Population Research Centre - Gokhale Institute of … - Annual Report...2 Population Research Centre...

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Population Research Centre Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics

(Deemed University)

Pune – 411 004

Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics

Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE) is perhaps the oldest research and

teaching institution in economics in India. Established in 1930, it still remains a leading centre for

learning. GIPE, under the guidance of its first Director D.R. Gadgil, emerged as major ‘think-tank’

on policy issues soon after India’s independence. Scholars who have worked in this Institute

include some of the leading names in Indian economic studies. The Institute is located in the

premises of the Servants of India Society (Trustees of the Institute), established in 1906 by the

great Indian nationalist leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915).

The Institute conducts research on economic development and policy in India. It offers a

Master of Arts (M.A.) programme in Economics that is considered among the best in the country.

GIPE also offers from the start, a Ph.D. programme in Economics. To date, the Institute has

presented doctoral degrees to nearly 200 students. In 1993, the University Grants Commission

declared GIPE a ‘deemed-university’. In recognition of the quality of teaching and research

undertaken, the National Assessment and Accreditation Council awarded GIPE A+ Grade in 2003.

GIPE is noted for empirical research, particularly field-based research in agricultural

economics, poverty, and population studies. Some of the products of this Institute, such as the

1971 study Poverty in India, by V.M. Dandekar and Nilakantha Rath, are classics in their field.

Combination of teaching and research is one of the unique features of GIPE.

The library of the Institute, founded in 1905, is one of the foremost among specialised

libraries in India in the fields of economics and other social sciences. It is the depository library for

all United Nations publications, as well as publications of other leading international development

and financial organisations. In 2005, the library completed its centenary. The library originally

belonged to the Servants of India Society. Today, the library collection includes 273,000 books,

and 373 journals including almost all the leading English-language journals in Economics.

Since 1959, the Institute has been bringing out a quarterly journal in English, Artha

Vijnana (Economic Science), which is regarded as one of the best academic journals in India. In its

49-year history, the journal has published articles on a wide range of subjects oriented to

problems of economic growth and development in the Indian context.

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Population Research Centre

The research activities in ‘Population Studies’ in the Institute pre-date the formulation of

population policy, the establishment of the family planning programme by the Government of

India and the founding of Population Research Centres and other specialised institutions for

carrying out research in population and family planning in the country. The Institute had played a

pioneering role in conducting demographic surveys in India. The interest into the study of India’s

regional demography can be considered to have commenced with the survey undertaken by the

Institute in 1945 on a sample of 2000 women in the city of Kolhapur. This survey has made a

lasting contribution towards evolving and establishing a standardized methodology of

demographic surveys. This was followed by a series of demographic surveys undertaken by the

Institute during the late 1940s and early 1950s in Pune, Nasik, Kolaba and North Satara districts of

the Maharashtra State. These demographic surveys were found to be extremely useful because

they were carried out at a time when the demographic knowledge for the country as well as the

extent of its use in planning exercises was, indeed limited. Other studies were taken up with

funding from national and international agencies. These studies provided empirical database for

studying India’s regional demographic problems.

A research centre in demography was set up at the Institute in 1949. This was the first of

its kind. The Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare gave grants to the institute for

conducting specific studies during 1954-57. In 1964, the Ministry decided to strengthen and

extend the research work on population by establishing a Demographic Research Centre as a part

of the Institute. In 1978-79, in pursuance of the recommendations of the Demography Advisory

Committee, the Centre was re-designated as Population Research Centre (PRC) for the state of

Maharashtra. It has earned the distinction of being in the category of 'fully developed centre'

according to the norms of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Since the fifties, the Centre started its work by conducting demographic surveys and thus

contributed in a large way to the area of survey methodology. After the launch of the family

planning programme at the official level, the Centre had contributed by actively participating in

the implementation of the sterilisation programme and through communication-cum-action

studies. Studies on after-effects of vasectomy camps, studies on acceptance of loop as an IUD

gave valuable input about the methods of family planning.

Various dimensions of the family planning programme at its various stages starting with

the communication methods, compulsion during emergency, the adoption of the spacing

methods, the maternal and child health, the withdrawal of the targets, the RCH approach of the

programme, RTI/STI, client satisfaction, unwanted pregnancies have been studied by the Centre.

The work of NGOs in the field of family welfare has also been evaluated. In recent years the

evaluation of sterilisation bed reservation scheme, evaluation of family welfare training

institutions, functioning of ultrasound sonography centres, functioning of urban health posts and

rapid appraisal of National Rural Health Mission have also been carried out.

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In the area of data collection on a wider scale, the Institute has carried out/participated in

major surveys in the 1980s and 1990s (NFMS, 1980; NFHS, 1992-93; and RCH Baseline Survey,

1998). Apart from evaluative and fact-finding surveys, many analytical studies were carried out in

the PRC. Recently, a study on cost of health care in the public hospitals in Maharashtra has been

completed at the Centre. The Centre has recently completed two rounds of World Bank-

sponsored research study on quality of health care (client and provider satisfaction). The centre

has also acted as a Monitoring Agency for the District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3) carried

out by the Ministry. The demography of India's tribal population is another recently completed

research project at the Centre. Currently, the Centre is involved in the activities related to the

strengthening of the Health Management Information System (HMIS), the new initiative of the

Ministry to provide the district and facility level health data on a monthly basis.

PRC at Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics

Year Chronology of birth of PRC at Gokhale Institute

1945 First Demographic Survey in the Country was undertaken by the Institute

1949 First Research Centre in Demography was set up at the Institute

1954-57 Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare sanctioned grants to the Institute for

conducting specific research studies in Demography

1964 Ministry of Health Family Welfare established a Demographic Research Centre at

the Institute

1978-79 Ministry of Health Family Welfare has re-designated the Demographic Research

Centre as Population Research Centre

A summary of activities of the Population Research Centre during 2010-2011, research

studies in-progress during 2011-2012, other activities of PRC during 2010-2011 and audited

statements of the expenditure for the year ending 31st

March, 2011 of the Population Research

Centre are presented in this Annual Report.

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1. Report on Activities Related to HMIS during 2010-2011

(a) Monthly HMIS Core Committee Meetings

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India has constituted a HMIS Core

Committee for each state to strengthen the HMIS in the states. As per the guidelines of the

Ministry, the examination of the issues related to the quality of HMIS data and the efforts to

strengthen the same were the priority issues to the Population Research Centres during 2010-

2011. HMIS data for the state of Maharashtra and its districts were scrutinized very closely by the

PRC and the analyses were presented at the monthly Core Committee meetings for Maharashtra.

Regular and close interactions with the state government officials were maintained to facilitate

the improvement of quality of HMIS data. The monthly Core Committee meetings were convened

by the Regional Director, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and organized by Dr. R. Nagarajan,

PRC. In the monthly meetings, officials from following offices have participated: (a) Regional

Director, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, (b) Directorate of Health Services, Mumbai, (c)

State NRHM Office, Mumbai, (d) MIS Cell, DHS, Mumbai, (e) State Health Systems Resource

Centre, Pune, and (f) Population Research Centre, Pune.

In the monthly meetings, the following issues were given priority: status of monthly

consolidated data uploaded in HMIS web-portal, commitment of HMIS data by the districts and

state, status of facility based reporting, quality of HMIS data, validation issues in the data,

observations from the field visit to the districts, steps taken by the state government to improve

the quality of data and for training and capacity building activities, and online verification of HMIS

data by PRC. The minutes of the monthly meetings were prepared and circulated with the officials

attended the meetings. Minutes were also communicated to the Directorate of Health Service

(Mumbai), MIS Cell (DHS, Mumbai), and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi for the

necessary information and action.

Sl. No. Date of the HMIS Meeting Venue of the Meeting

1 August 26, 2010 Population Research Centre, Pune

2 September 29, 2010 Population Research Centre, Pune

3 October 29, 2010 State Health Systems Resource Centre, Pune

4 November 30, 2010 Population Research Centre, Pune

5 January 21, 2011 Population Research Centre, Pune

6 February 23, 2011 Directorate of Health Services, Mumbai

(b) Monthly Field Visits to the Districts in Connection with HMIS

One of the tasks assigned by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to the PRC during

2010-2011 is field visits to the districts to understand the implementation of HMIS and to share

the quality of HMIS data with the district officials. Accordingly, PRC staffs have made field trips to

14 districts (Akola, Amravati, Jalgaon, Washim, Yawatmal, Nanded, Hingoli, Parbhani, Buldana

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Parbhani, Buldhana, Pune, Satara, Sangli) during 2010-2011 to understand the issues related to

HMIS data. During the field visits to the above districts, the PRC staffs have (a) interacted with the

concerned district officials on various aspects related to HMIS data, (b) shared the analysis of

HMIS data pertaining to the district with the officials, (c) highlighted the issues related to quality

of data for the district, (d) pointed out the validation issues in the data for the district, (e)

observed the reporting and recording mechanism followed in the district, and (f) gave orientation

on HMIS portal and its features to the officials. The observations from these field trips to the

individual districts were presented by the PRC staff in the subsequent monthly HMIS Core

Committee meetings in the presence of state officials. The state officials have also communicated

the PRC field visit observations to the concerned districts for the necessary action.

(c) Analysis of Quality of HMIS Data at the State and District Level for Maharashtra for the Year

2009-2010 and 2010-2011, by R. Nagarajan, Vandana Shivnekar, Arun Pisal and Akram Khan.

HMIS data for the districts of Maharashtra for the year 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 were

analysed and presented in the monthly HMIS Core Committee meetings. Every month the data for

three/four districts were analysed and presented before the Committee in the form of power

point presentations. The quality related aspects of HMIS data were deliberated in the meetings in

the presence of state government officials. Every month, the PPTs were also shared with the

concerned district level officials through emails. For the analysis of quality of data, the validation

criteria developed by the Ministry was used along with triangulation of HMIS indicators with the

comparable indicators available in DLHS-3 and NFHS-3. This activity of PRC has sensitized the state

and district level officials to understand the quality aspects of the HMIS data pertaining to their

districts.

(d) Monthly On-line Verification of HMIS Data for the Districts of Maharashtra, by Vini

Sivanandan, Arun Pisal, Akram Khan, R.S. Pol, A.P. Prashik and Vandana Shivnekar.

This is a continuous web based online activity assigned to the PRC by the Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare starting from December 2010. As and when the monthly HMIS data are

uploaded by the districts, the staff of the PRC accessed the online HMIS data for all the districts of

Maharashtra from the HMIS web-portal and provided their comment/remark in the portal (i.e., on

line verification of data) on the quality of data. These online PRC verification details are available

in the HMIS portal for every district starting from December 2010. The district officials can read

the online comments/remarks given by the PRC in the web portal. The state and district level

officials involved in uploading of HMIS data are expected to access the online verification reports

of the PRC and rectify the errors/problems in data indicated by the PRC. PRC has completed the

online verification of data for all the districts of Maharashtra starting from December 2010.

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2. Report on Studies Completed during 2010-2011

(a) Safe Adolescent Transition and Health Initiative (SATHI): Midline Evaluation Survey of a

Project for Improving the Reproductive Health of Married Adolescent Girls in Five Districts of

Maharashtra, by R. Nagarajan, Anjali Radkar and Sanjeevanee Mulay.

Married adolescent girls represent one of the most vulnerable groups in terms of health.

Not having attained full womanhood, they are burdened with the negative consequences of early

childbearing, limited educational opportunities and compromised social status. Safe Adolescent

Transition and Health Initiative (SATHI) is an Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health (ARSH)

programme that seeks to improve the sexual and reproductive health behaviours and the

reproductive health status of married adolescent girls (i.e., married girls <= 19 years). The SATHI

programme makes the assumption that if married adolescent girls, along with other key

stakeholders, including their husbands, youth (who are the husbands of tomorrow), mothers-in-

law and village elders among others of their communities are exposed to a set of interventions,

their health behaviours as measured by a set of indicators will improve.

SATHI programme is the initiative of the Institute of Health Management (IHMP),

Aurangabad. The programme was developed keeping the government public health infrastructure

and personnel in mind, since scaling up within the ambit of the government’s system is the goal.

The IHMP has carried out the multi site intervention during 2008 and 2009 in rural areas in five

selected districts of Maharashtra (Beed, Nanded, Buldhana, Dhule, Amravati) with the financial

support from Government of Maharashtra, Population Foundation of India and MacArthur

Foundation. The six aspects of the intervention were: (1) monthly surveillance and health needs

assessment conducted by a Community Health Worker; (2) monthly micro-planning based on

surveillance; (3) provision of reproductive and child health care services at the primary level; (4)

provision of referral services, (5) behaviour change communication; and (6) community based

monitoring by Village Health Committees. The present study is an independent appraisal of the

impact of the SATHI intervention programme though a midline survey in intervention and control

areas. The study covered 800 married adolescent girls from intervention area and 500 from

control area. The field work for the study was completed during May-July 2010.

The findings of the study show that SATHI programme has made significant improvement

in the reproductive health of the married adolescent girls in intervention area compared to

control area (i.e., increase in age at first conception; improvement in contraceptive use; increase

in male participation in family planning; increase in utilization of antenatal care services; increase

in treatment seeking for antenatal, post natal, post abortion and neonatal morbidity; reduction in

maternal morbidity; increase in awareness of ICTC facilities and actual testing of HIV; etc.). The

findings of the study demonstrate that the collaboration between SATHI workers and health

providers from formal health sector seems to make an impact on RCH utilization behaviours

which have the potential to reduce the maternal and neonatal mortality and improve the health

of the married adolescent girls. The policy implications of the findings are discussed in the report.

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(b) Long-Term Demographic Trends in North-East India and their Wider Significance, 1901-2001,

by Anindita Sinha and Arup Maharatna.

India’s north-eastern region (NER), extraordinarily diverse on several counts comprises

currently of the eight states. Topographically, the region is a mixture of hills and plains, with

abundance of rainfall, wide bio-diversities, and varied climatic conditions. While Arunachal

Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Sikkim are almost entirely hilly, Assam is largely a

plain. There are more than 160 scheduled tribe groups in the region. What, however,

distinguishes NER most tellingly is the relative dearth of academic interest, of reliable information,

and of insightful research on the region.

Although demography is central to a deeper understanding of the NE, the existing

demographic literature is conspicuously thin. Our present research identifies patterns and

features of long-term-trends of population over a century i.e., 1901-2001, with a view to

delineating their wider ramifications for economy, society, and people of the region and beyond.

Notwithstanding intra-regional variations, both internal and international migrations have

played a very significant role in shaping patterns of population growth and other related

characteristics in NER. During the colonial rule, immigration had been largely a feature of the

plains, with importation and employment of ‘coolies’ in the tea estates of Assam and voluntary

movement of agriculturists from neighbouring over-populated areas of Bengal Province. In post-

Independence period, much wider areas witnessed immigration, and this includes much of the

hills region now (i.e., the primarily hilly states of NER comprising Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya,

Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim), apart from significant intra-regional migration and movements.

Despite indications of slowing down of immigration into NER from outside more lately, the porous

nature of the borders of NER with its neighbouring nations has confounded the problem with

‘illegal’ migration continuing till date. This has arguably created a potentially volatile situation

particularly in some states of the region, with changes in ‘demographic balance’ due to the

protracted in-migrations.

No less significant are the effects of such demographic trends on the socio-cultural mores

of the original inhabitants, particularly the tribal population, of NER. The high proportion of tribal

population brings in some dilemmas. For example, an apprehension of being outnumbered has

possibly led some tribes to identify themselves with the dominant socio-cultural/ethnic groups in

search of social security and peaceful survival. Others might have tended to cling to their own

traditional socio-cultural practices and life styles. Both forms of ‘adjustments’ should have had

ramifications in turn for demographic processes i.e. fertility, mortality and nuptiality. This study is

based on the ongoing Ph.D. research work of the first author in Gokhale Institute of Politics and

Economics.

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(c) Domestic Violence and HIV/AIDS Epidemics – An Exploration, by Ms Seema Patrikar and Arup

Maharatna.

Background, Hypotheses, and Issues: Two (potential) public health problems facing

today’s women are domestic violence and HIV/AIDS. While the first AIDS case in India was

detected in 1986, the estimated figure of Indians living with HIV reached, by 2006, 5.6 million as

per UNAIDS estimates. In 2007, using a more effective surveillance system, a new estimate of 2 to

3.6 million living with HIV seems more accurate. Given the population size of India a mere 0.1

percent increase in HIV prevalence rate could raise the number of people living with HIV even by

over half a million.

There is emerging evidence showing a link between rapidly expanding HIV epidemic and

gender-based violence, particularly among young women. Violence against women is often found

both as a cause and consequence of HIV/AIDS infection. As shown by recent research, domestic

violence appears more widespread than was previously thought. While forced (unprotected)

intercourse is likely to increase the risk of HIV transmission because of direct physical contact,

even the threat of violence—and the culture of male impunity also favours such resort to

intimidation—could increase the risk of HIV by constraining women into unprotected sexual

activities when they could have otherwise refused. The psychological impact of violence can also

increase HIV risk.

Domestic violence against women is rooted in Indian patriarchal culture and societal

perceptions that often legitimise abuse of women within domestic arena. The existing studies

posit that HIV/AIDS and violence against women overlap in the following ways: increased risk of

HIV infection as a result of coerced sexual intercourse; limits to women’s ability to negotiate HIV

preventative behaviour; and increased risk of violence as a result of disclosure of their HIV status

to partners. More specific factors that compound women’s vulnerability to HIV infection are

biological, social, political and economic.

Results Based on NFHS Data for India: The study has examined whether domestic violence

and HIV/AIDS status of the women are found to be associated in India. The HIV status of the

women was coded as positive and negative and domestic violence coded as dichotomous variable

yes and no. Domestic violence and HIV status are found to be significantly associated to each

other (p<0.05). Domestic violence was experienced by 51.7% of women who were HIV positive as

against 37.5% women who were not HIV positive. Similarly physical violence was experienced by

46.9% women having HIV positive as against 34.2% women who were HIV negative. Sexual

violence (12.4% against 6.9%) and emotional violence (17.9% against 14.2%) by women who was

HIV positive and HIV negative respectively. The odds of being HIV positive with the exposure of

experiencing domestic violence was 1.38 with 95% confidence interval (1.18, 1.61). The

association was statistically significant with chi-square value of 12.42 and p<0.05.

The multivariate logistic regression analysis with NFHS-3 data reveals that when all the

variables considered simultaneously, age of the respondent, residence of the respondent,

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education of the respondent, number of children ever born, partner’s education, working status

of respondent as well as her husband/partner, standard of living, caste, husband’s alcohol

consumption and respondents witnessing her father beat her mother in childhood turned

statistically significant variables. HIV status of the respondent, marital duration, presence of male

child in the family, and family structure were found statistically insignificant as explanatory

variables. This study is based on the ongoing Ph.D. research work of the first author in Gokhale

Institute of Politics and Economics.

(d) Socio-Economic Inequalities in Maternal Morbidity in India: A Decomposing Analysis, by Vini

Sivanandan.

The lifetime risk of maternal death is commonly used to measure from the maternal risk

in women. Among the biomedical causes of maternal deaths, more than 70 percent deaths are

from direct obstetric complications. Obstetric morbidity has negative effect on women’s life, like

women feel discomfort because of physical symptoms and social isolation. In India, every year

large number of women suffers from obstetric problems. The socio-economic inequality expected

to have huge impact on maternal morbidity. The present study examined recent National Family

Health Survey (NFHS-3) data for empirical evidence. NFHS–3 collected information from women

on specific problem they had during their pregnancies. For the most recent birth in the five years

preceding the survey, the mothers were asked whether at any time during the pregnancy they

experienced any of the following problems: difficulty with vision during the day light, night

blindness, convulsion (not from fever), swelling of legs, body or face excessive fatigue, or vaginal

bleeding. Every woman who had a birth in the five year period preceding the survey was asked if

she had massive vaginal bleeding or a very high fever – both symptoms of possible post partum

complications – at any time during the two months after birth of her most recent child. The

variables such as ‘complications during the pregnancy’ and ‘post partum complications’ were

computed separately using the above-mentioned variables. Another variable ‘any obstetric

morbidity’ was computed by clubbing the variables ‘complications during the pregnancy’ and

‘post partum complications’. Socio-economic inequality computed based on concentration index

proposed by Wagstaff (1999) and concentration index has been further decomposed to find the

pathways of the emergence of socio-economic inequality. However, maternal morbidity has bi-

directional relations with socio-economic status that in one case it is response and another case it

is a cause.

From analysis it is evident that, at the national level, six percent women were suffering

from difficulty with vision, nine percent had night blindness, 10 percent reported convulsion, 25

percent suffer from swelling in legs, body or face, 48 percent had excessive fatigue and four

percent had vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. With regard to postpartum complications, around

12 percent women had massive vaginal bleeding and 14 percent suffered from very high fever.

Mean number obstetric problems by socio-economic characteristics was calculated for women

who reported ‘at least one morbidity’. Results show that women in depressed social groups like

illiterates, SC/ST (socially backward castes of India), Muslim religion and poor economic status are

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having more reported maternal morbidity than their counter groups. Concentration index also

strongly supports that socio-economically depressed groups are having more obstetric morbidity

than others. Decomposition analyses indicate that poor economic status alone is a major

contributor to the inequality in maternal morbidity, followed by women’s illiteracy and belonging

to Muslim religion. Results of the present study suggest that maternal morbidity is greatly

predicted by socio-economic status of the women. Thus, socio-economic policy should

compensate the health policy programme to overcome the problems of maternal morbidity

among women. Prevention of maternal morbidity also important to prevent further aggravation

of social inequality among victims and others emerged from stigma related to it.

(e) Employment and its Linkages in Higher Education: An Analysis among Various Social Groups

of India, by Vini Sivanandan.

The restructuring of the economic base has resulted in massive shift from mass industrial

production to high technology manufacturing and information processing. This shift has led to

great demand in higher and technical education. The main objectives of this paper are (a) to

examine the levels of employment penetration by type of employment of social groups, with a

focus on participation in employment, and (b) to analyse the employment pattern by social

groups achieving higher education by region and gender using NSSO data for the year 1999-2000.

To measure the inequality between groups by employment, we divide the categories of

principal status into Grade-I and Grade-II into rich (non casual) and poor (casual) employment.

Grade-I consists of categories of self employed, employer and regular wage salaried employee

and Grade-II consists of casual wage labourer in non public works and casual wage labourer in

public works. Then the measure of inequality between employment rich and poor ratio is given as

the natural logarithm of the ratio of the arithmetic mean employment rate to the geometric mean

employment rate. Analysis showed that ‘Other Castes’ has the highest participation in Grade-I

type of employment and lowest participation in Grade-II type of employment, in urban regions.

The Scheduled Tribe (ST) showed highest participation in the categories of casual labourer

employment type in both urban and rural regions. With the inclusion of achievement of higher

education by social groups, the gap between the ‘Other Castes’ and ST, SC, & OBC further

widened. However, the concentration of STs and more specifically SCs were still in the category of

casual labourer of principal work status. Employment inequality between social groups and in

males by participation rate showed below average participation of STs and SCs in Grade-I and for

OBCs and ‘Others’ in Grade-II type of employment.

(f) Impact of Sex Ratio on Pattern of Marriages in Haryana, by Anjali Radkar.

Highly masculine sex ratio throughout the 20th

century is one of the most significant

characteristic of the state of Haryana. Deficit of females in the state has been consistent for past

100 years. As a consequence, some men do not get the wife due to the shortage of girls and have

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to look outside their own community and state for the girls. This study aims to look at this

phenomenon from various angles like estimation of the proportion of households where bride

price is paid at the time of marriage, exploration about the views and perceptions of men and

women who have undergone the marriage after paying the bride price, understanding about the

financial and social status of the women before and after marriage. For the study, primary data

are collected from 5 districts in Haryana: Mahendragarh, Sirsa, Karnal, Sonepat and Mewat.

Though marriage is universal, men, vulnerable in some sense do not get the wife as easily.

In most of the cases, underlying cause is poverty and unemployment. In this study, it is found that

3.12% women are bought for the marriage, and it is quite likely that this number is more. From

recent period to past 45 years these marriages are taking place. About three fourth of these

marriages are relatively new - taken place in past 10 years - indicating the fact that these

marriages are increasing in the recent past and becoming a practice. Women come to Haryana

from all over India and most have support from natal side. Mean age at marriage is 18.9 years and

85% were below 20 years when got married first. It is realized that women do not report at the

outset about the agent, but it slowly comes out as they talk more about the marriage. Five

women reported names of the agents in that area, through whom they got married. The average

amount paid to the family is Rs. 37,467/- and median value is Rs. 30,000/-. It is not a very big

amount but probably the girls come from families that are so poor that even this amount is worth

to give away their daughter in a marriage. Women, never get anything in hand of the financial

benefit that family received. Over three-fourth of the women were ready for this marriage.

Among those who were ready, in 59% cases somebody in the family or in 63% cases somebody

from neighborhood or friends have married this way. Women with health problems and

disabilities also are accepted because of the paucity of women. Experience of domestic violence is

reported by 35% and six have reported forced multi-partner sex. This is a more severe form of

violence. Women come from poor families from far off and have no support system so they bear

it. About 70% of these women reported that family members behave well and they are accepted

in the family. In spite of not-so-well social sanction, about 80% of them approve this kind of

marriage and feel that their life after the marriage is qualitatively better than before. Unless

urgent action is taken to reverse this trend and restore balance of girls and boys its social

repercussions would be devastating.

3. Report on Studies in Progress during 2011-2012

(a) Health and Mortality Differentials by Socio-Economic Groups in India: Trends and

Implications, by Arup Maharatna.

The proposed study examines the extent, patterns, and trends to which the age-sex

composition of health and mortality indicators varies across diverse socio-economic groups. This

study is undertaken with a view to understanding implications, for health and mortality, of

differential patterns of familial discrimination and neglect towards children and females among

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these groups. This should throw useful light on the appropriateness or otherwise of programmes

and policies designed under the National Rural Health Mission.

(b) Exploring the Major Forces for Recent Trends in the Sex-Ratio (f/m) at Birth in Maharashtra:

A District-Level Analysis, by Arup Maharatna.

A worsening of sex-ratio (f/m) at birth, especially in the present age of widening

facilities/use of prenatal sex determination techniques as well as modern abortion methods, has

been a matter of serious concern in south Asian countries in general and India in particular. Our

proposed present study based on secondary and HMIS information seeks to explore the major

driving force behind the outcome of worsening sex ratio at birth in Maharashtra and its variation

across districts (e.g. relative importance of the felt pressure of fertility reduction in a socio-

cultural context of son preference, supply/restrictions on supply of prenatal sex determination

techniques and abortion methods, and rising income and relative affluence making these modern

techniques more affordable). A district-level analysis should be particularly illuminating in

Maharashtra which has become conspicuous both for wide regional disparity and for its rapidly

growing deficit of female infants and children.

(c) Underlying Causes for Data Error in HMIS in Maharashtra, by R. Nagarajan and Vini

Sivanandan.

The objectives of the study are (a) to identify the most frequent errors in the district-wise

HMIS data reported by the state, (b) to understand the mechanism of data collection and

reporting, and (c) to trace the underlying causes of data error. The study also tries to know

whether the state and the districts apply the validation rules before uploading data on HMIS web

portal. For the purpose of the study, Kolhapur and Aurangabad districts are selected for the field

visit to understand the mechanism of data collection and reporting and to trace the

source/reason for data error. In each of these districts, two Rural Hospitals/CHCs, two PHCs and

six Sub-Centres are visited. Firstly, the study analyses district-wise monthly HMIS data for the

state of Maharashtra to understand the quality of data uploaded in the web-portal. Secondly, the

study looks into the reporting mechanism followed by the state and districts and application of

validation checks at the state and district level before uploading the data. Thirdly, the study

presents the observations from the field visit to Aurangabad and Kolhapur districts including the

source and causes of errors found in the HMIS data. Lastly, based on the analysis of HMIS data for

the state and districts for 2010-11 and the field visit to Kolhapur and Aurangabad districts, the

study proposes to recommend the measures to improve the quality of HMIS data in Maharashtra.

14

(d) Quality of Delivery Care in Maharashtra: An Analysis of HMIS Data for 2009-2010 and 2010-

2011”, by R. Nagarajan, Arun Pisal and Akram Khan.

By using the HMIS data for Maharashtra for the years 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, the

study aims to understand the following aspects of delivery care provided in Maharashtra: place of

delivery, management of pregnancy complications, C-section deliveries, pregnancy outcomes,

complicated pregnancies and post-natal care. Further, the study looks into the quality aspects of

delivery care data. To understand the quality of reported data on delivery care, the study

compares the reported number of deliveries in HMIS portal with the estimated data on number of

pregnancies and deliveries. The analysis of data is in progress and the study will be completed by

December 2011.

(e) Health of the Urban Poor in Pune City, by R. Nagarajan.

According to 2011 Census, 31 percent of India’s population is living in urban areas and

urban population is growing at a higher rate than the rural population. The growth rate of

population in rural and urban areas in India during the decade 2001-2011 was 12.18 percent and

31.80 percent respectively. Further, the urban poor are the fastest growing segment of urban

populations, living mainly in slums and poor settlements. Nearly one-third of the urban

population of India are living in slums or slum-like conditions characterized by overcrowding, poor

hygiene, sanitation and civic services. The health of the urban poor is as bad as its rural

population. NFHS-3 (2005-06) data shows disparities between the urban poor and urban non-poor

for indicators such as child mortality, disease morbidity, and child nutritional status. Poor access

to healthcare, poor nutrition and health-seeking behaviour, poor environmental conditions and

resultant high prevalence of infectious diseases contribute to the high maternal and child

morbidity and mortality among the urban poor.

The present study is a joint effort of the Population Foundation of India (New Delhi),

International Institute for Population sciences (Mumbai) and Gokhale Institute of Politics and

Economics (Pune) to understand the health of the urban poor through city specific studies. The

study is a part of the three city specific studies being carried out simultaneously in Bhubaneswar,

Jaipur and Pune. The study covers different health-related issues of the urban people including

the health status of the women and children, living condition, hygiene and sanitation, utilisation

of health facilities by the people, the quality of health care services, prevalence of infectious

diseases etc. The study also covers the selected health facilities (public & private) in the city to

obtain information on human resources, infrastructure, diagnostic facilities and services provided.

The information collected in the survey will help the government to assess health needs of the

urban people and to plan better urban health services. The findings of the survey are expected to

provide insights to the proposed National Urban Health Mission by the Government of India. The

field work for the survey is in progress. The study is expected to be completed by March 2012.

15

4. Report on Other Activities during 2010-2011

(a) Arup Maharatna

Attended the Workshop on Data Quality for HMIS, 17-19 May 2010 at National Institute of Health and

Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi.

Delivered a lecture on ‘Researching Colonial India’s Population with special reference to the Demography of

Famines’ at the Workshop on “Writing Economic History’ held at the Institute of Development Studies

Kolkata, Kolkata on 8 December 2010.

Invited and participated in A Round Table Discussion organized by Institute of Development Studies Kolkata

in collaboration with Dept of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of West Bengal, British Council, and DFID on

17 February 2011 at IDSK, Kolkata.

Taught (jointly) the course of Economics of Development in the December 2009-May 2010 Semester of the

Masters (Economics) programme at GIPE.

Acted as the Principal Guide, and I supervised and evaluated two Master’s dissertations submitted in April-

May 2011 by two MA students of GIPE, and I also acted as a co-guide and have also evaluated one Master’s

dissertation submitted in April-May 2011 by one MA student of GIPE.

Supervised doctoral dissertations in progress by four Ph.D. candidates of GIPE.

Publications

‘In Resurrection of Gunner Myrdal’s Asian Drama’, Mainstream, XLVIII: 18, 24 April, 2010

‘Quarrelling with Indian Perceptions’, Mainstream, XLVIII: 30, 22 July, 2010: 5-11.

‘Interrogating Indian Perceptions’, The Statesman, 14 October 2010

‘Poverty of Perceptions’, The Statesman, 23 October 2010

‘Ill-conceived, inefficient, even irrational’, The Statesman, 30 October, 2010

‘Who is civilised?’ In Praise of Traditions, Society and Culture’, Mainstream, XLVIII: 40, 25 September,

2010:16-22.

‘How Can “Beautiful” be “Backward”? Tribes of India in a Long Term Demographic Perspective’, Economic

and Political Weekly, XLVI (4): 42-52, 22 January 2011

'Development of What? On the Politics of Development Economics' (accepted and forthcoming), Economic

and Political Weekly

‘Researching Population of British India’ (forthcoming in an edited book of essays to be brought out by the

Institute of Development Studies Kolkata, Kolkata).

‘The Long-Term Demographic Trends in North-East India and their Wider Significance’ (jointly with Anindita

Sinha) (mimeographed to be brought out as a Working Paper of the Institute of Development Studies

Kolkata).

(b) R. Nagarajan

Participated in the “Review Meeting of the National Rural Health Mission” organized by the Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, during April 12-13, 2010 at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi.

Attended the “Workshop on Data Quality for HMIS” organised by the Ministry of Health and Family

Welfare, Government of India, during May 17-19, 2010 at National Institute of Health and Family Welfare,

Munirka, New Delhi.

16

Presented the Annual Action Plan of the PRC for the year 2010-11 in the “Annual Review Meeting of the

Population Research Centres” organized by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India

during July 26-27, 2010 at the National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.

Attended the “National Level Training of Trainers on Mother and Child Tracking System” organised by the

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, on August 18, 2010 at the National Institute of

Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi.

Attended the ‘One-day Workshop of Resource Persons of the UNFPA Sponsored Training of Mid Level

Managers (TMLM) in Maharashtra’ organised by the International Institute for Population Sciences,

Mumbai on October 07, 2010.

Participated as a Resource person in the “UNFPA Sponsored Capacity Building Workshop for Mid Level

Managers in Maharashtra”, organised by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai and

made presentations on ‘Health Management Information System (HMIS)’ and ‘Mortality and Morbidity

Indicators‘ during the following dates: October 21-22 and 26-27, 2010 at Aurangabad, November 25, 2010

at IIPS, December 23 and 27-28, 2010 at Khandala, and March 09, 2011 at IIPS, Mumbai.

Delivered a lecture on ‘Spatial Characteristics of Population and Health’ in the refresher course for the

college and university teachers organised by the Dept. of Geography, University of Pune on December 03,

2010.

Attended the faculty Selection Committee meetings conducted by the Jain Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur

during January 23-24, 2011 as a UGC observer to oversee the selection process for promotion from Reader

to Professor under Career Advancement Scheme (CAS).

Invited as a resource person in the National Seminar on “Can the Indian Tiger Tame the Chinese Dragon” for

the session on “Population of India and China: A Blessing in Disguise” organised by the Matrix Business

School, Pune on February 08, 2011 and made a presentation on ‘Comparative Demographic Profile of China

and India’.

Organised the monthly HMIS Core Committee Meetings for the state of Maharashtra jointly with Regional

Director (H&FW), Maharashtra, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, on the following dates 26.08.2010,

29.9.2010, 29.10.2010, 20.11.2010, 21.01.2011, and 23.02.2011 and presented the analysis of HMIS data

for the districts of Maharashtra.

Continued to work as: (i) Officiating Registrar of the Institute, (ii) Managing Editor of Artha Vijnana, (iii) Co-

ordinator for the Certificate Course on Computer Applications for Economic Analysis, (iv) principal guide for

six Ph.D students of the Institute. Served as a referee for the following journals: Demography India and

Artha Vijnana.

Committee Work: Nominated as a member of the Core Committee for the Health Management and

Information System (HMIS) by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.

(c) Vini Sivanandan

Attended the Workshop on Data Quality for HMIS during 17-19 May 2010 at National Institute of Health

and Family Welfare, Munirka, New Delhi.

Presented a paper titled “Between and Within Social Groups Disparities in Higher Education: An assessment

for India and Major States” at National University of Education and Planning and Administration on 27-29

January, 2011 at New Delhi.

Submitted PhD thesis titled “Social and Demographic Disparities in Higher Education and Employment in

India and Selected States” under the guidance of P. Arokiasamy, Professor, Department of Development

Studies, at International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India on 31/01/2011.

17

POPULATION RESEARCH CENTRE


(Deemed University)

PUNE - 411 004

AUDITED GRANT UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

GFR 19 – A

(See Rule 212 (1) )

Form of Utilization Certificate

Certified that out of Rs. 53,93,039/- of

Grants-in-aid sanctioned during the

years 2010-2011 In favour of Gokhale

Institute of Politics and Economics,

Pune under this Ministry/Department

letter No. given in the margin and

Rs.15,64,457.04 on account of unspent

balance of the previous year, a sum of

Rs. 52,48,316.06 has been utilized for

the purpose of Salaries and Allowances

and other Expenditure for which it was

sanctioned and that the balance of

Rs. 17,09,179.98 remaining unutilized at

the end of the year 2010-2011 will be

adjusted towards the grants-in–aid

payable during the next year 2011-2012.

1. Certified that I have satisfied myself that the conditions on which the grants–in–aid was

sanctioned have been duly fulfilled / are being fulfilled and that I have exercised that following

checks to see that the money was actually utilized for the purpose for which it was sanctioned.

Kinds of checks exercised.

1. Cash Book/Bank Book 2. Day Book 3. General Ledger 4. Vouchers 5. Certified Bills

Certified to be correct Signature

M.P. Chitale and Co.

FRN No.: 101851W

Sd/-

Dr. R. Nagarajan

Officiating Registrar

Sd/-

Chandrashekhar V. Chitale

Chartered Accountants

M. No.:- 035885

Date: - 25.07.2011

Place: Pune

Sr.

No. Letter No. and Date Amount

(Rs.)

1.

2.

3.

G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC)

Date 18.06.2010

G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC)

Date 13.12.2010

G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC)

Date 28.02.2011

20,13,064/-

28,72,979/-

5,06,996/-

Total 53,93,039/-

18



(Deemed University)

PUNE - 411 004

AUDITED GRANT UTILIZATION CERTIFICATE

Certified that an aggregate amount of grant of Rs. 53,93,039/- (Rs. Fifty Three Lakhs

Ninety Three Thousand Thirty Nine only) has been received during the year 2010-2011 from the

Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi under the said Ministry's

letter nos.:

Sanction letter No. Date Grant received on Amount

of the Ministry Date Rs.

1. G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC) 18.06.2010 28.06.2010 20,13,064/-

2. G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC) 13.12.2010 20.12.2010 28,72,979/-

3. G.20011/2/2010-Stat(PRC) 28.02.2011 07.03.2011 5,06,996/-

Total 53,93,039/-

============

For implementing the project, an aggregate amount of Rs. 52,48,316.06 (Rs. Fifty Two Lakhs Forty

Eight Thousand Three Hundred & Sixteen Paise Six only) has been spent for the purpose for which

the grant had been sanctioned as per conditions for release of the said grant. Salary and

allowances paid to the employees were similar to those payable to the identical category of

employees employed under the State Government.

As on 01.04.2010, the Institute had with it an unspent balance of Rs. 15,64,457.04 for the above

purpose, during the year the Institute has received a grant of Rs. 53,93,039.00 for the purpose,

which along-with unspent balance of Rs. 15,64,457.04 aggregates to Rs.69,57,496.04. After

adjusting an expenditure of Rs. 52,48,316.06 during the year 2010-11, there remains an unspent

balance of Rs. 17,09,179.98 with the Institute as on 31.03.2011.

Certified to be correct


FRN No: 101851W

Sd/- Sd/-

Date: 25.07.2011 Chandrashekhar V. Chitale Dr. R. Nagarajan

Place: Place: Pune Chartered Accountants Officiating Registrar

M No: 035885

19



(Deemed University)

PUNE - 411 004

Statement showing Actual Expenditure during the Year 2010-2011

Rs. P. Rs. P.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE

I. Recurring Expenditure

(a) Salaries and Allowances:

Professor 4,79,016.60

Lectures 8,87,272.76

Research Investigators 6,27,403.48

Field Investigators 6,16,545.00

Key-Punch Operators 6,72,772.80

Library Assistant 3,46,262.08

Office Establishment

(OS/Steno/Typist/Accounts’ Assistant/Peons)

13,12,925.84 49,42,198.56

(b) Traveling Allowance and Daily Allowance 1,18,251.00

(c) Books and Journals 39,168.50

(d) Printing and Stationery and Contingencies,

POL maintenance etc.

1,48,698.00

Total 52,48.316.06

(Rs. Fifty Two Lac Forty Eight Thousand Three Hundred Sixteen and Paise Six only)



FRN No: 101851W

Sd/- Sd/-


Place: Pune Chartered Accountants Officiating Registrar

M No: 035885

20



(Deemed University)

PUNE - 411 004

Receipts and Payments account for the Population Research Centre for the year ended

on 31st

March 2011

Receipts Rs. P. Payments Rs. P.

Unspent Balance with the

Institute as on 01.04.2010

15,64,457.04

Receipts during the year

2010-2011

Expenditure incurred for

Population Research Centre

during the year 2010-2011

52,48,316.06

1st

installment for the year

2010-2011 (Recurring)

20,13.064.00

2nd



3rd



28,72,979.00

5,06,996.00

Unpsent Balance with the

Institute as on 31.3.2011

17,09,179.98

Total Receipts 69,57,496.04 Total Payments 69,57,496.04



FRN No: 101851W

Sd/- Sd/-


Place: Pune Chartered Accountants Officiating Registrar

M No: 035885

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