Cross-strait Relations. ROC (Taiwan) Yearbook 2011 Ch06 cross strait relations
Potential Pollution Areas at Turkish Strait Systems
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Transcript of Potential Pollution Areas at Turkish Strait Systems
Potential Oil Pollution Areas in Turkish Straits System
Ocg. Cpt. A.Tuğsan İŞİAÇIK ÇOLAK¹- Istanbul Technicial University Maritime Faculty, Turkey, [email protected]
CONTENTS
1. Marine Pollution
2. Sources of Marine Pollution
3. Study Area:Turkish Strait Systems
4. Marmara Sea Enviromental Problems ‘ Overview’
5. Oil Pollution Caused by Vessel Operations
6. Why Ship Makes ILLEGAL Discharge???
7. Potential Oil Pollution Areas in Turkish Straits Systems
8. Conclusion
1.Marine Pollution
The term marine pollution was defined by United Nations working group called "Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine environmental Protection (GESAMP)". GESAMP defined it as "Pollution means introduction by man, directly or indirectly of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of seawater and reduction of amenities".
2.SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION
Nutrients
Primary Source
Runoff approximately 50% sewage, 50% from forestry, farming, and other land use. Also airborne nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars etc.
EffectsFeed algal blooms in coastal waters. Decomposing algae depletes water of oxygen, killing other marine life. Can spur algal blooms (red tides), releasing toxins that can kill fish and poison people. (Ref:1)
…
Sediments
Primary Source
Erosion from mining, forestry, farming, and other land-use; coastal dredging and mining
Effects Cloud water; impede photosynthesis below surface waters. Clog gills of fish. Smother and bury coastal ecosystems. Carry toxins and excess nutrients. (Ref:1)
Pathogens Sewage, livestock.
Effects Contaminate coastal swiming areas and seafood,
spreading cholera, typhoid and other diseases. (Ref:1)
Alien Species
Several thousand per day transported in ballast water; also spread through canals linking bodies of water and fishery enhancement projects.
Effects
Outcompete native species and reduce biological diversity. Introduce new marine diceases. Associated with increased incidence of red tides and other algal blooms. Problem in major ports.
Persistent Toxins (PCBs, Heavy metals, DDT etc.)Industrial discharge; wastewater discharge from cities; pesticides from farms, forests, home use etc.; seepage from landfills.
Effects poison or cause disease in coastal marine life, especially
near major cities or industry. Contaminate seafood. Fat-soluble toxins that bio-accumulate in predators can cause disease and reproductive failure.
Oil
46% from cars, heavy machinery, industry, other land-based sources; 32% from oil tanker operations and other shipping; 13% from accidents at sea; also offshore oil drilling and natural seepage.
EffectsLow level contamination can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. Oil slicks kill marine life, especially in coastal habitats. Tar balls from coagulated oil litter beaches and coastal habitat.
Plastics
Fishing nets; cargo and cruise ships; beach litter; wastes from plastics industry and landfills.
Effects
Discard fishing gear continues to catch fish. Other plastic debris entangles marine life or is mistaken for food. Plastics litter beaches and coasts and may persist for 200 to 400 years.
Radioactive substances Discarded nuclear submarine and military
waste; atmospheric fallout; also industrial wastes.
Effects Hot spots of radio activity. Can enter food
chain and cause disease in marine life. Concentrate in top predators and shellfish, which are eaten by people.
Thermal Cooling water from power plants and
industrial sites Kill off corals and other temperature sensitive
sedentary species. Displace other marine life.
Noise Supertankers, other large vessels and
machinery Can be heard thousands of kilometers away
under water. May stress and disrupt marine life. (Ref:1)
TURKISH STRAITS SYTEM3.STUDY AREA
The Turkish Straits System (TSS),consisting of the Marmara Sea, Strait of Istanbul and Strait of Canakkale
Marmara Sea
Istanbul Strait
Çanakkale Strait
The Turkish Straits, which consist of the Strait of Istanbul (Bosporus), the Strait of Çanakkale (the Dardanelles) and the Sea of Marmara, have for centuries been one of the world’s most strategic waterways due to their extreme narrowness, winding contours and densely populated shores. As the Black Sea's sole maritime link to the Mediterranean and the open ocean beyond, they are a vital passageway not just for trade but for the projection of military and political power. (Ref.2)
4.Regional Environmental Problems for the Marmara Sea
It has been estimated that on a global scale, up to 70% of pollution in the seas originate from land-based sources <m. The marine environment of the Marmara Sea has become increasingly vulnerable; whose oceanographic features do not help much its self-purification capacity. This inland sea is a semi-enclosed water body of 11111 km with an average depth of 260m. Domestic pollution load is generated mainly by the Istanbul Metropolis and its surroundings where 1/5 of Turkey's population live [3]. Furthermore large industrial facilities amounting to 60 % of the total, located on the bays and coastal areas constitute the most significant portion of local land-based input into the Marmara Sea.(Ref:3)
Sea Transportation is one of the most important regional enviromental problem due to Black Sea is connected to the World Oceans via the Mediterranean Sea through Turkish Straits System.
Observed 150 Envisat Satellite Pictures. May 2007-Jan2008 Source EMSA
100 possible Oil Slick Detected
The tanker traffic is very dense through the Straits to Black Sea. It is expected that increasing situation of tanker traffic in Black Sea and quantities of oil handled will be higher for the future. This high density of crude oil transportation by tankers and other ships cause major oil pollution.
5.Oil Pollution Caused by Vessel Operations
Examples for Ship transportation that causes sea pollution
Oil Pollution Discharging Bilge Water and Sludge Ballast Water Exchange Operations Alien Species
transported in ballast water Litters from Ships Anti- Fouling Paints Discharge of Sewage (Ref:4)
Major inputs of Petroleum to the Marine Environment
37% comes from industrial wastes, reach the sea, via
storm water drain, creeks, sewage and rivers.
33% from oil vessels during transportation.
2% during explorations and
12% from accidents involving tankers.
7% comes from natural sources like fissures from sea
bed.
9% absorbed from atmosphere. (Ref:4)
Oil Pollution can be Operationally or
Accidentally
Loading / Discharging – Cargo Operations
Bunkering Operations
Any Accidents with Oil Pollution
Grounding
Collision
Illegal Discharges from Vessels
6. Why Ship Makes ILLEGAL Discharge???
Ship generates oily waste products due to usage of
consuming heavy fuel oil, marine oil and lubricating oil for
all types power driven vessels. On the other hand routine
tanker operations cause oily waste water.
Three categories of oily waste generally accumulate
onboard especially on large vessels Bilge water
Sludge
Oil cargo residue
Bilge Waste
Machinery spaces on large commercial vessels contain a
wide array of complex engineering systems to propel and
power the vessel. Not only purification also supporting
systems; saltwater service, bilge and ballast, cooling
systems, fire fighting and sewage generate oily waste
products and leakage.
Sludge Waste
In order to prevent damage to engine systems and improve
combustion, the fuel should be purified. After purifying
the residues ( both the sludge and fluid contaminates )
drain to a sludge tank. Purifying method is also used for
main and auxiliary engine lubricating oil.
Sludge in the Sludge Tank
Oil Cargo Residue Waste
Tankers (product, chemical and crude) carry oil in bulk
and generate oil cargo waste residues. Tankers have
various tanks and may carry many different cargos at the
same time. After each change of cargo type, cargo tanks
should be cleaned.
Steam cleaning
Butterworth machine
These systems use water for cleaning cargo tanks and they
produce oily waste water after cleaning tank operation
The Reason of Illegal Discharges are To load more cargo Too much cost to discharge bilge water-sludge
and slop to the shore facilities
This bilge water line must be clean!!!! (directly open to the sea)
7. Potential Oil Pollution Areas in Turkish Straits Systems
End of İstanbul Strait-Entrance to the Black Sea
Geographical Distribution of Main Ports in Turkey
42
İzmit- Gemlik and Port Entrance– Tuzla /Yalova Ship Yard Area
İstanbul Anchorage AreaKumkapı-Zeytinburnu-Ambarlı-
Kartal
Zeytinburnu Anchorage Area Anchored Vessels have potential for illegal discharge of bilge water and
sewage water
46
Not Only International Transportation but also INLAND RORO TRANSPORT has also play role
for marine pollution
Ro-Ro transportation between the Northern-Southern ports of the Sea of Marmara which is an inland sea of our country.
Güneyden Çanakkale Boğaz Çıkış- Marmara Adası
8. Conclusion
(Ref1) Sources and Effects of Marine Pollution, Compiled by WorldWatch Institute.
(Ref.2) RISK ANALYSIS OF TRANSIT VESSEL TRAFFIC IN THE STRAIT OF ISTANBUL 1Özgecan S. Ulusçu , Birnur Özbaş,Tayfur Altıok ,İlhan Or
(Ref:3) Land Based And Shıp Orıgınated Pollutıon In The Turkısh Straıts System
Selmin B. * Zeki S. , Demir V. and Dogan E.
Lal, G., (2010), Disaster Management and Security ppt.
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