Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): What is it and what causes it?
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Transcript of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): What is it and what causes it?
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Posttraumatic Stress Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): What is Disorder (PTSD): What is
it and what causes it?it and what causes it?
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World War IWorld War I•“Thousand-yard Stare” •“Shell Shock”
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World War IIWorld War II•Combat Stress Reaction
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Vietnam War VeteransVietnam War Veterans•Insurance Benefits
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More than just warMore than just war
Rape victimsSevere physical abuseNatural disastersViolent crime victims
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DSM-III - 1980DSM-III - 1980
PTSD first appears as a formal psychological disorder
Reaction to experiences “outside the range of normal human experience”
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DSM-IV - 1994DSM-IV - 1994
(A1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others
(A2) the person's response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
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Core Symptoms of PTSDCore Symptoms of PTSD
Re-experiencing through intrusive thoughts, nightmares
AvoidanceArousalDuration > 1 monthClinically significant distress or impairment
in everyday functioning
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PTSD PrevalencePTSD Prevalence
~ 50% of people experience a traumatic eventMost people recover within 2 months (Bonanno, 2004)PTSD prevalence: 7-8%10-18% of OEF/OIF veterans
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PTSDPTSDAssociated with:– Depression– Anxiety disorders– Low life satisfaction– Poor physical health– Poor sleep quality– Cognitive impairments– Anger management– Substance abuse– Marital problems– Distress and suicide ideation in partners
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PTSDPTSDPre-Trauma Risk Factors:
– Female– Prior history of mental problems– Prior history of traumas– Neuroticism– Low IQ– Alcohol/Drug Abuse– Small hippocampi
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PTSDPTSDPeri-Trauma Risk Factors:
– Severity of Event– Dissociation
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PTSDPTSDPost-Trauma Risk Factors:
– Perceived Social Support– Event Centrality (Trauma as Identity)
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PTSDPTSDClassical Conditioning
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Treatment of PTSDTreatment of PTSDExposure Therapy
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Barriers to TherapyBarriers to Therapy78% of Iraq war veterans acknowledged a mental health problem, yet only 26% sought treatment (Hoge et al.,
2004)“I would be seen as weak” “I don’t trust mental health professionals”
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Posttraumatic GrowthPosttraumatic Growth“What Doesn’t Kill You “What Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Stronger”Makes You Stronger”
Greater Appreciation of LifePersonal StrengthSpiritual GrowthNew PossibilitiesRelating to Others