POPULARIZATION OF SCIENCE AND POPULARIZATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN EASTERN ZONE TECHNOLOGY IN EASTERN ZONE

TANZANIATANZANIA

BYBY

JUMA HAMSINI JUMA HAMSINI

MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATIONMINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• Science advances and technological changes Science advances and technological changes are becoming increasingly important in are becoming increasingly important in developing a knowledge-based economy. developing a knowledge-based economy.

• Realizing this, the Tanzania government Realizing this, the Tanzania government continues to support S&T development that continues to support S&T development that promotes productivity driven growth and promotes productivity driven growth and provides for competitive advantage. provides for competitive advantage.

• It continues to invest heavily in R&D It continues to invest heavily in R&D activities as an effort to strengthen the activities as an effort to strengthen the technological capability of the nation. technological capability of the nation.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION• Knowledge has always played a role in the Knowledge has always played a role in the

progress of any nation but knowledge today is progress of any nation but knowledge today is about speed of communicating and the spread about speed of communicating and the spread of information and data.of information and data.

• Everything that anyone needs to know in order Everything that anyone needs to know in order to make a decision must be available to make a decision must be available immediately. immediately.

• S&T information such as emergence and S&T information such as emergence and applications of new technologies, technology applications of new technologies, technology trends, human resource capability, R&D trends, human resource capability, R&D activities, research findings and scientific articles activities, research findings and scientific articles and journals must be made available quickly, and journals must be made available quickly, cheap and efficiently to policy makers, cheap and efficiently to policy makers, researchers as well as the business communities researchers as well as the business communities and the public at large.and the public at large.

• ICT advancement and the Internet have helped ICT advancement and the Internet have helped tremendously in pushing these information and tremendously in pushing these information and knowledge faster and more efficiently but their knowledge faster and more efficiently but their use in developing countries including Tanzania.use in developing countries including Tanzania.

• Today, effective application of S&T is vital to Today, effective application of S&T is vital to various production sectors so as to ensure various production sectors so as to ensure sustainable development as we witness the era sustainable development as we witness the era of increasing competitiveness in the global of increasing competitiveness in the global market.market.

• The government through the Ministry of Higher The government through the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology has Education, Science and Technology has established the mechanisms for popularisation of established the mechanisms for popularisation of S&T in 1990’s, with the view of promoting the S&T in 1990’s, with the view of promoting the application of S&T products that have impact on application of S&T products that have impact on social-economic development.social-economic development.

• In popularizing S&T, the ministry has been using In popularizing S&T, the ministry has been using the radio programmes, S&T forums, publication the radio programmes, S&T forums, publication of Newsletters and stickers to the S&T of Newsletters and stickers to the S&T stakeholders as well as public in general.stakeholders as well as public in general.

INTRODUCTION CONT……INTRODUCTION CONT……

• Therefore, the primary aim of the Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to gather information that study is to gather information that will facilitate the improvement of the will facilitate the improvement of the modes for dissemination of the Rmodes for dissemination of the R&&D D findings that have socio-economic findings that have socio-economic impact to the society, thus enable impact to the society, thus enable easy access of scientific and easy access of scientific and technological information to the technological information to the public.public.

INTRODUCTION CONT……INTRODUCTION CONT……

• This presentation contains a review of the This presentation contains a review of the useful scientific and technological research useful scientific and technological research findings to the end-users in the Eastern findings to the end-users in the Eastern Zone, analysis and conclusion of the study Zone, analysis and conclusion of the study on the popularization of science and on the popularization of science and technology in Tanzania and key technology in Tanzania and key recommendations.recommendations.

• The two staff carried out study over a The two staff carried out study over a period of six months between October 2005 period of six months between October 2005 and March 2006, as agreed with the funding and March 2006, as agreed with the funding agent, United Nations Educational Scientific agent, United Nations Educational Scientific Organization (UNESCO). Organization (UNESCO).

INTRODUCTION CONT……INTRODUCTION CONT……

Objective of the StudyObjective of the Study

General ObjectiveGeneral Objective

• This study was expected to bring about This study was expected to bring about a proper understanding of science and a proper understanding of science and technology by popularizing S&T technology by popularizing S&T research findings to end users and the research findings to end users and the general public at large.general public at large.

• Also will create public awareness on Also will create public awareness on the prevailing technical changes the prevailing technical changes brought about by S&T development.brought about by S&T development.

General Objective Cont…General Objective Cont…Different factors affect the process of sharing of Different factors affect the process of sharing of scientific and technological information.This scientific and technological information.This include:include:

• poor teaching methodology on science and poor teaching methodology on science and technology education at all levels; technology education at all levels;

• lack of awareness on the relevance of S&T lack of awareness on the relevance of S&T development to our daily lives to the general development to our daily lives to the general publicpublic

• Science and technology education is only for the Science and technology education is only for the selected few due to non- availability of proper selected few due to non- availability of proper facilities for teaching science and technology facilities for teaching science and technology subjects i.e. ill-equipped laboratories at secondary subjects i.e. ill-equipped laboratories at secondary and higher education levels.and higher education levels.

• Poor infrastructure for collection and Poor infrastructure for collection and dissemination of S&T information.dissemination of S&T information.

General Objective Cont…General Objective Cont…

• Lack of commitment among top decision Lack of commitment among top decision makers in spear-heading science and makers in spear-heading science and technology development in the country. technology development in the country.

• lack of exposure to science and technology in lack of exposure to science and technology in the formative years, which result into the formative years, which result into inadequate grasp of science and technology, inadequate grasp of science and technology, later on in life (esp. politicians), later on in life (esp. politicians),

• poor government support on S&T activities poor government support on S&T activities due to budgetary constraintsdue to budgetary constraints

Other factors might not be dealt by this Other factors might not be dealt by this project because they are beyond the scope of project because they are beyond the scope of this study.this study.

Specific ObjectiveSpecific Objective

• Specifically, this study involved the Specifically, this study involved the strengthening of the current strengthening of the current popularization programmes, which are popularization programmes, which are carried out by our Ministry (MHEST). carried out by our Ministry (MHEST).

• Hence, through this study, relevant Hence, through this study, relevant research findings will be applied by research findings will be applied by end-users in order to bring about social end-users in order to bring about social and economic development of our and economic development of our country. country.

The Study TeamThe Study Team

The study was carried out by a team The study was carried out by a team of two staff coordinated by the of two staff coordinated by the Director of Science and Technology Director of Science and Technology Department, Mr. Titus Mteleka. The Department, Mr. Titus Mteleka. The Study team Staff comprised of:- Study team Staff comprised of:-

(i) Ms. Dhahia R. Mbaga - Member (i) Ms. Dhahia R. Mbaga - Member

(ii) Eng. Juma Hamsini - Member (ii) Eng. Juma Hamsini - Member

Methodology of StudyMethodology of StudyThe Work team was guided by the Terms of The Work team was guided by the Terms of Reference (TOR), which outlined broad Reference (TOR), which outlined broad aspects related to the subject of the study. aspects related to the subject of the study. Therefore, the team concentrated on the Therefore, the team concentrated on the following:following:a) Collection of the data regarding the useful a) Collection of the data regarding the useful scientific and technological research findings scientific and technological research findings to the end-users in the Eastern zone;to the end-users in the Eastern zone;b) Data analysisb) Data analysisc) Establishing a database of scientific and c) Establishing a database of scientific and technological research findings that has socio-technological research findings that has socio-economic impact in the country at large.economic impact in the country at large.

Methodology of Study Cont….Methodology of Study Cont….

In order to collect the relevant In order to collect the relevant information and data , the team used information and data , the team used the following data collection methods: the following data collection methods:

• Interviews, structured and unstructured Interviews, structured and unstructured questionnaires, and physical questionnaires, and physical observation for collecting primary data.observation for collecting primary data.

• In addition, secondary data were In addition, secondary data were retrieved from documents in the retrieved from documents in the Research and Development institutions Research and Development institutions in the Eastern zone.in the Eastern zone.

Methodology of Study Cont…Methodology of Study Cont…

Two groups of the respondents were involved Two groups of the respondents were involved in the surveyin the survey conducted from September to conducted from September to December 2005, these namely:-December 2005, these namely:-

Key Informants Interviews:Key Informants Interviews: the first research the first research instrument used was the guided questions. instrument used was the guided questions. The interviews were conducted to 16 key The interviews were conducted to 16 key informants that include; the Chief Executives informants that include; the Chief Executives Officers, Project Coordinators, Researchers Officers, Project Coordinators, Researchers and Extension staffs in the selected R&D and Extension staffs in the selected R&D institutions per region in the Zone as follows:institutions per region in the Zone as follows:

Methodology of Study Cont…Methodology of Study Cont…

• Kibaha Sugarcane research Institute – Kibaha Sugarcane research Institute – Coast regionCoast region

• Tanzania Industrial Research Development Tanzania Industrial Research Development Organization – Dar-Es-Salaam RegionOrganization – Dar-Es-Salaam Region

• Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute - Mikocheni Agriculture Research Institute - Dar-es-Salaam RegionDar-es-Salaam Region

• Sokoine University of Agriculture – Sokoine University of Agriculture – Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region

• Ifakara Health Research Institute - Ifakara Health Research Institute - Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region

Survey Questionnaires:Survey Questionnaires:

The second research instrument was a The second research instrument was a survey Questionnaire, which include survey Questionnaire, which include structured and unstructured questions. structured and unstructured questions.

The structured questions are qualitative The structured questions are qualitative covering issues such as personal profile, covering issues such as personal profile, information on access to new technologies, information on access to new technologies, preference of the media for accessing new preference of the media for accessing new technologies information, linkage with R&D technologies information, linkage with R&D institutions, obstacles in accessing the new institutions, obstacles in accessing the new technologies, appropriate modes for technologies, appropriate modes for dissemination of the research findings. dissemination of the research findings.

The villages, community members covered in The villages, community members covered in three regions were:three regions were:

(I) Mbasa village(I) Mbasa village Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region(Ii) Kilombero Ruaha Village(Ii) Kilombero Ruaha Village Morogoro Morogoro

RegionRegion(Iii) Kilombero Kidodi Village(Iii) Kilombero Kidodi Village Morogoro Morogoro

RegionRegion(IV) Ifakara Village(IV) Ifakara Village Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region(v) Msolwa A(v) Msolwa A Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region(VI) Msolwa Ujamaa (VI) Msolwa Ujamaa Morogoro RegionMorogoro Region(Vii) Chanika Vilage(Vii) Chanika Vilage Coast RegionCoast Region(viii) Magindu Village(viii) Magindu Village Coast RegionCoast Region(ix) Dundani Mkuranga(ix) Dundani Mkuranga Coast RegionCoast Region(X) Kiparanganda Mkuranga(X) Kiparanganda Mkuranga Coast RegionCoast Region(xi) Mushroom growers(xi) Mushroom growers Dar-Es-Salaam Dar-Es-Salaam

RegionRegion

In order to have equal representation In order to have equal representation on type of respondents for Research on type of respondents for Research and Development Institution’s end and Development Institution’s end users, the selection of the sample users, the selection of the sample based on the three variables: gender, based on the three variables: gender, leadership role, working relationship leadership role, working relationship with Research and Development with Research and Development Institution.Institution.

Illustration of Sample SelectionIllustration of Sample Selection• Key informants (4 – 5)Key informants (4 – 5)

• Survey questionnaires for Villagers and Survey questionnaires for Villagers and other End Users of Research and other End Users of Research and Development Institution’s products(8 -Development Institution’s products(8 -10)10)

Male (4 -5)Male (4 -5)

Female (4-5)Female (4-5)

STUDY FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONSSTUDY FINDINGS AND OBSERVATIONS

• The team collected reliable data, which The team collected reliable data, which assisted make an overall assessment of the assisted make an overall assessment of the useful scientific and technological Research useful scientific and technological Research Findings/ products to the End users in the Findings/ products to the End users in the Eastern zone.Eastern zone.

• For the S&T Research Institutions, the For the S&T Research Institutions, the questions were administered to the Chief questions were administered to the Chief Executives, Projects Coordinators and Executives, Projects Coordinators and Extension Staff. These key informants provided Extension Staff. These key informants provided data on: data on:

• level of the Research conducted, sources level of the Research conducted, sources of funds and facilities, partnership and of funds and facilities, partnership and technical support, significance of the R&D technical support, significance of the R&D institutions products to socio-economic institutions products to socio-economic developmentdevelopment..

STUDY FINDINGS Cont….STUDY FINDINGS Cont….End users provided information on:End users provided information on:

• Educational level of the end-users, access Educational level of the end-users, access to the new technologies information, mode to the new technologies information, mode preferred access information on new preferred access information on new technologies.technologies.

• Application of the new technologies for Application of the new technologies for income generation, significance of various income generation, significance of various institutions on technology transfer, institutions on technology transfer, collaboration with the R&D institutions, collaboration with the R&D institutions, Extension staffs visitation.Extension staffs visitation.

• Availability of the demonstration plots/ Availability of the demonstration plots/ sites, obstacles that hinder adoption of the sites, obstacles that hinder adoption of the new technologies.new technologies.

Level of the Research Level of the Research

The Respondents from the R&D The Respondents from the R&D institutions mentioned that the level institutions mentioned that the level of research conducted were both of research conducted were both basic and applied research.basic and applied research.

Sources of Funds and Facilities Sources of Funds and Facilities AvailableAvailable

•For the R&D institutions covered in the study indicated that most of sources of funds for operational activities were mainly from government allocation, local and Institution own generated funds (see Figure I).

•The External development funds were used mainly for conducting various researches and improving infrastructure for conducting research within the R&D institutions, depending on the agreement made with the particular development partner.

Figure IFigure ISOURCE OF FUNDSSOURCE OF FUNDS

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Figure IIFigure IIFACILITIES DISTRIBUTIONFACILITIES DISTRIBUTION

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STUDY FINDINGS Cont….STUDY FINDINGS Cont….• R&D institutions facilities the status was R&D institutions facilities the status was

good, as all institutions had good working good, as all institutions had good working environment with good networking to outside environment with good networking to outside world due to access to internet and world due to access to internet and availability of a number of journals as availability of a number of journals as indicated in Figure II.indicated in Figure II.

• Study findings indicated that, there are a Study findings indicated that, there are a number of extension sites or demonstration number of extension sites or demonstration sites per each R & D institution that implies it sites per each R & D institution that implies it is a popular mode of dissemination of the is a popular mode of dissemination of the research findings/ products to the end-users.research findings/ products to the end-users.

• However, on the research and reports However, on the research and reports publications produced by institutions, the publications produced by institutions, the number was few, which indicate that this is a number was few, which indicate that this is a less popular mode of dissemination of the less popular mode of dissemination of the research findings / products. research findings / products.

Partnership and Technical supportPartnership and Technical supportThere are various partners in the There are various partners in the implementation of the R&D projects, these are: implementation of the R&D projects, these are:

• External development partners that provide External development partners that provide financial support when project proposals are financial support when project proposals are accepted and do midterm and terminal accepted and do midterm and terminal evaluation of the projects.evaluation of the projects.

• Collaborative research with other institutions Collaborative research with other institutions locally, a good example was the locally, a good example was the implementation of The TARP II project at SUA, implementation of The TARP II project at SUA, which involved the researchers from Mikocheni which involved the researchers from Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute in supervising Agricultural Research Institute in supervising the implementation of Mixed Cropping Project the implementation of Mixed Cropping Project in Mkuranga district.in Mkuranga district.

• Extension staff working in various villages Extension staff working in various villages where the project is implemented have been where the project is implemented have been instrumental in transferring the technologies to instrumental in transferring the technologies to the end Users and supervising its application.the end Users and supervising its application.

Significance of the R&D Significance of the R&D Institutions Products Institutions Products

Figure IIIFigure III

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STUDY FINDINGS Cont….STUDY FINDINGS Cont….

Majority of the respondents informed Majority of the respondents informed that the research conducted in their that the research conducted in their respective institutions were mainly respective institutions were mainly basic research and some applied basic research and some applied research as indicated in Figure III.research as indicated in Figure III. That’s why New Scientific formulae That’s why New Scientific formulae were the leading S&T products were the leading S&T products among the R&D institutions and among the R&D institutions and University surveyed.University surveyed.

Education Level of End UsersEducation Level of End Users• The literacy level varies from primary education The literacy level varies from primary education

to university level in the three regions i.e. Dar-to university level in the three regions i.e. Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro and Pwani; the majority Es-Salaam, Morogoro and Pwani; the majority did have primary school education as indicated did have primary school education as indicated in Figure IV.in Figure IV.

• Compared by gender, the variation of education Compared by gender, the variation of education level in primary and secondary levels for the level in primary and secondary levels for the three regions among female and male is not three regions among female and male is not significant.significant.

• A small proportion of the people interviewed in A small proportion of the people interviewed in the three regions Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro and the three regions Dar-Es-Salaam, Morogoro and Pwani had University education level but these Pwani had University education level but these were mainly retirees (men).were mainly retirees (men).

Education Level of End UsersEducation Level of End UsersEducation level by GenderEducation level by Gender

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Access to the New Technologies Access to the New Technologies InformationInformation

• The majority expressed that seminars and The majority expressed that seminars and workshops, extension staff visits, and workshops, extension staff visits, and demonstration plots are authentic sources demonstration plots are authentic sources for new technologies information see Figure for new technologies information see Figure V. V.

• This tally well with the education level of the This tally well with the education level of the end users interviewed. The less educated end users interviewed. The less educated individuals relied on audiovisuals in individuals relied on audiovisuals in internalizing the new technologies.internalizing the new technologies.

• Better educated people reported to have Better educated people reported to have greater reliance on print materials greater reliance on print materials (newspapers, newsletters, posters, journals (newspapers, newsletters, posters, journals and scientific publications).and scientific publications).

• TV are used mostly by end users living in TV are used mostly by end users living in urban areas and better educated rural areas urban areas and better educated rural areas end users.end users.

Figure VFigure VSource of Information for New Technologies

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Application of the New Application of the New Technologies Technologies

Figure VIFigure VINew Technology application for income generation

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• A majority of the respondents were A majority of the respondents were using food and agriculture using food and agriculture technologies (>80%) and reported technologies (>80%) and reported positive livelihood impacts in terms of positive livelihood impacts in terms of income generation, food security, income generation, food security, reduced work load for farming and reduced work load for farming and improved shelters.improved shelters.

• Other technologies were energy Other technologies were energy source technologies that reduce source technologies that reduce workload for women.workload for women.

• Industrial technologies that were used Industrial technologies that were used for processing food products and for processing food products and therefore increase the food security therefore increase the food security (see Figure VI).(see Figure VI).

Technology TransferTechnology TransferFigure Figure

VIIVIISignificance of Institutions in Technology Transfer

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• A majority reported to access new technologies A majority reported to access new technologies for health, efficient use of energy, increase in for health, efficient use of energy, increase in agriculture production, post harvesting storage, agriculture production, post harvesting storage, water management, environmental water management, environmental management from the R&D institutions followed management from the R&D institutions followed by the universities (see Figure VII).by the universities (see Figure VII).

• The collaboration of R&D institutions with end The collaboration of R&D institutions with end users in transferring technologies, Pwani region users in transferring technologies, Pwani region is leading (see Figure VIII).is leading (see Figure VIII).

• University and R&D institutions in three regions University and R&D institutions in three regions have played instrumental role in developing have played instrumental role in developing various technologies mentioned above and various technologies mentioned above and transferring them to end users, see the transferring them to end users, see the distribution of extension sites among the distribution of extension sites among the institutions in Figure IX below.institutions in Figure IX below.

Collaboration with R&D Insitutions in Accessing New Technologies

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Obstacles for Adoption of the New Obstacles for Adoption of the New TechnologiesTechnologies

Figure XFigure XMajor Obstacles hindering the adoption of new technologies

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Obstacles for Adoption of the New Obstacles for Adoption of the New TechnologiesTechnologies cont………cont………

Various reasons have constrained end Various reasons have constrained end users in using the introduced users in using the introduced technologies, these include: lack of technologies, these include: lack of information on technologies (60%), lack information on technologies (60%), lack of technical know-how (45%), of technical know-how (45%), education status (36%), poor linkages education status (36%), poor linkages (30%), cultural (22%). Political (12%) (30%), cultural (22%). Political (12%) and others factors.and others factors.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• We have to emphasize on the provision of S&T We have to emphasize on the provision of S&T education and awareness of its applications so as education and awareness of its applications so as to improve economic productivity through the to improve economic productivity through the public campaigns and continuous education. public campaigns and continuous education.

• Majority of respondents thought that the Majority of respondents thought that the contribution of S&T has had more positive contribution of S&T has had more positive impacts than negative. The only shortcoming impacts than negative. The only shortcoming observed is most of the new technologies observed is most of the new technologies disseminated depend on the external disseminated depend on the external development partners’ financial support. We have development partners’ financial support. We have to increase R&D funding at least to 1% of GDPto increase R&D funding at least to 1% of GDP

• When the project ends, the local government has When the project ends, the local government has to take initiatives for extending the best-practiced to take initiatives for extending the best-practiced technologies, therefore scaling up these good technologies, therefore scaling up these good technologies to other areas has been difficult.technologies to other areas has been difficult.

• The negative perception towards The negative perception towards modern technology arises from the modern technology arises from the perceived education of individuals perceived education of individuals through formal or informal education through formal or informal education and all these impinge upon people's and all these impinge upon people's motivation to learn new things (Shukla motivation to learn new things (Shukla 2005). However, the negative behavior 2005). However, the negative behavior towards the use of modern technology towards the use of modern technology could be changed through continuous could be changed through continuous public awareness campaign using public awareness campaign using various mode of communication that is various mode of communication that is applicable in the particular setting.applicable in the particular setting.

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS• People's perception towards Science and People's perception towards Science and

Technology (S&T) is a relatively unexplored Technology (S&T) is a relatively unexplored area of study and the existing survey area of study and the existing survey carried out on the subject are only indicative carried out on the subject are only indicative but not representative in nature.but not representative in nature.

• The study has found that the S&T The study has found that the S&T stakeholders need to be strategic in stakeholders need to be strategic in selecting the modes of dissemination of the selecting the modes of dissemination of the research findings products/process to their research findings products/process to their end users. Similarly, the Department of end users. Similarly, the Department of Science and Technology in strengthening its Science and Technology in strengthening its popularization programmes on S&T to the popularization programmes on S&T to the public, various measures will be considered. public, various measures will be considered. These include:These include:

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

• Compliment the Radio Pragrammes with other Compliment the Radio Pragrammes with other modes of dissemination of S&T information modes of dissemination of S&T information such as; promoting the conducting of regular such as; promoting the conducting of regular seminars and workshops by R&D institutions to seminars and workshops by R&D institutions to popularize their research findings popularize their research findings products/process to the end users; products/process to the end users; establishment of S&T TV Programmes; establishment of S&T TV Programmes; dissemination of Newsletters with information dissemination of Newsletters with information on the new technologies; and promote on the new technologies; and promote establishment of the demonstration sites or establishment of the demonstration sites or extension sites for new technologies developed extension sites for new technologies developed by universities and R&D institutions in various by universities and R&D institutions in various parts of the country;parts of the country;

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS• Encourage the Universities and R&D institutions to collaborate Encourage the Universities and R&D institutions to collaborate

with the local government and the extension staff on moving with the local government and the extension staff on moving from the demonstration sites to an up scaling mode without from the demonstration sites to an up scaling mode without losing the value added (reaching a higher number of end losing the value added (reaching a higher number of end users, having a higher impact to rural as well as urban areas users, having a higher impact to rural as well as urban areas and improve the National economies);and improve the National economies);

• Encourage the Local government, Universities and R&D Encourage the Local government, Universities and R&D institutions on provision of incentives, improved working institutions on provision of incentives, improved working facilities to extension staff disseminating the new scientific facilities to extension staff disseminating the new scientific technologies to end users, especially those living in remote technologies to end users, especially those living in remote area (UNCRD 2002, S&T Sub-Master plan (2003-2018); area (UNCRD 2002, S&T Sub-Master plan (2003-2018);

• Encourage the Universities and R&D institutions to provide Encourage the Universities and R&D institutions to provide continuous technical support to extension staff as these have continuous technical support to extension staff as these have been found out in the study as important vehicle for been found out in the study as important vehicle for introduction and dissemination of the new technologies to the introduction and dissemination of the new technologies to the end users (Kinabo, 2005); andend users (Kinabo, 2005); and

• Finally, the researchers whether from R&D institutions, Finally, the researchers whether from R&D institutions, Universities should be encouraged to view the extension staff Universities should be encouraged to view the extension staff and end users as partners and collaborators such that the and end users as partners and collaborators such that the feedback obtained from them will be instrumental in the feedback obtained from them will be instrumental in the appropriate dissemination of the technologies. appropriate dissemination of the technologies.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION• This study seems to be the first of its kind in This study seems to be the first of its kind in

Tanzania, the findings and the National S&T Tanzania, the findings and the National S&T Policy for Tanzania (1996) guidance on Policy for Tanzania (1996) guidance on popularization of S&T permit the DST to offer popularization of S&T permit the DST to offer some recommendations for Policy makers some recommendations for Policy makers and S&T Stakeholders on the best modes for and S&T Stakeholders on the best modes for dissemination of research findings/ products.dissemination of research findings/ products.

• The introduction of new technologies must The introduction of new technologies must as a condition necessitate the introduction of as a condition necessitate the introduction of some form of feed back mechanism from some form of feed back mechanism from end users so as to monitor the effectiveness end users so as to monitor the effectiveness of communication between researchers, of communication between researchers, extension staff and the end users extension staff and the end users (Rutatora ).(Rutatora ).

• It must be in a form that easily facilitates It must be in a form that easily facilitates understanding for people and if any form of understanding for people and if any form of discrepancy exists this may lead to negative discrepancy exists this may lead to negative consequences. consequences.