Population Geography I - Bellarmine College Preparatorywebs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ap human...

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Population Geography I The Where and Why of Population • Density • Distribution • Demographics (Characteristics) • Dynamics

Transcript of Population Geography I - Bellarmine College Preparatorywebs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ap human...

Page 1: Population Geography I - Bellarmine College Preparatorywebs.bcp.org/sites/vcleary/ap human geography... · Population Geography I The Where and Why of Population •Density •Distribution

Population Geography IThe Where and Why of Population

•Density •Distribution•Demographics (Characteristics)

•Dynamics

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Cultural Hearths of Civilization

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5000 BC

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Year 1

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1500

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1900

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World Population

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World Population Cartogram

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Population by continents

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Density of World Population

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Blackout of 2003

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Select Population Densities(people/mi2)

• Lower 48 states 94.7• Japan 830• NJ 1134• Lincoln Co., NV 0.4

• California 217• Santa Clara Co. 1304• San Francisco. 10,632• Manhattan 66,834

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Population Densities(people/mi2)

Canada 8Russia 22United States 80

Holland 1002Bangladesh 2261

Egypt

173 people/mi2

3% of area inhabited

Nile River6000 people/mi2

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High density in Bangladesh

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Distribution:Why do we live where we live?

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Population Distribution in North America

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Trans-Siberian railroadsin eastern Russia

Omsk

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Demography:Population characteristics

• Ascribed characteristics

• Achieved characteristics

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Characteristics

• Ascribed– Gender– Race– Age

• Achieved– Education– Income– Occupation– Employment– Etc.

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Census:Count of population

and its characteristics

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Dynamics

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Births - Deaths

=RNI

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National population

Births - Deaths+ Immigration (in)- Emigration (out)

=Population growth

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Population increase and decrease

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World Birth Rate(births per 1,000 population)

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Doubling Time

Number of yearsit will take for population to double, at current rate

United States: 117 years

Nicaragua: 21 years

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World Death Rate(deaths per 1,000 population)

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Epidemics (AIDS)

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Infant mortality rate(deaths of infants <1 year old)

Lack of maternal health care or child nutrition

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Philadelphia Infant MortalityRed area high thanat least 28 “ThirdWorld” countries, including:

JamaicaCubaCosta RicaMalaysiaPanamaSri LankaSouth KoreaTaiwanUruguayArgentinaChile

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Life Expectancy at Birth

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AGE DYNAMICS

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• Dependents are under 15 & over 65

• How many are supported by 15-65 group

• Problems?

Dependency Ratio

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• Low birth and death rates in Core

• Low population growth(except immigration)

• Steadily older population

“Graying of the Core”

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Comparison of U.S. eras

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Baby Bust (1965-1980)

Baby Boom (1946-1964)

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Baby Boom impacts yet to come

• Strain on Social Security

• Growing health care costs

• Challenge to youth identity (Gen. X)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000 2030

Millionsover 65in U.S.

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Population Pyramidtracks age-sex groups (cohorts)

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U.S. (slow growth)

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Tanzania, Africa (rapid growth)

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Denmark (zero growth)

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Germany (effect of wars)

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Japan (effect of war)

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China (One-child policy)

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Canada, 1971-2006

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Russia, 1990-2006

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Arabian Peninsula, 1980sLabor sending : Labor receiving

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Sun City (Arizona) retirement community

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Eau Claire County

5.7% 6.3%

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Grafton Co., N.H. (1970)Two years before Dartmouth went co-ed

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Different neighborhoods of Tucson

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Demographic Transition

Move from high birth and death ratesto low birth and death rates

Took centuries of developmentfor Core to make transition

More difficult for Peripheryto make transition without itsown capital, skills, education

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Demographic Transition

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Stages ofDemographic

Transition 1. Pre-Industrial Equilibrium(high birth/death rates)

2. Early Industrialization(better sanitation)

3. Developed industrialization(better health care)

4. Post-Industrial Equilibrium(low birth/death rates)

1 2 3 4

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Demographic Transition in Denmark

Core (low birth/death rates)

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Demographic Transition in Chile

Semi-periphery

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Demographic Transition in Cape Verde, Africa

Periphery (high birth/death rates)

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POPULATION GROWTH

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Population growthin Periphery:

Cause or symptomof poverty and environmental degradation?

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Fertility Rate(# children per woman of childbearing age)

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Not confirmed in reality

Malthus Theory of “Overpopulation”

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Ehrlich Theory of “Population Bomb”

• Population growth would deplete resources– Can be true on local/national level

• Treats population as cause

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Core responsibility for Periphery growth

• Core consumes far more resources

• Demands cheap, unskilled young labor

• Population growth is a symptom of poverty

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Why parents in Periphery have kids

Better chance for one kid to survive

Bring in the crops and income

Help parents in old age

Women often lack power to not have kids

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Women’s empowerment:Contraception Rates

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Policies to lower birth rate

• Voluntary– Availability of birth control – Incentives for small families

• Forced– One-child policy (China)– Coercive “population control”

•Social–Empowerment of women–Better health care and education–End to child labor–Social security