POST-WWII DE-COLONIZATION IN

AFRICA

Movement to celebrate traditionalism in Africa (music, poetry, culture, and values)

Spreads through Africa

Nationalism

SENEGAL: START OF THE NEGRITUDE MOVEMENT

EXPLOSION OF NEW NATIONS IN THE WORLD

AFRICA PRODUCED MANY NEWLY-INDEPENDENT NATIONS IN A VERY SHORT

TIME

SOUTH AFRICA

Boers vs. British (vs. natives)

1910 – S. Africa gains self-rule To appease the Dutch, minority whites have all the power

AWKWARD INDEPENDENCE

In 1912 – African National Congress was establishedDesigned to unite the African people

EARLY ATTEMPTS AT LIBERATION

1948 – creates TOTAL separation of whites and blacksNo social contract

1959 HomelandBlacks (75% of S. African population) crammed into 13% of territory

APARTHEID

1976 – Riots against school policies in Soweto leave 600 students dead

NECKLACING of complaint blacks

AFRICANS FIGHT BACK

Nelson MandelaCivil Rights leader jailed for 27 years for speaking out against Apartheid

Stephen Biko (1977)Civil Rights beaten to death WHILE in police custody

CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS

After Soweto, Mandela, Biko…Black erupt1986 – State of Emergency

Desmond TutuRallied world to boycott South African goods and isolate the nation

Olympic ban

White S. African leader F.W. de Klerk bends to pressure, legalized ANC, and released Mandela from prison

Over next 18 months, apartheid broke apartPlan a new vote

1989

April 1994 Nelson Mandela elected president1996 New Constitution is written

Problems today:High crime – rape and murder worst on earth

Unemployment (40%) and Poverty (60%)

AIDS (millions infected)

VICTORY AT LAST

4 Corner Debate

Nelson Mandela was seen to be a revolutionary leader but as a young man he was arrested for terroristic acts. The

memory of Mandela is false.

LEGACY OF APARTHEID

“When we moved in, it was as if we were competing over the killing…seeing people

rolling around and screaming in agony, with no arms, no legs…We were not ourselves…We had

been attacked by the devil.”

RWANDA 1994

Rwanda is 85% Hutu and 15% TutsiUnder Belgian rule, Tutsis were privileged elite

After colonialism, majority Hutus wanted power…and revenge

BACKGROUND TO CONFLICT

6 August 1994 – Hutu president’s plane shot downTutsis blamed

Immediately Tutsis rounded up and killed937,000 killed in 100 days

THE GENOCIDE

Hutu forces and Interahamwe militias led the massacres

Tutsis fought back, took control of Kigali in 19942,000,000 Hutus fled in fear

THE FALLOUT

Tutsi Paul Kagame new presidentHunting down genocide leaders

Interahamwe still trying to destabilize

ENDING THE GENOCIDE

4 Corner Debate

African poverty and instability are a result of the faults of the Africans.

Colonization can no longer be blamed for these issues.

THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA

SUDAN AND DARFUR

Christian and Muslim Black rebel in DarfurAngry over Sudanese gov’t bias to majorities Arab Muslims

Created Sudanese Liberation Army

SUDAN - 2003

Sudanese gov’t bombs, then Janjaweed militias then do the dirty workDenied by gov’t (but supported and armed by the official establishment)

Janjaweed MilitiaSlaughter, sex camps, and pillaging

Refugee crisis

GOVERNMENT RESPONSE

300,000 killed3,000,000 ethnically cleansed

200,000 refugeesStarvation and lawlessness

GENOCIDE

4 Corner Debate

Darfur doesn’t matter.

OTHER ISSUES IN MODERN AFRICA

Global Water Stress

Famine

Global Water Stress

Famine

Famine - Ethiopia

(Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World,

Hands Across America)

Famine - Ethiopia

(Band Aid, Live Aid, We Are the World,

Hands Across America)

Debt forgiveness concerts Led by producer Bob Geldof (Live Aid) and Bono

African nations are in HUGE debt as they have borrowed money to develop

LIVE 8