PopulationMr. Webster’s Class

Extra Credit Opportunity – due Wed. 10/7• For this assignment, you must conduct research and write a multi-

paragraph paper (minimum of 3 paragraphs) that examines a particular event that has had long-term consequences.• Your paper should explain the key moments, significance, as well

as short-term and long-term effects associated with your topic. • Please note that each paragraph should consist of at least 5

sentences.• To conduct your research, you MUST consult a historical source and

cite the source as well. PLAGIARISM WILL NOT BE TOLERATED! • This assignment is worth 20 points, and grading will be based on

accuracy of content, relevance, structure, and focus.• LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED!

Extra Credit Possible Topics

• European Colonization of Africa• European Imperialism in

the Middle East• Creation of Israel• Industrial Revolution• Medical Revolution• Rwandan Genocide

• Decolonization of Africa• European Colonization of

India• Black Death• Refugees of the Syrian

Civil War• Syrian Civil War• AIDS• Mexican Drug War

Extra Credit Opportunity – due Wed. 12/16• To complete this assignment, you must watch the Amazing Race

and/or the Nightly News (NBC, CBS, ABC), and keep a journal of those segments and/or stories that pertain to this class. • In each journal entry, you should briefly describe the contents of the

program, while highlighting those features that you found to be most interesting or relevant to this class. You should also mention what you will take away from the program. Did it teach you something, or help you realize something that had not occurred to you previously?• Each journal entry should consist of at least 4 sentences, and each

entry will be worth 2 points. This assignment is worth a total of 20 points.• Grading will be based on focus and geographical relevance.• LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED!

Demography

• Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics.• A study of population is

the basis for understanding a wide variety of issues in human geography.• For instance, the typical

family in a more developed country (MDC) generally contains fewer people than one in a less developed countries (LDCs).

Importance of Population Studies

• The study of population is important for three reasons.• More people are alive at this time – nearly 7 billion – than at any point in Earth’s long history.• The world’s population increased at a faster rate during the second half of the 20th century than ever before in history.• Virtually all global population growth is concentrated in LDCs.

Historical World Population Estimates• 10,000 B.C. – 4 million• 5000 B.C. – 5 million• A.D. 1 – 200 million• 1000 – 400 million• 1500 – 458 million• 1600 – 580 million• 1700 – 682 million• 1800 – 978 million• 1804 – 1 billion

• 1900 – 1.65 billion• 1950 – 2.52 billion• 1960 – 2.98 billion• 1970 – 3.69 billion• 1980 – 4.44 billion• 1990 – 5.26 billion• 2000 – 6.07 billion• 2010 – 6.97 billion• 2015 – 7.32 billion

Population by Continent (2013 estimates)• Asia – 4.3 billion• Africa – 1.1 billion• Europe – 740 million• North America – 565

million• South America – 400

million• Oceania – 38 million• Antarctica – 4,000 (non-

permanent)

Most Populous Countries

• 1. China – 1.372 billion• 2. India – 1.277 billion• 3. USA – 320 million• 4. Indonesia – 255 million• 5. Brazil – 205 million• 6. Pakistan – 190 million• 7. Nigeria – 182 million• 8. Bangladesh – 159 million• 9. Russia – 146 million• 10. Japan – 127 million

Most Populous Cities

• 1. Shanghai, China – 24.1 million• 2. Karachi, Pakistan – 23.5 million• 3. Beijing, China – 21.5 million• 4. Tianjin, China – 14.7 million• 5. Istanbul, Turkey – 14.4 million• 6. Lagos, Nigeria – 13.4 million• 7. Tokyo, Japan – 13.3 million• 8. Guangzhou, China – 12.7

million• 9. Mumbai, India – 12.6 million• 10. Moscow, Russia – 12.2 million

Most Populous Metropolitan Areas

• 1. Tokyo, Japan – 36.9 million• 2. Seoul, South Korea – 25.6 million• 3. Shanghai, China – 24.7 million• 4. Guangzhou, China – 23.9 million• 5. Karachi, Pakistan – 23.5 million• 6. Delhi, India – 21.7 million• 7. Mexico City, Mexico – 21.2 million• 8. Beijing, China – 21.1 million• 9. Lagos, Nigeria – 21 million• 10. São Paulo, Brazil – 20.9 million

Most Populous U.S. Cities

• 1. New York, NY - 8.5 million• 2. Los Angeles, CA – 3.9 million• 3. Chicago, IL – 2.7 million• 4. Houston, TX – 2.2 million• 5. Philadelphia, PA – 1.6 million• 6. Phoenix, AZ – 1.5 million• 7. San Antonio, TX – 1.4 million• 8. San Diego, CA – 1.4 million• 9. Dallas, TX – 1.3 million• 10. San Jose, CA – 1.0 million

Most Populous U.S. Metropolitan Areas• 1. New York, NY – 20.1 million• 2. Los Angeles, CA – 13.3 million• 3. Chicago, IL – 9.6 million• 4. Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX – 7.0 million• 5. Houston, TX – 6.5 million• 6. Philadelphia, PA – 6.1 million• 7. Washington, DC – 6.0 million• 8. Miami/Ft. Lauderdale, FL – 5.9

mill.• 9. Atlanta, GA – 5.6 million• 10. Boston, MA – 4.7 million

Overpopulation

• Overpopulation is the number of people in an area exceeding the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.• Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in 4 regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.• Cartograms depict the size of countries according to population rather than by land area.

East Asia

• Nearly ¼ of the world’s people live in East Asia. This includes eastern China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.• The Chinese population is clustered

near the Pacific Coast and in several fertile river valleys that extend inland.• More than ½ of China’s population consists of farmers who live in rural areas.• In sharp contrast to China, more than ¾ of all Japanese and Koreans live in urban areas.

South Asia

• Nearly ¼ of the world’s people also live in South Asia, which includes India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the island of Sri Lanka. • India, the world’s 2nd most

populous country, contains more than ¾ of the South Asia population concentration.• Most of the people in South Asia are farmers living in rural areas.

Southeast Asia

• Around 600 million people live in Southeast Asia, mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. These islands include Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines.

• Like China and South Asia, the Southeast Asia concentration is characterized by a high percentage of people working as farmers in rural areas.

• The 3 Asian population concentrations together comprise more than ½ of the world’s population, but together they live on less than 10% of Earth’s land area.

Europe• Europe forms the world’s 3rd

largest population cluster.• In contrast to the three Asian concentrations, ¾ of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities. A dense network of road and rail lines link settlements.• Europeans do not produce enough

food for themselves. Instead, they import food and other resources from other places. This was one major incentive for Europeans to explore and colonize other parts in the world in previous centuries.

Other Population Clusters

• The largest population concentration in the Western Hemisphere is in the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. • Like the Europeans, most Americans are urban dwellers. Less than 2% are farmers.• Another large concentration is in West Africa, especially along the south-facing Atlantic coast. Most people in this region work in agriculture.

The Ecumene

• Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments.• Relatively few people live

in regions that are too dry, too wet, too cold, or too mountainous for activities such as agriculture.• The ecumene is the portion of Earth’s surface that is occupied by permanent human settlement.

Sparsely Populated Regions

• The areas of Earth that humans consider too harsh for occupancy have diminished over time, whereas the ecumene has increased.• Still, approximately ¾ of

the world’s population live on only 5% of the Earth’s surface. • Approximately 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by water.

Dry Lands and Wet Lands

• Deserts generally lack sufficient water to grow crops, although some people survive there by raising animals, such as camels, that are adapted to the climate.• Lands that receive high levels of precipitation may also be inhospitable for human habitation. These lands are located primary near the equator (rain forests). The combination of rain and heat rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and hinders agriculture.

Cold Lands and High Lands

• Much of the land near the North and South poles is perpetually covered with ice or the ground is permanently frozen (permafrost).

• The polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops and few animals can survive the extreme cold. For these reasons, few humans live there.

• Relatively few people live at high elevations. The highest mountains in the world are steep, snow covered, and sparsely settled.

• Some people, however, may prefer higher lands if temps and precipitation are uncomfortably high at lower elevations.

Population Density

• Population density refers to the number of people who occupy an area of land. It can be computed in several ways.

• Arithmetic density is the total number of people divided by the total land area.

• Physiological density is the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

• Agricultural density is the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.

• MDCs have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.

Natural Increase

• Geographers most frequently measure population change through three measures: crude birth rate, crude death rate, and natural increase rate.

• Crude birth rate (CBR) is the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

• Crude death rate (CDR) is the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 alive in the society.

• Natural increase rate (NIR) is the % by which a population grows in a year. It is computed by subtracting CDR from CBR, after first converting the two measures from numbers to percentages.

NIR Today

• The world NIR during the early 21st century has been 1.2, meaning that the population of the world has been growing each year by 1.2%.

• NIR peaked at 2.2% in the year 1963.• About 80 million people are being

added to the world’s population annually.

• NIR affects doubling time, or the number of years needed to double a population. At the current NIR, the world population will double in about 54 years.

• More than 95% of the natural increase is clustered in LDCs.

Fertility

• Geographers also use the total fertility rate (TFR) to measure the number of births in a society.• Total fertility rate is the average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. • The TFR for the world is 2.6, and this figure varies between MDCs and LDCs. The TFR exceeds 6.0 in many countries of sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1.9 in most European countries.

Infant Mortality Rate

• Infant mortality rate (IMR) is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births. This is usually expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 births.

• The highest rates are in the LDCs of sub-Saharan Africa, whereas the lowest rates are in Europe.

• In general, IMR reflects a country’s health-care system.

• In the U.S., African Americans and other minorities have IMRs that are twice as high as the national average.

Life Expectancy

• Life expectancy at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.• Like every other mortality and

fertility rate, life expectancy is most favorable in the wealthy countries of Western Europe and least favorable in the poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa.• Babies born today can expect to live

to around 80 in Western Europe but only to around 50 in sub-Saharan Africa.

Euro Population Article Discussion

• Discuss the following questions with the partner you have been assigned, and be prepared to share your thoughts and conclusions with the class.

• 1. What was the main point of this article?• 2. What are some things that you learned by reading

this article?• 3. What stood out to you as something really interesting

or intriguing?• 4. Why do you think many European nations are worried

about their declining birth rates?• 5. What questions do you do still have about this topic?

The Demographic Transition

• The demographic transition is a process with several stages, and every country is in one of them.• Historically, once a country has moved from one stage of the process to the next, it has not reverted to an earlier stage.• The four stages of demographic transition are: • Stage 1 – Low Growth• Stage 2 – High Growth• Stage 3 – Moderate Growth• Stage 4 – Low Growth

Population Pyramids

• A country’s population can be displayed by age and gender on a bar graph called a population pyramid.

• A population pyramid normally shows the % of the total population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group (0-4 years old) at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top.

• The length of the bar represents the % of the total population contained in that group.

• Males are usually shown on the left, with females on the right.

• The shape of a community or country’s population pyramid tells a lot about its distinctive character.

Population Pyramid

• For this assignment, you have been paired with a partner. Together, you will examine population pyramids from various countries around the globe, and make inferences about those countries based on the information displayed in the population pyramid.• You must also answer the following questions for each population pyramid.

• A. At what stage is this country on the demographic transition model?• B. What are the indicators that led you to answer “A” the way that you did?• C. Based on your answers to “A” and “B”, would you describe this country

as an MDC or an LDC?• C. Based on this data alone, what kind of demographic forecast do you

predict for this country?

Demographic Transition – Stage 1

• Most of humanity’s several-hundred-thousand-year occupancy of Earth was characterized by stage 1 of the demographic transition.

• Throughout stage 1, crude birth and death rates were roughly the same, and NIR hovered around zero. As a result, Earth’s population remain unchanged.

• It was during this stage that the agricultural revolution occurred, which is when humans first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

• No country currently remains at stage 1.

Demographic Transition – Stage 2

• In stage 2, the CDR suddenly plummets, while the CBR remains roughly the same as in stage 1. This results in a very high NIR, and therefore population grows rapidly.

• Many European and North American countries entered stage 2 in the late 1700s, at the onset of the Industrial Revolution.

• During the Industrial Revolution, new machines transformed manufacturing and agriculture. The wealth produced by the Industrial Revolution helped improve sanitation, personal hygiene, and standard of living.

• As a result, people were healthier and therefore lived longer.

Demographic Transition – Stage 2 Cont.• While countries in Europe

and N.A. entered stage 2 around 1800, countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America did not enter stage 2 until about 1950.• These countries entered stage 2 as a result of the medical revolution, when improved medical practices suddenly eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in LDCs.

Demographic Transition – Stage 3

• A country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition when CBR begins to drop sharply.• The CDR continues to fall in stage 3, but at a much slower rate than in stage 2.• The population continues to grow because the CBR is still greater than the CDR.• At stage 3, people have fewer children. This is a result of multiple factors, such as a decline in IMR and an increase in urban dwelling.

Demographic Transition – Stage 3 Cont.• Countries in Europe and N.A. generally moved from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition during the first half of the 20th century. • Most countries in Asia and Latin America moved to stage 3 in recent years, while most African countries remain in stage 2.

The Demographic Transition – Stage 4• A country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero. • This condition is called zero population growth.• In stage 4 societies, increasing numbers of women enter the labor force rather than remain at home as full-time homemakers, and they have access to a wider variety of birth-control options.• As a result, they have fewer children.

The Demographic Transition – Stage 4 and Potential Stage 5• Countries at stage 4 of the

demographic transition include the Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Singapore, South Korea, the U.S., and most of Europe.• Demographers in the future may identify a fifth stage of the demographic transition, characterized by higher death rates than birth rates and an irreversible population decline.

Dependency Ratio

• Dependency ratio is the # of people who are too young or too old to work.• People who are 0-14 years of

age and 65-plus are normally classified as dependents.• The “graying”, or ageing, of a population places a burden on societies as older people must receive adequate levels of income and medical care after they retire from their jobs.

Sex Ratio

• The # of males per hundred females in the population is the sex ratio.• It varies among countries,

depending on birth and death rates.• In general, slightly more

males than females are born, but males have higher death rates.• In North America, the sex

ratio is about 97:100, or 97 males for each 100 women.

Malthusian Theory

• English economist Thomas Malthus was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.• Neo-Malthusians argue

that two characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus’s thesis more frightening than when it was first written over 200 years ago.

Neo-Malthusians

• Neo-Malthusians argue that the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than Malthus anticipated.• They also argue that population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources, not just food production.• Examples of these resources include clean air, suitable farmland, and fuel.

Criticism of Malthus

• Many geographers consider Malthusian beliefs unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding.• Other critics argue that population

growth stimulates economic growth.• Marxists maintain that poverty,

hunger, and social welfare problems are caused by unjust social and economic institutions, not overpopulation.

Malthus Theory vs. Reality

• On a global scale, conditions during the past half-century have not supported Malthus’s theory.• Population has increased more slowly than Malthus anticipated, and global food production has consistently grown at a faster than the NIR since 1950. • This has resulted from better

growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land.

Reducing Birth Rates

• Although the world as a whole is not in danger of “running out” of food, some regions with rapid population growth do face shortages of food.• Two strategies have been successful in reducing birth rates.• One approach emphasizes the importance of economic development.• The other approach emphasizes the distribution of contraceptives, although this approach is sometimes opposed for religious or political reasons.

China’s One-Child Policy

• In recent years, China has made substantial progress in reducing its rate of growth through its One Child Policy, adopted in 1980.

• Under the One Child Policy, couples need a permit to have a child.

• Couples receive financial subsidies, a long maternity leave, better housing, and (in rural areas) more land if they agree to have just one child.

• To further discourage births, people receive free contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations.

• Recently, the harsh rules in the One Child Policy have been relaxed. Chinese couples wishing a second child pay a “family-planning fee” to cover the cost o the government of supporting the additional person.

China’s One-Child Policy

• For this assignment, you need to locate a factual source and answer the following questions:

• A. What is China’s One-Child Policy?• B. What are some of the conditions of China’s One-Child

Policy?• C. What are some of the positive effects of China’s One-

Child Policy?• D. What are some of the negative effects of China’s

One-Child Policy?• E. Overall, do you feel that China’s One-Child Policy has

been beneficial for Chinese society? Why or why not?

India’s Family Planning Program

• India became the first country to embark ion a family-planning program, in 1952.

• The most controversial aspect of India’s family-planning program was the implementation of forced sterilization.

• Eventually, widespread opposition led to the abandonment of forced sterilization.

• The sterilization program is also blamed for creating an aversion to family planning.

• As a result, India’s family planning program has generated only modest results.

• Family Planning Posters

Epidemiology

• Epidemiology is the branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality.• Epidemiologic transition focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Epidemiologic Transition – Stage 1

• Stage 1 of the epidemiologic transition has been called the stage of pestilence and famine.

• Infectious and parasitic diseases were principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans.

• History’s most violent stage 1 epidemic was the Black Plague, or bubonic plague, which was probably transmitted to humans by fleas from migrating infected rats.

• Between 1347 and 1350, the plague killed at least half of Europe’s population.

Epidemiologic Transition – Stage 2

• Stage 2 of the epidemiologic transition has been called the stage of receding pandemics.• A pandemic is disease that

occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.• Cholera became an especially

virulent epidemic in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution, and it was largely spread by contaminated water.

Epidemiologic Transition – Stages 3 & 4• Stage 3 of the epidemiologic transition is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging.• The two especially important chronic disorders in stage 3 are cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks, and various forms of cancer.• In many ways, stage 4 is an extension of stage 3. However, in stage 4, life expectancy is expanded.

Epidemiologic Transition – Stage 5

• Some medical analysts argue that the world is moving into stage 5 of the epidemiologic transition, which is the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.• Three reasons for a possible emergence of a stage 5 include evolution of disease microbes, poverty, and improved methods of travel.

AIDS

• The most lethal epidemic in recent years has been AIDS.• AIDS (Acquired Immune

Deficiency Syndrome) was first recognized in 1981, and its cause (HIV) was identified in the early part of the decade.• Currently, 90% of people living

with HIV come from LDCs. • The impact of AIDS has been

felt most strongly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Migration

• Migration is defined as a permanent move to a new location.

• Emigration is migration from a location.

• Immigration is migration to a location.

• The difference between the # of immigrants and emigrants is called net migration.

• When the # of immigrants exceeds the # of emigrants, net migration is positive and the region has net in-migration.

• When the # of emigrants exceeds the # of immigrants, net migration is negative and the region has net out-migration.

Push and Pull Factors

• People decide to migrate because of push and pull factors.• Push factors induce people to move out of their present location, whereas pull factors induce people to move into a new location.• There are three major kinds of

push and pull factors: economic, cultural, and environmental.

Economic Push and Pull Factors

• Most people migrate for economic reasons. • People most often

immigrate to places where jobs seem to be available, and emigrate from places with few job opportunities.

Cultural Push and Pull Factors

• Cultural factors often force people to emigrate from a country. Forced int’l migration has historically occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and instability.

• Refugees are people who have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

• Refugees have no home until another country allows them entry. In the interim, they must camp out in tents, board in shelters, or lie by the side of the road.

Refugee Crisis Article

• For this assignment, you will be put in small groups, and together, you will read through an assigned portion of the recent article “The Refugee Crisis: 9 Questions you were too Embarrassed to Ask.”• Upon reading your portion of the article, you and your group

members must present the information you learned with the class. • Your presentation should be clear, focused, and it should include

some sort of visual aid to help illustrate your findings. Your visual can come in the form of a chart, graph, map, or drawing. • Each group member must take part in both research and

presentation portions of the assignment. • Please note that during presentations, each student will be taking

notes at his/her desk.

Environmental Push and Pull Factors

• People also migrate for environmental reasons, pulled toward physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones. • Popular destinations for migrants

include mountains, seasides, and warm climates. • Migrants are also pushed from

their homes by adverse physical conditions, such as water-related disasters or lack of access to water.

Intervening Obstacles

• Intervening obstacles are environmental or cultural features that hinder migration.• In the past, intervening obstacles were primarily environmental (i.e. bodies of water, mountains, deserts, etc.).• Transportation improvements have

diminished physical intervening obstacles.• Today’s migrants more often face intervening obstacles of a political nature, such as lacking the proper paperwork to enter a country legally.

Internal Migration

• Internal migration is permanent movement within the same country.• Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country.• Internal migration can be divided into two types: interregional and intraregional.• Interregional migration is the movement from one region of a country to another.• Intraregional migration is movement within one region.

International Migration

• International migration is permanent movement from one country to another.

• Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

• International migration is divided into two types: voluntary and forced.

• Voluntary migration implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement.

• Forced migration means that the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.

Migration Transition

• According to Wilbur Zelinsky, migration transition consists of changes in a society comparable to those in a demographic transition.• According to the migration transition, international migration is primarily a phenomenon of countries in stage 2 of the demographic transition, whereas internal migration is more important in stages 3 and 4.

Global Migration Patterns

• Approximately 9% of the world’s people are international migrants.• Currently, the 3 largest flows of migrants are:• Asia Europe• Asia North America• Latin America North

America

• The U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any country: around 40 million as of 2010.

Colonial Immigration

• The U.S. has had 4 main eras of immigration. • The 1st era was the initial settlement of the colonies.• Immigration came from two principal sources: Europe and Africa.• Most Africans were forced to migrate

as slaves, whereas most Europeans came to escape harsh economic conditions and/or religious persecution.• Ninety percent of European

immigrants to the U.S. prior to 1840 came from Great Britain.

Nineteenth-Century Immigration

• The 2nd era of immigration to the U.S. occurred in the mid-1800s, and the 3rd era occurred from 1880-1914. Migration levels peaked at several points during the 19th & 20th centuries.

• During the 1840s and 1850s, 75% of all U.S. immigrants came from Ireland and Germany.

• In the 1880s, an increasing number of Scandinavians joined other Western Europeans migrating to the U.S.

• From 1900-1914, 2/3 of all immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Italy, Russia, and what was then Austria-Hungary.

Recent Immigration

• The third era of immigration to the U.S. began in the 1970s and continues today.• More than ¾ of recent U.S. immigrants have originated in two regions: Asia (especially China, India, and the Philippines) and Latin America (especially Mexico).• In 2006, Mexico officially

became the country that has sent the most immigrants to the United States.

U.S. Immigration Articles FRQs (worth 20 pts.)• Use the articles regarding U.S. immigration to answer the following questions:

• A. What are the three major waves of immigration that occurred in the United States prior to 1965?

• B. Identify ONE major group of people that migrated to the United Sates, and explain ONE factor that led to their immigration.

• C. Identify ONE major group of people that faced discrimination upon immigrating to the United States, and explain the basis for their discrimination.

• D. Explain ONE short-term effect and ONE long-term effect of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965.

Europe’s Demographic Transition

• Throughout the 19th century, rapid population growth spurred by Europe’s entry into stage 2 of the demographic transition fueled emigration.

• As the population increased, many Europeans found limited opportunities for economic advancement and migration to the U.S. served as a safety valve.

• Most European countries are now in stage 4 of the demographic transition and have economies capable of meeting the needs of their people, which has virtually eliminated the need for emigration.

European Colonialism

• Regions that were sparsely inhabited prior to European immigration (i.e. N. America and Australia) have become closely integrated into Europe’s cultural, political, and economic traditions.

• Europeans also planted the seeds of conflicts by migrating to regions with large indigenous populations (Africa & Asia).

• Many of today’s conflicts in former European colonies have resulted from the drawing of arbitrary boundary lines and discriminating among different local ethnic groups.

Illegal Immigration

• In 2008, it was estimated that there were 11.9 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S.• Around 59% of

unauthorized immigrants came from Mexico, 22% from elsewhere in Latin America, and 12% from Asia.• Americans are divided

concerning whether unauthorized migration helps or hurts the country.

Immigrant Distribution

• Recent immigrants are not distributed uniformly throughout the U.S.• About 1/5 are in California and 1/6

in the NY metro area. One-fourth of unauthorized immigrants are in California.• Chain migration is the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there (i.e. Dominicans & Puerto Ricans New York).

The Quota and Origins Acts

• The Quota Act (1921) and the Origins Act (1924) established quotas, or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States from each country during a 1-yr. period.• These laws were designed to ensure that most immigrants to the U.S. were Europeans.

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965• The Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated national quotas. Currently, there is a global quota of 620,000.• Preference is given to individuals with family members already living in the U.S., as well as skilled workers. Others are admitted by lottery.• Brain drain is the term used to describe large-scale emigration by talented people.• The quota does not apply to

refugees.

Temporary Migration

• People unable to migrate permanently to a new country may be allowed to migrate temporarily. • Citizens of poor countries who

obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East are known as guest workers.• Guest workers serve a useful role in Western Europe because they take low-status and low-skilled jobs that local residents won’t accept.

Economic Migrants vs. Refugees

• The distinction between economic migrants and refugees is important because most countries treat the two groups differently.• Refugees generally receive special priority in admission to other countries.• Oftentimes, distinguishing

between the two can be difficult.

U.S. Attitudes Toward Immigrants

• Americans have always regarded new arrivals with suspicion.• Opposition to immigration also

intensified in the 20th century when the majority of immigrants no longer came from Northern and Western Europe.• More recently, some states

have voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to most public services.

Internal Migration

• For most people, internal migration is less disruptive than int’l migration.• Two main types of internal migration are interregional (between regions) and intraregional (with a region).• In the past, people migrated from one region of a country to another in search of better farmland. • Today, the principal type of

interregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas.

Historical Trends of Internal Migration• When the first U.S. census was taken in 1790, the country’s population center was located in the Chesapeake Bay area of Maryland.• This location reflects the fact that

virtually all colonial-era settlements were near the Atlantic Coast.• Transportation improvements helped to open the interior in the early 1800s, and many Americans began to move west.

Historical Trends of Internal Migration• During the mid-19th century, the center of population surged westward as a result of the Gold Rush.• In the late 19th century and early

20th century, the westward movement of the U.S. population center began to slow.• During the late 20th century, the population center began to move southward.• Americans migrated to the South

primarily for job opportunities and environmental conditions.

Current Trends

• Americans commonly refer to the South as the “sunbelt” because of its more temperate climate, and the Midwest as the “rustbelt” because of its dependency on declining manufacturing.• Interregional migration has slowed considerably in the U.S. into the 21st century.

Global Interregional Migration

• Interregional migration has also occurred, and still occurs, throughout other countries.• Examples include:

• Soviet Union (forced relocation to the Far North)

• Brazil (creation of a new capital in the western interior)

• Indonesia (paid migration from Java to other islands)

• European Union (from South and East to North and West)

• India (restrictions to migrate or visit Assam)

Intraregional Migration

• Far more people migrate within the same region that those who relocate to a new region altogether.• Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas.• In the U.S., the principal intraregional migration is from cities to suburbs.

From Rural to Urban

• Migration from rural areas to urban areas began in the 1800s in Europe & North America as a result of the Industrial Revolution.• In recent years, urbanization has diffused to LDCs, especially in Asia.• Like interregional migrants, most intraregional migrants seek economic advancement.

From Urban to Suburban

• Most intraregional migration in MDCs is from cities out to surrounding suburbs.• The major reason for the large-scale migration is the pull of a suburban lifestyle, such as a detached house, private yard, garage, driveway, better schools, safer neighborhoods, etc.• As a result of suburbanization,

the territory occupied by urban areas has rapidly expanded.

Counterurbanization

• Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization. • Life suburbanization,

people move from urban to rural areas for lifestyle reasons.• With modern

communications and transportation systems, no location in an MDC is truly isolated.• Future migration trends in

MDCs are unpredictable.