Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Vol II.pdf

PORT WASHINGTON ROAD RELIEF SEWER PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORTVolume 2

Prepared for:

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage DistrictMMSD Project: CO5013E01 Prepared by:

in association with

September 2006

PORT WASHINGTON ROAD RELIEF SEWER PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING REPORTVolume 2

Prepared for:

Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage DistrictMMSD Contract No. CO5013E01

Prepared by: Brown and Caldwell in association with HNTB Corporation

September 2006

Phase I Archaeological/Architectural Reconnaissance Study of Preliminary Alternative Alignments of the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

Prepared By:

Michael M. Gregory, Ph.D., Principal Investigator Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Inc. 427 East Stewart Street Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53207 www.glarc.com

Prepared For:

David J. Bennett, P.E. Brown and Caldwell 250 East Wisconsin Avenue Suite 1525 Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202

GLARC ROI 551 GLARC Project 04.013

July 2004, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center

Management SummaryDuring July 2004, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center performed a non-intensive, Phase I archaeological/architectural reconnaissance study of preliminary alternative facilities of the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project, which is proposed for the northeastern portion of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. The purpose of the study is to identify through the use of archival and literature sources, and limited field study previously reported archaeological sites and architectural structures located in proximity to thirteen proposed alternative relief sewer facilities or features requiring ground surface excavation. Results of the study serve to alert parties responsible for final design and construction of the proposed facilities about project lands requiring further investigation or consideration because they are either associated with known archaeological or historical properties, or have the potential to yield archaeological materials. Further evaluation of all such areas is necessary in order to determine if cultural resources associated with project tracts are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and warrant protection or other appropriate historic preservation action. This knowledge will assist sewer planners to partially fulfill project responsibilities assumed by the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) for identifying, recording, and protecting cultural resources as stipulated under Federal historic preservation regulations. Documentary and field based research reveals that much of the land associated with open surface excavations related to the proposed Port Washington Relief Sewer Project has been modified by urban improvements, especially those linked to the development of county parks, but that known and potential site areas exist. Although the exact open cut areas have not been determined, all will be located within surfaced roadways, vegetative park lands, wooded private property, abandoned commercial properties, or existing MMSD facilities. Within a one-mile radius of the thirteen proposed open-cut surface excavations, 46 previously reported archaeological or burial sites occur, and of these, the boundaries of eleven (47 MI 34, MI 45/BMI 140, MI 49, MI 115/BMI 139, MI 127/255, MI 128/BMI 150, MI 129/BMI 141, MI 221, MI 335, MI 391, and MI 398) border or partially overlap project lands. Of the eleven sites, only 47 MI 45, the Spring Grove Mounds and Garden Beds Site, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP); all other sites require additional investigation in order to determine their eligibility for listing in the NRHP. In addition, only one previously recorded historical architectural property occurs within a 500 feet radius of any of the proposed thirteen surface excavation areas. This property is the J. Greenebaum Tannery complex, currently known as the Kaiser building complex, which recently sustained extensive fire damaged and has never been considered eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Field reconnaissance reveals the existence of very few architectural structures associated with the study parcels. Upon completion of the final design for the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project, eleven of the thirteen proposed facility locations requiring open-cut surface excavations should be subjected to more thorough cultural resources management investigation, especially those parcels associated with known archaeological or burial sites. Many of these site areas may be mantled by deposits of historical fill that cannot

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Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, Report of Investigations No. 551

be penetrated by conventional archaeological techniques, and, as a result, four or possibly eight depending upon final placement of the thirteen locations will require soil boring data in order to determine if buried, intact potential archaeological deposits exist. Boring logs and cores generated during project related structural or engineering studies may be used for this purpose if reviewed by a geomorphologist, who is familiar with archaeological site evaluations. Depending upon the results derived from review of boring log data or actual core specimens, cultural resources management clearance may be recommended for a work area, or monitoring of construction may be recommended. Another location will require intensive archaeological shovel probe survey, and two will require shovel probe and soil coring data in order to determine the presence/absence of previously reported or potential site deposits; previously reported sites may have been destroyed by urban improvements. Upon completion of the work, archaeological clearance may be recommended for the parcels, or additional investigations may be necessary. One facility location should be shifted to avoid a NRHP site. Currently, cultural resources management clearance is recommended for only one location, that of the 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer North Sidney Place/West Mill Road Intersection facility. Until specific locations are selected for the remaining twelve proposed facility locations requiring open-cut surface excavation, none may be recommended for cultural resources management clearance.


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Table of ContentsManagement Summary .......................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... vii Part I: Project Background and Methods ............................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Project Description and Location ........................................................................................................... 3 Methods and Techniques of Investigation ............................................................................................ 13 Archival and Literature Search ................................................................................................ 13 Field Reconnaissance .............................................................................................................. 14 Part II: Results of the Investigation ................................................................................................................. 15 Results of the Archives and Literature Research .................................................................................. 17 Results of the Field Reconnaissance .................................................................................................... 17 Part III: Summary and Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 33 References Cited ................................................................................................................................................ 37

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List of FiguresFigure 1. Location of preliminary alternative facilities proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 6). Note that the Lydell Storage Relief Sewer alternative is not longer under consideration. ................................ 4 Air photo showing the location of the proposed Green Tree Satellite Treatment Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 9). ................................................................................................................ 5 Air photo showing the location of the proposed Estabrook Satellite Treatment Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 10) and related archaeological sites. ........................................................................ 6 Location of proposed near surface storage facilities of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 11). ................. 7 Air photo showing the location of the proposed Green Tree Near Surface Storage Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 12) and related archaeological site. ............................................................ 9 Air photo showing the location of the proposed Humboldt Near Surface Storage Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 13) and related archaeological sites. ........................................................ 10 Air photo showing the location of the proposed Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer alignment of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 15). ................................................................................................... 11 Air photo showing the location of the proposed 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer alignment of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004:Figure 18). ............................................................................................................ 12 Previously reported archaeological and burial sites, and architectural properties located respectively within a one mile or 500 feet radius of preliminary alternative facilities proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. ...................... 19

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4. Figure 5.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Figure 9.


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List of TablesTable 1. Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites Located within a One Mile Radius of Preliminary Alternative Facilities Proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. .................................................................................................. 18

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Part I: Project Background and Methods

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IntroductionDuring July 2004, Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center (GLARC) performed a non-intensive, Phase I archaeological/ architectural reconnaissance study of proposed preliminary alternative facilities related to the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project planned for construction in the northeastern portion of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (Figure 1). Brown and Caldwell authorized the cultural resources management study on behalf of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) for the purpose of identifying previously reported archaeological sites and historic properties, as well as potential areas that may yield unrecorded sites, located in proximity to thirteen proposed facilities requiring surface excavation. Results derived from the current study serve to alert those parties responsible for the final design and construction of the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project about the locations of known or potential archaeological sites and historical architectural structures that either are eligible for the National Register of Historic Places or require further investigation or evaluation to determine such eligibility. Consideration of this knowledge allows project engineers and planners to partially fulfill MMSDs historic preservation responsibilities related to the identification, evaluation, and protection of cultural resources bordering or occurring within the project areas, as stipulated under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966 (P.L. 89-665), as amended; Section of the NHPA (16 U.S.C. 470); and CRF Part 800, which implements the Act. Currently, the archaeological and architectural documentation and field notes generated by the study are curated at Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, which is located at 427 East Stewart Street in the City of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Project Description and LocationIf each of the proposed, preliminary Port Washington Relief Sewer Project alternative facilities currently under review is constructed, a total of thirteen surface excavations will be required. These excavations are related to two satellite treatment facilities, three near surface storage facilities, and two storage relief sewers. Open excavations are required for storage areas, drop shafts, and splitting chambers, and construction of these facilities represents the greatest potential to disturb unrecorded and recorded archaeological sites. The Green Tree Road and the Estabrook Satellite Treatment facilities each require significant surface excavation. The Green Tree facility (Figure 2) will occupy a parcel located within the S1/2 NE1/ 4 SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 19, Township (T) 8 North (N), Range (R) 22 East (E) (USGS Thiensville, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971/1976) and will measure approximately 250 ft by 250 feet. In terms of existing natural and cultural features, it is proposed for the right bank of the Milwaukee River at a location northnorthwest of Green Tree Road and west of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway in Kletzsch Park. If constructed, the Estabrook facility (Figure 3) will be sited within the SE1/4 NW1/4 NE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 5, T7N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971) and will require a parcel measuring approximately 200 feet by 200 feet. In terms of existing natural and cultural features, it will be placed along the left bank of the Milwaukee River, at a location south of Estabrook (Park Road) Parkway, north of a large island in the river, and southwest of the paved walking/biking path. Similarly, the three larger near surface storage facilities (Figure 4) currently under review will require substantial amounts of surface excavation. Each will be excavated 10-to-15 feet below the present ground surface and once constructed will the covered with a layer of earth. The northern most near surface storage facility is the Range Line Road facility (Figure 4), which will measure approximately 120 feet by 120 feet by 10 feet deep and is generally proposed for construction within the NE1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 12,

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Range Line Road

Figure 1. Location of preliminary alternative facilities proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 6). Note that the Lydell Storage Relief Sewer Alternative is no longer under consideration.


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Figure 2. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Green Tree Satellite Treatment Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 9).

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47MI127/255 The Estabrook Park A/ Lindwurm Station and P.O. Site

47MI128 Unnamed Site 47MI221 Unnamed Site

Figure 3. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Estabrook Satellite Treatment Facility of the Port Washington road Relief Sewer Project on Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 10) and related archaeological sites.


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RANGE LINE - 1 MG STORAGE VOLUME

Figure 4. Location of proposed near surface storage facilities of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 11).

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T8N, R21E (USGS Thiensville, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/ 1971/1976). In terms of existing natural and cultural features, the facility will be located along the left bank of the Milwaukee River immediately west of Range Line Road and the existing bypass station. The Green Tree Near Surface Storage facility (Figure 5) is sited south-southwest of that of Range Line Road (Figure 4), is proposed to measure 700 feet by 400 feet by 15 feet deep, and is to be located within the SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 & N1/2 NE1/4 NE1/4 SE1/4 of Section 19 and the E1/2 SW1/4 SW1/4 NW1/4 of Section 20,T8N, R22E (USGS Thiensville, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971/1976). In terms of modern natural and cultural features, it is proposed for a tract along the right bank of the Milwaukee River defines a baseball field/wooded area of Kletzsch Park southsouthwest of Green Tree Road and mostly north of an unnamed park road that intersects Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway, south of the Parkways intersection with Green Tree Road. A small portion of the storage facility parcels southern corner extends south across the unnamed park road. The southern most near surface treatment facility is called the Humboldt locale (Figure 6), which is proposed to measure 400 feet by 350 feet by 15 feet, and be located within the N1/2 SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 & S1/2 NE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 5, T7N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971). In terms of modern natural and cultural features, the facility is planned for along the right bank of the Milwaukee River at a site east of the Deluxe Parkway turn around, and across the river south-southeast from the Estabrook Satellite Treatment facility (Figure 3) in an area where much historical fill has been deposited. At present, the specific locations of the near surface treatment facilities have not been determined and locations given are approximate. The final alternatives proposed for the sewer project are two storage relief sewer alignments. The easternmost alignment is called the Milwaukee River Relief Sewer alignment (Figure 7) and is currently envisioned being 20 feet in diameter and measuring 18,800 feet long as it variously parallels and crosses the Milwaukee River beginning near the Green Tree Road Pump Station on the left bank of the river just north of where Green Tree River crosses the river

and then runs south-southeast to drop shaft NS03, which is located along the right bank of the river and east-southeast of Deluxe Parkway and southeast of the proposed location of the Humboldt Near Surface Storage facility. Much of the construction work consists of deep, horizontal tunneling, which, depending upon the selected design will measure 30to-250 feet below the present ground surface (bpgs). Surface excavation will be required at four locations where the greatest potential exists to disturb known or potential cultural resources. Shaft excavations are proposed at the Green Tree Road Pump Station area within the SE1/4, SE1/4 NE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 19, T8N, R22E (USGS Thiensville, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/ 1971/1976); and area south-southwest of the Humboldt Near Surface Storage facility just north of an abandoned railroad grade where the alignment ends within the NE1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 5, T7N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971). Excavation of another facility is proposed for an area within the NW1/4 SE1/4 SW1/ 4 NW1/4 of Section 32, T8N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971) at the northern end of the Lincoln Park Golf Course. The fourth facility will be constructed further south in an area of Lincoln Park where Hampton Avenue intersects the right bank of the Milwaukee River within the NW1/4 NW1/4 NW1/4 NW1/4 of Section 5, T7N, R22E; and the SW1/4 SW1/4 SW1/4 SW1/ 4 of Section 32 T8N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971). These latter two locations are proposed for areas with maintained grass lawns. Once again, specific positions for the Milwaukee River Relief Sewer facilities have not been determined. Similarly, the exact locations for facilities requiring surface excavation associated with the 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer alignment (Figure 8) have not been selected. The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer alignment is proposed to measure 22 feet in diameter and extend 11,3000 feet from the vicinity of the intersection of Mill Road and Sydney Place in Glendale to drop shaft NS-02 located west at the intersection of 31st Street and Hampton Avenue west of Lincoln Creek. While much of the alignment will be tunneled vertically deep underground at depths ranging from 30-to-255 feet bpgs depending upon


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47MI391 The Gravel Pit Site

47MI115 The Meseberg Gravel Site

47MI045 The Spring Grove Site

Figure 5. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Green Tree Near Surface Storage Facility the Figure 5. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Green Tree Near Surface Storage Facility of of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukeein Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified 2004: Figure 12) Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett from and related archaeological site. and related archaeological site. Bennett 2004: Figure 12)

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47

MI

33

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47MI129 Unnamed Site

47MI033 The Teller Effigy Site

Figure 6. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Humboldt Near Surface Storage Facility of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 13) and related archaeological sites.


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Excavation Shaft

Figure 7. Air photo showing the location of the proposed Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer alignment of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 15).

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Shaft Excavation

Figure 8. Air photo showing the location of the proposed 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer alignment of the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin (modified from Bennett 2004: Figure 18).


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the design plan selected, surface excavation will be required for the construction of four features permitting access to underground facilities. The northern most facility will be excavated near or at the intersection of Mill Road and Sydney Place within the SW1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4 of Section 24 & the NW1/4 NE1/4 NE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 25, T8N, R21E (USGS Thiensville, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971/ 1976). This area is variously grass covered, bare dirt, or pavement depending upon land use: businesses, residences, utility line and railroad right-of-way lands, and roadway. Moving southward, another access facility is proposed for excavation at or near the intersection of 28th Street and Villard Avenue within the E1/2 SE1/4 SE1/4 NE1/4 of Section 36, T8N, R21E; and the W1/2 SW1/4 SW1/4 NW/14 of Section 31, T8N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971). With the exception of the intersections southeast corner, which has a utility facility constructed on it and is wooded, the remaining corners are occupied by residential dwellings surrounded by grass lawns. A third open-cut surface excavation is proposed due west of the 28th Street/ Villard Avenue intersection and is to be located within the N1/2 NW1/4 NW1/4 SW1/4 of Section 32, T8N, R22E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/ 1971). In terms of modern conditions, the location is planned for a grassy lawn area of Lincoln Park, positioned between the right bank of the Milwaukee River and the Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway, and sited north of a bridge crossing the northern channel of the rivers western lagoon. An existing MMSD facility is located in this area adjacent the eastern edge of the Parkway. A fourth open-cut location is proposed for the general area of the 31st Street/Hampton Avenue intersection, which is east of Lincoln Creek and located within the SE1/4 SE1/ 4 SW1/4 SE1/4 & SW1/4 SW1/4 SE1/4 SE1/4 of Section 36, T8N, R21E (USGS Milwaukee, Wis. 7.5 Quad 1958/1971). The intersection area is characterized by the channelized creek bed, vacant lots, residential dwellings, and an in-service MMSD facility. In summary, the four proposed shafts will be located in urban park or residential/business settings, which have been modified by improvements.

A third storage relief sewer was proposed for along Lydell Avenue (Figure 1); however, the alignment has been dropped from preliminary alternative consideration. As a result, the alignment was not subject to cultural resources management study.

Methods and Investigation

Techniques

of

The following subsections identify the documentary and field methods employed during the archaeological and architectural study of the proposed Port Washington Relief Sewer Project alternatives. Methods used are consistent with current professional standards relating to historic and archaeological conservation and preservation as identified both in the Secretary of Interiors Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (published in the Federal register) and in The Guidelines for Public Archeology in Wisconsin (Kolb and Stevenson 1997), which is jointly endorsed by the Historic Preservation Division of the Wisconsin Historical Society and the Wisconsin Archeological Survey, a statewide professional organization.

Archival and Literature SearchPre-field research entailed a review of the historical and archaeological documentary data filed at Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center, the Milwaukee Central Public Library, and the Wisconsin Historical Society, which is in Madison. Archives and serial file systems were also searched for site-specific information. Published literature sources consulted include: The Wisconsin Archeologist, a quarterly journal published by the Wisconsin Archaeological Society since 1901; the Wisconsin Magazine of History, the Journal of the Wisconsin Historical Society; and The Wisconsin Historical Collections which consists of 20 volumes published between the years 1903 and 1920. Unpublished data sources reviewed during the study represent four different formats: (1) serial entry files; (2) map files; (3) manuscript files; and (4) archaeological survey reports. Researchers consulted

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two serial file systems. The first is the Wisconsin Archaeological Site Codification File, now on-line at http://144.92.129/133/wisahrd and maintained by the Office of the State Archaeologist, Historic Preservation Division, Wisconsin Historical Society. This file represents an inventory of previously reported prehistoric and historical archaeological sites, and provides data about site locations, cultural affiliation, artifacts, and report/literature citations. The second serial file is the Wisconsin Architecture and History Inventory (AHI), which is found on-line at the WISAHRD site and is maintained by the Office of Historic Buildings, Historic Preservation Division, Wisconsin Historical Society. The AHI file lists standing structures located throughout Wisconsin that have been reviewed in order to determine their architectural or historical significance. Similarly, researchers reviewed several map files. These files include the following: (1) The Charles E. Brown Archaeological Atlas, (2) the General Land Office (GLO) survey records, and (3) local plat and deed maps. The Charles E. Brown Archaeological Atlas shows the locations of archaeological sites plotted on county plat maps. Recorded prehistoric and historic sites include camps, villages, mounds, springs, rock art, workshops, quarries, cemeteries, trails and various other types of archaeological manifestations reported to Brown during his long tenure both as editor of The Wisconsin Archeologist and as an employee of the Wisconsin Historical Society. The GLO records consist of plats and survey notes that frequently provide important data regarding pre-settlement vegetation, topography, and aquatic features, all of which are important conditions when attempting to determine potential site locations. In addition, and dependent upon the interests of individual land surveyors, the notes and maps may note cultural information such as the locations of Indian trails, camps and villages, maple sugar processing stations (sugar bushes), pioneer settlements, and early industrial improvements such as mills, roads, and early homes and farmsteads. Both map files are housed in the Archives Division, Wisconsin Historical Society, with the GLO records available on microfilm at various other repositories or on-line at http://images.library.wisc.edu:8080/

imgeserver/1711.d1/SurveyNotes. Finally, early plat and topographic maps were reviewed to assess historical settlement and development of the project environs. Reviewed manuscript collections include the Charles E. Brown manuscript files and the State Archaeologists county files. Both of these are housed in the Archives Division, Wisconsin Historical Society. The Brown manuscripts consist of 50 years of notes, correspondence, sketches, maps, and other documents relating to historic and prehistoric archaeological sites. The county files are composed of reports (unpublished), photographs, sketch maps, letters, and information derived from the Museums highway archaeology program.

Field ReconnaissanceThe reconnaissance survey of the proposed thirteen open-cut surface excavation locations consisted of a mix of field techniques including area walkovers, visual evaluations, and limited soil coring. Shallow soil cores were taken using an Oakfield soil probe. During the reconnaissance survey, researchers noted existing structures, current land use, ground surface conditions, and landscape features within and adjacent the projects area of potential effects. This was done in order to identify the presence of historic structures that may not have been recorded previously and to determine from landscape clues the potential for the existence of archaeological sites.


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Part II: Results of the Investigation

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Results of the Archives and Literature ResearchArchives and literature based research yielded a variety of information about previously recorded archaeological sites and historic properties in the vicinity of the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project alternative areas. As indicated in Table 1 and Figure 9, 46 previously recorded historic and/or prehistoric archaeological sites are identified within a one-mile radius of the proposed project alignments and features (Benchley, et al. 1979; Brown 1916; James 1981; James and Benchley 1980; Overstreet 1981). In addition, one historic property, the Kaiser Building complex (Historic Preservation Division 2000: Record #0111597), formerly known as J. Greenebaum Tannery complex, is located on 32nd Street (Figure 9), and within 500 feet of a drop shaft. Of the 46 archaeological or burial sites, eleven (47 MI 34, MI 45/BMI 140, MI 49, MI 115/BMI 139, MI 127/255, MI 128/BMI 150, MI 129/BMI 141, MI 221, MI 335, MI 391, and MI 398) are located completely or partially within the currently defined project parcels, and the potential of encountering additional prehistoric or historical sites is moderate due to the location of many of the study parcels near the Milwaukee River. While urban improvements may have destroyed or disturbed some sites as a result of cutting and grading activities, sites may have been protected when historical fill was placed over them to raise or level an area. Gravel pit operations and development of county parks appear to be the two biggest actions that may have destroyed or disturbed sites within the study area. Today, the gravel pits are not longer being quarried and most have been filled so their former locations are difficult to recognize in the field.

locations have been modified by urban development during the past 80 or more years, but that such modification, especially where fill has been deposited, may not have disturbed or destroyed many of the sites previously recorded along the Milwaukee River where a number of the project area related sites are recorded. Walk over inspection of the thirteen general locations failed to yield evidence of archaeological materials, but this is not unexpected given that each location is either covered by roadway pavement, vegetation, or historical fill. Limited, shallow soil cores (less than 1.5 feet deep) taken at several locations suggests some areas are disturbed or are mantled by historical fill which the probe did not pass through. Beneath such fill, intact archaeological deposits may exist. Field investigations and results of the thirteen locations are as follows: The Green Tree Road Satellite Treatment Facility location occupies a high area, which may or may not be natural, overlooking the Milwaukee River (Figure 2). Much of the ground surface is obscured by grasses and weedy plants, and eroded bare spots show a sandy silt mix with gravels and modern glass fragments. Rip rap along the river extends approximately 25 feet back from the waters edge. The area was walked over and six soil cores were extracted from its eastern half; the western half was not cored because it overlaps a soccer field. No core extended more than 6 inches (0.15 meters) below the ground surface. Most cores yielded only gray clay, which rests upon a deposit of cinders extending an unknown depth below the ground surface nearer the river. The clay and cinders suggests surface modification, with the cinders indicating that historical fill has been placed over the area. Whether intact, natural deposits exist under the cinders remains unknown. The potential for the area to yield archaeological materials is considered low-tomoderate given its setting and location within the area defined by site 47 MI 115/BMI 139, the Meseberg Gravel Site (Figure 5), which yielded 20 burials and once consisted of two mounds, a camp, a work site, and garden beds (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #03743). While the site boundaries are broadly drawn, the site probably existed nearer the intersection

Results of the Field ReconnaissanceThirteen areas proposed for open-cut surface excavations related to the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project were subjected to a visual inspection, and, depending upon conditions, limited soil coring as part of the current study. This field work coupled with archival research reveals that many of the

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Table 1 Previously Reported Archaeological and Burial Sites Located within a One Mile Radius of Preliminary Alternative Facilities Proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.Site Burial No. Site No. Site Name MI-011 none MI-012 none MI-013 none Site Type Campsite/village Workshop; campsite/village Campsite/village Conical, Effigy, and Unknown Mounds; enclosure/earthworks; workshop; Indian Prairie campsite/ village; cemetery/burial; corn T eller Effigy Effigy & other mounds, cemetery/burial Lincoln Park A Campsite/village Smith Caches Cache/pit/hearth Pickerel Run Village #1 Workshop; campsite/village none Campsite/village none Other none Cemetery/burial Spring Grove Mounds Conical and other mounds, and Garden Beds cemetery/burial, corn hills/garden beds Campsite/village Workshop, campsite/village Campsite/village, cemetery/burial Unknown Mound(s), workshop, campsite/ Meseberg Gravel village, cemetery/ burial, corn hills/garden Estabrook Park A Campsite/village none Cemetery/burial none Cemetery/burial none Cemetery/burial none Cemetery/burial none Campsite/village Smith Effigy Effigy mound(s); cemetery/burial Pickerel Run Village #2 Campsite/village Pickerel Run Village #3 Campsite/village none Other none Cemetery/burial none mounds, cemetery/burial none mound(s), cemetery/burial none Unknown mound(s); cemetery/burial Unnamed Site Campsite/village Lindwurm Station and Campsite/village Estabrook Park B isolated finds Dead Crow Campsite/village Gravel Pit Campsite/village Hunkel Campsite/village Sorrowful Mothers Campsite/village T H-4 Campsite/village T H-3 Campsite/village T H-6 Estabrook Park Burial Mister B Graceland Cemetery Union Cemetery none Evergreen Cemetery Campsite/village Cemetery/burial Campsite/village, cabin/homestead Cemetery/burial Cemetery/burial Cemetery/burial Cemetery/burial Cultural Study Uni t Unknown Unknown Unknown Prehistoric, Late Woodland & Unknown; Historical, Native American Prehistoric, Woodland Prehistoric, unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, Late Woodland; Unknown Prehistoric, unknown; Historical, Native American Unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, Late Woodland Prehistoric, unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Prehistoric, unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, unknown Unknown Unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, Woodland Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, Late Woodland Prehistoric, Woodland Prehistoric, unknown Prehistoric, Late Archaic and Early Woodland Prehistoric and Historical, Prehistoric, unknown; Historical Native and Euro-American Historical, Euro-American Historical, Euro-American Historical, Euro-American Historical, Euro-American Location Twnshp, Rng, Se ct. 8, 21E, 12 8, 21E, 12 8, 21E, 12 8, 22E, 29 & 30 7, 22E, 5 8, 22E, 6 & 31 8, 22E, 7 8, 22E, 7 8, 22E, 18 8, 22E, 18 8, 22E, 7 & 18 8, 22E, 19 8, 22E, 19 8, 22E, 31 & 7, 22E, 5 8, 22E, 19 7, 22E, 4 & 5 7, 22E, 4 & 5 7, 22E, 5 8, 22E, 20 8, 22E, 31 7, 21E, 1 7, 22E, 9 8, 22E, 7 8, 22E, 18 7, 22E, 5 7,22E, 33 7, 22E, 4 7, 22E, 4 7, 22E, 9 8, 22E, 31 7, 22E, 5 7, 22E, 4 7, 22E, 5 8, 22E, 19 8, 21E, 1 8, 21E, 24 8, 22E, 18 8, 22E, 18 8, 22E, 18 7, 22E, 4 & 5 8, 22E, 29 8, 21E, 23 8, 22E, 29 7, 22E, 4 7, 22E, 5 & 6

MI-021 BMI-081 MI-033 BMI-107 MI-034 MI-036 MI-037 MI-041 MI-042 MI-044 BMI-166 MI-045 BMI-140

MI-046 Good Hope Village MI-049 St ewart Farm Village MI-113 BMI-142 Lincoln Park Burial MI-115 MI-127 MI-128 MI-129 MI-154 MI-155 MI-159 MI-197 MI-200 MI-201 MI-221 MI-222 MI-232 MI-233 MI-234 MI-244 MI-255 MI-333 MI-335 MI-391 MI-393 MI-398 MI-454 MI-455 MI-456 MI-502 MI-509 BMI-014 BMI-018 BMI-032 BMI-179 BMI-139 BMI-150 BMI-141 BMI-167 BMI-145 BMI-112

BMI-148 BMI-105 BMI-106 BMI-110

N/A

MI-393

MI-012 MI-0113 01

MI-037

036 MI-456 MI-042 MI-201 BMI-012 MI-454 MI-455 MI-202

MI200 MI044

MI041

MI-046 MI-391 MI-282 MI-115 MI045 MI-398 MI154


BMI-014

MI-509 MI-350 MI-021

BMI-018

MI-155 MI-049

MI-222 BMI-148

MI-244

MI-034 AHI-0111597 The Kaiser Building Complex MI-159

MI-113 MI-128 MI-335 BMI-032 BMI179 MI-129 MI-502 MI221 MI-127/225

MI-033 MI233 MI-197

MI232 MI-333

MI234

Architectural Sites Archaeological/Burial Sites Relief Sewer LinesMILES 1 1 .5 .5 0 KILOMETERS 0From TOPO! 2001 National Geographic Holdings (www.topo.com)

N1 1

Figure 9. Previously reported archaeological and burial sites, and architectural properties located respectively within a one mile or 500 feet radius of preliminary alternative facilities proposed for the Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Project in MilwaukeeCounty, Wisconsin.

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of Green Tree Road with Green Bay Avenue. Previous archaeological investigation (Benchley and Koenings 1988) of a part of the site located between the Green Tree/Green Bay intersection and the proposed treatment facility location failed to yield evidence of the site or even intact soil horizons. A second site that may be associated with the study parcel is 47 MI 391, the Gravel Pit Site (Figure 5), although the exact location of the site is in question: its location is recorded as either the right or left bank of the river (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #12255). The site is associated with an abandoned gravel pit, which is no longer visible, and is defined by a broken projectile point and a biface(?) blank. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains related to 47 MI 115/BMI 139 and MI 391, or unrecorded site deposits, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggest the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). The Estabrook Satellite Treatment Facility location is sited in Estabrook Park and occupies a portion of the bluff slope and top opposite a large island in the Milwaukee River (River 3). The bluff slope is wooded while the bluff top, which is level, is primarily covered with grass. Due to leaf litter and lawn, little or no portion of the ground surface was bare for inspection. The area was walked over; however, no soil cores were taken because the area falls within the boundaries of well defined site 47 MI127/255, the Estabrook Park A/Lindwurm Station and P.O Site (Figure 3), (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03604) which was investigated and reported during the late 1970s and early 1980s (James 1981). This prior work suggests future investigation of the site will yield valuable data about local prehistory, and will contribute to the evaluation of the sites integrity and related eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP. The scope of work for the

current study does not at this time call for an intensive survey of the treatment facility location and as a result, no such work was performed at the site. In addition, the broad boundaries of site 47 MI 128/ BMI 150 (Figure 3) encompass the treatment facility location, but whether remains of the site, which are defined by the remains of a human skeleton exposed during 1916 when ground was being cut away at an unspecified location along the left bank of the Milwaukee River within Section 4 or 5, exists is not known (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03605). Similarly, whether the site consists of additional surviving internments, or is directly associated with the current study parcel location, remain unknown. Finally, it is uncertain if remains of site 47 MI 221 (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03608), which is described as a series of earthworks that may not be Native American in origin and did not yield artifactual data, exists within the parcel. As a result of these real and potential site associations, if the location is used, an intensive archaeological Phase I survey of the area, possibly followed by a Phase II archaeological testing study, should be performed in order to determine if archaeological deposits present within the location are disturbed or are intact. Based upon the results of the Phase I study, cultural resources management clearance or Phase II testing work may be recommended for the parcel. The Green Tree Near Surface Storage Facility location is proposed for Kletzsch Park and as currently located occupies an area defined by woods, a baseball field, and lawn (Figure 5). The entire area was walked over and with the exception of the ball infield, little eroded or bare ground surface occurs. As a result, seven soil cores were taken from wooded areas and along the lawn/forest interface. None of the cores extended more than 10 inches (0.25 meters) below the ground surface and most yielded a shallow organic stratum followed by clay. The exception is one core taken in the northeast corner of the study parcel that yielded a pebbly alluvial deposit located near an overgrown black top walk. Extensive deposits of cinders and fragmented historical artifacts that may date from the late 19th-to-early 20th centuries occur

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within the northern corner of the facility location. These deposits are probably secondary in nature and represent materials hauled from another area to be used as fill or for another purpose. Cinders were also observed at the nearby Green Tree Road Satellite Treatment facility location (this volume). Based upon soil core data, local topography, and documentary data, all suggesting much of the proposed location once served as a gravel pit (James and Benchley 1980:78), the area, with one exception, is considered disturbed and its potential to yield significant archaeological materials is considered low. The area of exception is the portion of the study parcel that extends south of an unnamed park road intersecting Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway immediately south of the Parkways intersection with Green Tree Road. This portion of the study parcel extends into site 47 MI 45/BMI 140, the Spring Grove Mounds and Garden Beds Site (Figure 5), which has been investigated (James and Benchley 1980) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03744). As a result of its listing, the Spring Grove Mounds and Garden Beds Site should be avoided and this can be achieved by shifting the location of the facility toward the northeast and designing the storage structure so no portion of it extends south beyond the unnamed park road that intersects the east side of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway immediately south of the Parkways intersection with Green Tree Road. In addition, if the facility is constructed, all construction related activities should be confined to north of the unnamed park road. If construction of the facility is restricted to the area north of the unnamed park road, cultural resources management clearance can be recommended for the location. The Humboldt Near Surface Storage Facility location is proposed for an area of bluff top (Figure 6), much of which is currently mantled with a thick stratum of fill. The area was walked over, but no soil cores were taken due to the thickness of the fill. Whether intact, natural deposits that may harbor archaeological materials exists under the fill remains unknown. The eastern boundary of site 47 MI 335, the Dead Crow Site (Figure 6) extends into the study

parcel in an area that is wooded and has not yet been covered by substantial deposits of historical fill. The site has not been evaluated in terms of its NRHP eligibility (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03611), but is recorded as undisturbed (Overstreet 1981:5). A second site (Figure 6) associated with the study parcel is 47 MI 129/BMI 141 (Historic Preservation Division 2001: ASI #03610), which consists of human bones found after they were dislodged from the top bank of an old cement quarry long after quarrying activities had ceased, suggesting the existence of in situ archaeological deposits undisturbed by industrial activities (Overstreet 1981:10). Whether the human remains are an isolated occurrence in the area or are specifically associated with the current study parcel location cannot be determined from the existing data. As a result of the locations association with two archaeological sites that warrant further study, an intensive Phase I archaeological survey study should be performed to determine whether 47 MI 335, the Dead Crow Site, still exists, is intact, or requires Phase II archaeological testing evaluation. If the site no longer exists or is badly disturbed, it will warrant no further study and cultural resources clearance may be recommended for that area of the study parcel. In the event that Phase II testing evaluation is required, such action may or may not yield data demonstrating that the site is eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, for example those of site 47 MI 129/BMI 141, beneath the modern fill covering much of the location, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the portion of the location not associated with the Dead Crow Site. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Cultural resources management clearance cannot be recommended for the currently proposed location the Humboldt Near Surface Storage Facility until field data have been


23

used to evaluate sites 47 MI 335 and MI 129/BMI 141 and demonstrate that no potential archaeological deposits exist under the existing historical fill. The Range Line Road Near Surface Storage Facility location could not be walked over or closely inspected because it is located on private land for which permission to enter was not received. The thickly wooded area borders the Milwaukee River and is low but rises toward the north. The potential for the area to yield archaeological materials is considered moderate given its setting and its location between previously recorded sites 47 MI 11 and MI 37, Pickerel Run Village #1, (Figure 9) which may represent parts of a common site (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #03711 and 2001: ASI #03734). In order to determine this, an intensive Phase I archaeological survey of the final facility location is required as well as geotechnical study. The archaeological survey will require shovel probing while the geotechnical study will consist of a review of one or more soil cores extracted from the location. Due to the position of the location near the Milwaukee River, coring is a reasonable method of determining if deeply buried soil horizons are present that have the potential to yield archaeological materials. If the archaeological survey and the soil boring data do not reveal the presence or potential presence of archaeological materials or deposits, cultural resources clearance may be recommended for the location. Until an intensive Phase I archaeological survey and related geotechnical study are completed, cultural resources management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed Range Line Road Near Surface Storage facility location. The Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer: Green Tree Pump Station Location is located in an area that gently slopes down to the Milwaukee River (Figure 7) and is variously covered by grass lawn, woods, and roadway/drive pavement. The area was walked over, revealing few spots where the ground surface has been eroded or left bare. No attempt to soil core the parcel was made because most, if no all of the ground surface has been disturbed by the construction of the in-service pump station. The

parcel is potentially associated with archaeological site 47 MI 391, the Gravel Pit Site (Figure 9), although the exact location of the site is in question: its location is recorded as either the right or left bank of the river (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #12255). A broken projectile point and a biface(?) blank found in association with an abandoned gravel pit, which is no longer visible, define the site. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and reviewed, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Green Tree Pump Station facility. Collector/Storage Relief Sewer Intersection Location is proposed for a relatively level parcel of land located on a golf course (Figure 7). This area was walked over; however, due to the current land use, no soil cores were taken. No known sites overlap or border the location. The location requires further investigation to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist under related golf course fairway/green areas. Due to the position of the location near the Milwaukee River, soil coring is a reasonable method of determining the presence/absence of buried soil horizons. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or

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stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and reviewed, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Collector/Storage Relief Sewer Intersection. Hampton Avenue/Milwaukee Right Bank ISS Location is proposed for Lincoln Park land (Figure 7) that is covered in grass. The area was walked over; however, no soil cores were taken because the area has previously been shovel probed and did not yield archaeological materials. The area has probably been modified by the construction of Hampton Avenue and previous land use prior to the parcel becoming part of the Milwaukee County Parks System. Site 47 MI 34, Lincoln Park A Site (Figure 9), is frequently shown to overlap the current study parcel area (Historic Preservation Division 2003: ASI #03750); however, the site is actually located several hundred feet toward the northwest and borders the eastnortheast side of the triangle created by the intersection of Hampton Avenue and Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway (James 1981:8). If the location is placed north of Hampton Avenue, further investigation is needed to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Hampton Avenue/Milwaukee Right Bank ISS intersection, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended. NS03 Drop Shaft Location is proposed for an area that is located in or near a ravine/drainage created by the construction of a now abandoned railroad grade and historical fill used to level a bluff top (Figures 6

and 8). The general area of the drop shaft was walked over; however, due to the observable fill mantling the area, no attempt was made to take soil cores from the area. The depth of the fill covering the area remains unknown, as does the potential for intact, natural soil horizons being present beneath them. The possibility exists that the railroad grade and bluff top fill cover and protect surfaces that were not greatly disturbed by urban or industrial improvements. The shaft location borders the eastern boundary of site 47 MI 129/BMI 141 (Figure 9), which defines the general location where human bones were found sometime during the mid-20th century after they were dislodged from the top bank of an old cement quarry (Historic Preservation Division 2001: ASI #03610). These remains were found long after quarrying activities had ceased, suggesting the existence of in situ archaeological deposits undisturbed by industrial activities (Overstreet 1981:10). Whether the human remains are an isolated occurrence in the area or are directly associated with the location of the current study parcel cannot be determined from the existing data. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains related to 47 MI 129/ BMI 141 or an unreported site, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and reviewed, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - NS03 Drop Shaft. The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer: North Sidney Place/West Mill Road Intersection Location is proposed for a roadway intersection area that is relatively level, crossed by a power line rightof-way, and bordered on the west by a railroad rightof-way (Figure 8). The area, which is variously black top, grass, or bare soil, was walked over; however no archaeological materials were observed. A soil core


25

was taken on each side of Mill Road at the edge of the power line right-of-way, and both extended less than 4 inches (0.10 meters) below the ground surface, yielding clay and gravels. This entire area has probably been disturbed by roadway and power line construction; and portions appear to have been graded away. The portion of the intersection located north of Mill Road overlaps with the boundaries of prehistoric site 47 MI 398, the Sorrowful Mothers Site (Figure 9), which is broadly defined as occupying the entire northwest quarter of section 24 (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #18289) where a collector recovered an unspecified number of triangular projectile points. These points were probably found north-northwest of the study parcel and if related site deposits extended into the study parcel, they have been disturbed or removed by construction of roads, a railway grade, or power transmission line. As a result, cultural resources management is tentatively recommended if the open-cut excavation is kept east of the railroad tracks and is restricted to the area of the intersection. Villard Avenue/27th Street Intersection Location is proposed for a street intersection area (Figure 8) that is surrounded predominately by residential dwellings. The exception is the southeast corner which is occupied by a small utility facility fronting Lincoln Creeks wooded flood plain. The southeast corner was walked over, revealing a ground surface obscured by leaf litter, sticks, trash, and weeds. As a result, two soil cores were extracted, neither of which penetrated more than 18 inches (0.46 meters) below the ground surface. The cores revealed much of the deposit to be a very loosely packed organic rich stratum followed by grey clay. The area is low and organic matter and trash appear to collect there. This finding compares well with results of another archaeological investigation performed in the area for an earlier sewer alignment study (Overstreet 1987:9). Shovel probes excavated during that study revealed a 20 centimeter thick A horizon resting on an old B horizon, and did not yield archaeological materials. The thicker A horizon associated with current study parcel probably resulted from the infilling of the area, which is lower than the area shovel probed during

1987. In general, the location is recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the facility is sited within the intersection or any of its corners except the wooded southeast corner. If the proposed facility is to be constructed in the wooded area behind the existing utility feature present on the corner, then additional investigation is needed to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. Given the position of the location at the edge of the Lincoln Creek floodplain, coring is a reasonable method of determining if deeply buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the southeast corner if it is selected for the location of the facility. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Villard Avenue/27th Street Intersection, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended. DC0508 Vicinity Location is proposed for a level grassy area near an existing MMSD facility adjoining the east side of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway within Lincoln Park (Figure 8). The area was walked over revealing that the entire area is covered with grass and few bare spots occur. Two soil cores were extracted from the east side of the Parkway, where the proposed facility is most likely to be constructed, in order to confirm that the surface deposit is disturbed. One core was taken from the tree line/grass interface and another from between two trees south of the interface. The cores did not penetrate more than 6 or 12 inches (0.15 or 0.31 meters) below the ground surface. One revealed 4 inches (0.10 meters) of a sandy organic stratum mixed with pea sized gravels all resting on a clay/sand. The

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other revealed a 6 inch stratum of a sand/clay mix with gravels. The area appears disturbed and no archaeological deposits are expected to occur. This is further supported by earlier archaeological investigations performed for the North Side High Level Relief Sewers Project (Overstreet 1987:12-14) and a regional research project of Milwaukee County (James 1981:8). Work performed during both studies did not reveal the presence of archaeological deposits on the east side of the Parkway, and as the result of channelization of Lincoln Creek and the Milwaukee River (Milwaukee Times 1916) through the area, site 47 Mi 49, the Stewart Farm Village Site (Historic Preservation Division 2000: ASI #03752), which has broadly defined boundaries that include the study parcel, is probably located southwest of the study parcel (Figure 9). As a result, cultural resources management clearance is tentatively recommended if the open cut excavation is restricted to the east side of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway and adjacent to the existing DC0508 MMSD facility. If the location is designed for the west side of the Parkway or away from the existing facility, then additional investigation is needed. One or more soil cores should be extracted from a finalized facility location placed away from the existing MMSD DC0508 and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits in order to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. Given the position of the location on the bank of the Milwaukee River and the possibility that fill has been used to raise the land surface, coring is a reasonable method of determining if buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for any selected location away from the existing MMSD facility DC0508. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - DC0508 Vicinity, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended.

NS-02 Dropshaft Location proposed for the intersection area of 31st Street with Hampton Avenue (Figure 8) in an area crossed by a channelized Lincoln Creek and where in-service MMSD facilities exist. The entire area appears to have been disturbed by a variety of urban improvements and the area east of Lincoln Creek and the existing MMSD facility was walked over. The ground surface in this area is covered by grass, weeds, or is bare. No archaeological materials or deposits were observed on the exposed ground, which appears to be greatly disturbed as if structures have been removed from most of the area. Two soil cores were taken from along the east side of the existing MMSD facility. The cores did not penetrate more than 5 inches (0.13 meters) below the ground surface, and both showed disturbed clay deposits, one including a 2 inch (0.05 meter) thick stratum of black friable soil between clay strata. No previously reported archaeological sites are known to overlap or adjoin the study parcel. Previous study of the Lincoln Creek course (Bruhy 1988) suggests much of the channel has been modified or creek bank areas have graded or filled. Whether intact soil horizons exist under the fill deposits has not been determined. Given the mixed use and improvements to the area, cultural resources management clearance is tentatively recommended if the open cut excavation is restricted to disturbed lands associated with the existing MMSD facility located along the right bank of Lincoln Creek or to the Hampton Avenue roadbed. If the location is designed for the vacant area adjoining the east side of the existing MMSD facility located east of Lincoln Creek, then additional investigation is needed. One or more soil cores should be extracted from this area and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits in order to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. Given the position of the location near Lincoln Creek and the possibility that historical fill has been deposited to raise the ground surface, coring is a reasonable method of determining if buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for any selected location


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away from the existing MMSD facility. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the specific placement of the currently proposed Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - NS-02 Dropshaft facility location, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended for it. Only one architectural property has been recorded within 500 feet of any of the thirteen study areas. This property is the former J. Greenebaum Tannery complex, which is currently known as the Kaiser building complex, located at 4763 North 32nd Street. The complex has recently sustained extensive fire damage and is slated for demolition. The property is not and has not been consider eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. With the exception of the former Greenebaum Tannery property, very few architectural structures occur within the area of potential effects for the project. As currently proposed, much of the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project is to be vertically tunneled deeply below ground and will have no adverse impact on existing buildings. In summary, field reconnaissance of the thirteen open-cut excavation locations currently proposed the Port Washington Relief Sewer Project failed to document evidence of unrecorded or eleven previously recorded archaeological sites associated with various excavations locations. Previously reported sites are known from archival and literature research, which associates sites with the following locations: the Green Tree Road Satellite Treatment Facility (47 MI 115/BMI 139, the Meseberg Gravel Site, and 47 MI 391, the Gravel Pit Site), the Estabrook Satellite Treatment facility (47 MI 127/ 255, the Estabrook Park A/Lindwurm Station and P.O Site, 47 MI 128/BMI 150), the Green Tree Near Surface Storage facility (47 MI 45/BMI 140, the Spring Grove Mounds and Garden Beds Site), the Humboldt Near Surface Storage facility (47 MI 129/ BMI 141, and 47 MI 335, the Dead Crow Site), the Range Line Road Near Surface Storage facility (47

MI 11, and MI 37, the Pickerel Run Village #1 Site), the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Green Tree Pump Station (47 MI 391, the Gravel Pit Site) and NS03 Drop shaft (47 MI 129/BMI 141) locations, and the 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer North Sidney Place/West Mill Road Intersection location (47 MI 398, the Sorrowful Mothers Site). Based on these data, as well as location setting, related urban development, and previous research performed in or near current study parcels, the following cultural resources management actions are recommended for each location when final design plans identify which proposed facilities are needed and where specifically each is to be constructed: The Green Tree Road Satellite Treatment facility location requires further investigation to determine if intact, buried deposits of previously reported sites 47 MI 115/BMI 139 and MI 391, or soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist under historical fill. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). The Estabrook Satellite Treatment facility location exists within the boundaries of archaeological sites 47 MI 127/255 and MI 128/BMI 150, and overlaps artifact concentrations that in part define site 47 MI 127/255. As a result, if the location is used, an intensive archaeological Phase I survey of the area, possibly followed by a Phase II archaeological testing study, should be performed in order to determine if site deposits present within the location are disturbed or are intact. Based upon the results of the Phase I study, cultural resources management clearance or Phase II testing work may be recommended for the parcel.

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The Green Tree Near Surface Storage facility location is currently proposed for an area that has been greatly modified by past gravel pit operations; however, a portion of the tract is proposed to extend into National Register of Historic Places listed site 47 MI 45/BMI 140, the Spring Grove Mounds and Garden Beds Site. The Spring Grove Site should be avoided and this can be achieved by shifting the location of the facility toward the northeast and designing the storage structure so no portion of it extends south beyond the unnamed park road that intersects the east side of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway immediately south of the Parkways intersection with Green Tree Road. In addition, if the facility is constructed, all construction related activities should be confined to north of the unnamed park road. If construction of the facility is restricted to the area north of the unnamed park road, cultural resources management clearance can be recommended for the location. The Humboldt Near Surface Storage facility location requires further investigation to determine if intact, buried deposits of previously reported sites 47 MI 335, the Dead Crow Site, and MI 129/BMI 141, or soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist under historical fill. The southeastern end of the Dead Crow Site partially overlaps the study parcel and an intensive Phase I archaeological survey study should be performed to determine whether the site still exists, is intact, or requires Phase II archaeological testing evaluation. If the site no longer exists or is badly disturbed, it will warrant no further study and cultural resources clearance may be recommended for that area of the study parcel. In the event that Phase II testing evaluation is required, such action may or may not yield data demonstrating that the site is eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, for example those of site 47 MI 129/BMI 141, beneath the modern fill that covers much of the location, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural

resources management clearance should be recommended for the portion of the location not associated with the Dead Crow Site. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Cultural resources management clearance cannot be recommended for the currently proposed location the Humboldt Near Surface Storage facility until field data have been used to evaluate sites 47 MI 335 and MI 129/BMI 141 and demonstrate that no potential archaeological deposits exist beneath the existing historical fill. The Range Line Road Near Surface Storage facility location requires further investigation to determine if intact archaeological deposits exist that may be related to previously reported sites 47 MI 11 and MI 37 (the Pickerel Run Village #1 Site), which are recorded north and southwest of the study parcel. In order to determine this, an intensive Phase I archaeological survey of the final facility location is required as well as geotechnical study. The archaeological survey will require shovel probing while the geotechnical study will consist of a review of one or more soil cores extracted from the location. Due to the position of the location near the Milwaukee River, coring is a reasonable method of determining if deeply buried soil horizons are present that have the potential to yield archaeological materials. If the archaeological survey and the soil boring data do not reveal the presence or potential presence of archaeological materials or deposits, cultural resources clearance may be recommended for the location. Until an intensive Phase I archaeological survey and related geotechnical study are completed, cultural resources management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed Range Line Road Near Surface Storage facility location. The Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Green Tree Pump Station facility location requires further investigation in order to determine if intact, buried deposits of previously reported site 47 MI 391 or buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist and are undisturbed by


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construction of the in-service MMSD pump station. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and evaluated, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Green Tree Pump Station facility. The Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Collector/Storage Relief Sewer Intersection location requires further investigation to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist under related golf course fairway/green areas. Due to the position of the location near the Milwaukee River, soil coring is a reasonable method of determining the presence/ absence of buried soil horizons. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological sites. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and reviewed, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Collector/Storage Relief Sewer Intersection. The Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer Hampton Avenue/Milwaukee Right Bank ISS location is recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the location is sited south of Hampton Avenue where park lands have been disturbed by road construction and other urban

development. If the location is placed north of Hampton Avenue, further investigation is needed to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Hampton Avenue/Milwaukee Right Bank ISS intersection, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended. The Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer NS03 Drop Shaft location requires further investigation to determine if intact, buried deposits of previously reported site 47 MI 129/BMI 141, or buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist under historical fill. In order to evaluate the presence/absence of potential archaeological remains, one or more soil cores extracted from the finalized facility location should be reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. In the absence of buried deposits or soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the location. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried deposits or soil horizons, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Until coring data are collected and evaluated, cultural resource management clearance is not recommended for the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - NS03 Drop Shaft. The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer - North Sidney Place/West Mill Road Intersection location is tentatively recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the open-cut excavation is kept east of the railroad tracks and is restricted to the area of the intersection.

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The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer - Villard Avenue/27th Street Intersection location is recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the location is sited within the intersection or any of its corners except the wooded southeast corner. If the proposed facility is to be constructed in the wooded area behind the existing utility feature present on the corner, then additional investigation is needed to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. One or more soil cores should be extracted from the finalized facility location and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits. Given the position of the location at the edge of the Lincoln Creek floodplain, coring is a reasonable method of determining if deeply buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for the southeast corner if it selected as the location of the facility. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - Villard Avenue/27th Street Intersection, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended. The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer - DC0508 Vicinity location is tentatively recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the opencut excavation is restricted to the east side of Milwaukee River (Park Road) Parkway and adjacent to the existing DC0508 MMSD facility. If the location is designed for the west side of the Parkway or away from the existing facility, then additional investigation is needed. One or more soil cores should be extracted from a finalized facility location if placed away from the existing MMSD DC0508 and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits in order to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. Given the position of

the location on the bank of the Milwaukee River and the possibility that fill has been used to raise the land surface, coring is a reasonable method of determining if buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for any selected location away from the existing MMSD facility DC0508. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the location of the currently proposed location at the Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer DC0508 Vicinity, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended. The 27th Street Storage Relief Sewer - NS-02 Dropshaft location is tentatively recommended for cultural resources management clearance if the opencut excavation is restricted to disturbed lands associated either with the existing MMSD facility located along the right bank of Lincoln Creek or with the Hampton Avenue roadbed. If the location is designed for the vacant area adjoining the east side of the existing MMSD facility located east of Lincoln Creek, then additional investigation is needed. One or more soil cores should be extracted from this area and reviewed by a geomorphologist with knowledge about archaeological deposits in order to determine if intact, buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials exist. Given the position of the location near Lincoln Creek and the possibility that historical fill has been deposited to raise the ground surface, coring is a reasonable method of determining if buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological materials are present. In the absence of buried soil horizons, cultural resources management clearance should be recommended for any selected location away from the existing MMSD facility. If soil core data suggests the possibility of buried soil horizons that have the potential to yield archaeological data, excavation for the facilitys construction should be monitored to the base of the target deposit or stratum(a). Depending upon the specific placement of the currently proposed


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Milwaukee River Storage Relief Sewer - NS-02 Dropshaft facility location, cultural resources management clearance may or may not be recommended for it. In addition, clearance is not dependent upon consideration of the previously recorded architectural property currently referred to as the Kaiser building complex, formerly known as the J. Greenebaum Tannery complex, which is located at street address 4763 North 32nd Street (Historic Preservation Division n.d.:AHI #111597). The complex is not considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places and will be demolished in the near future due to recent, extensive fire damage

Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Vol II.pdf

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Transcript of Port Washington Road Relief Sewer Vol II.pdf