RECREATIONAL WATER TREATMENTRECREATIONAL WATER TREATMENT

Pool Water Treatment Series

CorrosionCorrosion

IrritationIrritation

Costly MaintenanceCostly Maintenance

Poor Air QualityPoor Air Quality

Hazy WaterHazy Water

Breakpoint w/ Organic Nitrogen

Nitrogen-containingcompounds

Sweat Urine

Mean content(mg/litre)

Portion of total nitrogen (%)

Mean content(mg/litre)

Portion of total nitrogen (%)

Urea 680 68 10 240 84

Ammonia 180 18 560 5

Amino acids 45 5 280 2

Creatinine 7 1 640 5

Other compounds 80 8 500 4

Total nitrogen 992 100 12 220 100

Table 4.9: Nitrogen-containing compounds in sweat and urine

The ammonia reacts rapidly with hypochlorous acid to form monochloramine, dichloramine and trichloramine (Hailin et al., 1990), whereas nitrogen-containing organic compounds, such as amino acids, may react with hypochlorite to form organic chloramines (Taras, 1953; Isaak & Morris, 1980). The organic nitrogen compounds found in urine and sweat are also possible precursors for chlorination by-products, such as THMs (Ueno et al., 1996).

Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Country

Disinfectant by-product concentration (µg/litre)

Pool type Reference

Chloroform BDCM DBCM Bromoform

mean range mean range mean range mean range

USA 37.9               indoor Copaken, 1990

  4–402   1–72   <0.1–8   <0.1–1 outdoor Armstrong & Golden, 1986  3–580   1–90   0.3–30   <0.1–60 indoor

  <0.1–530   <0.1–105   <0.1–48   <0.1–183 spa

Table 4.4: Concentrations of trihalomethanes measured in swimming pool water

Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Table 4.13: Concentrations of trihalomethanes in alveolar air samples from 163 swimmers

THM No. positive/no. samplesMean THM

concentration (µg/litre)Range of THM concentrations

(µg/litre)

Chloroform 163/163 94 14–312

BDCM 163/163 94 1–42

DBCM 25/163 12.6 2–28

Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Table 4.10: Comparison of trihalomethane concentrations in blood of swimmers after a 1-h swim, in pool water and in ambient air of indoor and outdoor pools

 

THM concentration (mean, range)

Indoor pool Outdoor pool

Blood of swimmers (µg/litre) 0.48 (0.23–0.88) 0.11 (<0.06–0.21)

Pool water (µg/litre) 19.6 (4.5–45.8) 73.1 (3.2–146)

Air 20 cm above the water surface (µg/m³) 93.6 (23.9–179.9) 8.2 (2.1–13.9)

Air 150 cm above the water surface (µg/m³) 61.6 (13.4–147.1) 2.5 (<0.7–4.7)

Guidelines for Safe Recreational-water Environments Final Draft for consultationVol. 2: Swimming Pools, Spas and Similar Recreational-water Environments August 2000

Ebba Lund (1962)

Univ. of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden

Graph shows effect of oxidationGraph shows effect of oxidationpotential on Polio virus. Graphpotential on Polio virus. Graphcompares inactivation rates usingcompares inactivation rates usingcombined chlorine, & free chlorinecombined chlorine, & free chlorineirrespective of the residual irrespective of the residual concentrations.concentrations.

Full Range of Treatments

All-In-One Treatment

Chlorine-Supporting Treatment

Rapid Recovery Treatment

Choosing the right treatment has been made Easy! Choosing the right treatment has been made Easy!

Each treatment is “Custom Designed” to handle the specific demands of yourapplication. Residential pools require less supplementary oxidants, while municipal pool treatments require higher levels to handle the higher demands.

For those occasions where a little additional help is required, Truox offerseasy to apply secondary treatments in the form of slow dissolving tablets,or rapid release granules for shock recovery. These products may be protected under U.S. Patent 6,,878,289 and other Patents Pending

Chlorine Demand Test

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Truox Treatment Demand Test

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FACDPD = Total Oxidant

Glycine Addition

Oxidation without Irritation®

OXIDATION WITHOUT IRRITATIONOXIDATION WITHOUT IRRITATION®®