least 30 days prior to shifting the birds.

The birds should vaccinated against diseases like marek’s, Ranikhet, I.B.D., Infectious bronchitis, fowl pox etc. at the appropriate age.

Some of bacterial and protozoal diseases like salmonellosis, coryza, fowl cholera, coccidiosis etc. can be kept under control by maintenance of proper hygienic conditions

Vaccination schedule against important diseases for layer birds:

Name of vaccine Age Dose Method

Marek’s day old 0.2ml Subcutaneous

RDF strain 1-5days 2 drop 1drop in eye &1 drop in nose

IBD 1st 14 days 2 drop -do-

Lasota 21 days 2 drop -do-

IBD 2nd 28days 2 drop -do-

Fowl pox 42 days 1 drop Wing web

R2B 8-10 weeks 0.5ml Subcutaneous

Vaccination against IBD/Ranikhet diseases

F2 Vaccination

In about 10-12 months litter become fully built-up having very high manurial value.

The fully built up litter removed from poultry houses is stored in suitable places and supplied to the fish ponds @ 50 kg/ha./day every morning after sunrise.

Estimation of manure obtained from layer birds:

Time Interval Availability of fresh manure

(kg/bird) Kg/1000 birds

One day 0.113 113

07 day 0.791 791

One month 3.4 3400

One year 41.2 41200

Manurial value of Different livestock species:

Species Water % Nutrients %

Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Chicken 56.0 2.6 0.5-2.0 0.90

Cow 55.25 0.42 0.29 0.44

Pig 74.13 0.84 0.39 0.32

Sheep 59.52 0.76 0.39 0.59

Horse 48.69 0.49 0.26 0.48

Rabbit 31.40 1.4 1.8 0.50

Factors affecting the characteristics of poultry waste & its use in aquaculture:

Nature of bedding material:- Bulk density, particle size, moisture retention capacity, penetrability.

Type of bird:- Size, growth rate, efficiency, sex

Housing:- Open/ closed

Litter management:- Regular/ irregular removal

Nature of in gradients in poultry feed:- Digestibility, nutrient density & composition

Type of storage:- Aerobic, anaerobic, exposure to temperature

Quantity of bedding material per surface unit:- Nutrient dilution, micro organism activity.

Hatchery Management Practices

Other management practices

Other Management Practices

Debeaking

Egg Collection