POTENTIAL of the UNUSED

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POTENTIAL OF THE UNUSED ANNA SOLOMATINA STUDIES OF THE PROJECT SITE CANTERBURY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE / UNIVERSITY OF THE CREATIVE ARTS 12 / 13 CO-ORDINATION AND EDITORIAL SUPERVISION: GABOR STARK

description

Urban Research Book / Finding the potential in the unused, vacant and abandoned areas in Ashford, UK. / Analysis of urban decay / MA Architecture Project / Canterbury School of Architecture [CSA] (UCA)

Transcript of POTENTIAL of the UNUSED

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POTENTIAL of the UNUSeDANNA SoLoMAtINA

StUDIeS of the Project SIte

cANterbUry SchooL of ArchItectUre / UNIverSIty of the creAtIve ArtS12 / 13

co-orDINAtIoN AND eDItorIAL SUPervISIoN: GAbor StArk

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NowADAyS the coNteMPorAry ArchItectS keeP oN LeAvING theIr footPrINtS wIthoUt beING PArtIcULArLy coNScIoUS AboUt the AMoUNt of vAcANt wASteLAND AND exIStING coNStrUctIoNS. of coUrSe there IS ALwAyS A PoSSIbILIty to DeMoLISh oLD to cLeAr UP the PLot to bUILt New. thoUGh It IS worth ASkING before: why Not to USe the exIStING reSoUrceS INSteAD of tIerING everythING DowN? why Not to coNSIDer the PoteNtIAL of the UNUSeD fIrSt AND to Look At ALL ADvANtAGeS AND DISADvANtAGeS?

“the NorMAL MoDUS oPerANDI* for AN ArchItect IS to ADD SoMethING PhySIcAL to the worLD; thIS ALterNAtIve SUGGeStS thAt, IN the SPIrIt of ceDrIc PrIce, the ADDItIoN of A bUILDING IS Not NeceSSArILy the beSt SoLUtIoN to A SPAcIAL ProbLeM AND thAt there Are other wAyS of MAkING SPAtIAL DIffereNce.( NIShAt AwAN, tAtjANA SchNeIDer, jereMy tILL, SPAtIAL AGeNcy, other wAyS

of DoING ArchItectUre) the SPecULAtIoNS AboUt the New wAyS of workING AND MAkING ArchItectUre IS A very reLevANt toPIc IN oUr tIMe. re-USING the exIStING oLD bUILDING IS oNe of the PoSSIbLe SoLUtIoNS wIth PoSItIve oUtcoMeS. the work ProceSS INcLUDeS re-USAGe of theSe exIStING bUILDINGS, exPLoItING the MAterIALS thAt the PArtIcULAr SIte PoSSeSSeS AND tAkING INto coNSIDerAtIoN ALL the PoSSIbLe PoteNtIAL thAt theSe bUILDINGS hAve, fINDING New APProAcheS to creAtING New SPAceS for PUbLIc or PrIvAte NeeDS, MAkING SPAceS More fLexIbLe AND creAtIve IN terMS of ArchItectUrAL SoLUtIoNS, MovING froM the LIMItS of the cLASSIcAL StANDArD terM - ‘ ArchItectUre = New bUILDING’.

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AcqUAINtANce wIth A cIty IS DIffereNt for everyoNe AND DePeNDS oN MANy cUrreNt thINGS. bUt NevertheLeSS there Are SoMe PArtIcULAr LANDMArkS thAt Meet yoU StrAIGht AwAy AS yoU ArrIve by trAIN.for Me AShforD StArteD wIth the trAINStAtIoN AND thAt bUILDING wIth the worD ‘hoUSe‘ oN toP. It IS A hoUSe INDeeD, Moreover It IS the oNLy hoUSe yoU cAN See coMING oUt of the AShforD IN-terNAtIoNAL StAtIoN. I StArteD My exPLorAtIoN of AShforD froM thIS PoINt AND coUNtINUeD GoING fUther INto the cIty ceNtre AND the NeArby AreAS. I took SeverAL wALkS AroUND, hAvING ALreADy IN My MIND thAt AShforD IS IN A StAGe of INteNSe Growth AND DeveLoPMeNt IN MANy SectorS AND ASPIreS to becoMe AN IMPortANt hUb betweeN the Uk AND eUroPe. IN SPIte of fINDING SoMe PoteNtIAL AND cIty voIDS AroUND the towN ceNtre, I cAMe bAck to the AreA IN ProxIMIty of AShforD IN-terNAtIoN. SPecULAtING AND ANALySING ALL the UPcoMING DeveLoPMeNt ProPoSeD by AShforD coNcIL, I SAw A StrIkING DISPArIty betweeN the ProPoSeD AND the exISteD. the MoSt crUcIAL DISPArIty I foUND IN the AreA of A trAIN StAtIoN thAt cAN be cALLeD ‘the eNtrANce to the cIty.

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AS foUND

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URBAN ANALYSIS OF DERELICT ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES AROUND ASHFORD INTERNATIONAL. POTENTIAL OF UNUSED.

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ProGrAMMAtIc AGeNDA

3 SECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT DEMaND iN TERMS OF CiTy gROwTh aND SOCiaL aCTiViTiES

• “IndustrIal rents In ashford AND coMPetING ceNtreS hAve beeN rISING for three yeArS or LoNGer. AGeNtS re-Port A ShortAGe of MoDerN, GooD qUALIty ProPerty, wIth MINIMAL voID PerIoDS AS UNItS Are Let AS SooN AS they coMe oN the MArket, AND DIffIcULty IN reSPoND-ING to eNqUIrIeS. StArt-UP PreMISeS AND SMALL workShoPS Are ALSo rePorteD to be IN Short SUPPLy, AS they Are IN MANy LocAtIoNS, eSPecIALLy thoSe thAt, LIke AShforD, Do Not ProvIDe PUbLIc Sector INcUbAtorS or SMALL bUSINeSS ceNtreS.

• for offIces, the posItIon seems LeSS cLeAr-cUt. reNtAL Growth throUGhoUt keNt hAS beeN SMALLer AND LAter thAN for INDUStrIALS, certAINLy IN towN ceNtre offIceS. IN AShforD, offIce reNtS MAy Not hAve StArteD to rISe SIGNIfIcANtLy UNtIL the cUrreNt yeAr. however, cUrreNt INDIcAtIoNS SUGGeSt thAt PoteNtIAL DeMAND MAy exceeD SUPPLy. AGeNtS SUSPect thAt Low offIce tAke-UP IN AShforD IS PArtLy A refLectIoN of LAck of SUPPLy, So thAt, If More MoDerN GooD-qUALIty SPAce were AvAILAbLe, It coULD eASILy be Let.”

AShforD boroUGh coUNcIL AND PArtNerSAShforD’S fUtUre: the overArchING rePortoctober 200218

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MAKING ANALYSIS OF THE DIAGRAMThE highEST DEMaND iN TERMS OF

SPaCES aND iNFRaSTRuCTuRE

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MEETUPS PROGRAM

About Meetup

Meetup is the world’s lArgest network of locAl groups. Meetup MAkes it eAsy for Anyone to orgAnize A locAl group or find one of the thousAnds AlreAdy Meeting up fAce-to-fAce. More thAn 9,000 groups get together in locAl coMMunities eAch dAy, eAch one with the goAl of iMproving theMselves or their coMMunities.

Meetup’s Mission is to revitAlize locAl coMMunity And help people Around the world self-orgAnize. Meetup believes thAt people cAn chAnge their personAl world, or the whole world, by orgAnizing theMselves into groups thAt Are powerful enough to MAke A difference.

ProGrAMMAtIc AGeNDA

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MEETUPS iN aShFORD

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CLiENT: SEEDaLOCaTiON: aShFORD COMMERCiaL QuaRTERSECTOR: COMMERCiaL

STaRT DaTE: JaN 2011COST: £182M

SERViCES PROViDED: aRChiTECTuRE, M&E, SuSTaiNabiLiTy, COST, FLOOD RiSk, ECOLOgy, highwayS, PROJECT MaNagEMENT

ThE PROJECT:

ThE bRiEF FOR ThE MaSTERPLaN iS TO buiLD ON ThE iNiTiaL uRbaN DESigN OF ThE DOVER PLaCE aREa aND (aT-CaaP) TO CREaTE aN iNiTiaL MaSTERPLaN FOR ThE aREa ThaT wiLL FaCiLiTaTE CREaTiON OF a NEw MixED uSE COMMERCiaL QuaRTER iN ThE TOwN COMPRiSiNg RETaiL, LEiSuRE COMMERCiaL aND RESiDENTiaL uSES.

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COMMERCIAL QUATER -CITY PROPOSALS

studioFRACTAL haVE bEEN aPPOiNTED TO DEVELOP a LighTiNg MaS-TERPLaN aND iNiTiaL DESigNS FOR ThE FiRST buiLDiNg iN aN ExCiTiNg NEw DEVELOPMENT iN aShFORD.

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RESEARCH PAPERPoteNtAL of the UNUSeD

iNTRODuCTiON

“SuSTaiNabLE DEVELOPMENT iS aS MuCh aN OxyMORON aS iS ExOLOgiCaL uRbaNiSM”

(JaViER MOzaS, 2008 : 3)

PERCEiViNg ONESELF aN aRChiTECT iN gENERaL aND PaRTiCuLaRLy iN OuR TiME iS a VERy DiFFiCuLT TaSk DEMaNDiNgy4 RESPONSibiLiTy FOR EVERy aCT ONE uNDERTakES. ThE aCT OF buiLDiNg aT LEaST ONE CONSTRuCTiON ON OuR EaRTh haS a STRONg iMPaCT ThaT iT iS VERy iMPORTaNT TO bE awaRE OF. ThE SPEED aND ThE SCaLE OF CONTEMPORaRy aRChiTECTuRaL CONSTRuCTiONS iN OuR wORLD ShOwS hOw FEw aRChiTECTS SERiOuSLy TakE ThiS iMPaCT iNTO CONSiDERaTiON. PEOPLE STaRTED buiLDiNg PERMaNENT DuRabLE CONSTRuCTiONS huNDRED OF CENTuRiES agO. ONE OF ThE FiRST buiLDiNgS ON EaRTh STiLL ExiSTiNg DaTES FROM 4850 bCE. SiNCE ThaT TiME NuMEROuS CONSTRuCTiONS haVE bEEN PLaCED aLL OVER ThE wORLD. ThiS aMOuNT OF buiLDiNg haS DiRECT CONSEQuENCES. ThE MORE buiLDiNgS ThaT aPPEaR ThE LESS PuRE NaTuRaL LaND iS LEFT. iN SOME COuNTRiES NOwaDayS iT iS CLOSE TO iMPOSSibLE TO FiND uNOCCuPiED aRChiTECTuRE-FREE SPaCE. SOME COuNTRiES ThaT STiLL POSSESS uNDEVELOPED LaND haVE a ROugh, iRRESPONSibLE aPPROaCh TO ThE uSagE OF iT, CONSiDERiNg iT MERELy aS PLOTS FREE FOR NEw CONSTRuCTiONS. ThE RESPONSibiLiTy CONCERNiNg ThE OCCuPaTiON OF LaND bECOMES a MORE iNTRiNSiC aND CRiTiCaLLy iMPORTaNT QuESTiON. “…ThiS CONTiNuaL LaTENT STRuggLE ExiSTiNg bETwEEN ThE SEaRCh FOR ENViRONMENTaL STabiLiTy aND DESPiCabLE huMaN QuaLiTiES SuCh aS PRiDE aND gREED whiCh aT TiMES gO haND iN haND wiTh ThE DESiRE FOR POwER aND wORLD DOMiNaTiON by huMaNiTy. huMaN PERVERSiTy, aS ThE ENDPOiNT OF uNLiMiTED aMbiTiON, LayS waSTE TO EVERyThiNg whiCh LiES iN iTS PaTh.

iN ThiS CLEaRiNg iN ThE wOODS ThERE iS NO TRaCE OF LiFE; NO SuRViViNg ECOSySTEM. MODERNiSM NEVER REaChED SuCh aN ExTREME SiTuaTiON.” (auRORa FERNaNDEz PER, JaViER aRPa. 2008 : 7) buiLDiNgS aND SPaCES aRE ThE REFLECTiONS OF SOCiETy aND iTS CEaSELESS FLOw OF DEVELOPMENT. EVERy ChaNgE OF ThE wORLD ECONOMy, SOCiETy OR ENViRONMENT TENDS TO LEaVE a FOOTPRiNT ON ThE ‘bODy’ OF aRChiTECTuRE. iN ThE MiDDLE OF ThE 20Th CENTuRy OuR CiViLiSaTiON waS gOiNg ThROugh ThE TRaNSiTiON PERiOD FROM aN iNDuSTRiaL EPOCh TO a POST-iNDuSTRiaL EPOCh. ThE iNDuSTRiaL EPOCh LEFT aN EViDENT MaRk iN hiSTORy aS a LaRgE-SCaLE PRODuCTiON PERiOD. ThE hERiTagE OF ThiS PERiOD iS VaST aND CONSiSTS OF FORMER iNDuSTRiaL buiLDiNgS aND SPaCES, ThaT aRE uNiQuE ChaRaCTERiSTiC OF ThEiR TiME aND gENERaLLy QuiTE RObuST SPaCiOuS CONSTRuCTiONS.”ThE RELOCaTiON OF iNDuSTRiaL PRODuCTiON TO LOw-wagE COuNTRiES aS wELL aS ThE aDVaNCiNg RaTiONaLiSaTiON OF ThE PRODuCTiON LED TO ThE EMERgENCE OF VaST iNDuSTRiaL waSTELaNDS iN EuROPE, NORTh aMERiCa, aND JaPaN.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 9) ThE POST-iNDuSTRiaL EPOCh CaME uP wiTh ThE VERy iNTENSiVE CaPiTaLiSTiC aPPROaCh TO ThE CONSTRuCTiON PROCESS, kNOwN aS wELL aS a ‘CONSTRuCTiON bOOM’. “CONSTRuCTiON bOOM” - iS a TERM ThaT giVES aRChiTECTS hOPE aND ExCiTEMENT abOuT NEw PERSPECTiVES, NEw JObS, NEw POSSibiLiTiES TO CREaTE aND buiLD ONE MORE NEw CONSTRuCTiON. FROM ONE POiNT OF ViEw iT bRiNgS NEw SPaCES aND FaCiLiTiES TO SOCiETy, iT CREaTES NEw PhySiCaL aND EMOTiONaL ExPERiENCES FOR iNhabiTaNTS OF ThE PLaCE, FORMS NEw POTENTiaL FOR CiTy DEVELOPMENT aND PROSPERiTy. FROM ThE OThER POiNT OF ViEw, ThiS iS NOT iNFREQuENTLy a waSTEFuL PROCESS, SPENDiNg ThE LaST LaND RESOuRCES OF ThE EaRTh, MOTiVaTED by high aMbiTiOuS PERSONaL iNTENTiONS, buT NOT ThE iNTENTiONS OF EFFECTiVE aND RaTiONaL ChaNgE iN ThE SOCiaL, aRChiTECTuRaL OR ENViRONMENTaL SPhERES. “hENCE ThE DOMiNaNCE OF aESThETiCS, STyLE, FORM aND TEChNiQuE iN ThE uSuaL DiSCuSSiON OF aRChiTECTuRE, aND wiTh ThiS ThE SuPPRESSiON OF ThE MORE VOLaTiLE aSPECTS OF buiLDiNgS: ThE PROCESSES OF ThEiR PRODuCTiON, ThEiR OCCuPaTiON, ThEiR TEMPORaLiTy, aND ThEiR RELaTiONS TO ThE SOCiETy aND NaTuRE. ThE DEFiNiTiON OF aRChiTECTuRE iN TERMS

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OF ObJECT-buiLDiNgS ThuS iNCLuDES JuST ThOSE aSPECTS OF wORLD ThaT CauSE aRChiTECTS DiSCOMFORT, bECauSE ThESE OFTEN uNPREDiCTabLE aND CONTiNgENT aSPECTS aRE ThOSE OVER whiCh ThEy haVE LiMiTED POwER, whEREaS ThE STaTiC aSPECTS aRE ThOSE OVER whiCh aRChiTECTS STiLL RETaiN NOMiNaL CONTROL, iN TERMS OF bEiNg abLE TO MaNiPuLaTE FORM aND TEChNiQuE….buiLDiNg aND SPaCES aRE TREaTED aS PaRT OF a DyNaMiC CONTExT OF NETwORk. ThE STaNDaRD TOOLS OF aESThETiCS aND MakiNg aRE iNSuFFiCiENT TO NEgOTiaTE ThESE NETwORkS ON ThEiR OwN, aND SO ThE ExaMPLES COLLaTED hERE OThER PRiORiTiES aND wayS OF wORkiNg aS PaRT OF ThEiR TOOLkiT.” ( NiShaT awaN, TaTJaNa SChNEiDER, JEREMy TiLL, 2011 : 27-28)

REuSE aS ThE aLTERNaTiVE METhODNaTuRaLLy, ThERE iS aN iMPORTaNT aSPECT OF aRChiTECTuRE SuCh aS ‘SayiNg a NEw wORD’, iNVENTiNg aND CREaTiNg SOMEThiNg TOTaLLy NEw aND OPPOSiTE TO whaT haS bEEN DONE bEFORE. EVERy CENTuRy OuR wORLD gETS a CERTaiN NuMbER OF OuTSTaNDiNg MaSTERPiECES aND MOST OF ThEM iN NO way COuLD aPPEaR iNSiDE OR OuT OF SOME ExiSTiNg CONSTRuCTiONS. yOu COuLD NEVER iMagiNE SagRaDa DE FaMiLia by gauDi, ChaPEL ROuChaMP by LE CORbuSiER OR CiTy OF SCiENCE aND aRT by SaNTiagO CaLaTRaVa bEiNg buiLT FROM OLD CONSTRuCTiONS OR bEiNg ThE ExTENSiON OR RENOVaTiON OF ExiSTiNg buiLDiNgS.OF COuRSE aRChiTECTuRE iS abOuT CREaTiON, aND CREaTiON NEEDS CLEaR SPaCE aND PaRTiCuLaR MaTERiaLS. ThiS iS hOw SOMETiMES gREaT wORk STaRTS. buT ThEN ThE CREaTOR TakES a ChaNCE aND ThE RiSk iS EiThER TO COME OuT wiTh iNCREDibLE PiECE OF wORk ThaT iS wORTh SPENDiNg ThE RESOuRCES OR TO PRODuCE ONE MORE hugE PiECE OF CONCRETE, STEEL aND gLaSS ThaT iS uSELESS waSTagE OF MaTERiaL aND ExiSTS aS a SigNaTuRE OF aN auThOR. “FaMOuS aRChiTECTS aRE uSuaLLy ThOSE whO haVE DEVELOPED, ThROugh PRaCTiCE, a DEFiNiNg ChaRaCTER TO ThEiR wORk. ThE aRChiTECTuRaL RESuLTS CaN bE SEEN FROM ThE gLObaL RESEaRCh OF iNTERNaTiONaL MODERNiSM TO ThE way ThaT CONTEMPORaRy iCONS iMPOSE STaNDaRD FORMaL SOLuTiONS wiTh ThE LiTTLE REgaRD FOR LOCaL CONDiTiONS, bECauSE iT iS ThESE SOLuTiONS ThaT CONSTiTuTE ThE aRChiTECTS SigNaTuRE.”( NiShaT awaN, TaTJaNa SChNEiDER, JEREMy TiLL, 2011 : 29) NOwaDayS CONTEMPORaRy aRChiTECTS kEEP ON LEaViNg

ThEiR FOOTPRiNTS wiThOuT bEiNg PaRTiCuLaRLy CONSCiOuS abOuT ThE aMOuNT OF VaCaNT waSTELaND aND ExiSTiNg CONSTRuCTiONS. OF COuRSE ThERE iS aLwayS a POSSibiLiTy TO DEMOLiSh ThE OLD TO CLEaR uP ThE PLOT TO buiLT NEw. ThOugh iT iS wORTh aSkiNg bEFORE: why NOT TO uSE ThE ExiSTiNg RESOuRCES iNSTEaD OF TEaRiNg EVERyThiNg DOwN? why NOT CONSiDER ThE POTENTiaL OF ThE uNuSED FiRST aND TO LOOk aT aLL aDVaNTagES aND DiSaDVaNTagES? “ThE NORMaL MODuS OPERaNDi* FOR aN aRChiTECT iS TO aDD SOMEThiNg PhySiCaL TO ThE wORLD; ThiS aLTERNaTiVE SuggESTS ThaT, iN ThE SPiRiT OF CEDRiC PRiCE, ThE aDDiTiON OF a buiLDiNg iS NOT NECESSaRiLy ThE bEST SOLuTiON TO a SPaCiaL PRObLEM aND ThaT ThERE aRE OThER wayS OF MakiNg SPaTiaL DiFFERENCE.*( NiShaT awaN, TaTJaNa SChNEiDER, JEREMy TiLL, 2011 : 31) ThE SPECuLaTiON abOuT NEw wayS OF wORkiNg aND MakiNg aRChiTECTuRE iS a VERy RELEVaNT TOPiC iN OuR TiME. RE-uSiNg ThE ExiSTiNg OLD buiLDiNg iS ONE OF ThE POSSibLE SOLuTiONS wiTh POSiTiVE OuTCOMES. ThE wORk PROCESS iNCLuDES RE-uSagE OF ThESE ExiSTiNg buiLDiNgS, ExPLOiTiNg ThE MaTERiaLS ThaT ThE PaRTiCuLaR SiTE POSSESSES aND TakiNg iNTO CONSiDERaTiON aLL ThE POSSibLE POTENTiaL ThaT ThESE buiLDiNgS haVE, FiNDiNg NEw aPPROaChES TO CREaTiNg NEw SPaCES FOR PubLiC OR PRiVaTE NEEDS, MakiNg SPaCES MORE FLExibLE aND CREaTiVE iN TERMS OF aRChiTECTuRaL SOLuTiONS, MOViNg FROM ThE LiMiTS OF ThE CLaSSiCaL STaNDaRD TERM - ‘ aRChiTECTuRE = NEw buiLDiNg’.1. “ThiS iS VERy RELEVaNT FOR TODay. iN hOLLaND wE haVE MORE ThaN 6 MiLLiON SQuaRE METERS OF OFFiCE buiLDiNgS ThaT aRE EMPTy. aND yOu CaN DO TwO ThiNgS - yOu CaN TEaR ThEM DOwN OR yOu CaN REuSE ThEM iN a DiFFERENT way. SO i ThiNk ThE TaSk OF aRChiTECTS FROM NOw ON iS PERhaPS NOT TO MakE MORE OFFiCE buiLDiNgS buT TO ThiNk aND TO bE CREaTiVE, TO SEE whaT CaN bE DONE wiTh aLL ThESE EMPTy buiLDiNgS. May bE yOu CaN MakE iT iNTO hOuSiNg, May bE ThERE aRE iDEaS TO ExPLOiT ThEM, TO uSE, TO REuSE ThE buiLDiNgS wE haVE iNSTEaD OF MakiNg ENDLESS NEw buiLDiNgS, NEw buiLDiNgS, NEw buiLDiNgS….” 2. (hERTzbERgER, 2012) REuSE iS VERy SOPhiSTiCaTED aND ‘DELiCaTE’ iN SOME way PROCESS. ThE aPPROaCh TO wORk ShOuLD bE baSED ON PaRTiCuLaR CONDiTiONS aND LiMiTaTiONS iN TERMS OF ThE ExiSTiNg CONTExT. SuCh aS, FOR ExaMPLE: “DO NOT DESTROy

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ThE MagiC OF CONFRONTiNg OLD aND NEw, DO NOT hOLD POSiTiVE OR NEgaTiVE JuDgEMENT ON ThE SPaCE wORkED ON aND DO NOT aTTEMPT TO ChaNgE ThE ChaRaCTER OF ThE ExiSTiNg SPaCE, iNDEED iNSTEaD STRENgThEN iTS iNTRiNSiC QuaLiTiES.” (auRORa FERNaNDEz PER, JaViER aRPa. 2008 : 9)

PaRT 2ExiSTiNg aRChiTECTuRaL RESOuRCES. VaRiaTiONS OF ThEiR

MODE SwiTChES ThERE aRE aLREaDy NuMEROuS VaRiaTiONS OF CONVERSiON FROM OLD MODE iNTO NEw COMPLETELy DiFFERENT ONE. ONE OF ThE aDVaNTagES OF ThE POST-iNDuSTRiaL hERiTagE, iS ThaT ThE buiLDiNg MOSTLy POSSESS a VERy FLExibLE aND VaST iN aLL ThREE DiMENSiONS SPaCE, SuFFiCiENT SuPPLy OF iNTERESTiNg LighT aND VERy RObuST CONSTRuCTiON ELEMENTS. ThaT aLLOwS aRChiTECT TO aDD aND TO CONVERT ThE SPaCE iNTO aLMOST aLL POSSibLE PROgRaMS aND aCTiViTiES. hERE aRE JuST SOME aCTuaL ExaMPLES OF ThOSE.•FORMER PaPER MiLL iNTO ThE ExhibiTiON SPaCE aND

PLaCE FOR MEETiNg, REST wiTh MEDiTaTiON aREaS FORMER auTOMObiLE PaRTS waREhOuSE iNTO wORkiNg SPaCE TuNNEL uNDER DiSuSED RaiLway iNTO ExhibiTiON SPaCE DERELiCT RaiLway ViaDuCT iNTO RETaiL aCTiViTiES SPaCE aND PEDESTRiaN ROuTS OPEN-aiR DERELiCT STagE iNTO ShELTERED-ThEaTRE LaRgE-SCaLE FaCTORy PREMiSES iNTO MuLTiPuRPOSE SPaCE COOLiNg TOwERS iNTO STORM-waTER TaNkS FOOD LabORaTORy iNTO CiViL CaLL CENTRE wEakLy uSED OFFiCE buiLDiNg iNTO NEw EFFECTiVELy uSED OFFiCE bLOCk FORMER POwER STaTiON iNTO ‘ThE hOuSE OF aRChiTECTuRE’ COCa COLa DEPOT iNTO TOwN haLL aND CiViC CENTRE ExiSTiNg waREhOuSE STRuCTuRE iNTO SPORT FaCiLiTiES SPaCE FORMER aNNEx iNTO ThEaTRE aND ExhibiTiON haLLS FORMER SLaughTERhOuSE iNTO CiTy aRT CENTRE, MuSiC STuDiO aND iNDOOR PubLiC gaRDENS FORMER CaR ShOwROOM iNTO kiNDERgaRDEN FORMER TRaM ShEDS iNTO wORkShOPS, gREENhOuSES aND hOuSiNg uNiTS FORMER CaRgO TERMiNaL iNTO buSiNESS CENTRE DERELiCT PaRkiNg iNTO REST aREa

PaRT 3

wEighTy aRguMENTS FOR RECONSiDERiNg ThE SPaCE iNSTEaD OF DEMOLiShiNg.

hERiTagE – ThiS iS a PRObLEMaTiC aSPECT OF ThE RaPiDLy ChaNgiNg wORLD OF aRChiTECTuRE. whaT ShOuLD wE PERCEiVE aS a hERiTagE? LiViNg iN ThE 21ST CENTRuRy, DO wE NEED TO ThiNk abOuT TRyiNg TO SaVE SOME aMOuNT OF ThE LaST CENTuRy’S buiLDiNgS? wE TEND TO PERCEiVE hERiTagE aS EiThER ExTRaORDiNaRy MaSTERPiECES OF aLREaDy CLaSSiC aRChiTECTuRE OR ThE wORkS ThaT haVE bEEN buiLT CENTuRiES agO aND haVE ThiS ObViOuS hiSTORiC VaLuE. buT whaT abOuT buiLDiNgS ThaT aRE NOT OuTSTaNDiNg MaSTERPiECES buT JuST ThE ExaMPLES OF ThE TyPiCaL aRChiTECTuRE OF 20Th CENTuRy? wE NOw haVE a ExaMPLES OF TyPiCaL RESiDENTiaL aND CiViC aRChiTECTuRE OF ThE ROMaN EMPiRE. buT wE RuN ThE RiSk OF ENDiNg uP iN ThE bEgiNNiNg OF 21ST CENTuRy haViNg PRaCTiCaLLy NO CLaSSiCaL ExaMPLES OF 20Th CENTuRy aRChiTECTuRE. iS ThiS JuST bECauSE iT waS SO RECENT aND wE haVE SO MaNy CRiTiCiSMS abOuT iT? PERhaPS iT’S NOT a wEighTy ENOugh REaSON TO TEaR ThEM DOwN COMPLETELy aND TO REPLaCE ThEM wiTh NEw ONES? ThERE iS aNOThER VaLuE iN TERMS OF ECONOMy OF MEaNS aND MaTERiaLS whiCh iS aS wELL aN iMPORTaNT iSSuE NOwaDayS. wE haVE SO MaNy DiSCuSSiONS gOiNg ON iN ThE aRChiTECTuRaL wORLD TODay iN TERMS OF SuSTaiNabiLiTy. aT ThE SaME TiME STiLL SO MaNy RESOuRCES aRE CONTiNuaLLy bEiNg waSTED wiThOuT a CRiTiCaL NEED. SO MaNy SuPERFLuOuS MaTERiaLS haVE bEEN uTiLiSED NOT FOR ThE MaTTER OF NECESSaRy CONSTRuCTiONS buT FOR ThE MaTTER OF MakiNg aN iMPRESSiON ON PubLiC aND CREaTiNg a SPLENDiD ObJECT. SO ThE QuESTiON MuST bE RaiSED: “iS aRChiTECTuRE abOuT bEauTy? iT iS VERy NiCE whEN SOMEThiNg iS bEauTiFuL, buT iT’S a gREaT MiSuNDERSTaNDiNg abOuT aRChiTECTuRE, ThaT iT iS abOuT bEauTy. i ThiNk ThE aRChiTECTuRE iS abOuT ThE FaCT whEThER iT wORkS OR NOT. aND whEN iT wORkS iT MighT bE bEauTiFuL. ThiS NOT aN auTOMaTiC ThiNg. buT whEN SOMEThiNg bEauTiFuL, i ThiNk yOu aRE LOST. (hERTzbERgER, 2012)

PaRT 3PaTTERNS OF REuSE / TEMPORaLiTy OF ThE REuSE PROJECTS

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ThERE aRE aT LEaST TwO POSSibLE TEMPORaL MODES OF REuSE FOR ExiSTiNg abaNDONED RESOuRCES.

ThE FiRST iS a MORE CLaSSiCaL aND RObuST aPPROaCh, whiCh iS CONSiDERED TO bE LONg-TERM PERMaNENT uSE. ThE PROJECT iNCLuDES a PROPER RECONSTRuCTiON aND REViTaLiSaTiON OF ThE ExiSTiNg STRuCTuRE aND aTTaChiNg a NEw aRChiTECTuRE TO iT. ThE DESigN MODE aiMS OF ThiS TyPE OF PROJECT iS TO aChiEVE a CERTaiN aRChiTECTuRaL aESThETiC OF CONTRaSTiNg ChaRaCTERS ThROugh COMbiNiNg OLD aND NEw STRuCTuRE, MaTERiaL aND FORM. ThuS ThE SENSE OF DiFFERENT EPOChS CaN bE CREaTED iN a baLaNCED aND haRMONiOuS COMPOSiTiON. SOME PROJECTS haVE MORE bOLD aND ExTREME SOLuTiONS. LOTS OF FaCTORS ShOuLD bE CONSiDERED wiThiN ThE DESigN PROJECT aND i ThiNk ThiS MakES ThiS PROCESS MORE SOPhiSTiCaTED aS wELL aS MORE ExiTiNg COMPaRED TO ThE DESigNiNg PROCESS FROM SCRaTCh. ThERE iS aLSO a CaSE whEN ThE buiLDiNg STaNDS VaCaNT OR ThE ExiSTiNg buiLDiNg wiTh iTS FuNCTiON DOESN’T PROPERLy RESPOND TO ThE NEEDS OR SuPPLy ENOugh SPaCE FOR LOCaL COMMuNiTiES. ThEREFORE aN ExPaNSiON ThE OLD buiLDiNg iS NEEDED, aDDiNg a NEw PaRT TO iT. iNSTEaD OF CLEaRiNg uP ThE PLOT ThE PROJECT iS abOuT RECONSiDERiNg aND REPLaCiNg ThE ExiSTiNg FuNCTiON aND SuPPLyiNg a NEw ONE. ThESE TyPES OF PROJECTS aRE uSuaLLy VERy COSTLy. iT iS aLwayS a wELL PLaNNED PROCEDuRE wiTh a PROPER DESigN PROJECT aND a LONg CONSTRuCTiON PERiOD. CERTaiN TyPES OF iNVESTORS iNVEST ThEiR MONEy aND ExPECT a CERTaiN OuTCOME. ThE PROgRaM OF ThE FuTuRE buiLDiNg iS uSuaLLy DEFiNED iN aDVaNCE. iT CaN bE a PaRTiCuLaR gOVERNMENTaL PROgRaM OR CaN bE a PROPERTy OF SOME MaJOR wELL-DEVELOPED ORgaNiSaTiON. bOTh CuSTOMERS aRE baSiCaLLy RELiabLE TO wORk wiTh aND iT CaN bE PREDiCTED ThaT ThE FiNaL OuTCOME wiLL bE wELL buiLT aND FiT FOR PuRPOSE. ThiS iS DEFiNiTELy a POSiTiVE SiDE OF ThiS REuSE PROJECT TyPE. hOwEVER, iT haS a VERy REaLiSTiC NEgaTiVE aSPECT. SPECiFiCiTy OF ThE SiTE aND CERTaiN buiLDiNg CONDiTiONS RELaTED TO ThE ExiSTiNg aRChiTECTuRaL STRuCTuRE aLL MakE ThE buiLDiNg PROCESS MORE COMPLiCaTED aND SOMETiMES MakES iNVESTORS TuRN ThEiR aTTENTiON TO aN EaSiER buiLDiNg PLOT. iT iS a TyPE ThaT CaN bE CaLLED ‘SyMbiOTiC aRChiTECTuRE’ - whiCh iS a way TO aPPROaCh aN ExiSTiNg PRECiOuS aRChiTECTuRaL ObJECT, SaViNg ThE OLD STRuCTuRE aND aTTaChiNg

a NEw CONTEMPORaRy ONE TO iT aND ThuS CREaTiNg a MuTuaLLy bENEFiCiaL ‘RELaTiONShiP’ bETwEEN OLD aND NEw. ThE SECOND STRaTEgy OF REuSE ThaT i aM gOiNg TO ExaMiNE iN ThiS RESEaRCh PaPER iS TEMPORaRy uSE, whiCh aT ThiS POiNT iN TiME haS gaiNED a LOT OF aTTENTiON aND giVES aN iMPuLSE TO LaRgE aMOuNTS OF CuRRENT RESEaRCh wORk aND REaL PRaCTiCE. high iNTEREST iS bEiNg iNVESTED iN ThiS RELaTiVELy NEw SPhERE OF aRChiTECTuRE aND ThaT iS PROVED by aLL ThE uRbaN PLaNNiNg DEbaTES ThaT haVE TakEN PLaCE. TEMPORaRy uSE aRChiTECTuRE haS EMERgED aS aN OPPOSiTiON TO ThE ‘NORMaL uSE’ DuE TO ThE big DEMaND bOOM iN aLTERNaTiVE wayS TO gET aN aPPROPRiaTE SPaCE. ThERE iS iNTENSiVELy gROwiNg DEMaND FOR SPaCE FOR a RaNgE OF SOCiaL uSES, CLub aCTiViTiES, SPaCES FOR ChiLDREN aND yOuNg PEOPLE, VaRiOuS CiTy COMMuNiTiES aND OThER gENERaL aCTiViTiES ThaT NEED SPaCE buT NOT FOR a LONg TiME. ThE SySTEM OF a LONg-TERM OCCuPaTiON NO LONgER SuPPLiES aDEQuaTE CONDiTiONS FOR a big SPECTRuM OF uRbaN aCTiViTiES aND PROgRaMS. hENCE ThE ShiFT OF aTTENTiON FROM ThE FORMaL REaL ESTaTE MaRkET TO ThE SPaCES ThaT STaND VaCaNT aND “LiE iN ThE ShaDOwS OF SOCiaL OR PRiVaTE aTTENTiON”. ( TEMPORaRy P.S. P-31)ThE ExPLOiTaTiON OF ThESE CiTy gaPS aND NiChES MOSTLy FOR SOCiaL uRbaN PuRPOSES FOR aN iNDEFiNiTE TERM aND wiTh aN uNPREDiCTabLE FLOwiNg PROCESS - ThaT iS ThE baSiC DEFiNiTiON OF ThE TEMPORaRy uSE TERM. ThE FiELD OF TEMPORaRy uSES iS NOT STRONg aND TOO uNPREDiCTabLE TO wORk OuT ThE PaTTERNS OF STRaTEgy aND TO iNTEgRaTE ThEM iNTO uRbaN PLaNNiNg POLiCiES. ThE PROgRaMMaTiC CONCEPTS aRE SO DiVERSE aND VibRaNT ThaT iT iS STiLL RaThER DiFFiCuLT CONSiDER TEMPORaRy uSES aS FORMaL uRbaN PLaNNiNg SOLuTiONS. hOwEVER, QuiTE a gREaT SPECTRuM OF ExiSTiNg aND DEVELOPiNg TEMPORaRy uSE SiTES aND RELaTED PRaCTiSES ShOwS big POTENTiaL aND PERSPECTiVES FOR TEMPORaRy uSE TO bECOME a RELEVaNT PLaNNiNg FEaTuRE. FOR a LONg TiME aND PaRTLy aT ThE MOMENT STiLL MOST uRbaN DEVELOPMENT DECiSiON MakERS aND iNVESTORS SEE TEMPORaRy uSE “SiMPLy aS a hObby FOR SOME LEFT-wiNg, SOCiaLLy ENgagED PLaNNERS OF ThE LEFTiST-SCENE. buT TODay, buSiNESS DEVELOPERS, MuNiCiPaLiTiES aND PROPERTy OwNERS aLikE haVE wOkEN-uP TO ThE FaCT ThaT ThE SuSTaiNabLE aND SuCCESSFuL DEVELOPMENT OF uRbaN LiFE CaNNOT bE aChiEVED wiThOuT a CONSiDERaTiON OF CONTExTuaL aSPECT. ThiS iS TRuE FOR PhySiCaL STRuCTuRES, aS wELL aS FOR ExiSTiNg aCTiViTiES aND PROgRaMS. TRaDiTiONaLLy SEEN aS ThREaTENiNg ThE iNTERESTS OF

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OwNERS aND DEVELOPERS, iNFORMaL uSES aRE NOw iNCREaSiNgLy EMbRaCED aS VaLuabLE iNDiCaTORS FOR POTENTiaL gROwTh. “(PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 5)

PaRT 5 RELEVaNT aSPECTS OF TEMPORaRy uSE

ThE MaiN MaiN aCTORS aND PaRTiCiPaTORS OF TEMPORaRy uSE PROJECT. RESEaRChiNg ThE SCOPE OF ThE aRChiTECTuRaL PROJECTS ThaT OCCuPy OLD abaNDONED iNDuSTRiaL aREaS aND buiLDiNgS aND ThEN DEVELOP ThEiR OwN iNDuSTRiES wiThiN, iT bECOMES CLEaR ThaT ThE MaiN PROTagONiSTS iN ThiS FiELD aRE MOSTLy NEw CuLTuRaL, iNNOVaTiVE aND SOCiaL iNDuSTRiES. LOCaL uRbaN auThORiTiES uSuaLLy, CONSiDERiNg ThESE RESOuRCES, PLaN aND PRODuCE gENTRiFiED aND SaNiTiSED PROJECTS ThaT COME uP wiTh STyLiSh FORM aND CLEaR ThE SPaCE FOR NEw FuNCTiONS, buT DO NOT PROViDE aN aPPROPRiaTE MiLiEu FOR POTENTiaL uSERS OF ThESE iNDuSTRiES. “…ThE aCTORS iN ThE NEw CuLTuRaL iNDuSTRiES ThaT aRE iNCREaSiNgLy iNhabiTiNg ThESE FORMER iNDuSTRiaL aRES REJECT ThiS gENTRiFiED STyLE OF ‘REViTaLiSaTiON’, PREFERRiNg iNSTEaD a DiFFERENT CuLTuRaL LaNDSCaPE.” (JaN VERwiJNEN. 1999 : 12)hENCE hERE COME ThE MaiN aCTORS OF TEMPORaRy uSES SCENE - ThE DESigN MakERS OF SPaCE aND PROgRaMS. “ThE hEROES OF OuR EPOCh aRE ThE gaRagE DO-iT-yOuRSELFS. wiTh SOLiD kNOw-hOw, wiTh iDEaS aND ThEiR POwER OF iMagiNaTiON yET wiTh FEw MEaNS ThEy SuCCEED iN DEVELOPiNg ThE iNNOVaTiONS OF OuR NEw agE.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 12)MaiN aCTORS.3 MaJOR TyPES OF TEMPORaRy uSERS CaN bE DEFiNED. (by ThE uRbaN CaTaLyST RESEaRChERS.)•FiRST gROuP - ThESE yOuNg ENTREPRENEuRS whO uSE

ThE VaCaNT NiChES TO ExPRESS ThEMSELVES, TO REaLiSE ThEiR iNNOVaTiVE iDEaS aND TO FiND a LikE-MiNDED COMMuNiTy. ThEy aRE MOSTLy STaRT-uPS whO POSSESSES LiTTLE STaRTiNg CaPiTaL buT a VERy high POTENTiaL iN TERMS OF CONCEPT.

SECOND gROuP - ThESE aRE ThOSE aCTORS whO uSE ThE SCENE aS a PLaCE FOR SELF-REaLiSaTiON aND TiME-SPENDiNg OR FOR a PaRTiCuLaR kiND OF hObby. “ThESE aCTORS bELONgS TO ESTabLiShED SOCiaL STRuCTuRES, buT PaRaLLEL TO ThESE ThEy SEEk ThE FREEDOM TO PuRSuE ExPERiMENTaL LiFE PRaCTiCES.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 58)

ThiRD gROuP - ThESE aRE ThE ‘gyPSy’ TyPE OF PEOPLE, LikE TRaiLER OwNERS, hOuSEbOaT-OwNERS, PEOPLE wiTh POOR SOCiaL LiFE CONDiTiONS. ThiS TyPE iS RELaTiVELy SMaLL PaRT aND iT DROPS OuT FROM ThE MaiNSTREaM OF TEMPORaRy uSE PROJECTS.

OThER POSSibLE PaRTiCiPaTORSOF COuRSE ThERE aRE MaNy OThER PEOPLE whO aRE iNVOLVED iN ThE SPhERE OF TEMPORaRy aRChiTECTuRE aND CaN bE iNTERESTED iN CREaTiNg TEMPORaRy PROJECTS. EaCh OF ThEM FOLLOwS hiS/hER OwN iNTERESTS ON ThE ONE haND. ON ThE OThER haND ThEy CaN “haVE PuRELy iDEaLiSTiC MOTiVaTiONS aND aCT wiThOuT a CONTRaCT OR FiNaNCiaL iNCENTiVE”. (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 57)

⁃ MuNiCiPaL agENTSThEy ORgaNiSE, iNiTiaTE aND SuPPORT ThE SOCiaL aND CuLTuRaL iNTENTiONS, hELP TO FiND OPPORTuNiTy TO LauNCh TEMPORaRy uSE. iN ThiS CaSE agENTS MOSTLy haVE a SyMPaThy wiTh TEMPORaRy uSERS aND hELP ThEM TO FiND a CONTaCT wiTh LOCaL auThORiTiES aND ThE OwNERS. uSuaLLy ThEy DO NOT gET aNyThiNg FROM iT, aCTiNg FROM PERSONaL iNTENSiONS.⁃ PRiVaTE agENTSiN RECENT yEaRS SOME PRiVaTE aND OFFiCiaL agENCiES haVE EMERgED TO COORDiNaTE TEMPORaRy uSES DuE TO high DEMaND. ThEy wORk ON bEhaLF OF OwNERS aND MuNiCiPaLiTiES TO bRiNg SPaCES TOgEThER wiTh TEMPORaRy uSE. iT iS a FORMaL ORgaNiSaTiON whOSE DiRECT JOb iS TO CuRaTE, PLaN aND SuPPORT PaRTiCuLaR PROMiSiNg TEMPORaRy PROJECTS. ThE OwNERS OF ThE PROPERTiESThESE aRE ONE OF ThE MOST iMPORTaNT PaRTiCiPaTORS whO aRE RESPONSibLE FOR ThEiR PROPERTy aND TakE a RiSk, giViNg iT uP TO a TEMPORaRy uSE. ON ThE OThER haND ThERE aRE CERTaiN aDVaNTagES FOR ThE OwNERS, SuCh aS a POSiTiVE iMagE aND

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DEVELOPMENT OF LOCaTiON, PubLiC awaRENESS OF ThE SiTE aND a STaTE OF a CERTaiN SECuRiTy OF ThE PROPERTy.ThERE iS a POSSibiLiTy TO TRy TO PERSuaDE ThE OwNERS OF ThE SiTE TO TakE PaRT iN ThE DEVELOPMENT aND CONSCiOuSLy TO iNTEgRaTE TEMPORaRy uSES iN ThE LOCaTiON’S DEVELOPMENT. iF ThE TEMPORaRy uSE MakERS ExaMiNE ThE SuRROuNDiNg NEighbOuRhOOD ThEy May COME TO ThE CONCLuSiON ThaT ThEiR TEMPORaRy PROJECT CaN “aCT aS a MOTOR FOR QuaLiTy uRbaN LiViNg “ aND “CREaTE aFFORDabLE SPaCES FOR PROJECTS FROM NEighbOuRiNg DiSTRiCTS’. (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 52)• POLiCyMakERS aND aDMiNiSTRaTORS•ThERE iS a POSSibiLiTy OF MuLTiPLy REaCTiON OF ThE

POLiCyMakERS aND aDMiNiSTRaTORS ON ThE EMERgENCE OF TEMPORaRy uSE. “DEPENDiNg ON hOw ThE auThORiTiES iNTERPRET REguLaTiONS REgaRDiNg FiRE PROTECTiON, hEaLTh aND SaFETy, aND a gREaT DEaL MORE, TEMPORaRy uSES CaN bE ENabLED OR PREVENTED…aLThOugh TEMPORaRy uSES LaRgELy gO agaiNST ThE CLaSSiCaL CONTROL aND ORgaNiSaTiONaL PRaCTiCES OF gOVERNMENT ENTiTiES, FOR a NuMbER OF REaSONS ThEy haVE NOw bECOME aN aTTRaCTiVE uRbaN DEVELOPMENT OPTiON FOR POLiCyMakERS aND aDMiNiSTRaTORS…TEMPORaRy uSE MiLiEuS CREaTE NEw iMagES FOR ENTiRE NEighbOuRhOODS, iMagES ThaT aRE uSuaLLy ViEwED QuiTE POSiTiVELy by ThE MaJORiTy OF RESiDENTS aS wELL aS bEiNg aTTRaCTiVE TO iNVESTORS. “

•(PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 58)“iN CONTRaST TO CLaSSiCaL ECONOMiC aND CuLTuRaL LiFE, ThE bOuNDaRiES bETwEEN SuPPLiERS aND DEMaNDERS aRE OFTEN NOT CLEaRLy DRawN; a SiNgLE PERSON CaN SwiTCh SiDES QuiCkLy OR EVEN PLay bOTh ROLES aT ONCE.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 60)ThE MORE RiCh a Mix OF PEOPLE TRiggERED aND iNVOLVED iN ThE PROJECT, ThE MORE iNTERESTiNg aND iNNOVaTiVE ThE PROgRaM aChiEVED CaN bE. ThE VERy iDEa OF haViNg FREE-MiNDED CREaTiVE iNiTiaTORS aND VaRyiNg ESSENTiaL SuPPORT FROM MEMbERS OF DiFFERENT ORgaNiSaTiONS SEEMS TO bE a gOOD PLaNNiNg METhOD ThaT CaN FuNDaMENTaLLy iMPROVE ThE uTiLiSaTiON OF ThE DERELiCT PLaCE wiThiN a CiTy.

PREMiSES ThaT LED TO ThE TEMPORaRy uSE EMERgENCE

whaT MakES ThESE TEMPORaRy PROJECTS POSSibLE, whaT hELPS aND PROViDES ThE CERTaiN CONDiTiONS ThaT MakE ThESE PROJECTS aPPEaR MORE EaSiLy aND FaSTER? whaT giVES a POwERFuL iNCENTiVE TO STaRT TEMPORaRy uSE? whERE aND whaT waS ThE MaJOR “bREEDiNg gROuND” FOR TEMPORaRy uSE gROwTh? TEMPORaRy iS a PhENOMENON ThaT aROSE DuE TO LOTS OF PREMiSES aND CONDiTiONS OF OuR ERa OF iNFORMaTiON, TEChNOLOgiES, MEDia, NETwORk aND CuLTuRaL CREaTiVE ExPERiMENTS. iT iS DiFFiCuLT TO COVER aLL ThE POSSibLE PREMiSES FOR TEMPORaRy uSE TO aRiSE. hERE aRE SOME MaJOR ONES ThaT haD a wEighTy iNFLuENCE. ThE FiRST PaTTERNS OF TEMPORaRy uSE wERE DEVELOPiNg iN ThE PERiOD OF ThE gREaT DEPRESSiON. “iN ThE LaTE 1920S aND EaRLy 1930S SQuaTTER SETTLEMENTS aND SELF-buiLT STRuCTuRES FLOuRiShED. aFTER wORLD waR ii, EMERgENCy hOuSiNg SubSiSTENCE FOOD CuLTiVaTiON wERE wiDESPREaD iN EuROPE’S DEVaSTaTED CiTiES.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 9) aLL DEVELOPED COuNTRiES iN ThE wORLD ExPERiENCED ThE MaSSiVE iMPaCT OF ThE POST-iNDuSTRiaL REVOLuTiON, aND iS STiLL wiTNESSiNg ThE RESuLTS aND REMaiNS OF ThE iNDuSTRiaL PERiOD. aND iT iS NO wONDER, bECauSE OF ThE NuMbER OF iNDuSTRiaL buiLDiNgS ThaT haD bEEN buiLT aND iNTENSiVELy uSED aT ThaT TiME. MOREOVER ThE SizE aND SCaLE OF ThESE CONSTRuCTiONS aRE uSuaLLy ENORMOuSLy big aND OCCuPy a LaRgE SCOPE OF LaND, SOMETiMES iN ThE VERy CiTy CENTRES. ThaT waS LOgiCaL FOR ThE iNDuSTRiaL PRODuCTiON OF ThOSE TiMES. hOwEVER ThE SiTuaTiON wiTh ThESE aRChiTECTuRaL RESOuRCES NOwaDayS iS COMPLiCaTED aND DEMaNDS aTTENTiON. iN ThE wORLD CONTExT iN TERMS OF ECONOMiC aND gEOgRaPhiCaL aSPECTS ThE MOST aCTiVE PROCESSES aRE haPPENiNg iN ThE NORThERN hEMiSPhERE NOw, COMPaRED TO ThE RaPiDLy gROwiNg METROPOLiSES iN ThE SOuThERN hEMiSPhERE, whERE ThE ECONOMiC STaTE aND aRChiTECTuRaL RESOuRCES aRE NOT REaDy TO hOST TEMPORaRy PROJECTS. iN TERMS OF aDVaNCED LEVELS OF uRbaNiSaTiON aND hiSTORiCaL iNDuSTRiaL PERiODS, TEMPORaRy uSES aRE MuCh MORE iNTRiNSiC FOR ThE NORThERN hEMiSPhERE. PERhaPS iN ThE SOuTh aRChiTECTuRE ShOuLD bECOME LESS abOuT PRODuCiNg CONSTaNT LaRgE aMOuNTS OF NEw buiLDiNgS buT MORE

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abOuT RECONSiDERiNg aND ExPLOiTiNg OLD RESOuRCES. iT iS a CuRRENT STaTE OF ECONOMiC, SOCiaL aND uRbaN CONDiTiONS iN ThE NORThERN hEMiSPhERE ThaT PROViDES a bREEDiNg gROuND FOR a MuLTiTuDE OF TEMPORaRy uSES. ThE DECiSiVE iMPaCT FOR EuROPEaN COuNTRiES waS MigRaTiON. LOCaL auThORiTiES OF ThE PaRTiCuLaR CiTy aND ThEiR PLaNNiNg POLiCiES PLay a CRuCiaL ROLE iN iNiTiaTiNg TEMPORaRy PROJECTS. ThE FaCT ThaT MaNy OF ThESE abaNDONED RESOuRCES STay uNTOuChED aND NEgLECTED by ThE LOCaL uRbaN DEVELOPMENT DECiSiON MakERS PLayS a VERy iMPORTaNT ROLE iN ThE DEVELOPMENT OF TEMPORaRy aRChiTECTuRE. ThE SO CaLLED ‘FLawS’ iN ThE CiTy FabRiC aND iN ThE uRbaN PLaNNiNg POLiCiES bECOMES a MOST VaLuabLE RESOuRCE. aS wELL aS SLOw ECONOMiC DEVELOPMENT, LOw STaNDaRDS OF DEVELOPMENT iN DiFFERENT CREaTiVE aND SOCiaL iNDuSTRiES, aND high RaTES OF ThE REaL ESTaTE MakE iT PROhibiTiVE TO gET a gOOD SPaCE FOR PROJECTS. hENCE ThE LaCk OF ThE aPPROPRiaTE ENViRONMENTS ThaT aRE SO ESSENTiaL FOR ThE yOuNg gROwiNg ENTERPRiSES aND NON-COMMERCiaL PubLiC SPaCES. P L a C E S ThaT aRE CuRRENTLy TO iNTERESTiNg TO CiTy aDMiNiSTRaTiON COME iNTO ThE FOREgROuND FOR ThE VibRaNT TEMPORaRy uSE SCENE. ThERE iS NEgLECT OF iNTEgRaTiON ThE ExiSTiNg CiTy SPaCE aND aT ThE SaME TiME a hugE aMOuNT OF NON-iMPLEMENTED PLaNS FOR uRbaN DEVELOPMENTS. “PLaNNiNg SEEMED iNCREaSiNgLy TO OPERaTE bEyOND REaLiTy.” (JaN VERwiJNEN. 1999 : 15). ThE RESuLT - LOTS OF DERELiCT SPaCES aND buiLDiNgS REMaiN EMPTy aND VaCaNT. aLL ThaT ENCOuRagES FOR TEMPORaRy PROJECTS TO aPPEaR aND TO DEVELOP. ThE OThER RESuLT OF ThE NEgLECT OF LOCaL auThORiTiES iS ThE iMPORTaNCE OF ThE CuLTuRaL iNDuSTRiES aND STaRT-uP ENTERPRiSES. ThE EViDENCE OF ThEiR gROwTh iS NOT TakEN iNTO CONSiDERaTiON iN MaNy COuNTRiES aND ThERE iS a LaCk OF FuNDiNg aND SuPPORT. aS a RESuLT, aRiSiNg SMaLL iNDuSTRiES aND COMMuNiTiES, ThaT CaN haVE a gREaT LOCaL iMPORTaNCE FOR ThE CiTy ECONOMy aND SOCiaL CONDiTiONS, FaCE DiFFiCuLTy iN DEVELOP iNg ThEiR POTENTiaL. “aS a SET OF aRChiTECTuRaL ThEMES iT PLayS a LEaDiNg ROLE iN uRbaN DEVELOPMENT STRaTEgiES baSED ON hiSTORiC PRESERVaTiON OR LOCaL ‘hERiTagE’. wiTh ThE DiSaPPEaRaNCE OF LOCaL MaNuFaCTuRiNg iNDuSTRiES aND PERiODiC CRiSES iN gOVERNMENT aND FiNaNCE, CuLTuRE iS MORE aND MORE ThE

buSiNESS OF CiTiES - ThE baSiS OF ThEiR TOuRiST aTTRaCTiONS aND ThEiR uNiQuE, COMPETiTiVE EDgE. ThE gROwTh OF CuLTuRaL CONSuMPTiON (OF aRT, FOOD, FaShiON, MuSiC, TOuRiSM) aND ThE iNDuSTRiES ThaT CaTER TO iT FuELS ThE CiTy’S SyMbOLiC ECONOMy, iTS ViSibLE abiLiTy TO PRODuCE bOTh SyMbOLS aND SPaCE.” (zukiN 1995:1-2 / 1999 - 14) iN aDDiTiON TO ThE TRaDiTiONaL CuLTuRaL iNDuSTRiES ThERE aRE NEw CuRRENTLy iNCREaSiNg CuLTuRaL iNDuSTRiES SuCh aS DESigN aCTiViTiES, DigiTaL iMagiNg aND MuLTiMEDia ORiENTED iNTERNET baSED aCTiViTiES. iN MaJOR MEgaPOLiSES aRT aND CuLTuRaL iNDuSTRiES aRE bECOMiNg ‘MEga-iNDuSTRiES’. ON ThE ONE haND, DESPiTE ThE iMPORTaNCE OF CREaTiNg aDEQuaTE iNFRaSTRuCTuRE FOR ThESE iNDuSTRiES, ThERE iS a LaCk OF MEaNS TO EFFECTiVELy SuPPORT aN iNNOVaTiVE MiLiEu aND a MiSuNDERSTaNDiNg OF iTS iMPORTaNCE by ThE LOCaL auThORiTiES. ON ThE OThER haND aLREaDy FuNCTiONiNg aND PROSPERiNg ExaMPLES OF ThE REgENERaTED abaNDONED iNDuSTRiaL aREaS whiCh hOST ThESE TyPES OF aCTiViTiES ShOw ThE POTENTiaL TO STaRT TEMPORaRy uSE iNDEPENDENTLy, “EVEN iN OPPOSiTiON TO ThE DEVELOPERS’ CuLTuRaL MODEL.” (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 56)ThaT’S hOw ThE iDEa OF TEMPORaRy uSES STaRTED TO aRiSE.

PLaNNED aND uNPLaNNED

ThE TEMPORaRy uSE PROJECT iS NOT abOuT ELabORaTiNg aND REaLiSiNg ThE DESigN PROJECT FOR a CERTaiN uSE. CONVERSELy, iT iS abOuT CREaTiNg aND PROViDiNg OPPORTuNiTiES FOR uSERS TO DEVELOP ThE SPaCE DuRiNg ThE PROCESS ThEMSELVES. “uSERS ThEMSELVES bECOME PRODuCERS OF ThE uRbaN ENViRONMENT “.(PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 33) ThE PROCESS OF FORMaTiON OF ThE iNNOVaTiVE CREaTiVE MiLiEu MOSTLy gOES iN a VERy uNExPECTED way aND DEFiNES iTSELF DuRiNg ThE DEVELOPMENT. RaRELy aRE SuCh CREaTiVE ENTERPRiSES wORkED OuT aND PRECiSELy PLaNNED iN aDVaNCE. MOSTLy SOME CERTaiN TyPE OF ThE ENViRONMENT COMES TOgEThER wiTh ThE NEw POP-uP PROgRaMMES whiCh aRE uSuaLLy DiFFiCuLT TO PREDiCT aND TO PLaN. ThOugh iN SOME CaSES iT COuLD bECOME POSSibLE TO ExERT

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iNFLuENCE ON ThE PROCESS aND TO MakE iT wORk iN MORE guaRaNTEED PLaNNED way. ThERE aRE POSSibLE CaSES whERE ThERE iS NO ObViOuS DaNgER TO ThE SiTE OR ThaT ThE buiLDiNg ShOuLD bE DEMOLiShED OR DaMagED DuE TO CuRRENT baD CONDiTiONS, whEN CERTaiN RESEaRCh haS bEEN MaDE aND iT haS bEEN PROVED ThaT ThERE iS NO bETTER POSSibLE uSE FOR ThiS SPaCE FOR ThE FORESEEabLE FuTuRE. whEN aLL ThaT wORk SuPPLyiNg RESEaRCh aND aNaLySiS DaTa haS bEEN DONE ThERE iS a ChaNCE TO PROVE FuRThER RObuST FuTuRE PERSPECTiVES aND TO TRiggER aDDiTiONaL FuNDiNg FOR ThE PROJECT DEVELOPMENT. MOREOVER ThE PROgRaM iTSELF aND iTS auDiENCE ShOuLD bE DEFiNED SO ThE iNVESTOR CaN bE MORE PRECiSE iN SPENDiNg ThiS FuNDiNg FOR ThE PaRTiCuLaR uSE aND TO aTTRaCT a PaRTiCuLaR CROwD. DuE TO ThiS FuNDiNg ONE CaN CREaTE MORE aPPEaLiNg DESigNS aND iNFRaSTRuCTuRE, CaN DEVELOP MEDia aND NETwORk PROgRaMS, CaN FiND aND aRRaNgE uSEFuL COLLabORaTiONS wiTh OThER iNDuSTRiES. aLL ThESE aCTiONS CaN LEaD TO MORE RObuST PROJECT DEVELOPMENT aND CaN MakE iT POSSibLE TO CONTROL aND PLaN iT MORE SuCCESSFuLLy.

CaSE STuDy: NEThERLaNDS, ROTTERDaM, PROJECT - ThE CREaTiVE FaCTORy, LEO VaN LOON, CuLTuRaL PRODuCERS aND aRChiTECTSuSE - STaRT-uP OFFiCES aND ENTERPRiSES

ThE CREaTiVE FaCTORy iN ROTTERDaM - ThE PROJECT iNiTiaLLy COuLD CLaiM ThE TiTLE OF ThE TEMPORaRy PROJECT, ThOugh aT ThE SaME TiME iT haS DEVELOPED iNTENSiVELy OVER ThE LaST 5 yEaRS aND gOT TO ThE STaTE OF a VERy RObuST STabLE PROJECT, ThaT PRODuCTiVELy OPERaTES aND OFFiCiaLLy EMERgES ON ThE CREaTiVE iNDuSTRy MaRkET OF EuROPE. “CREaTiVE FaCTORy STaRTED whEN ThE OwNER OF ThE CLub ThaT iS baSED iN ThE buiLDiNg aND i REaLiSED ThaT ThERE aRE a LOT OF yOuNg, CREaTiVE PEOPLE iN ROTTERDaM whO NEED SPaCES TO wORk. hOwEVER, ThEy DO NOT waNT TO bE TiED by LONg-TERM TENaNCiES bECauSE ThEy DO NOT kNOw whEThER ThEiR buSiNESS wiLL STiLL bE aROuND iN FiVE yEaRS’ TiME. whaT ThESE PEOPLE NEED aRE FLExibLE ShORT-TERM CONTRaCTS aND OPEN SPaCES whERE ThEy CaN MEET OThER COMPaNiES aND whERE ThEy CaN gET aDViCE TO hELP ThEM DEVELOP. ThESE PEOPLE TEND TO bE VERy gOOD aT

MakiNg FiLMS OR CREaTiNg wEbSiTES, buT aRE uSuaLLy NOT aS EFFiCiENT whEN iT COMES TO FiNDiNg CuSTOMERS. wE wENT aND PRESENTED ThE iDEa OF TRaNSFORMiNg ThiS aMaziNg buiLDiNg iNTO a CREaTiVE FaCTORy TO ThE CiTy aDMiNiSTRaTiON.” (LEO VaN LOON. 2012)

LEgaL aND iLLEgaL STaTE

ONE OF ThE iMPLiCiT FEaTuRES OF iNiTiaL TEMPORaRy uSES iS a STaTE OF iLLEgaLiTy. ThE FiRST MOVEMENTS OF TEMPORaRy uSE iN 1960S, 70S aND 80S wERE MOSTLy REPRESENTED by SubCuLTuRES OR COuNTERCuLTuRES. ThEiR aCTiONS wERE STRONgLy “ORiENTED TOwaRDS uTOPia OF LibERaTED SOCiETy”. (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 13) ObViOuSLy ThEiR STaTE waS uNSTabLE aND OFTEN SubSTaNDaRD. TODay’S TEMPORaRy uSES aRE gENERaLLy ORiENTED EiThER TOwaRD ExPRESSiON OF PERSONaL OR COLLECTiVE iNNOVaTiVE PROJECTS aND iDEaS, OR CREaTiNg a POSiTiVE SOCiaL aND CuLTuRaL ENViRONMENT. SOME EuROPEaN COuNTRiES STaRTED giViNg MORE FREEDOM aND POSSibiLiTiES TO DEVELOPiNg TEMPORaRy uSES, ESPECiaLLy TO ThOSE whiCh aRE iN high DEMaND by ENTiRE NEighbOuRhOODS. “MaNy CiTiES haVE NOT ONLy bECOME MORE TOLERaNT iN ThEiR LiCENSiNg PRaCTiCES buT aLSO STiPuLaTE aND ENabLE TEMPORaRy uSES iN OThER wayS. “ (PhiLiPP OSwaLT, kLauS OVERMEyER, PhiLiPP MiSSELwiTz. 2013 : 59) hOwEVER, iN SOME LESS aDVaNCED CiTiES ThE MuNiCiPaL POLiCyMakERS aRE NOT EagER TO SuPPORT NEw bOLD aND uNPREDiCTabLE PROJECTS. CONVERSELy, ThEy aCTiVELy TRy TO PREVENT ThESE PROJECT iS aPPEaRiNg, aVOiDiNg aNy uNCONTROLLED PROCESSES. iN ThiS CaSE ThE CREaTORS OF TEMPORaRy uSE TakE a RiSk iN DEVELOPiNg ThE SPaCE aND TEND TO ExiST ‘uNDER ThE RaDaR’ OF FORMaL POLiCiES, hOPiNg FOR a ChaNgE OF ThE STaTuS QuO DuRiNg ThE PROJECT TERM.

wayS OF FuRThER DEVELOPMENT

ThE FuRThER STagES OF DEVELOPMENT CaN COME EiThER

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SuDDENLy, COMPLETELy ChaNgiNg ThE whOLE uSE OF ThE PLaCE, OR CaN COME iNCREMENTaLLy (/ gRaDuaLLy ), REPLaCiNg ONE uSE aFTER aNOThER OVER a PERiOD OF TiME. ThE MaJOR REaSON FOR TEMPORaRy uSES TO FaLL aPaRT iS ThE aPPEaRaNCE OF NEw FORMaL PLaNNiNg PROCESSES TO REPLaCE ThE iNFORMaL ONES. iN SOME CaSES ThE CONCEPT OF ThE PLaNNiNg PROJECT iS CONTRaRy TO ThE ExiSTiNg uSES aND TakES PRiORiTy. uSuaLLy ThE TEMPORaRy uSES aRE ObLigED TO VaCaTE ThE SPaCE aND REMOVE ThEiR PROgRaM COMPLETELy TO SOME OThER LOCaTiON.

CaSE STuDy: gERMaNy, bERLiN, PROJECT - zwiSChENPaLaSTNuTzuNgCuLTuRaL PRODuCERS aND aRChiTECTS (uRbaN CaTaLyST, zwiSChENPaLaSTNuTzuNg E.V; VOLkPaLaST)uSE - CuLTuRaL, ThEaTRE, DaNCE, MuSiC ExhibiTiON, DiSCuSSiON

ONE OF ThE EaST gERMaNy’S MOST iMPORTaNT buiLDiNg waS RECONSTRuCTED aND bECaME a TEMPORaRy zONE OF aRTiSTiC DEVELOPMENT. “FOR a LONg TiME iT STOOD aS aN EMPTy ShELL. ThEN ThE iDEa OF ThE PROViSiONaL uSE aROSE. SiNCE 2003 iT waS bROaDLy uSED aS MuLTiFuNCTiONaL uRbaN PubLiC SPaCE aND a CuLTuRaL CENTRE. “ThaNkS TO ThaT iNiTiaTiVE, OVER 300 000 ViSiTORS ENJOyiNg MaNy aCTiViTiES iNCLuDiNg CONCERTS, aRT iNSTaLLaTiONS, ExhibiTiONS aND SPORT EVENTS.” ( zwiSChENPaLaSTNuTzuNg. 2006 : 214) ThERE aRE aLSO MODELS OF COMPROMiSED CONSEQuENCES. iT iS VERy iMPORTaNT FOR ThE OwNERS OF ThE SiTE TO gET aDEQuaTE RETuRNS FROM ThE REaL ESTaTE ThEy POSSESS. iT iS FaiR, whEN ThE OwNER TRiES TO aVOiD ThE RiSkS OF iRRaTiONaL waSTagE OF hiS PROPERTy, ESPECiaLLy whEN NEw MORE bENEFiCiaL uSES aRiSE. iN ThiS CaSE ThE DiFFERENT aSPECTS OF ExiSTiNg TEMPORaRy uSES aRE CaREFuLLy CONSiDERED. “iF ThE DEMaND iS ThERE ThEN TEMPORaRy uSERS COuLD bECOME PERMaNENT uSERS, buT ONLy iF ThEy aRE iN ThE POSiTiON TO buy a PaRT OF ThE SiTE aT a REguLaR MaRkET PRiCE.”iT iS VERy iMPORTaNT ThaT ThE PRiCES FOR LEaSE aRE FEaSibLE, SO ThaT yOuNg gROwiNg ENTERPRiSES COuLD aFFORD iT. DEPaRTMENT hEaD OF REaL ESTaTE agENCy, ThE OwNER OF ThE SiTE iN baSLE, whERE TEMPORaL CuLTuRaL PROJECT iS MaiNTaiNED, DR. ELMaR SChuTz SPECuLaTES: “iT DOESN’T aLwayS haVE TO bE a MaTTER OF buyiNg buiLDiNg PLOTS. i

COuLD iMagiNE ThaT PaRTiaL PLOTS, ON ThE COMMERCiaL STRiP ON ThE EaST SiDE OF ThE SiTE, MighT bE RENTED aT a PRiSE ThaT STaRT-uPS COuLD aFFORD.” (a CONVERSaTiON wiTh DR. ELMaR SChuLTz, FRiTz SChuMaChER, MaTThiaS buRgiN aND PhiLiP P CabaNE. 2007 : 116) TEMPORaRy uSES CuLTuRaL PROJECT iN baSLE ON ThE NT* / SiTE iS a VERy ViViD ExaMPLE OF SuCh aN aPPROaCh. “NT* STaNDS FOR NON-TERRiTORiaL aND DESCRibES ThE OPEN ChaRaCTER CONVEyED by ThE CiRCa 18 hECTaRE DiSuSED RaiL-FREighT DEPORT SiNCE iTS ORigiNaL PuRPOSE waS REVOkED aND uNTiL iTS PLaNNED REDEVELOPMENT TakES PLaCE. CONVERTiNg a CaNTEEN iNTO ThE ERLkONig RESTauRaNT waS ThE iNiTiaL SPaRk FOR a whOLE STRiNg OF PROJECTS, OPEN-aiR gaSTRONOMy aND PLayiNg FiELDS FOR TREND SPORTS DRaw a LaRgE aND DiVERSE PubLiC “ (a CONVERSaTiON wiTh DR. ELMaR SChuLTz, FRiTz SChuMaChER, MaTThiaS buRgiN aND PhiLiP P CabaNE. 2007 : 116) ThE ExaMPLE OF TEMPORaRy PROJECT iN baSLE ShOwS NOw TEMPORaRy PROJECTS CaN bE MaiNTaiNED DuRiNg a CERTaiN TERM aND aFTERwaRDS SEE a SuCCESSFuL FuRThER DEVELOPMENT OF ThE bEST PaRTS OF iT. DuRiNg ThE TERM OF ThE TEMPORaRy uSE MaiNTENaNCE, ThE POTENTiaL OF ViabiLiTy OF ThE CuRRENT uSES COuLD bE iDENTiFiED aND aS a RESuLT ThE MOST SuCCESSFuL ONES COuLD bE FiLTERED OuT aND DEVELOPED. SOME PROJECTS CaN DEFiNiTELy ShOw FiNaNCiaL POTENTiaL aND ThaT giVES a ChaNCE FOR ThE uSE TO bECOME PERMaNENT. ThE SuCCESS CaN TRiggER iNVESTMENTS ThaT wiLL PuT ThiS PaRTiCuLaR PROgRaM ON a NEw LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT.

CaSE STuDy: SwiTzERLaND, baSLE, PROJECT - NT*aREaL, PhiLiPPE CabaNE (uRbaNiST), MaTThiaS buRgiN (gEOgRaPhER)uSE - OVER TwENTy PROJECTS FROM ThE aREaS OF SOCiOCuLTuRE aND aRT

OThER PROJECTS CaN PLay a CRuCiaL ROLE iN CREaTiNg aND MaiNTaiNiNg PubLiC SPaCE CONDiTiONS. CREaTED aS a TEMPORaRy PubLiC SPaCE, iT CaN gROw aND aTTRaCT a LaRgE aND DiVERSE CROwD, FROM ThE LOCaL NEighbOuRhOODS TO ThE ViSiTiNg TOuRiSTS. RECREaTiONaL zONES wiTh a CERTaiN iNFRaSTRuCTuRE aRE aN iNTEgRaL COMPONENT OF aNy uRbaN DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT.

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DuE TO ThaT, LOCaL PubLiC auThORiTiES aRE ObLigED TO SuPPORT aND TO RuN ThEM. ThaT MakES iT EaSiER TO MaiNTaiN TEMPORaRy uSE, PROViNg iTS high DEMaND, TOPiCaLiTy aND POPuLaRiTy aMONg PEOPLE.

CaSE STuDy: uk, LONDON, 100 uNiON STREET iN SOuThwORk, PROJECT - REuNiON, ExyzT, 2012uSE - iNSTaLLaTiON OF PubLiC hOuSE gREw iNTO a PERMaNENT PubLiC hOuSE

“iNSPiRED by ThE PLayFuL aSPECTS iN ThE hiSTORy OF ThE PubLiC hOuSES, ThE REuNiON waS aN OuTDOOR PLaCE whERE FaMiLiES COuLD MEET aS NEighbOuRS, whERE kiDS wOuLD ENJOy a SiMPLE PaDDLiNg POOL OR haNg OuT iN ThaT PLayFuL SPaCE….…ThE 100 uNiON STREET haS bEEN VaCaNT FOR SOME yEaRS NOw bECauSE iTS OwNER haS iDENTiFiED SOME POTENTiaLS aND wORkED OuT SOME iDEaS. iT iS aLL abOuT FiNDiNg ThE RighT iDEa iN ThE RighT MOMENT, buT ThaT COuLD haPPEN LaTER ON … MEaNwhiLE, hOw NOT TO haVE a VaCaNT aND DORMaNT SiTE ? ThE iDEa OF hOSTiNg SOME TEMPORaRy uSE ThROughOuT 4 yEaRS aS hELP TO CLEaRLy iDENTiFy OThER POTENTiaLS, PRObabLy bETTER CONNECTED wiTh ThE SPECiFiCiTy OF ThE SiTE aND iTS LOCaTiON.” (ExyzT. 2012.)

ThERE aRE MORE ThaN TwO PROSPECTS FOR ThE TEMPORaRy PROJECT’S FuTuRE, whiCh aRE COMPLETELy DEMOLiShiNg OR TuRNiNg iT iNTO a PERMaNENT ONE. ThERE aRE NOT ONLy ‘bLaCk aND whiTE’ CONSEQuENCES aND TEMPORaRy uSES CaN bE EQuaLLy VaLuabLE DESPiTE DiFFERENT TiMiNg aND buDgET.

CONCLuSiON ThE MaJOR aiM OF wThE RESEaRCh waS TO LOOk aT aLL RELEVaNT aSPECTS OF TEMPORaRy uSE aND TO aSk whEThER TEMPORaRy uSE haS a POSiTiVE FuTuRE aND a STRONg POTENTiaL FOR OuR STiLL uNSuSTaiNabLE SOCiETy. CaN iT bECOME a PERMaNENT SECTOR iN aRChiTECTuRE, DESPiTE iT’S TEMPORaRy ChaRaCTER OR iT iS JuST ThE iNTERiM STagE aS a REFLECTiON OF OuR TiME. LOOkiNg aT ThE PhENOMENa OF TEMPORaRy uSE FROM

MaNy SiDES i CaME uP agaiNST CONTRaDiCTORy FEELiNgS aND ThOughTS iN TERMS OF ThE POSSibLE POTENTiaL DEVELOPMENT OF ThiS aRChiTECTuRaL SEgMENT. ON ONE haND aESThETiCS aND RObuSTNESS aRE NOT ThE STRONgEST FEaTuRES OF ThE PROJECTS. FROM ThE OThER SiDE ThERE aRE PaRTiCuLaR FEaTuRES LikE QuiCk RESuLT aND SuSTaiNabLE aPPROaChES TO ThE MaTERiaL aND FLExibiLiTy, ThaT DEFiNiTELy RESPOND TO ThE REQuiREMENTS OF ThE ENViRONMENT. i FiND ThiS SiDE MORE CRuCiaL FOR TODay ThaN ThE FiRST ONE. iN uSiNg ThESE FEaTuRES iN ThE RighT way - ThaT iS whERE i SEE ThE PuRE POTENTiaL.

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Ashford city center

Ashford internAtionAl house

future coMMertiAl QuAter

Ashford internAtionAl stAtion - entrAnce

Ashford internAtionAl stAtion

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2

1

CAR PARKS aMOuNT aND RaTiONaL uSagE OF CaR PaRkSNEaRby aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL STaTiON.

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proJect site

cAr pArks

MAin lAndMArks Around

AreA of potentiAl

CAR PARKS AS THE POTENTIAL OF THE

ASHZFORD INTERNATIONAL AREA.

THE NEARBY AREA AROUND ASHFORD

INTERNATIONAL STATION IS SURROUwNDED

BY AROUND 5-6 CAR PARKS, THE TOTAL

AREA OF OCCUPIED SPACE - AROUND 28 100

Sq.M.

OCCUPIED BY PARKING LAND IS NOT OFTEN

RATIONALLY USED. THE CARPARKS USE TO

STAY VACANT, PARTICULARLY ON WEEKENDS.

SOME OF THOSE CAR PARKS CAN BE

RECONSIDERED AND BE REUSED OR

ADDITIONALLY USED, BRINGING SOME NEW

PROGRAM IN THE AREA.

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180º vIEwPOINT FROM aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL STaTiON

2

1

38

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FiNDiNg a SiTE - 5 MiN waLk FROM STaTiON - NExT aFTER aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL hOuSE

1

2

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SiDE 1aPPROaChiNg TO ThE SiTE FROM aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL

40

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SiDE 1 - ChaRaCTERS

ChaRaCTER STaTE - uSED iNTENSiVELy,uSES:CLub “huSTLE“CLub haLLS, SPaCES FOR hiRE, PRiVaTE EVENTS aND VENuES.4 FLOORS

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NEgaTiVE aSPECT - ThE MOST PaRT OF ThE buiLDiNgS iS COVERED by biLLbOaRDS, ThaT PREVENTS FROM FiNDiNg aND ExPLORiNg ThE SiTE.

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SiDE 2FROM ThE bRiDgE TOwaRDS ThE TOwN CENTRE.

44

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ChaRaCTER STaTE - uSED iNTENSiVELy,uSES:- baR aND RESTOuRaNT “PLaTFORM 5“- PizzERia “PaPaJONES“- buSiNESS OFFiCE “abC“4 buiLDiNg, 2 FLOORS

SiDE 2 - ChaRaCTERS

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COuRNER COuRTyaRD - TENTS FOR EVENTS aND VENuES FOR ThE baR aND RESTOuRaNRT “PLaTFORM 5“ - EVERy FRiDay aND wEEkENDS

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SiDE 3ExPLORiNg ThE SiTE FORM ThE DOVER PLaCE STREET.

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ChaRECTER 1STaTE - uNuSEDbRiCkwaLL buiLDiNg, ENTaNCES FROM bOTh COuRTyaRDS, SEVERaL ENTRaNCES

ChaRaCTER 2STaTE - uSED PaRTLy,ONLiNE ShOP “gaTEway FuRNiTuRE aShFORD“2 FLOORS,

ChaRaCTER 3STaTE - uSED VERy POORLy, FOR 1 CaR OR 1 biCyCLE, aLMOST uNuSED. ShELTER FOR CaRS aND biCyCLES FOR wORkER OF SMaLL buSiNESS CENTER “abC”

1

32

SiDE 3 - ChaRaCTERS

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51

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SiDE 4aPPROaChiNg SiTE FROM ThE aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL hOuSE.

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53

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SiDE 3 - ChaRaCTERS

ChaRECTER 1STaTE - uNuSEDbRiCkwaLL buiLDiNg, ENTRaNCES FROM DOVER PLaCE STREET aND baCk ENTRaNCE FROM COuRTyaRD.FORMER uSE - DRaMa SChOOL.4-STOREy buiLDiNg.

ChaRaCTER 2STaTE - uSED PaRTLy,ONE-STOREyED buiLDiNg wiTh ROOF wiNDOwS, big gaTE ENTRaNCE FROM DOVER PLaCE STREET.TEMPORaRy iS uSED aS a SPaCE FOR CLuP aCTiViTiES aND PERFORMaNCES.

1

54

2

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55

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4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

drAMA school building

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4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

4 Plans 1:50

57

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forMer drAMA school building - interior spAce

58

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59

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character 1 - buildings

character 2 - spaces/couryards

character 3 - gaps / potential points of access

defining chArActers As the MAin Aspects of the potentiAl

60

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buiLDiNg aS a ChaRaCTERS

COuRTyaRDS aS a ChaRaCTERSgaPS aS a ChaRaCTERS

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POTENTIAL OF THE COURTYARDS AS A vACANT SPACE RESOURCES bLOCkED aCCESS TO ThE buLDiNgS

bLOCkED aCCESS TO ThE SiTE TERRiTORy

OPENED aCCESS TO ThE SiTE TERRiTORy

POTENTiaL FOR aCCESS TO ThE SiTEExiSTiNg aCCESS TO ThE SiTE

VaCaNT SPaCES ON ThE SiTE

4

2

31

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21

63

4

3

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64

DeAD eNDS

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65

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MaTERiaLiTySENSE OF ThE PLaCE - ExiSTiNg TExTuRE aND MaTERiaL OF ThE SiTE aS FOuND

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67

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GAPS IN THE NIGHT TIME IN TERMS OF FORM AND LIGHTDaRk SPOT bETwEEN TwO LighTENED buiLDiNgS:CLub huSTLE buiLDiNg aND aShFORD iNTERNaTiONaL hOuSE

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70

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bUILDINGS AroUND the SIte eAch hAve A SPecIfIc LIGhtING MoDe, thAt eveN More UNrAveLS the cIty voID IN the NIGht.

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design

coMMunities

finance

how

to a

ttra

ct t

he

fund

ing?

what c

ommu

niti

es c

an b

e inte

rest

ed i

n th

is s

pace

in a

shfo

rd ?

what c

ommu

niti

es c

an b

e trig

gere

d fr

om o

ther c

it-

ies

or e

ven eu

rope?

is t

here a

ny c

ommu

niti

es

that d

eman

d la

rge

spac

es

for

shor

t te

rm t

empo

rary

prog

rams?

to w

hat

extend s

hould

the

facil-

ities b

e provid

ed i

n a

shared

i s t

here a d

emand

to h

ave

spac

es f

or

rent? wh

at c

ommunities c

an n

eed

rent

ed

spaces a

nd w

hat

type o

f re

nt?

h ow

many u

nits o

f space

can

be r

ented? w

hat

type o

f rent i

t can

be - l

ong-

term r

ent

or

dail

y/we

ekly s

hort-t

erm

rent?

qUESTIONS TO FIND A RIGHT SOLUTIONFOR THE PROjECT PROPOSAL.

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shou

ld t

he a

rchi

tect

ure

desi

gn p

roce

ss b

e incr

emen

tal, w

hat

stag

es c

an b

e ta

ken?

design

coMMunities

finance

to w

hat

exte

nd s

ome

comm

unit

ies

are

able

to d

evel

op t

he d

esig

n proc

ess

on t

heir o

wn

acco

rd?

how

to d

evel

op t

he s

ense

of p

lace /

the

sens

e of

soci

al w

orki

ng c

reat

ive

ente

rpri

se o

n th

e si

te?

i f th

ere

are

certain

community

groups that

are

inte

rested i

n space?

to w

hat

extend t

hen

should t

he s

paces

fit

in

or p

rovi

de t

heir n

eeds?

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SPECuLaTiONS abOuT FRONTLiNE CONCEPT PubLiC REaLM - CiRCuLaTiON aND wayS OF aCCESS TO ThE SiTE

SkETChES, CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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75

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SkETChES, CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

PROGRAMMATIC AGENDA / TEMPORARY <----> PERMANENT76

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PROGRAMMATIC AGENDA / TEMPORARY <----> PERMANENT 77

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THE IDEA OF A FRONTLINE, THAT CAN BE A TRANSITION BETWEEN INNER SITE SPACE AND THE OUTER WORLD

CREATING A BETTER CIRCULATION AROUND AND THROUGH THE SITE

USE of the PoteNtIAL

FRONTLINE

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OutdOOr public spaces and new structures - intervantiOns.

79

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80

4 TYPES OF INTERVANTIONS

2

1

80

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3

4

81

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4 TYPES OF INTERVANTIONS

82

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83

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possible obJects to demolish

84

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PhySIcAL MoDeLexPerIMeNtING wIth MAterIAL - breeze bLockS, AcryLIc

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cANterbUry SchooL of ArchItectUre / UNIverSIty of the creAtIve ArtS12 / 13