A Methodology for Inducing the Out of the Loop Phenomenon in Highly Automated Driving
Pop-Out Phenomenon
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Transcript of Pop-Out Phenomenon
Pop-Out Phenomenon
When a strikingly distinct stimulus, such as the only smiling face, draws our eye.
Perceptual Sets The tendency for our perceptions to be
influenced by expectations or preconceptions.
A mental predisposition that greatly influences what we see. Devoted fans to science fiction are
more likely to see UFO’s We may fail to notice writing and
printing errors. Have also found that emotion,
motivation and culture can influence our perception.
Is this the letter B or the number 13?
The cat sat on the map and licked its whiskers.
Perceptual Set
What you see in the centre figures depends on the order in which you look at the figures: If you scan from the left, see an old woman If you scan from the right, see a woman’s figure
Schemas Through experience we form concepts, or schemas,
that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Especially strong are out schemas for faces.
Mona Lisa
Form Perception Gestalt principles describe the brain’s
organization of sensory building blocks into meaningful units and patterns.
They generated laws of perceptual organization such as: Figure and Ground Laws of Grouping
Figure and Ground Organization of the
visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Proximity: Objects that are near each other will be perceived as belonging to a common set. Seeing 3 pair of lines in A.
Similarity: Objects that are similar will be perceived as belonging to the same group. Seeing columns of orange
and red dots in B.
Gestalt Laws of Grouping
Continuity: Tendency to perceive stimuli in a unified form. Seeing lines that
connect 1 to 2 and 3 to 4 in C, rather than four separate lines.
Gestalt Laws of Grouping Closure: Grouping disconnected
pieces into a meaningful whole. Seeing a horse in D and
“triangle.” Connectedness: The tendency to
perceive objects as belonging together when they are positioned together or are moving together.
Form Grouping
Impossible Doghouse
Depth Perception
Seeing objects in three dimensions enables us to determine distance.
Visual Cliff experiments
Gibson and Walker
Visual Cliff A laboratory device for testing depth perception in
infants and young animals. It suggests that the ability to perceive depth is at
least partially innate.
Binocular Cues Visual cues to depth or
distance that require the use of both eyes. Retinal Disparity: The slight
difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye.
Convergence: Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object. The more the inward strain
the closer the object.
Monocular Cues
Relative Size: The one that casts the smaller retinal shadow is further away.
Monocular CluesInterposition: if one object partially blocks another we perceive it as closer.
Interposition
Monocular Clues Relative Clarity: We perceive hazy objects as
farther away than sharp focused ones.
Monocular Clues Texture Gradient: A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to
a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance.
Monocular Clues Relative Height: We perceive objects higher in our field
of vision as further away.
Monocular Clues
Relative Motion: As we move, objects that are actually stable appear to move. The nearer the object the faster
it seems to move.
Monocular Clues Linear Perspective: Parallel
lines appear to converge with distance.
Monocular Clues Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light
into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.
In or Out?
Distance CuesThe moon just above the horizontypically appears to be unusuallylarge because we perceive it asunusually far away from ourselves.This is a result of distance cues,which make the horizon moonseem farther away. The horizonmoon appears to shrink in size if itis viewed through a narrow tubethat eliminates the perception ofdistance cues. This illustrates theimportance of context effects.
Motion Perception Phi Phenomenon: When two adjacent, stationary
lights blink on and off in quick succession, we perceive a single light moving back and forth between them. An illusion of movement
Motion Perception Objects traveling
towards us grow in size and those moving away shrink in size.
The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.
Perceptual Constancy Perceptual constancy enables us to perceive an object as unchanging
even though the stimuli we receive from it change. Thus, we can identify things regardless of the angle, distance, and
illumination by which we view them. Constant in terms of color, size and shape
Shape Constancy Even though these images cast shadows of
different shapes, we still see the quarter as round
Size Constancy We perceive objects as having a constant size,
even while our distance from them varies.
Lightness Constancy
We perceive an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies.
Perceived lightness depends on relative luminance. The amount of light an
object reflects relative to its surrounding.
The Ames Room
The Ames Room
The Ames Room A specially-built room
that makes people seem to change size as they move around in it
The room is not a rectangle, as viewers assume it is
A single peephole prevents using binocular depth cues
Visual Illusions
Illusions are valuable in understanding perception because they are systematic errors. Illusions provide hints about perceptual strategies.
In the Muller-Lyer illusion (above) we tend to perceive the line on the right as slightly longer than the one on the left.
The Ponzo Illusion Linear perspective
provides context Side lines seem to
converge Top line seems
farther away But the retinal
images of the red lines are equal!
Fooling the Eye
The cats in (a) are the same size The diagonal lines in (b) are parallel You can create a “floating fingertip frankfurter” by holding
hands as shown, 5-10” in front of face. Look beyond your fingers to experience the illusion.
Hearing:The Psychology of Sound Sound waves are really air
molecules being pushed about. Frequency: The length of the
sound wave. Pitch
Amplitude: The height of the sound wave. Loudness
Timbre: Complexity of sound, mixtures of tones Allows us to recognize a
friends voice on the phone.