• 2. ______________ is the struggle between organisms that attempt to use the same limited resources.

• Organisms that are better at competing are more likely to get and use the available resources.

• 3. ___________ are the things that organisms obtain from their environment in order to survive.

• They include _______, _______and shelter.

• Some resources are limited.

• 4. ______________ is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism for food.

• The organism that does the killing is the _________.

• The organism that is eaten as food is the ___________.

Populations of predators and prey typically follow a pattern over time.

• Explain this pattern

Hares and Lynx Populations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920

Year

Num

ber

of p

elts

in t

hous

ands

Hares (x1000) Lynx(x1000)

symbiosis8. What is a close relationship between two organisms that benefits at least one of the species?

9. What are the different kinds of symbiosis?

Mutualism

Parasitism

Commensalism

Mutualism both organisms

benefit

_____This is a _____________situation because

both organisms get something helpful from the relationship.

Think about teammates. They work together and help each other to try to win a

competition.

Commensalism

one organism benefits

one organism is unaffected

_____

This is a _________ situation because only one organisms get something helpful from

the relationship. The other is not harmed, but it is not

helped, either.

Think about neighbors. They help each other out sometimes. They may borrow some sugar or a lawn mower. It doesn’t hurt you or help you.

Parasitism

A parasite is basically a thief! They steal something (often blood or food) from the

other organism.

one organism benefits

one organism is

harmed

_____

This is a __________situation because one organism gets something helpful from the

relationship, but the other one is harmed.

Mutualism: both benefit

Example 1: Moray Eel

with Cleaner FishMoray eel

gets a clean mouth.

Cleaner Fish gets a meal.

Commensalism: one benefits,

one is unaffected

Example 2: Cattle with cattle

egrets Cattle stir up insects

as they eat grass.

Egrets hang

around and eat insects.

Example 3: Tick on a dogTicks feed on

the blood of their hosts.Dog may contract diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever and become anemic or paralyzed.

Parasitism: one benefits, one is harmed

Commensalism: one benefits,

one is unaffected

Example 4: Clown fish with anemone

Clown fish gets

protection. Anemone

is unaffected.

Mutualism: both benefit

Example 5: Antelope with

OxbirdAntelope gets rid

of parasites. Oxbird

gets a meal.

Energy• All living things need _________

to grow and to carry out their activities.

• They get this from their food or directly from the Sun.

• It is passed from one organism to another in an ecosystem.

Producers ________ are living

things that can make their own food by using energy in sunlight.

Plants are one kind and they make their food through photosynthesis.

Consumers A _________ is an

organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms.

Animals, fungi, some protists, and some bacteria

Herbivores• _______ are

consumers that only eat plants.

• They are called primary, or first level consumers.

Carnivores_________are

consumers that eat meat. Most are predators, but some are scavengers that eat the meat of dead animals.

Omnivores• ________eat

both plants and animals.

• Humans

Decomposers ____________ are

consumers that get energy by breaking down dead plants and animals. They return materials stored in dead plants and animals to the soil, water, and air. Then green plants use the materials to make food.

Food Chain A _________

________ is a model that shows how energy flows from one organism to another.

Food Web• We have

_________to show us more of these relationships.

• _________show overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.

A Food Web

Questions• What do the arrows in a food

chain or food web represent?• What is the difference

between a food chain and a food web?

• Where does the energy for all living things ultimately originate?

• What is always the last step in a food chain or food web?

Energy Pyramid

Questions1. Why would there be less energy

available to move from one level to the next?

2. Why would an ecosystem have fewer organisms as you move up the food chain?

Answers1. The reason there is less energy

available from one level to the next is because some of the energy was used up by the organisms in the previous level to carry out life processes. Not all of the energy was stored in their bodies. In fact, only about 10% of the energy taken in at a level is passed on to the next level, while 90% is used up.

Answers2. If there is less energy passed

on to each level, then there is not enough energy to support a lot of organisms.

cells

• the basic units of structure and function of all living things

growth

• the process by which a living thing becomes larger

development

the process of change that causes an organism to become more complex (or sophisticated)

How an organism changes during its lifetime

photosynthesis• a process in which light energy is used to

make food (glucose) by joining carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)

cellular respirationa process in which oxygen (O2) is combined with food (glucose) to release energy

fermentationa process in which cells obtain energy from glucose without oxygen

concentration

16. the amount of crowding

selectively permeable

17. when some substances can pass through the cell membrane, while other substances cannot

Like screen—what cannot pass through a screen?

Bugs, animals, etc.

diffusion

18. when particles move from an area of higher concentration (more crowded) to an area of lower concentration (less crowded)• particles are in motion constantly• they collide and spread out randomly

passive transport

20. a process in which materials are transported across the cell membrane without using energy

(watching TV, just breathing)

osmosis

21. the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis has lots of o’s & s’s, this makes me think about an SOS which is how ships (in water) called for help.

endocytosis

25. when the cell membrane forms a fold or a pocket called a vesicle around large particles to get them into a cell

exocytosis

26. when a cell removes large materials by vesicles that carry the materials to the cell membrane

Nucleus• “Control center of the

cell” - Directs all cell activities

• Usually the easiest organelle to see under a microscope

Nuclear Membrane• Surrounds the nucleus• Controls what goes into and out of the nucleus

nuclear membrane

nucleus

Cytoplasm• Gel-like substance

inside the cell• Fills the space between

all the cell parts and gives the cell its shape

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• a.k.a. “ER”• Moves materials around the cell

Ribosome• Smallest and most abundant organelles• Make proteins• Proteins are very important for many of the cell’s

activities

Golgi Apparatus• Also called the Golgi bodies or Golgi complex• Sends proteins to where they are needed

Lysosomes• Break down food, cell wastes, and old, worn-out

organelles• These materials are recycled and used again

Mitochondria• “Powerhouse of the cell”• Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy for

the cell to use to make materials and move them around

Vacuoles• Storage container for

water, food, and wastes• Vacuoles are larger in

plant cells than they are in animal cells

Cell Wall• Found only in plant and

bacterial cells• Rigid, protective barrier

that protects and supports the cell

• Found outside of the cell membrane of plant and bacterial cells

Chloroplast• Found only in plant cells (and plant-like

protists/bacteria)• Contains the green pigment chlorophyll• Where photosynthesis takes place