Poultry and Egg Production:
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Poultry and Egg Production:
M.E. PersiaIowa State UniversitySeptember 8, 2011
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Background Information
• What is poultry production?– Meat chickens– Laying hens (egg production)– Meat turkeys– Meat ducks– Ratites (ostrich and emu)– Game birds (quail, pheasants and partridge)– Breeding stock
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Meat Chicken Production
2010 US Poultry and Egg Association
State Number Live weight Average Weight
1,000 head 1,000 pounds Pounds
Georgia 1,205,004 6,322,022 5.7Alabama 1,082,334 6,059,406 5.2Arkansas 973,634 5,551,543 5.7Mississippi 757,545 4,483,780 5.9
North Carolina 707,861 5,013,567 7.1
Texas 684,058 3,841,478 5.6Missouri 413,091 1,961,251 4.7Virginia 318,858 1,650,008 5.2Delaware 304,471 2,117,720 7Kentucky 304,237 1,650,617 5.4
South Carolina 298,727 1,950,163 6.5
Tennessee 289,909 1,487,249 5.1California 266,761 1,503,951 5.6Louisiana 184,163 1,122,202 6.1Maryland 138,855 667,669 4.8Oklahoma 129,705 888,473 6.8Other States 569,616 2,924,854 5.11
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Egg Production (Laying Hens)Number
1,000 headUnited States 247,400
Iowa 51,866Ohio 27,000Pennsylvania 24,398Indiana 22,446California 19,252Texas 13,251Michigan 10,133Minnesota 9,637Nebraska 9,094Florida 9,037
2010 American Egg Board
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Meat Turkey ProductionNumberIn 2007
Number in 2008 Change
1,000 head 1,000 head (%)United States 266,700 273,100 102
Minnesota 46,500 48,000 103North Carolina 38,500 40,000 103Arkansas 29,500 31,000 105Missouri 18,500 18,000 97Virginia 20,500 21,000 102California 16,200 16,000 99Indiana 13,600 14,500 106Pennsylvania 11,000 11,500 105South Carolina 10,400 12,500 120Iowa 8,700 9,000 103Ohio 6,000 6,000 100Other States 47,300 45,600 96
2008 National Turkey Federation
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Importance of Poultry in Iowa
BeefDairySwineLayersTurkeyOther
Farmgate receipts animal agriculture in Iowa (2005)
Approximately 6% of Animal Agriculture Farm Gate Receipts in Iowa
Accounts for over $500 million annually
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Commercial Production
• Size– Broiler 22,000-26,000 birds per house
5 to 7 flocks a year– Layer 200,000-350,000 birds per house
0.5 to 1 flocks a year– Turkey 15,000 birds per house
3 flocks a year
• Integration
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An Integrated Approach
Grandparent Flock Parent Flocks Hatchery
Production FlocksFeed Mill
Hatchery
Processing PlantDistribution
Retail
Rendering Plant
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Chicks
• Crossbred chicks to gain growth advantage
GrandparentMale
ParentMale
GrandparentFemale
GrandparentMale
GrandparentFemale
ParentFemale
Productive Stock
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Chicks
• Selection has increased efficiency
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Chicks
• Hatchery– Vaccination– Sorted– Sexed
• Transportation– From hatchery to farm
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Feed
• Majority of the cost of poultry production
• Source and purchase complete feed or ingredients to make feed
• Several diets fed over the production cycle
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• Feed Mill– Broiler and turkey rations are pelleted
– Laying hen diets are fed as mash
– One feed mill makes the diets for several farms in a region
Feed
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Feed
Ingredient Percentage
Corn 64
Soybean meal (48%) 20
Meat and bone meal 6
Dried distillers grains with solubles 4
Poultry fat 3
Rock phosphate 1.7
Limestone 1.4
Salt 0.4
Vitamin and Mineral Premix 0.5
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Shelter
Broiler house
Laying facility
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Air, Ventilation and Temp. Control
• Movement of air– Cool birds– Remove volatile compounds– Refresh air
• Brooding of young chicks• Lighting
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Process
• Broiler/Turkey– Hatchery – 21 or 28 days
• Sanitation important• Incubation and hatching
– Growout – 35 to 56 d for Broilers and 16 to 21 wks for Turkeys
• All in all out• Biosecurity important
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Process
• Broiler/Turkey– Processing plant(approximately 1 day)
• Located away from farms (must transport birds)• Labor intensive• High adoption of technology/automation• Sanitation important (Food Safety)• Packaging and storage• Further processing
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Process
• Laying hen– Hatchery – 21 days
• Similar to meat birds• Sanitation important• Sex all chicks
– Pullets – 18 weeks• Immature female laying hen• Sunk cost
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Process
• Laying hen– Lay cycle – 40 to 50 weeks
• Automation – egg belt• Induced Molting – increase productivity
– Processing plant• Located on Farm• Clean eggs• Candle and remove defective• Grade eggs• Further processing
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Egg Facility
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What are the products? (eggs)
Shell Eggs Liquid Egg Whites Liquid Egg Yolks
Meringue PowderPowdered Whole Eggs Powdered Egg Substitutes
Liquid Egg Substitutes
Hard Cooked or Pickled Eggs
Powdered Egg Whites
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What are the Products? (Meat)
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Production equation
Inputs• Chicks (Genetic Stock)• Feed• Medication• Water• Shelter• Ventilation/Temp. Control• Labor/Process• Time
Outputs• Poultry products• Hatchery waste• Manure/litter• Spent hens• Egg waste/carcass trim• Dust/odor/ammonia• Noise/flies