Postnatal depression and fathers
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Fathers & postnatal depression
Duncan Fisher
Birmingham, 21 May 2009
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Better Birth & Beyond @ Faculty of Health & Social Care
www.dad.infoa
www.duncanfisher.coma
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Why should (overstretched) maternity services extend to support fathers with
depression?
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8 studies published since 2008
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Prevalence
• 10% (US, Paulson et al 2006)
• 8% (European study, Davé et al 2008 )
– Severe: 3%
• 2x average rate for men in age group (Danish study, Madsen 2006)
• First-time fathers more prone (Cowan et al 1991)
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Correlates
• History of severe depression (Ramchandani et al 2008)
• Depression and anxiety antenatally (Ramchandani et al 2008a, Matthey et al 2000,
Perren et al 2005)
• Infant-related problems (Perren et al 2005, Dudley et al 2001)
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Correlates
• Depression in mother (Areias et al 1996, Gao et al 2009 - Chinese study, Goodman 2004, Morse et al 2000)
• Relationship with mother (Matthey et al 2000, Huang &
Warner 2005, Dudley et al 2001, Matthey et al 2004)
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Correlates of maternal PND
• Relationship with father - lack of support (including single parenthood), low participation in care of children, being critical/coercive/violent (Review: Fisher et al 2006)
• Support of fathers correlates with shorter length of hospital stay for women with psychiatric disorders (Grube 2004)
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Interdependence
• Depression in one parent correlates with depression in the other
• Relationship between parents affects mental health of both
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Impacts on children
• Depressed fathers interact less with their children (Broom 1994, Roggman et al 2002, Buist et al 2003, Huang & Warner 2005, Paulson et al 2006)
• Significant correlation with psychiatric disorders in children of 3.5 and 7 years - mainly oppositional/defiant conduct (Ramchandani et al 2005, Ramchandani et al 2008a, Ramchandani et al 2008b)
• Major depression in fathers correlates with 8-36x greater likelihood of child behaviour and peer problems (Davé et al 2008)
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Interdependence again
• Impact on children of depressed mothers substantially worse if father also depressed (Kahn et al 2004)
• Fathers in better mental health appear to buffer influence of mother’s poor health
• Infants of chronically depressed mothers learn in response to fathers’, but not mothers’ infant-directed speech (Kaplan et al 2004)
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Interdependence
• Also emerges in research on breastfeeding, smoking, birth experience
• Fathers = key influence on mother and baby
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Mother(carer, now carer + worker)
££ Father (worker)
Child
The model from tradition
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Mother Father (carer + worker) (carer + worker)
ChildChild
The model based on evidence
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Why should (overstretched) maternity services extend to support fathers with depression?
Because it is necessary to achieve core goals:
maternal and infant health
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Does engaging with fathers work?
• One antenatal session for first-time parents together on mental health issues - less distress in mothers at 6 weeks (Matthey et al 2004)
• Randomised control trial in Canada: less maternal depression where fathers participated in 4 out of 7 visits. More paternal depression if fathers left out. (Misri et al 2000)
• Corroborated by trials involving fathers in breastfeeding promotion & smoking cessation
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Markers for good practice
• Health professionals should “assess and, where appropriate address, the needs of the partners, family members and carers of a woman with a mental disorder during pregnancy and the postnatal period”.
NICE Guideline, 2007
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Markers for good practice
• Direct eye contact and vocalisation prepare baby for language and social interaction
• Babies and fathers can ‘bond’- multiple attachment• Paternal bonding important where mother depressed• Mothers lacking confidence can exclude fathers and
fathers can hang back (Lupton & Barclay 1997, Lewis 1986)
• Requires proactive and tactful approach
at www.dad.info