Pome fruit heat damage to increase with climate change unless actively managed - Malcolm McCaskill
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Transcript of Pome fruit heat damage to increase with climate change unless actively managed - Malcolm McCaskill
Pome fruit heat damage to increase with climate change unless actively managed
Malcolm McCaskill, Graeme Thomson, Gavin Kearney, Ian Goodwin
Sheep : pastures OK but a welfare issue
Pastures survived heatwaves well
6oC hotter at sheep height
Unadapted stock
Ryegrass staggers
29 Jan 2009
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0:00 6:00 12:00 18:00 0:00
Time
Tem
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C)
Hourly average, 2.3m height
Hourly maximum, 40cm height
Hourly average, 40cm height
Apples turned to mush in Goulburn Valley
Internal temperatures up to 60oC
Unsaleable fruit Harvestable fruit had shorter storage life “No future for Gala apples in Goulburn Valley” – marketing manager Montague Fresh
Which industries ?
Pre-irrig before heat3783Brassica veges
Pre-irrig before heat61149Grapes – fresh & dried
Pre-irrig before heat22155Potatoes
Heat tolerant27241Stonefruit
DPI project19283Grapes - wine
Heat-sensitive50300Pome fruit
Cold warning40869Lamb/mutton
Agonomy/breeding151498Grains
“Cool Cows” done673052Dairy
CommentsVic % of Aus
Value ($m)07/08
Industry
Cause of sunburn
High fruit temp + sunlight + UV• “Photo-oxidative sunburn” 31oC• “Sunburn browning” 41-44oC• “Sunburn necrosis” 52oCPrior heat exposure changes thresholds 1-4oCHeat shock proteins
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an-0
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Temperature (C)
Tatura temperatures 2009 heatwaves
Tatura – hotter heatwaves
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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Annual maximum
(oC)
0.06oC/year
Tatura – temperature trends
ns0.003Annual minimum
ns0.006Daily minimum
***0.02Daily maximum
**0.06Annual maximum
SignificanceIncrease (oC/year)
Heatwaves are a higher priority than insufficient cold for vernalisation
Warm period during winter may disrupt vernalisation
Tatura DPI weather station, Goulburn Valley
BoM CSIRO
Data source: ARPANSA
Ultraviolet index Melbourne 2008-09
No trend in clear-sky UV since mid 1990’s
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Daily maximum
UVI
Flowering Fruit development Harvest
Gala
Pink Lady
Extreme
Evaporative cooling
Protection from high temperature but not UV20-40% more waterTemperature thresholds & design need local R&D
Clay sprays
Reflects sunlight → heat & UV protection
Removed in normal washing
Multiple applications needed
+ clay no clay
Waxes
Wax sunscreen from a Brazilian tree (canouba)EdibleMultiple applications neededProtects against UV, not high temperature
Netting
50% of new orchards now nettedReduces solar radiation, especially direct solar beamHail and bird protectionApple colour not as red
Warning systems
Conclusions
Pome fruit industry vulnerable to severe heatwaves
Scope to adapt using methods proven overseas
Trade-offs not yet researched under Aust conditions
Apples should be adaptable under climate change
Grow in tropics – no vernalisation, high UV