Potential health risk assessment of heavy metal ...abap.co.in/sites/default/files/Paper-9_29.pdf ·...

Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 12 (3) 295-303 July 2018, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)

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Abstract:Rapid development of industries result in

the production of high amounts of solid or liquidwastes in the form of effluents, which are usuallydiscarded into the nearby water bodies causingcontamination of ecosystem. These industrialeffluents released can pose great health hazardsto aquatic organisms particularly fishes. A studywas conducted between June 2016 and May 2017to assess the concentration of Zn, Cu, Mn, Pband Mn in muscle and liver tissues of selectedfood fishes namely Mugil cephalus and Sillagosihama from Krishna estuarine region of AndhraPradesh in the Southern Deltaic Region of India.The investigation was aimed at revealing thedifferences in accumulation pattern of heavymetals in fishes inhabiting estuaries with varyingmetal bioavailability. The concentration of metalswas higher in liver than that of muscle. The highestmetal concentrations found in fishes can causeoxidative stress resulting in shortening of life span.Most of the effluents are contributed by sewagewater and pollutants from local industries andshipping activities in Machilipatnam andNizampatnam area.The Estimated Daily Intake(EDI), and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) indicatedthat health risks-associated with heavy metalexposure via consumption of the fish’s muscleswere insignificant to human health. The presentstudy suggests that metals present in the muscletissues of both fishes are found to exceed thepermissible limits of WHO. Furthermore, thepotential health risk was observed in both fish

samples showing the heavy metal contaminationin this area.

Key words: Heavy metals, Krishna estuarineregion, Mugil cephalus, Sillago sihama.

IntroductionHeavy metals are considered as critical

toxic contaminants of aquatic ecosystem becauseof their high potential to enter and bio-accumulatein food chain. The main source of contaminationmay be either due to natural processes ordomestic, industrial and anthropogenic activities.Liao et al (1) reported that the heavy metalpollutants find their way into creeks,canals andriver water bodies through emissions from industryand aquaculture, agriculture, as well aswastewater generated by town and cities, rainfall,wind-derived dust deposition, etc. Moreover, heavymetals can also be released from the surfacesediments of the coastal water itself. Regardlessof their origin, the contamination of such heavymetals in the water is a serious threat to aquaticanimals. Some metals like Zn and Cu, whichare required for metabolic activity in animals andthe other heavy metals like Cd and Pb may exhibitextreme toxicity even at low levels under certainconditions, thus necessitating regular monitoringof sensitive aquatic environment. From anenvironmental point of view, coastal zones can beconsidered as the geographic space of interactionbetween terrestrial and marine ecosystem that isof great importance for the survival of a large variety

Potential health risk assessment of heavy metalaccumulation in the selected food fishes from Krishna

Esturine region of Southern Deltaic Region of India P.V Krishna* K. Prabhavathi and R.Prakasa rao

Department of Zoology & Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University,Nagarjuna Nagar – 522 510, Andhra Pradesh., India.

*Email: [email protected]

Potential health risk assessment of heavy metal accumulation


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of fauna (2). The discharge of wastes withoutadequate treatment often contaminate the coastaland estuarine water with conservative pollutants(heavy metals), many of which accumulate in thetissues of resident organisms like fishes, oysters,crabs, shrimps(3). In many parts of the world,especially in coastal areas and on smaller islands,fish and fishery products are major part of food,which supplies all essential elements required forlife processes in a balanced manner. Hence, it isimportant to investigate the levels of heavy metalsin these organisms to assess whether theconcentration is within the permissible level andwill not pose any hazard to the consumers (4).

The distribution of heavy metals in water,sediments and fish play a key role in detectingsources of heavy metal pollution in aquaticecosystem. Metals occur in less than 1% of theearths crust, with trace amounts generally foundin the environment and when these concentrationsexceed a stipulated limit, they may become toxicto the surrounding environment and when theseconcentrations exceed a stipulated limit, they maybecome toxic (5). The coastal zones receive alarge amount of metal pollution from agriculturalrunoff, aquaculture chemicals, and other industrialactivities. The discharge of these wastes withoutadequate treatment often contaminate theestuarine and coastal waters along with residentorganisms like fishes and other aquaticorganisms(6).

Fish, as human food, are considered sourceof protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids particularlyomega-3 fatty acids, calcium, zinc and iron (7).And it is considered as one of the highest nutrientsources for humans that contribute the lower theblood cholesterol and reduce the risk of strokeand heart diseases (8,9). Among the aquatic biota,fish is the most susceptible organism to heavymetal contamination than any other fauna. It isalso well known that fish are good indicators ofchemical pollution and as a result they have longbeen used to monitor metal pollution in coastaland marine environment. Therefore, fishes wereconsidered as better specimens for use in theinvestigation of pollution load than water sample

because of the significant levels of metals theybioaccumulate. In aquatic ecosystem, depositionof contaminants including heavy metals can leadto elevated sediment concentrations that causepotential toxicity to aquatic biota (10). Hence,harmful pollutants like heavy metals released byanthropogenic activities will be accumulated inmarine organisms through the food chain and asa result, human health can be at risk because ofconsumption of fish contaminated by toxicchemicals. Keeping in view of the potential toxicitynature of heavy metals as well as theenvironmental pollution, it is deemed necessaryto have the base line environmental data onpotential metal contamination so that pollutantscan be monitored in the environment. This paperpresents the data on heavy metal (Zn, Pb, Mn,Cu, Cr) concentration in fish, Mugil cephalus andSillago sihama from Nizampatnam coast.

Materials and MethodsFish (Mugil cephalus and Sillago sihama)

samples collected from fish landing centres, atKrishna estuarine region (Fig-1) of SouthernDeltaic Region of India. The fish samples weretransported to the laboratory in iceboxes andstored at -10°C until subjected for future analysis.The fishes were dissected and care was taken toavoid external contaminated to the samples. Rustfree stainless steel kit was sterilized to dissectthe fishes. Double distilled water was used formaking of the muscle sample and for analysis inthe Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (ASS).The gut content, gill and muscles were separatedand dried to constant weight and both wet anddry weight recorded. 25% was used as blanksamples accompanied every run of the analysis.Each sample was analyzed in triplicate to ensureaccuracy and precession for the analyticalprocedure.

Health risk assessment: Estimated daily intake (EDI): EF× ED× FIR× Cf ×Cm EDI = ——-----------——— ×10-3

WAB×TA

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EF = The exposure frequency 365 days/yearED = The exposure duration, equalent to average

life time (65 years)FIR= The fresh food ingestion rate (g/person/day)

which is considered to be India 150/g/person/day (11).Cf = The conversion factor = 0.208Cm =The heavy metal concentration in food stuffs

mg/kg d-w)WAB= average body weight (bw) (average body

weight to be 60kg)TA = Is the average exposure of time for non

carcinogens (It is equal to (EF×ED) as usedby in many previews studies (12)

Target hazard Quotient : EDI THQ = ——— RfD

Rfd: Oral reference dose (mg/kg bw/day)A THQ below 1 means the exposed

population is unlikely to experience obviouslyadverse effects, whereas a THQ above 1 meansthat there is a chance of non-carcinogenic effects,with an increasing probability as the valueincreases.

Results and Discussion: The annul meanconcentrations of heavy metals in fishes Mugilcephalus and Sillago sihama are presented in Fig2 & 3. The order of heavy metal concentrationwas Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Pb. This data indicatedzinc accumulation in higher levels in both thefishes. Marine and brackish water organismsincluding fish accumulated metals through directabsorptions or via food chain pass them to humanbeings through consumption causing acute andchronic disorders (14). The fishes have beenwidely employed as good bioindicator of metalpollution in the aquatic ecosystem because theypossess several advantages (13). Fishes are likelyto cover all components of aquatic ecosystemsbecause their foods include both aquatic andterrestrial origins that are influenced byanthropogenic impacts.

Zinc (Zn):Zinc is an essential element in animals’ diet but itis regarded as potential hazard for both animaland human health (15). Insignificant seasonalvariation was observed with slight higherconcentration during monsoon season. Zinc waspresent in natural water only as a miner consultantbecause lack of solubility of free metal and itsoxides (16). It’s high concentration may causesome toxic effects. A normal human body contains1.4 to 2.3 g of zinc. Recommend daily dietary intake of zinc is about 15mg for adults and 100mgfor children over a year old. The average diaryintake of zinc is India is about 16.1 mg (3). It isrelatively non toxic and concentrations of zinc upto 25mg/l have shown few adverse effects (17).Zinc may be toxic to aquatic organisms but the

Fig 1 : Map Showing Krishna Estuarine Region



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degree of toxicity varies greatly, depending onwater quality characteristics as well as speciesbeing considered (18). The present study showsthat the average concentration (32mg/kg) of Znwas slightly higher than standards of WHO (19).

Lead (Pb): Lead is considered as a toxic but non-essential metal implying that it has no knownfunction in the biochemical processes (20). Leadenters the aquatic environment through soil erosionand leaching gasoline combustion, municipal andindustrial wastes and runoff. Pregnant womenexposed to lead were found to have high rates ofstill births and miscarriages (21). Lead causesmental retardation among children. Hyper tensioncaused by Pb exposure has also been reported(22). Lead poising is accompanied by symptomsof intestinal cramps, peripheral nerve paralysisanemia, and fatiage (21). The concentration of leadin natural water increases mainly throughanthropogenic sources which include base metalmining and lead containing pesticides. In thepresent study, Pb concentration ranged from 2.3to 3.5/kg in the muscle whereas in liver, itsconcentration was between 2.8 and 3.9 mg/kg inboth the fishes. According to WHO (19), themaximum accepted limit is 2mg/kg for food fish.The present results indicated that theconcentration levels of Pb was slightly higherthan the permissible limits set for humanconsumption by various regulatory agencies andtherefore indicated possible health risksassociated with consumption of these fish. Highlevels of Pb exposure can cause deleteriouseffects to almost all organ systems, mostimportantly the central nervous system, kidneys,and blood, culminating in death, if levels areexcessive. At low levels, haeme synthesis andother biochemical processes are affected andpsychological and neurobehavioral functions areimpaired (25, 26).

Manganese (Mn): Manganese is an essentialmicro nutrient and it functions as a co factor formany enzyme activities (27). Mn is an essentialelement for human beings and is involved in theformulation of bone and metabolism of protein,lipid, and carbohydrates in biological systems

(28). High Mn concentration interferes with centralnervous system of vertebrates by inhibitingdopamine formation as well as interferering withother metabolic pathways such as Na regulationwhich ultimately can cause death. High Mn levelsare a matter of concern as the consumption ofMn contaminated fish could result in the Mn relateddisorders in the consumers. In the present studymanganese ranged from 4.3 to 5.2 mg/kg in thefish muscle which is higher than the permissiblelimits of 0.5 mg/kg set by WHO (19).

Copper (Cu): Copper in aqueous systemsreceived attention mostly because of its toxiceffects on biota. Excess of Cu in human body istoxic and causes some disorders includinghypertension. Cu also produces pathologicalchanges in brain tissues (3). Cu is an essentialpart of several enzymes and is necessary for thesynthesis of hemoglobin. However, high intake ofCu has been recognized to cause adverse healthproblems (29). The average concentration of cu inthe present study ranged from 4.0 to 4.5mg/kg infish muscle who is above permissible limits (2mg/kg).

Chromium (Cr): Chromium concentration innatural waters is usually very small. Elevatedconcentration was due to industrial and miningprocesses (18). Fishes are usually more resistantto Cr than other aquatic organisms, but they canbe affected sub-lethally if exposure concentrationincreases. In the present study, Cr was also abovepermissible levels of 0.5 mg/kg set by WHO (19).

The increasing demand of food safety hasaccelerated research regarding the risk associatedwith food consumption contaminated by heavymetal (30). Long term intake of contaminated seafood could lead to toxicity of heavy metals inhuman beings. There are reports of high levels ofheavy metals in natural components of food stuffsbecause of environmental contamination andcontamination during processing (31). Industrialeffluents, agriculture runoff, aquaculture chemicalsand drugs, animal and human excretion, andgeological weathering and domestic wastescontribute to the heavy metals in the water bodies

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(32). With the exception of occupational exposure,fishes are acknowledged to be the single largestsource of mercury and other heavy metals (leadand chromium) affecting human beings. Leadpoisoning in children causes neurological damageleading to reduced intelligence, loss of short-termmemory, learning disabilities and coordinationproblems. The threat of heavy metal to humanand animal health is aggravated by their long-termpersistence in the environment (33). Furtherconcern is that the heavy metals may betransferred and accumulated in the bodies ofanimals or human beings through food chain,which will probably cause DNA damage andcarcinogenic effects due to their mutagenic ability(34). Heavy metal exposure may also causeneurobehavioral disorders such as fatigue,insomnia, decreased concentration, depression,irritability, sensory and motor symptoms (35).Exposure to heavy metals has been linked todevelopmental retardation, various types of cancer,kidney damage, autoimmunity and even death insome instances of exposure to very highconcentrations (36). In some cases, fish catcheswere banned for human consumption becausetheir heavy metal concentrations exceeded themaximum limits recommended by the WorldHealth Organization (5). Among sea foods, fishesare commonly consumed and hence, are aconnecting link for the transfer of toxic heavymetals in human beings. Bhuvaneshwari et al.,(37) concluded that the metals are inherentcomponents of the environment that pose apotential hazard to human beings and animals.The effluents from the textile factory, tannery, andfloriculture farm probably contain harmfulcontaminants such as dye stuffs, bonzothiozole,sulphonate polyphenols and pesticides. Thesecompounds could bioaccumulation and affect thehealth of aquatic organisms and subsequently thehealth of humans that consume these fish (38).In the present study, Krishna estuarine region isalso contaminated with pollutants particularlydyes factory, agriculture, and aquaculturechemicals. Kularatne et al., (39) discussedbioaccumulation and temporal variation of heavymetals in three edible lagoon fish species with

references to gender. However, Cd and As wereundetected in these three fish species. Generally,gills are the major route of metal ion exchange oradsorption from the water as they have very largesurface areas to facilitate rapid diffusion of toxicmetals. Therefore, in gills having higher surfaceareas, it is expected that there will be moreeffective facilitation of metal entry (irrespective ofthe heavy metal provided, it is available in the mostbio-available form) due to the availability of moremetal ion exchange or adsorption sites in the gills.

All heavy metals exist in surface waters incolloidal, particulate and dissolved phases,although dissolved concentrations are generallylow (40). The solubility of heavy metals in surfacewaters is predominately controlled by the waterpH, concentration and type of ligands on whichthe metal could adsorb, and the oxidation stateof the mineral components and the redoxenvironment of the system (41). The differencesbetween the metal levels in the two fish speciesmight have been due to differences in metabolicactivities (42). The THQs values of M. cephaluswere: Mn-1.02; Pb-0.7; Cu-0.9; Zn-6.9; Cr-0.8; andfor S.sihama, Mn-0.9; Pb-0.4; Cu-0.8; Zn-6.8; andCr-0.6. The THQ was higher than1 for somemetals like Zn and Mn in M. cephalus whereas inS. sihama for Zn only. The analyzed metalconcentrations are potentially toxic if they enterthe food chain. Since their toxicity for humanbeings is given by the ingestion rate, data wereobtained on THQs (above 1) indicating a risk forhuman health (3). Of course, it is just a preliminarystep and fish contamination levels should becarefully monitored on a regular basis to detectany change in their patterns that could become ahazard to human safety. Similar results wereobserved by Ambedkar and Maniyan (43) andthey concluded that the heavy metalconcentrations were above the maximum levelsrecommended by regulatory agencies and,depending on daily intake by consumers it mightrepresent a risk for human health. Every waterbody receives the effluents containing heavymetals either from point or from nonpoint sources.Worst thing about heavy metals is their



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persistence in environment due to their non-biodegradable nature. It is for this reason thataquatic fauna particularly fish tend tobioaccumulate them, and thus, they remain inthe tissues of the fish for long time. Fishes arethe important source of protein and PUFA.Therefore, American Heart Association (AHA)recommended fish twice a week to the humanadults. Unfortunately, fishes are now becomingthe major source of heavy metals due to thepollution caused by industries. These metalsgenerally cause two types of health effects. Oneis carcinogenic and other is non-carcinogeniceffects. Both these effects can be measured interms of target hazard quotients (THQ) and theyworked on the amount and frequency of fishconsumed.

ConclusionsThe international official regulatory

agencies like WHO have set permissible limitsfor heavy metals above which the fish and fisheryproducts are unsuitable for human consumption.However in the Indian subcontinent, there are nosafe levels of heavy metal in fish tissues althoughthe Indian population is the major fish consumersin the tropics. Finally it is recommended to havea long-term continuous monitoring to checkmetals pollution in order to minimize the metalaccumulation in fish at Krishna estuarine region.In addition, guidance should be given to peopleand farmers about the use of pesticides,chemicals, drugs in agriculture and aquacultureand also about the control of house wastewaterspreading in rivers and crops. Nobody will denythat industries are necessary for development, buton the other hand they should not creat anydamage to the livelihood of human beings andthis can be done only by treating their effluentsthorougly before releasing into the environment.Conflict of Interest: No Conflict of Interests exists.

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Fig.3. Average concentrations of heavy metals in Liverof M. cephalus and S. sihama (mg/kg, dry weight)

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