Population Geography WG 5, 6, 11a-c. What factors influence population distribution? ►...

Population Population GeographyGeography

WG 5, 6, 11a-cWG 5, 6, 11a-c

What factors influence What factors influence population distribution?population distribution?

►Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors What type of natural resources are What type of natural resources are

in the area? Does it have oil, or in the area? Does it have oil, or arable land or access to water?arable land or access to water?

What is the climate like?What is the climate like? Does it have capital resources Does it have capital resources

such as transportation and such as transportation and technology?technology?

►Economic factorsEconomic factors What is the economic What is the economic

development like?development like? What are the resources like?What are the resources like?

►Political factorsPolitical factors What is the government What is the government

policy?policy? Are there many conflicts?Are there many conflicts? Is it a rural/urban area?Is it a rural/urban area?

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of human populations?human populations?

►Birth and Death ratesBirth and Death rates How many people per 1000 How many people per 1000

are born or die in a year?are born or die in a year?

►Age DistributionAge Distribution How many people are in How many people are in

each age category?each age category?

PalestinianTerritories

Fertility Rate

1975-1980 7.39

1980-1985 7.00

1985-1990 6.43

1990-1995 6.46

1995-2000 5.99

2000-2005 5.57

2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither

grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not

reaching childbearing age.

Africa Fertility Rate

1975-1980 6.60

1980-1985 6.45

1985-1990 6.11

1990-1995 5.67

1995-2000 5.26

2000-2005 4.97

U.K.Total

fertility rate

1975-1980 1.72

1980-1985 1.80

1985-1990 1.81

1990-1995 1.78

1995-2000 1.70

2000-2005 1.66

Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will

have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The

U.S. rate is 2.

►Male / Female distributionMale / Female distribution Are there more males or Are there more males or

more females? Why?more females? Why?

►Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy How old can you expect to How old can you expect to

live?live?

►Infant MortalityInfant Mortality How many children die How many children die

before their second birthday?before their second birthday?

Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths of children under the age of one per thousand live births. The rate ranges from as low as 3 (Singapore,

Iceland) to as much as 150 (Sierra Leone, Afghanistan). The U.S. rate is just over 6. High infant mortality tends to result in higher fertility rates as families

seek “insurance” for the loss of children.

Birth Control ProgramsBirth Control Programs

► One family/one child policiesOne family/one child policies Female infanticideFemale infanticide Social compensation feesSocial compensation fees

► SterilizationSterilization► Loss of statusLoss of status► Termination healthcare/food couponsTermination healthcare/food coupons► Free birth controlFree birth control► Increased literacyIncreased literacy

World Death RatesWorld Death Rates

► Infectious diseasesInfectious diseases HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS SARSSARS

►Degenerative diseasesDegenerative diseases ObesityObesity Tobacco useTobacco use

►EpidemiologyEpidemiology►Epidemiological transitionEpidemiological transition

Rates of Natural Increase

Doubling TimesDoubling TimesThe doubling time is the number of years before a population will be

twice as large as it is today.

World = 50U.S. = 34

MDC = 543LDC = 40

Honduras = 22Belize = 19

Denmark = 700Russia = never?

What factors influence What factors influence population growth rates?population growth rates?

► Does the country have modern Does the country have modern medicine and hygiene practices?medicine and hygiene practices?

► What is the average level of What is the average level of education?education?

► Is the country industrialized and Is the country industrialized and do the people live in urban do the people live in urban areas?areas?

► What is the level of economic What is the level of economic development? Does the country development? Does the country have a primary, secondary, or have a primary, secondary, or tertiary economy?tertiary economy?

► What is the government’s policy What is the government’s policy toward growth? Are there any toward growth? Are there any restrictions?restrictions?

► What role do women play in the What role do women play in the society?society?

►Urban / RuralUrban / Rural Where do most people live? In Where do most people live? In

the city/country?the city/country?

►GDPGDP Is the country’s GDP high or Is the country’s GDP high or

low?low?

►EthnicityEthnicity Does the population have one Does the population have one

dominate ethnicity or many dominate ethnicity or many and do they get along?and do they get along?

►LanguageLanguage Do the people speak one Do the people speak one

language or do they have language or do they have multiple languages?multiple languages?

►ReligionReligion Do the people share the same Do the people share the same

religion or do they have religion or do they have multiple ones?multiple ones?

►EducationEducation Are the people highly Are the people highly

educated?educated?

MODELS OF POPULATION GROWTH

Demographic Transition Demographic Transition ModelModel

► Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural)Stage one (preindustrial/pre-agricultural) Crude birth/death rate highCrude birth/death rate high Fragile, but stable, populationFragile, but stable, population

► Stage two (improved agriculture and Stage two (improved agriculture and medicine)medicine) Lower death ratesLower death rates Infant mortality rate fallsInfant mortality rate falls Natural increase very highNatural increase very high

► Stage three (attitudes change)Stage three (attitudes change) Indicative of richer developed countriesIndicative of richer developed countries Higher standards of living/educationHigher standards of living/education Crude birth rate finally fallsCrude birth rate finally falls

► Stage four Stage four Crude birth/death rates lowCrude birth/death rates low Population stablePopulation stable Populations agingPopulations aging

Demographic Transition Model

Problems with the Demographic Transition

Model

• based on European experience, assumes all countries will progress to

complete industrialization

• many countries reducing growth rate dramatically without increase in wealth

• on the other hand, some countries “stuck” in stage 2 or stage 3

Population ShiftPopulation Shift

OverpopulationOverpopulation► When consumption of When consumption of

natural resources by natural resources by people outstrip the people outstrip the ability of a natural ability of a natural region to replace those region to replace those natural resources. natural resources.

(1743 – 1794)

- predicted that innovation, resulting in increased wealth, and choice would provide food and resources in the future and

lead to fewer children per family; believed that society

was perfectible

Jean Antoine Jean Antoine Condorcet Condorcet

Thomas Malthus on Thomas Malthus on PopulationPopulation

Malthus, responding to Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted Condorcet, predicted population would population would outrun food supply, outrun food supply, leading to a decrease leading to a decrease in food per person.in food per person.

AssumptionsAssumptions► Populations grow Populations grow

exponentially.exponentially.► Food supply grows Food supply grows

arithmetically.arithmetically.► Food shortages and Food shortages and

chaos inevitable.chaos inevitable.

An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4

Population

Food

Food Population2 24 48 16

16 256

Population J-CurvePopulation J-Curve

Population and the Population and the EnvironmentEnvironmentI = P x A x T

Impact = Population x Affluence x TechnologyPopulation-influenced environmental

problems:

• Global Warming

• Habitat Loss / Endangered Species

• Resource Depletion

• Food Shortages? Not globally, but regionally.

Pop

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tion

an

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eso

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e

Pop

ula

tion

an

d R

eso

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e

Con

sum

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on

Con

sum

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The EndThe End

MIGRATIONMIGRATION

MigrationMigration

Haitian RefugeesSalinas, CA

Why do people migrate?Why do people migrate?►Push Factors Push Factors ►Pull FactorsPull Factors

Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s

Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Emigration and immigrationChange in residence.Relative to origin and

destination.

Push Factors of MigrationPush Factors of Migration

►Push factorsPush factors are factors are factors which force people to move.which force people to move. overproductionoverproduction religious persecutionreligious persecution lack of job opportunitieslack of job opportunities agricultural declineagricultural decline conflictconflict

Political persecutionPolitical persecution

Natural hazards—droughts, Natural hazards—droughts, floods, famines, volcanic floods, famines, volcanic eruptionseruptions

Limits on personal freedomLimits on personal freedom

environmental degradation environmental degradation (decline)(decline)

Pull Factors of MigrationPull Factors of Migration

►Pull factorsPull factors attract people attract people to an areato an area ReligionReligion Economic opportunityEconomic opportunity Land availabilityLand availability Political freedomPolitical freedom

Ethnic and family tiesEthnic and family ties Arable landArable land

World Migration Routes Since 1700World Migration Routes Since 1700

European

African (slaves)

Indian

Chinese

Japanese

Majority of population descended from immigrants


U.S. ImmigrationU.S. Immigration

Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.immigration was from Britainimmigration was from Britain

Two Big Waves:Two Big Waves:

1840 - 1930: W. and N. European1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910Southern and Eastern European by 1910

Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and GermansIrish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech,

Poland, Romania, etc.)Poland, Romania, etc.) 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining ; declining

EuropeansEuropeans Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Phillipines, Vietnam, and

South KoreaSouth Korea Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, HaitiLatin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991.former illegals in 1990, 1991.

Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. MigrationU.S. MigrationPrior to 1840, 90% of U.S.Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S.

immigration was from Britainimmigration was from Britain

Three trends:Three trends:

Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migrationchain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New YorkMexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New YorkCaribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & CaliforniaChinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: CaliforniaOther Asians: California Armenians: ???? Armenians: ????

Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. Immigration PoliciesU.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968,

with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for Westwith hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 0001978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political

asylumasylum 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers

of former illegals.of former illegals. 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,0001990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000 1995, visas issued 1995, visas issued PreferentiallyPreferentially::

480,000 - to relatives of people here480,000 - to relatives of people here 140,000 - to those with special skills and education140,000 - to those with special skills and education 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin

Amer. or Asia)Amer. or Asia)

Current Total: 675,000Current Total: 675,000

US Population by Race and US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050Ethnicity, 1990-2050

75.669.1

6253

912.5

1824

11.712.1 13 14

3.6 6.3 7 9

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1990 2000 2025 2050

Asian/ OtherBlackHispanicWhite


Top 10 Countries of Origin Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, for US Legal Immigrants,

199819980 50000 100000 150000

Mexico

China

India

Philippines

Dominican Republic

Vietnam

Cuba

Jamaica

El Salvador

Korea


Illegal Aliens in the United States Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in by Country of Origin, 1996 (in

1,000s)1,000s)

2700

335

165

120

105

95

90

70

70

70

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Mexico

El Salvador

Guatemala

Canada

Haiti

Philippines

Honduras

Poland

Nicaragua

Bahamas


What about other countries?What about other countries?(like, say, Armenia? ;-) (like, say, Armenia? ;-)

Visit the Migration Policy Institute web page

“Who’s Where in the U.S.?” for details about the destination of many

other groups: http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/whoswhere.cfm

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in Born Population, United States, 2000 (in

%)%)

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

Percent

Male Female FemaleMale

Foreign Born Native

8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8

0- 4

5- 9

10- 14

15- 19

20- 24

25- 29

30- 34

35- 39

40- 44

45- 49

50- 54

55- 59

60- 64

65- 69

70- 74

75- 79

80- 84

85+

Percent

Age


Types of MigrationTypes of Migration► Internal MigrationInternal Migration

Within one country.Within one country. Crossing domestic Crossing domestic

jurisdictional jurisdictional boundaries; between boundaries; between states or provinces.states or provinces.

Little government Little government control.control.

Factors:Factors:► Employment-based.Employment-based.► Retirement-based.Retirement-based.► Education-based.Education-based.► Civil conflicts Civil conflicts

(internally displaced (internally displaced population).population).

Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Migration by Major Metropolitan Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 Areas in the United States, 1990-98

(in 1,000s)(in 1,000s)-1750 -1250 -750 -250 250 750 1250

New York

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Chicago

Miami

Atlanta

Las Vegas

Phoenix

Portland

Denver

Immigration

Net domesticmigration


The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan The Ten Fastest-Growing Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2000Areas, 1990–2000

Source:Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000; 1990 Census. Web: www.census.gov

Population Change, 1990–2000Metropolitan area April 1, 1990 April 1, 2000 Number Percent

Las Vegas, Nev., Ariz. 852,737 1,563,282 710,545 83.3%Naples, Fla. 152,099 251,377 99,278 65.3Yuma, Ariz. 106,895 160,026 53,131 49.7McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, Tex. 383,545 569,463 185,918 48.5Austin-San Marcos, Tex. 846,227 1,249,763 403,536 47.7Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Ark. 210,908 311,121 100,213 47.5Boise, Idaho 295,851 432,345 136,494 46.1Phoenix-Mesa, Ariz. 2,238,480 3,251,876 1,013,396 45.3Laredo, Tex. 133,239 193,117 59,878 44.9Provo-Orem, Utah 263,590 368,536 104,946 39.8

Types of MigrationTypes of Migration► Voluntary migrationVoluntary migration

The migrant makes the decision to move.The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary.Most migration is voluntary.

► Forced MigrationForced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover Involuntary migration in which the mover

has no role in the decision-making process.has no role in the decision-making process. Slavery.Slavery.

► About 11 million African slaves were brought to About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.the Americas between 1519 and 1867.

► In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.United States.

Refugees.Refugees. Military conscription.Military conscription. Children of migrants.Children of migrants.


Types of MigrationTypes of Migration► Circular migrationCircular migration

A type of temporary A type of temporary migration.migration.

Associated with Associated with agricultural work.agricultural work.

The migrant follows the The migrant follows the harvest of various harvest of various crops, moving from one crops, moving from one place to another each place to another each time.time.

Very common in the US Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in farm workers) and in Western Europe Western Europe (Eastern European farm (Eastern European farm workers).workers).

Fall / Winter

Spring Summer

Key Term: Forced Key Term: Forced MigrationMigration

Slaves Reaching British North Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1601-1650

1676-1700

1701-1725

1726-1750

1751-1775

1776-1800

1801-1825

1826-1850

1851-1867


Forced MigrationForced Migration

The Trail of Tears, 1838

Interregional MigrationsInterregional MigrationsU.S. population has been moving Westward and SouthwardU.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward

Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship.Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.

Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications).

Voluntary African-American Voluntary African-American MigrationsMigrations

Blacks moved to Blacks moved to The Industrial BeltThe Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.Detroit) and California during labor shortages.

The culture of the receiving regions was affected by these changes. Can you think of specific cultural traits were

added to the new regions by the arrival of large numbers of blacks?

Internal (interregional) Migrations in Internal (interregional) Migrations in U.S. U.S.

U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbsto the suburbs: : suburbanization and counterurbanizationsuburbanization and counterurbanization

U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Developed Countries: suburbanizationautomobiles and

roads‘American Dream’better services

counterurbanizationidyllic settingscost of land for

retirementslow pace, yet high tech connections to

services and markets

What is the impact of migration What is the impact of migration on regions?on regions?

►Language – multiple languagesLanguage – multiple languages

►Religion and religious freedomReligion and religious freedom

►Customs/traditions – exchanged Customs/traditions – exchanged

►Cultural landscape – diffusion Cultural landscape – diffusion

►DiffusionDiffusion – the spreading of – the spreading of ideas and traitsideas and traits

What is some evidence of What is some evidence of Cultural Interaction?Cultural Interaction?

►spreading (diffusion) of US spreading (diffusion) of US culture to other regions of culture to other regions of the worldthe world

►popularization of other popularization of other cultures’ traditions in the cultures’ traditions in the USUS

Urban DevelopmentUrban Development

►Urbanization, or the growing Urbanization, or the growing of cities, was triggered by of cities, was triggered by industrialization.industrialization.

►Patterns of urban Patterns of urban development occur according development occur according to site and situation.to site and situation.

Site and SituationSite and Situation

►Site and situation are Site and situation are important geographic important geographic concepts when studying concepts when studying the growth of cities.the growth of cities.

►SiteSite is the actual location is the actual location of a city.of a city.

►SituationSituation is another is another name for relative location name for relative location – the location of a city – the location of a city with respect to other with respect to other geographic features, geographic features, regions, resources, and regions, resources, and transport routes.transport routes.

SiteSite

► Harbor Sites: NY City, Harbor Sites: NY City, Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul TurkeyTurkey

► Island sites: Paris, Hong Kong, Island sites: Paris, Hong Kong, SingaporeSingapore

► Fall line sites: Richmond, VAFall line sites: Richmond, VA

► Confluence sites: Khartoum, Confluence sites: Khartoum, Sudan; Pittsburg, PASudan; Pittsburg, PA

►Hilltop sites: Rome, Hilltop sites: Rome, Athens, JerusalemAthens, Jerusalem

►Oasis Sites: Damascus, Oasis Sites: Damascus, SyriaSyria

►Sites where rivers Sites where rivers narrow: London, Quebec narrow: London, Quebec CityCity

SituationSituation

► Istanbul – Command of straits and Istanbul – Command of straits and land bridge to Europeland bridge to Europe

► Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi (Benares), India – Focal point of (Benares), India – Focal point of pilgrimagepilgrimage

► Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore – Cities that grew up around trade – Cities that grew up around trade routesroutes

►Capetown, S.AfricaCapetown, S.Africa – – Supply Supply station for shipsstation for ships

►Omaha, Nebraska; Omaha, Nebraska; Sacramento, CaliforniaSacramento, California – – Cities that grew up along the Cities that grew up along the U.S. Transcontinental railroadU.S. Transcontinental railroad

►Novosibirsk,VladivostokNovosibirsk,Vladivostok – – Cities that grew up along the Cities that grew up along the Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad

Functions of Towns and Functions of Towns and CitiesCities

► Security and defenseSecurity and defense

► Religious centersReligious centers

► Trade centers (local and long Trade centers (local and long distancedistance

► Governmental administrationGovernmental administration

► Manufacturing centersManufacturing centers

► Service centersService centers

Examples of Examples of Cities Changing Functions Over Cities Changing Functions Over

TimeTime

► Rio de Janeiro—was the capital Rio de Janeiro—was the capital but now is a tourist attraction but now is a tourist attraction (Brasilia)(Brasilia)

► Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—early Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—early function was for frontier defense, function was for frontier defense, then shifted to steel then shifted to steel manufacturing, and now is the manufacturing, and now is the home to many diverse serviceshome to many diverse services

►New York City—has changed New York City—has changed from a center of coastal and from a center of coastal and transatlantic trade to a center transatlantic trade to a center for the Great Lakes and Erie for the Great Lakes and Erie canal region to worldwide canal region to worldwide trade and financestrade and finances

►Mining towns– once the Mining towns– once the resources were gone, many resources were gone, many towns became “ghost towns”towns became “ghost towns”

What Influence do Urban Areas What Influence do Urban Areas have on their Region and Country?have on their Region and Country?

► They are the home to monuments They are the home to monuments which help bring pride and which help bring pride and develop nation-building.develop nation-building.

► They are transportation and They are transportation and communication centers.communication centers.

► They are natural attractions for They are natural attractions for immigrants.immigrants.

►They are the seed beds for They are the seed beds for new ideas and technologies.new ideas and technologies.

►Their diversity helps lead to Their diversity helps lead to creativity in the arts.creativity in the arts.

►Many are the home to major Many are the home to major Universities which provide Universities which provide educational opportunities.educational opportunities.

►They are the headquarters They are the headquarters and regional outposts of and regional outposts of major corporations.major corporations.

►The major media outlets The major media outlets have their centers there have their centers there (newspapers, radio, and (newspapers, radio, and television).television).

What Problems are Associated What Problems are Associated with Growth of Urban Areas?with Growth of Urban Areas?

► Transportation problems, especially Transportation problems, especially since the automobile.since the automobile.

► Rich and poor neighborhoods are Rich and poor neighborhoods are usually isolated from one another. usually isolated from one another.

► As overcrowding occurs, providing As overcrowding occurs, providing essential services (water, sewage, essential services (water, sewage, electricity) is a problem.electricity) is a problem.

►Air, water, and noise Air, water, and noise pollutionpollution

►Sprawl (spreading) of urban Sprawl (spreading) of urban areas takes agricultural areas takes agricultural land out of production.land out of production.

►Rapid migration results in Rapid migration results in “shantytowns” on the edge “shantytowns” on the edge of Latin American, Asian, of Latin American, Asian, and African cities.and African cities.

►In developing countries, In developing countries, major cities are more major cities are more connected to the outside connected to the outside world than to less world than to less developed regions in their developed regions in their own countriesown countries

Population Geography WG 5, 6, 11a-c. What factors influence population distribution? ►...

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