POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring...

22
POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr´ ed´ eric Guidec, Yves Mah´ eo To cite this version: Fr´ ed´ eric Guidec, Yves Mah´ eo. POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mech- anisms. [Research Report] RR-2473, INRIA. 1995. <inria-00074201> HAL Id: inria-00074201 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074201 Submitted on 24 May 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destin´ ee au d´ epˆ ot et ` a la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´ es ou non, ´ emanant des ´ etablissements d’enseignement et de recherche fran¸cais ou ´ etrangers, des laboratoires publics ou priv´ es.

Transcript of POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring...

Page 1: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation

Mechanisms

Frederic Guidec, Yves Maheo

To cite this version:

Frederic Guidec, Yves Maheo. POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mech-anisms. [Research Report] RR-2473, INRIA. 1995. <inria-00074201>

HAL Id: inria-00074201

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074201

Submitted on 24 May 2006

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinee au depot et a la diffusion de documentsscientifiques de niveau recherche, publies ou non,emanant des etablissements d’enseignement et derecherche francais ou etrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou prives.

Page 2: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

ISS

N 0

249-

6399

appor t de r ech er ch e

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

POM: a Virtual Parallel MachineFeaturing Observation Mechanisms

Frederic Guidec and Yves Maheo

N˚ 2473Janvier 1995

PROGRAMME 1

Page 3: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed
Page 4: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

����� ����� ��������������������� ����� ����� �!��"#�$�$�������!�%&�(' )��$��*��$�� +,!-� �.������!/ )102)

3�465798 57 4;:=<?>#@�: 8A7 <1B,CED 8GFIHJ7LKNM CEOP57RQ BSB

T�UWVYXZU\[�]^]#_�`�acbdU\eWfLgihj_ ekhjlLUW_nm$op[�Uq[�rir=s_nri_nm tvup[wmj_nm$xv_NxvVZyLy{z_n_Sm tLULz_nmj_;[�lv| _nhdmj}vmjh s_n]#_nm~x9g�mWhjUWg�uEl�z_nmT�UjV �q_Sh.T�b.�/T�b

�~[woLopVZUjh{xv_�UW_ eWfL_nU\eWfL_�y��R�w�R�Y��a��R[wyv�Rgi_nU�`;�Y�Z�$a�` ��op[�XZ_nm

�����S�;���p���Z� ��_.xv_Sm\eqUWg�u�_$giy#hjfEg�m�op[wop_nU{[�T6[wU\[wr�ri_nrJ�duLmj_SUj�Y[�uEr�_$�vgiUjhWlp[�rJ� [YeWfLgiyL_� =T1�$� ¡Stv¢{fLg£eWfoLUWV��vg¤x9_nm�[�fLVZ]#VYXZ_nyL_nVZlLm1giyvhj_nU¦¥=[Yek_~lLo�VYy^hjfL_$eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYy�§Z_nUjyL_Sr�m�V�¥�op[�Uq[�riri_nrp[wU\eWfLgihj_ ekhjlLUW_nm ¨T1�$��¢{[�m{xv_nmjgiXZyL_ x^mjV#[wm©hWVNu�_$opVZUjhj_;x#_;[�mjgiri}#[�y�x,_qª�eqgi_nyvhWr�},VZy#yvlL]^_nUjVZlLm©o�[�U\[wrir�_SrpoLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj]#m;¨­«h{oLUWV��vg¤x9_nm{mjVZoLfLgimjhWg¤eS[�hj_;x^¥¬_ [whjlLUW_nm{¥¬VZU{VYuLmW_nUj�vgiyLX#xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x^_q|L_ eqlEhjgiVYyLm;¨®^¯v°J±j²�³��Y´�����µdgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x/]#_n]^VYUj}�op[wU\[�riri_nr�eqVY]^oLlLhj_SUjm t��vgiUjhWlp[�rA]�[YeWfLgiyL_ZtLeqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYy,rig·¶uLUq[�UW}RtEVYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy¸tvhWU\[Zeq_nm

¹£º,»¼=½«¾ ¿ »¼�À6Ái½«Â«ÃqÄ

ÅjÆqÇ�ÈÊÉ�ËjÌqÍÎÈÐϬÈÊÑÓÒ�Ô ÕÊÏÅWÅ«Ö Òq×YËjØ;ÍJÈÐÏÓÈÊÑÓÒ�Ô ÕÊÏ

Unite de recherche INRIA RennesIRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex (France)

Telephone : (33) 99 84 71 00 – Telecopie : (33) 99 84 71 71

Page 5: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

����� ���/!�� 02����� �!�� � ���1���������� � */ ����������� ��!��d+N� � +��1��!���� �$)�0 ��$�{��! )�0��$)���j+�' )��$��*��$�� +,!

��¯9�� ����¯ ��{VZlLmNx�z_;eqUjgi�YVZyLm,xL[�yLm�eq_nh#[�UWhjg£eqri_,lLyL_,]I[YeWfLgiyL_�op[�Uq[�rir=s_nri_,�vg�UWhjlL_Sr�ri_,VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�uLri_YtAr£[T1�$��¨���_nrir�_k¶¦eqg�V�� UW_�lLyL_�giyRhW_nU«¥«[Yeq_�fLVY]^VYXps_nyL_�[�l x9_nmjmWlLmNxv_nm$mW}RmWh s_n]^_nm�xv_NeqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiVZy#xv_nm[wU\eWfLgihj_ ekhjlLUW_nmNo�[�U\[wrir=s_Sr�_Sm ¨���riri_N[�z_nhLz_#eqVYy��eqlL_�_ny �vlL_,x�� lLy o�VYUWh\[wXY_,[�gimLz_�_nh$_qª�en[Zeq_,mjlLU�xv_�yLVZ],¶uLUW_nlLmW_nm oLr£[�hW_nm«¶Ó¥¬VZUj]#_SmN_nh^giypeqVYUWopVZUj_ x9_nm#] z_ en[�yEg�mW]#_nm z_nr£[�u�VYULz_nm�x�� VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy xv_nm^_q|�z_ eqlLhWg�VZyLmULz_nop[�UWhjgi_nm;¨� ³�� �S±\�����¯ � � [YeWfLgiyL_ o�[�U\[wrir=s_Sr�_�s[�] z_n]#VZg�UW_#xvgimjhWUjgiuLl{z_n_Zt©]I[YeWfLgiyL_^�RgiUWhjlL_nriri_Yt�uLgiuLrig�VZhjf¸s_ �YlE_�xv_eqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiVZy¸t;VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy¸tvhWU\[Zeq_nm

Page 6: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- �

7 8 !N�1�1+ �����{�� +�!

T1�$��gim6[$T�[�U\[wrir�_SrR�duLmj_SUj�Y[�uEr�_{� [ZejfEg�yE_�¥¬_ [whjlLUWg�yEX~]#_;ejf�[�yLgimj]^m�¥¬VYUAVYuLmW_nUj�vgiyLX$xvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;xN[woLoLrig·¶en[whjgiVYyEm ¨;­«h�oLUjV��vg£xv_nm�[{fLVZ]#VYXZ_nyL_nVZlLm¸giyvhj_SU«¥=[Zeq_1lLo�VYy�hjfL_�]�[wyv}~eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYy{§Y_SUjyL_nrim1[;�Y[�gir£[�uEr�_VZy eqlLUWUj_nyvh�op[wU\[wr�ri_nr¸[wU\eWfLgihj_;eqhjlLUW_nm t�[�y�xIgih~en[�y u�_�_ [�mWg�ri}I[�ypxI_kª�eqgi_nyvhjri}Ig�]^oLri_n]#_SyRhW_ x,VZyIhjfL_nmW_[wU\eWfLgihj_ ekhjlLUW_nm ¨T��.� fp[wmNyEVYh,u�_n_ny�xv_SmjgiXYyL_;x�giy VYU\x9_nU,hjV�eqVZ]#o�_nhj_^¢{gihjf ekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWg�VZy giyvhj_SU«¥=[Zeq_nm#[�y�x

rigiuLU\[wUjgi_nm{mWlpeWf?[wm~T:9.�<;Ð�'=jtv� T�­>;i` ��=¸VZU~T��2; ��=j¨�?{fL_Smj_�mW}RmWhj_n]^m{]�[wg�yEr�}�[�gi] [�h{_;[�mjgiyLX�hjfE_�h\[wmj§Vw¥©hjfL_�oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nU1V�¥©xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x�[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyEm{uR}^V �J_nUjgiyLXI[�¢{g£xv_��Y[�UWgi_nh«}#Vw¥�ekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWg�VZymW_nUj�vg£eq_nm^ ¬oLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm{¥¬VZU.o�[YeW§vg�yEX?[wypx/lLyLop[Zej§vgiyLXIh«}vop_;x�xL[�hq[#giy�]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm;tpyEVYhjgiVZy Vw¥�eqVZ]#],lv¶yLg£en[whjgiVYyEm.¢{gihWfLgiy XZUjVYlEoLm$V�¥©oLUWVLeq_nmjmW_nm tA@.µ$� ekV9x9g�yEX#¥ÓVYU$_q|peWfp[�yLXZgiyLX xL[�hq[,giy [^fL_Shj_nUWVYXY_SyL_nVYlEmyL_Sh«¢©VZUj§JtL_nhqe�¨Ð¡~[wypxIxv}vyp[�]^g¤e�h\[wmj§#]I[�yp[wXY_n]^_nyvh ¨v�IVYmWh{V�¥1hjfE_�hjgi]#_ZtYmWlpeWf mj_nUW�vg¤ek_nm�[�Uj_�yLVYh{oLUWV�¶�vg£xv_ x x9g�UW_ eqhWr�}/uR}IhWfL_NeqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy,§Z_nUjyE_nrim�[wmjmWV9ekg¤[whj_ x/¢{gihjf hWfL_�VZop_nUq[�hWg�yEX#mj}vmWhj_n]^m t�¢{fLg£eWfVZyLri}�V�� _SU�up[�mWg£e�riV�¢ ri_n�Y_Sr�ekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWg�VZy#oLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm$ !��B4*CBAlLyvh«}vop_;x xL[wh\[^_q|peWfp[�yEXY_nm$u�_nh«¢©_S_nyyL_Sg�XZfvupVZlLUjgiyLX,yLVLxv_Sm\¡n¨­«]^oLri_n]#_SyRhWgiyLX{mj_nUW�vg¤ek_nm{]#VZUj_ED\ekVY],¥ÓVYUjhq[�uLri_)F�¥¬VYU�hjfL_$[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy�oLUjVZXYUq[�]#]^_nU¸UW_ �ZlLgiUj_nm{hWfp[�h

eqVZ]#oLri_q|I]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m1up_�XYUWVYlLo�_ xIgiyImjVw¥¬h«¢{[�Uj_�r¤[;}Z_nUjm$[�u�V��Y_$hjfE_NeqVY]^],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy�§Y_nUWyL_nrim$]#_ny9¶hWg�VZyLyL_ x�_;[�Ujrigi_nU;¨�b~rihjfEVYlLXZf,hjfL_n}�_ �J_ eqhWg��Z_nri}N_;[�mj_dhjfL_{hq[�mW§NVw¥ hWfL_~[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy�oLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nU;tqhjfL_nmW_]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW]#m.[wUj_#xvg·ª�eqlEr�h$hWV gi]#oLri_n],_nyvh~[wypx�hjfL_Sg�U�lLmj_,gimNeqVZmjhWr�}v¨�GEVYU$_q|p[�]^oLri_YtJxv}vyp[�]^g£e$h\[wmj§]I[�yp[wXY_n]^_nyvh1ri_ [Yxvm�hjV,y�[�]#giyLX�oLUjVZuLri_n]#m;tYVw¥¬hj_nyImWVYri�Y_ x�uv}#hjfE_.gi]^oLri_n]#_nyvhq[�hjgiVZyNVw¥6yp[w]#_{mj_SUj�Y_SUoLUWVLeq_nmjmW_nm ¨1�dyL_#eS[�y�[�rimjV^fp[;�Y_�hjVIeqUj_ [whj_,oLUWVLeq_nmjmW_nm~�qlLmWhd¥¬VYUd]�[�y�[�XYgiyLX,eqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy^XYUWVYlLoLmxv}vyp[w]#g£en[wr�ri}v¨pT�[YeW§vgiyLX [�ypx�lEyLop[YeW§vgiyLX h«}vo�_ x�xL[wh\[^giy�]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm�UW_ �ZlLgiUj_nm,hWfp[�h�]�[�yv}I]#_S]#VYUW}VZop_nUq[�hWg�VZyLm~u�_$op_SU«¥¬VZUj]#_;x#giy^VYU\x9_nU~hWVNfp[wypxvri_$mj_ny�xvm.[wypx^Uj_ eq_Sg��Z_nm ¨

?{fE_�ekVYmjh{Vw¥6mWlpeWf ]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m6]I[;}NhWlLUjyIVZlLh{hjV,u�_$fLgiXYfLri}�oLUjVZfLgiuLgihjgi�Y_dg�y^mjVZ]#_.[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYyxvVZ]�[wg�yEm tvmjl�ejf�[�mdm\eqgi_nyvhWgIHJeNeqVZ]#oLlEh\[�hWgiVYy¸tv¢{fL_SUj_�hjfL_�mj_n_S§I¥¬VYU{o�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[�y�eq_nm$oLUj_S�Y[�girim{V��Y_nUdhjfL_gi]#]^_ xvg£[�hW_�ekVY],¥ÓVYUjh�V�¥�hjfL_�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy,oLUWVYXZU\[�]^]#_nU;¨

?{fE_~oLUWg�VZU©XZVR[wrpVw¥6T1�$�(gim©yEVYh�hjV�V �J_nU{yvlL]#_nUWVYlLm�mj_nUW�Rg£eq_Sm~hjV�hjfE_.[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy,oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nU ¨­«hd]#VYmWhjri},[�gi]#m{[�h{]I[�mj§vgiyLX�hWfL_�mWop_ ekgIHJeqgihjgi_nm$V�¥1hjfE_��Y[�UWg�VZlLm~eqVZ]#],lLyLgien[�hWgiVYy�§Y_nUWyL_nrim$V�¥6hWVLxL[;}�� m]I[YeWfLgiyL_nmd¢{g�hWfIyLV#mWg�XZyLgJH en[whjgi�Y_Nx9_nXYUq[YxL[whjgiVYyIV�¥�op_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[wypeq_nm;¨L­«y�hjfp[wh~mj_SyLmj_YtÎVYlLU$[�oLoLUWVR[Zejf/g�m�ZlLgihj_^mjgi]#gir£[�UdhjV�hjfp[whNVw¥~oLUjV;�q_ eqhWm#T�­ �LKM;Ð��=.[wypx�T�b.�d�Ib �LNO;Ð�'=j¨�P{V�¢�_n�Z_nU t�VZyL_#Vw¥~VYlLU�]�[wg�yoLUWgiVYUjgihWg�_Sm,¢{fLgir�_ xv_SmjgiXYyLgiyLX�T1�$� ¢{[�m�hjV�xv_!HpyL_ [�]^V9x9_nr©Vw¥��RgiUWhjlp[wr{]�[YeWfLgiyL_#[wypx hjV�eqri_ [wUjri}mWop_ ekgÊ¥Ó}�hjfE_#mj_S]�[�yvhWg¤ekmNVw¥~hjfL_IeqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYyLmdg�y�hWfLgimN]^VLxv_nr«¨J��_#[�rimWV ¢{[�yvhj_;x�hjV�xv_�HpyL_ [wy_ [wmjgiri}#o�VYUWh\[�uEr�_$]I[YeWfLgiyL_�aM��B1��Bp[�]I[YeWfLgiyL_{hjf�[�h~en[wy up_$o�VYUWhj_ xIVZy [�XZg��Z_nyIoLr£[�h¦¥¬VYUW] giy [�mjfLVZUjhhWg�]^_qa�[�ypx^¢{fLVZmj_�gi]#oEr�_S],_nyvh\[�hWgiVYy,en[�yIu�_N[YeWfLgi_n�Z_ x^_qª�eqgi_nyvhjri}#VZy#]I[�yv}No�[�U\[wrir�_SrJoLr£[�h«¥ÓVYUj]^m ¨��_I[�rimjV/XR[;�Y_IT1�$� mjVYoEfLgimjhjg£en[whj_ x VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy�]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW]#m ¨�b$eqhjlp[wrir�}vtA¢©_ eqVZyLmjg£xv_nU,hWfp[�h

[wyR}�op[wU\[�riri_nrLoEUjVYXZU\[w]#]#g·yLX{_nyv�vgiUjVYyE]#_nyvh�mjfLVZlLr£x�giypeqrilpxv_~[$mW_nh�V�¥¸hjVvVZr�m�hWV�fL_nrio,hjfE_~oLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nUxv_SmjgiXYy�[�ypx g�]^oLri_n],_nyvh~yE_n¢ xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyEm tJu�_#gih$¥¬VZUNeWfL_ eW§vgiyLX hWfL_ eqVYUWUj_ ekhjyL_nmWm#uv}xv_Shj_ eqhWgiyLX [wypx Uj_n]^V��RgiyLX�uLlLXZm t�VZU,¥¬VZUNgi]#oEUjV��vgiyLX o�_nU«¥¬VZUj]I[�ypeq_Sm ¨ ��VYyEmjg£xv_nUWg�yEX�hjfp[wh#_n�Z_ny�hjfL_mWr�giXZfRhW_nmjh,o�_nUWhjlLUWup[�hWg�VZy�g�y�hWfL_I_q|L_ eqlLhWg�VZy�V�¥�[�x9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ x�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy�en[�y�UWlLgiy�gihjm#[wyp[�ri}vmjgim t¢�_�xv_;eqg£xv_ x�hWV giypeqVZUjo�VYU\[whj_^VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy�]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m.[�h�[IriV�¢ ri_n�Y_Sr©giy�T1�$��¨��IVYUW_nV��Y_SU tAhjfL_VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy hj_;ejfEyLg �YlE_$¥¬VYmWhj_nUW_ x/g�y�T1�$� gim{up[�mW_ x VZyIhjfL_,[�yp[wri}RmWgim{V�¥1_q|L_ eqlLhWgiVYy hWU\[Yek_nm tJUq[�hWfL_nUhWfp[�y VYy�[ xvgiUW_ eqh�VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy�Vw¥.xvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;x�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYyLm� ¬giy�¢{fLg£eWf�en[�mW_#hjfE_#VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy�g�m[ZejfEg�_S�Y_ xIgiyLmWg£xv_�hjfE_P[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZyp¡n¨(?{fE_��Y[�UWg�VZlLm{VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy�]^_ eWfp[�yEg�mW]#m�V �J_nUj_;x uv}�T��.��en[wy

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 7: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

[wr�r�u�_._Syp[�uLri_ x�VYU{xvgim\[wuLri_ x,mW_nop[�Uq[�hW_nri}R¨ ?{fL_$giyRhWUjlLmWgiVYy,giy#hWfL_.xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ xI[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZyLm1VYuEmj_nUW�Y_ xgim{hjfvlLm{§Z_noLh$[�m{riV�¢�[�m{o�VYmWmjgiuLri_Y¨

� ����* �������P� 02���{� �!I�

�� �� ����������������� �"!$#&%'��(*) �T1�$�(xv_!HpyL_nm{[d]#VLxv_nrvV�¥J�vgiUjhjl�[�rv]�[ZejfEg�yE_1hjfp[wh1eqVYyLmWgimjhjm�V�¥J[~mW_nh�V�¥ �,+-+$�J�1���'���10�# #$0.���!-6yvlL],u�_nUj_;x/ hWV1032�`Y¨(?{fL_Smj_�yLVLxv_nm~eqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whj_{�vg£[�h«¢�V,xvgimjhjgiypekh{]#_ xvg£[�4

5 hjfL_6HpUWmjh�]^_ xvgilL] g�m$[�¥¬lLriri}�eqVZyLyL_ eqhW_ x�yE_nh«¢©VZUj§ x9_n�YVZhj_ x/hjVIo�VYgiyvh«¶«hjV�¶«o�VYgiyvh~eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[;¶hjgiVYyEm ¨�?{fL_,ejf�[�yLyL_Sr�m$Vw¥©hjfLgimdyL_nh«¢�VYUj§�[�Uj_EGA­ G¸��[wypxIUW_nrig¤[wuLri_, ¬]^_nmjmq[�XZ_nm�[�Uj_�yL_ngihWfL_nU$riVYmjhyLVYU~x9_nmj_ �ZlL_Sypeq_ xL¡S¨

5 hjfL_$mW_ eqVYy�x#]^_ xvgilL]�[�ririV�¢{m1uLUWVR[ZxLen[�mWhjgiyLX�]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm;¨v­«h©gim{[�rimjV,[$¥ÓlLrir�},eqVZyLyL_ eqhW_ xIyL_Sh«¢©VZUj§¢{gihjf UW_nrig¤[wuLri_>G¸­ GA� ejf�[�yLyL_Sr�m;¨�� gihjfIhjfLgimd]#_ xvgilL]�tY[,yEV9x9_Nen[�y/mj_nypx/[,]#_Smjm\[wXY_$mjgi],lLrihq[;¶yL_nVZlLmjri}#VZy [�rirpVZlLhjoElLh.eWfp[wyLyL_nrim ¨

6�}�xv_�H�yLgiyLX ¥ÓlLrir�}�eqVZyLyL_ eqhW_ x�yL_Sh«¢©VZUj§vm t�¢�_Ig�yvhW_nyvhjgiVYyp[wrir�}�[;�YVYg£xv_;x�eqVYyLmWg£xv_nUjgiyLX�hjfE_?[Zeqhjl�[�roLfv}vmjg£en[wr¸hWVYo�VYriVYXZ},V�¥1op[�Uq[�riri_nr¸[�UqeWfLgihj_ eqhWlLUj_Sm ¨ ?{fLgim~[wr�riV�¢{m�¥¬VYU{hWfL_�_n�ZVYrilLhWg�VZyIV�¥6]^VLxv_nUjyIop[wU\[wr�ri_nr]I[YeWfLgiyL_nm$giy ¢{fEg¤eWf�]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm�[�UW_,UjVZlLhj_ x�]^VYUW_N[�ypx/]#VZUj_�_qª�eqgi_nyvhjri} uv} hWfL_,fp[wU\xv¢{[�UW_I ¬VYU$uv}hWfL_�riV�¢ ri_n�Y_SrJmj}vmjhW_n]�¡S¨�?{fL_$lLypx9_nUjri}vgiyLX,hjVZopVZr�VZXY}�hjfvlLmdUj_n]I[�giyLm1fLg£xLx9_nyIhjV,hjfE_�oLUjVZXYUq[�]#]^_nU ¨

?{fE_#xvgimjhjgiypekhjgiVYy�up_Sh«¢©_n_Sy�hjfE_,h«¢©VIyL_nh«¢�VYUW§vmNgim$yL_ eq_Smjm\[wUj} up_ eS[�lLmW_#VYy�]�[wyv}�o�[�U\[wrir�_Sr1oLr£[�h¦¶¥¬VZUj]^m tZg�h�gim�x9gʪ�eklLrih©hWVN_nyEmjlLUW_N[�h{riV�¢ eqVYmWh{hjfp[wh{�vg�UWhjlp[wr eWfp[wyLyL_nrim~en[wUjUW}RgiyLX,u�VYhWf#o�VYgiyvh«¶«hjVw¶=o�VYgiyvh]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm#[�ypx uLUjVv[YxLen[wmjh,]^_nmjmq[�XY_SmP[wUj_�GA­ G¸��¨�b.eqhWlp[�riri}vt¸VZy�hjfE_nmj_ oEr¤[wh«¥¬VZUj]^m tJo�VYgiyvh«¶«hjVw¶=o�VYgiyvh[wypx�uLUjVv[YxLeS[�mjh�eqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiVZyLm{Uj_nri} VZy x9g�mWhjgiypeqh�oLUjVZhjVLeqVYrim;t¸[�ypx/mjVZ]#_nhWgi]#_nmdVYy�xvgimjhjgiypekh.oEfR}Z¶mWg¤eS[�r1xv_n�vg£eq_nm�hWVvVp¨�­«h~gim{¥ÓVYU~_k|E[w]#oLri_�hWfL_,en[�mW_NVZy hjfL_�­«yvhj_nr�g87�9.:�4�opVZg�yvh¦¶=hWV�¶«opVZg�yvh{]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm.[�y�xuLUWVR[ZxLen[�mWh{]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm{xvV�yLVYh{yL_;eq_nmjmq[�UWg�ri}�¥¬VYririV�¢�hWfL_$m\[�]^_{oLfv}vmjg£en[�rJo�[�hjf�¥¬UjVZ]�hjfE_~mj_Sypxv_nUdhjV�hjfL_UW_ eq_ngi�Y_SUn ¬mq¡n¨A?{fL_,VYo�_nU\[whjgiyLX mW}vmjhj_S] x9VR_SmNyLVZh$_nyLmjlEUj_IhjfL_,mW_ �ZlL_nypekg�yEX Vw¥�]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm�V�¥~xvg � _SUj_nyvh§vgiypxJ¨v­«ypekVYUjo�VYUq[�hWg�yEX,g�y T1�$� [�mjVw¥¬h«¢{[�Uj_$r£[;}Y_SU HpririgiyLX�hWfLgim{XR[�oI¢�VYlLr£x�up_$oLUWVYfLgiuLgihjgi�Z_Y¨

6�_nmWg¤x9_nmIhjfL_ [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy�yLVLxv_nm;t�T��.� en[�y giypekr�l�xv_ [�ekVY]#oEr�_S]#_nyvh\[wUj} 0�,!-.�) )/��'���10�# #$0.���S¨� fE_ny�hWfLgim�VYuLmW_nUj�Z_nU,gim�oLUW_nmj_nyvh;t�VYyL_^],lLmjh�eqVZyLmjg£xv_nU,[IhWfLgiU\x�ekVY]#],lEyLg�en[whjgiVYyI]^_ xvgilL];4�[IyL_nh¦¶¢�VYUW§#V�¥�Uj_nrig£[�uEr�_ GA­ G¸� eWfp[wyLyL_nrim{rigiyL§vgiyLX�_ [Zejf [woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy,yLVLxv_$hjV,hWfL_$VYuLmW_nUj�Z_nU ¨ ?{fLUjVZlLXYfIhjfEg�mVZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy�]^_ xvgilL] tJeqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjg·VYyLmdVYyLri}�VLeneqlEU�¥¬UjVZ] hWfL_�[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy�yLVLxv_nm�hjV�¢{[�Uqxvm�hjfL_VZuLmj_nUW�Y_nU;¨Lbdy�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy,yLVLxv_�en[�y^mj_nypxI[�]#_nmWm\[wXY_{VYy^gihjm�VYlLhWXYVYgiyLX�ejf�[�yLyL_Sr=¨(?{fE_~VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZyyLVLxv_~eS[�y,Uj_;eq_ngi�Y_dVYy,[�yv}�giypeqVZ]#giyLX~eWfp[�yEyL_nrp[wypx�gih�eS[�y�hj_nmWh©hWfL_~eWfp[�yLyE_nrim�¥¬VYU�o�_nypxvgiyLX$]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm ¨

�� <� =;�>!3!@? )�(*%A#B�C(*�>)3!3�����B�?{fL_,eqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy^op[�Uq[YxvgiXZ] gi]#oEr�_S]#_nyvhj_;x,giy T1�$� g�m$hWfp[�hdV�¥�[wmj}vypeWfLUjVZyLVYlEm�]#_nmWm\[wXY_�op[wm«¶mWg�yEXp¨LT1�$� o�_nUj]^gihjm�]#VYmWh©Vw¥6hWfL_��Y[�UWg£[�hjgiVZyLm©[�UWVYlLy�x#hWfLgim{§vg�y�x#Vw¥�eqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiV�y�4

5 eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYyLm1en[wyIup_�o�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]#_ x�g�yIo�VYgiyvh«¶«hjVw¶=o�VYgiyvh1]#VLxv_dVYU{giy#uEUjVR[ZxLen[wmjh~]^VLxv_-D

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 8: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- �

Point-to-point Network

Broadcast Network

Observation Network

20

31

OBS

Page 9: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

�� �� � )�� ?����� ?����? ���lLUWUj_nyvh�UW_nmj_;[�U\eWfL_Sm# )�)B4*�B�; ��=¬¡d[�gi] [�h$xv_�HpyLgiyLXIfLgiXZf ri_n�Y_nr�giyvhj_nU¦¥=[Yek_nm$¥¬VZU~op[wU\[�riri_nr�­��Y��¨� ©_nh;t�hjfL_en[wop[�uEg�rigihjgi_nmdV�¥{op[�Uq[�riri_nr6[wU\eWfLgihj_;eqhjlLUW_nm,giy hjfEg�m�xvVZ]�[wg�y [wUj_�mjhjgirir��Y_nUW} xvg �J_nUj_nyvh;¨6�IVZmjh$oLr£[�h¦¥¬VYUW]#mxvVIyLVZh~V�� _nU�[wyR}IUW_ [�r�op[wU\[�riri_nr�­��Y� ]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW]#m ¨(?{fEg�mdgim.hWfL_�Uj_ [wmjVYy�¢{fv}I¢©_�oEUj_q¥¬_SUjUj_;x�yLVZh~hjVgiypeqVZUjo�VYUq[�hj_�[�yv},opVZUjhq[�uLri_d¥=[Yekg�rigihjgi_nm�¥¬VZU{op[�Uq[�riri_nrp­��Z� giy T1�$��¨

� �(' )��$��*��$�� +�! 02�$�{�I��! )�0�)

T1�$� ]�[�§Z_nm$gih�opVZmjmWg�uEr�_,hWV eqVZ],uLgiyL_P[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy�yLVLxv_nm�hjVYXZ_nhjfE_nUN¢{gihWf�[�y�VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy�yLVLxv_Yt¢{fLVZmj_^UjVYri_,gim�hWV?ekVYriri_ eqh,[�ypx�fp[wypxvri_�hjU\[Zeq_#giyv¥ÓVYUj]I[�hWg�VZyIUj_nr£[�hWgi�Y_,hjV/hjfL_^up_nf�[;�RgiVZlLU$V�¥~hjfE_#[�ov¶oLrig£en[whjgiVYy¸¨(?{fE_NVZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZyIyLVLxv_Nen[wy oLUjVLeq_S_ x hWV�[wy DWVYy hWfL_��p}(F#[wyp[�ri}vmjgim{V�¥1hWfL_Ngiyv¥ÓVYUj]I[�hWg�VZyUW_ eq_ngi�Y_;xJt�VYU~gih{en[�y/mjhjVZUj_�hWfLgim{giyv¥¬VYUW]�[whjgiVYy�¥¬VYU~[�+�0'-���� 5 0� �� �)5 [�y�[�ri}vmjgim ¨vb$eqhjlp[wrir�}vtvhjfE_�VYuLmW_nUj�Z_nUen[wy�up_��qlLmWh#[ o�[�Ujh�V�¥�[ oEUjVYXZU\[w]#]#g·yLXI_nyv�vg�UWVYyL]^_nyvh$¥¬_ [whjlLUWgiyLX mWV�¥¬h«¢{[�UW_#hWVRVZrimNmWlpeWf [wm,hjUq[Yeq_eqVZrir�_;eqhjVZUjm t�xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x [�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy#xv_nuLlLXZXY_nUWm t�o�_nU«¥¬VZUj]I[�ypeq_�[wyp[�ri}vmj_nUWm~[�ypx^XZU\[�oEfLg£en[�rJ�vgi_n¢�_nUjm;¨

���1�S¯v�����������Z³p�1�S¯v���R�E���Ó³�� ��³����¸����!­«h�gim$lLo�hjVIhjfE_#[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYyIoLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nU{hWV�mWop_;eqg·¥¬} ¢{fEg¤eWf�_n�Y_SyRhWm�],lLmWh~u�_,hjU\[Zeq_ xJ¨R?�V�xvVImWVpthWfL_,oLUjVZXYUq[�]#]^_nU{],lLmWh~giyLmj_SUjh 0 ,�-.�� )/C�C� � 0�# +�0�� #(�1-dg�y�hjfE_PeqVLxv_,Vw¥�hWfL_#xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy¸¨?{fLgim�gim �ZlLgihj_�mjgi]#gir£[�U{hWVIg�yEmj_nUWhjgiyLX uLUW_ [�§vo�VYgiyvhjm$giy [^mW_ �ZlL_nyvhjg£[�r�oLUWVYXYUq[�]�g�y/VYU\x9_nUNhWVIop_nU¦¥¬VYUW][wy,g�yvhW_nU\[Zeqhjgi�Y_$xv_nuLlEXYXYgiyLX�¨YµdlLUjgiyLX$hWfL_~_q|L_ eklLhjgiVYy^V�¥¸hWfL_~xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x#[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy¸t;_n�Y_SUj},hjgi]^_�[wy[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy~yLVLxv_�UjlLyLmAhjfLUWVYlLXZfN[�y$VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy$opVZg�yvh;tn[ �� ������A5 �!-�-.�'*���gim¸mj_SyRhAhjV{hWfL_1VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZyyLVLxv_Z¨¸b�hWU\[Zeq_,]#_nmWm\[wXY_,gim$h«}RoEg¤eS[�riri}?ekVY]#o�VYmW_ x�V�¥{giyv¥¬VZUj]�[whjgiVYy�¥¬VYU�g¤x9_nyvhjg·¥¬}vgiyLX�[wypx xE[�hjgiyLX [wy_n�Z_nyvh ¨vT1�$�(V�� _nUWm1mj_S�Y_nUq[�r¸xL[whjgiyLX$]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m tn¢{fEVYmj_{]I[�yp[wXY_n]^_nyvh¸UW_n]�[wg�yEmJ¥¬lLriri}�hWU\[�yEmjop[wUj_nyvhhWV hWfL_�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy oEUjVYXZU\[w]#]#_SU ¨�� fL_ny riVR[Yx9g�yEX?[/xvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;x�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy¸tJhjfE_#oLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nUmWg�]^oLri}#yL_S_ xvm�hWV�mWop_;eqg·¥¬} ¢{fLg£eWf §vgiypxIVw¥�xE[�hjgiyLX^]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj] ],lLmjhdup_�lLmW_ xJ¨R?{fL_N_S�Y_nyvhjm�hjU\[Zeq_ xen[wy hjfvlLmdup_�mjh\[w]#o�_ xI[�ypx���VYU~xE[�hj_;xJtp[wypx^hjfL_NxE[�hjgiyLX#eS[�y u�_N[YeWfLgi_n�Z_ x [ZeneqVYUqxvgiyLX,hjV#[�riVLen[wr¸VYUXZr�VZup[�rJhWgi]#_{Uj_k¥¬_nUj_Sypeq_Y¨

"J�;��� ���#��� ¯$��¯%�A� �Nvhq[�]^oLgiyLX,_n�Y_SyRhWm$]�[�§Z_nm{gih~o�VYmWmjgiuLri_NhWV�[wyp[�ri}vmj_�hWfL_�mj}vypeWfLUjVZyLgim\[whjgiVYyLm$hWfp[�hdV9eSeqlLU�u�_nh«¢�_n_ny�hjfL_[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy yEV9x9_nmNxvlLUWgiyLX [IxvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�_q|L_ eqlLhWgiVYy¸¨R?{fL_nmW_#mj}vypeWfLUWVYyLgimq[�hjgiVZyLmN[�UW_#en[�oEhjlLUW_ x�uv}hWfL_#yLVZhjgiVYy�Vw¥.en[�lEm\[�r{xv_no�_nypx9_nypeq}vt1giyvhjUWV9x9lpeq_ x uR} K¸[w]#o�VYUWh.giy `;�Y�Y�Et¸[�y�x�hjfp[whP[wuLmjhWU\[Yekhjm�hjfL_oLfv}vmjg£en[wr¸hWg�]^_Y¨ �1[YeWf [�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy^yLVLxv_$]�[wyp[�XZ_nm�[�riVLen[wrJmjh\[w]#o^hjfp[wh{g�m{lEo xL[whj_ x?_n�Y_nUW}#hWg�]^_.[wy[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy ]#_Smjm\[wXY_�gim$mj_SyRh$VZU.UW_ eq_ngi�Z_ xJ¨�T1�$� _nyEmjlLUW_nm�hjf�[�h$hjfL_,�Y[wrilL_�V�¥�hjfL_�riV9eS[�r�mjhq[�]#oIVw¥hWfL_�mj_Sypxv_nUdg�m{mW_nyvh~hWU\[�yEmjop[wUj_nyvhjri}^hjVYXZ_nhjfE_nU~¢{gihjfIhWfL_�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy^]#_nmWm\[�XZ_Y¨

?�V,xL[�hW_YtpT��.� [�ririV�¢{m©hWfL_�lLmW_nU~hWV#ejfEVRVZmj_�u�_nh«¢�_n_ny�h«¢©V�§vgiypxvm{V�¥1mWh\[�]^oLm 4v�Z_ eqhWVYUjg£[wr¸mjhq[�]^oLm¢{fLVZmj_$mjg'&n_dUj_n]I[�giyLm©ekVYyLmWh\[�yvh~xvlEUjgiyLXN[wy#_q|L_ eqlEhjgiVYy¸tvVZU Dq[YxL[woLhjgi�Z_)F$mjh\[w]#oLm�¢{fLVYmW_.mWg'&n_.en[wy#�Y[wUj}xv}vyp[w]#g£en[wr�ri}+;i`;��=¦¨LT��.��¢{[�m{xv_nmWg�XZyL_ x^mjV,hWfp[�h{gih{en[�yI_ [wmjgiri},giypeqVYUWopVZU\[whj_$yL_n¢ §vg�y�xvm©Vw¥6mWh\[�]^oLm ¨

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 10: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- �

���A°¸���«��� �©´A�L������� ³��~¯%��¯$�¸���T1�$��V �J_nUWm©mW_nUj�vg£eq_nm�¥¬VYU©xE[�hjgiyLX�hjU\[Zeq_ x�_n�Y_nyvhWm ¨�?{fE_.xv_q¥«[�lLrih©xL[whjgiyLX�]^_ eWfp[�yEg�mW] gim�up[�mW_ x,VZy,hjfL_riVLen[�rJhWgi]#_{VYyI_ [ZeWf?[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy,yLVLxv_� ¬�Y[wrilL_~UW_nhjlLUWyL_ xIuv},hWfL_�oLfv}vmjg£en[wr¸eqriV9eW§,Vw¥6hjfE_.oEUjVLeq_nmWmjVYUq¡n¨T1�$��[�rimjV^giypeqVYUWopVZU\[whj_nm�[,]^_ eWfp[�yEg�mW]�¥ÓVYU.xE[�hjgiyLX,_S�Y_nyvhjm$XZr�VZup[�riri}v¨v��_.VZoLhj_;xI¥¬VZU.[wy [�oLoEUjVR[ZeWfup[wmj_ x VYy�[�mWh\[�hWgimjhjg£en[wr~]^_nhjfLVLx hjfp[wh�eqVZyLmjgimjhWm#giy�_nmjhWgi]�[�hWgiyLX hjfE_ xvUjg·¥¬h,Vw¥�hjfL_ oEfR}vmWg¤eS[�r.ekr�VLeW§Vw¥©_ [YeWf�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZyIyLVLxv_N¢{gihWf Uj_nmWop_;eqhNhWV [,Uj_k¥¬_nUj_Sypeq_ eqriVLej§ ;Ð�Lt�`;��=¦¨J�dypeq_,hWfL_,ejf�[�U\[Zeqhj_SUjgimjhWg¤ekmVw¥�hWfL_#eqriVLej§�xvUjg·¥¬hWm.f�[;�Y_�up_n_Sy�xv_nhj_SUj]#giyL_;x/¥¬VYUd_ [YeWf�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy yLVLxv_YtJgih$gim$opVZmjmjgiuLri_�hjVIUj_Sr¤[whj_hWfL_�xL[whj_nm�h\[�§Z_ny�VYy�hjfE_#eqriV9eW§vm�Vw¥�hWfL_#[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy/yLVLxv_nm�hjVIhjfp[wh�V�¥{hjfE_,Uj_q¥¬_SUj_nypek_�yEV9x9_Y¨ ?{fL_[ZeneqlLUq[Yeq} V�¥{hjfL_^XYriVYup[wr1hjgi]^_�VYuLhq[�giyL_ x�hWfLgimN¢{[;} gim�mWlvª�eqgi_nyvhNhWV _nyLmWlLUj_ [IeqVZfL_nUj_SyRh#xE[�hjgiyLXIVw¥_n�Z_nyvhjm;¨�?{fL_{[Yx9�Y[�yvh\[wXY_�V�¥phWfLgim1[�oLoLUWVR[Zejf�gim¸hWfp[�h�gih¸gim¸yEVYh�giyRhWUjlLmWgi�Y_Y¨'?{fL_�]#_ [wmjlLUW_n]#_SyRhWm¸UW_ �ZlLgiUj_ x¥¬VZU�_n�Y[wr�l�[�hjgiyLXIhWfL_�eqriVLeW§ x9Ujg·¥¬hjm�[�Uj_^op_SU«¥¬VZUj]#_;x�up_q¥ÓVYUj_I[�ypx�[ ¥¬hj_SU�hjfL_I[YeqhWlp[�r�_q|L_ eqlEhjgiVYy V�¥{hjfL_xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy¸¨�?{fEg�m{_k|9_;eqlLhjgiVZy�gim{hWfRlEm{yLVYh~[wr�hW_nUj_;x#uv},hWfL_�XYriVZup[�rJxL[�hWgiyLXN]^_ eWfp[�yEg�mW] ¨�dy�hjfE_,VYhjfE_nU�fp[wypxJt�gih.gim$yL_ ek_nmjmq[�Uj} hjVI¢{[�gih~hWg�rir�hjfE_,_nypx�V�¥�hjfL_#xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x�_q|L_ eklLhjgiVYy�u�_q¥¬VZUj_XZr�VZup[�r�xL[�hW_nmNen[wy�up_IeqVY]^oLlLhj_;xJ¨ ?{fL_,]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW](¥¬VZU.XZriVYup[wr�xE[�hjgiyLX/g�]^oLri_n],_nyvhj_;xIgiy�T1�$��g�mhWfRlEm~VYyEr�}#[woLoLUWVYoLUWg¤[whj_d¥¬VZU�[�+�0'-���� 5 0� �� ��5 hjUq[Yeq_N[wyp[�ri}vmjgim;¨

�#¯$��¯v���=��³��1�n¯v����¯v�Y�T1�$� oLUjV��vg£xv_nm^hjfL_/oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nUN¢{gihWf [ mj_nhIVw¥�oEUjgi]#gihjgi�Z_nm�¥ÓVYU#xv_n�Z_nriVYoLgiyLX�VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy oLUWV�¶XZU\[�]^m ¨R?{fL_nmW_ oLUjgi]^g�hWgi�Y_nm�]I[�§Z_,g�h,o�VYmWmjgiuLri_IhjV�Uj_ ek_ngi�Y_ hWU\[Yek_ ]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm,giy [�x9_nhj_nUW]#giyLgimjhWg£e,VYUyLVZyv¶jxv_nhj_SUj]#giyLgimWhjg£e$¢{[;}RtL[wypxIhjV^_q|LhjUq[Yeqhd¥¬UWVY] hjfL_nmW_,]#_nmWm\[wXY_nmdmjgiXYyLgJH eS[�yvh{giyv¥¬VYUW]�[whjgiVYy¸tZmjl�ejf�[�mhWfL_Ny�[�]#_$Vw¥�hWfL_�_n�Z_nyvh$hjU\[Zeq_ xJt�hWfL_NoEfR}vmWg¤eS[�r6xE[�hj_�V�¥©hWfLgim{_n�Y_nyvh� ¬riVLen[wr¸VYUdXYriVYu�[�r£¡ntvhWfL_��Y[�rilL_$Vw¥hWfL_N[�mWmjVLeqg£[�hW_ xImWh\[�]^o¸tZ_nh\e�¨

?{fE_?[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy�oLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nUNx9VR_Sm,yLVYh,fp[;�Z_#hWV�xv_nmjgiXZy [/yL_n¢(VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy�oEUjVYXZU\[w] ¥¬VYU_ [ZeWf xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyA¨pb$eqhjl�[�riri}RtAhjfL_^oLUjgi]^g�hWgi�Y_nm$V�¥.T��.� op_SUj]#gih$hjfE_?x9_nmjgiXYy�Vw¥~XY_nyE_q¶UWg¤e�VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy oLUWVYXZU\[�]^m{hjfp[wh�en[�y�op_SU«¥¬VZUj] hWfL_,]#VZmjh{mWg�]^oLri_$VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy/¥¬lLypekhjgiVYyLm;t�mjlpeWf�[�meqVZrir�_;eqhjgiyLX�t:Hprihj_SUjgiyLX [wypx mjhWVYUjgiyLX hjUq[Yeq_ giyv¥ÓVYUj]I[�hWg�VZy¸¨��$_nyL_nUWg£eIVYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYyGoLUjVZXYU\[w]#m,en[�yG_ [;¶mWg�ri} g�yvhW_nU«¥=[Zeq_ ¢{gihjf [�yp[wr�}vmWg�m�hjVvVZr�m^mjlpeWf�[wm,hjfLVZmj_�xv_nmWg�XZyL_ x�giy�VYlEU#r£[�u�VYUq[�hjVZUj}� Ó�RgimWlp[�rig'& [�hWgiVYyVw¥.xv_no�_nypxv_ny�eq}�XZU\[�oEfLm�VYU�XYU\[woLfLm�Vw¥�XZriVYup[wr6mWh\[whj_nm;t1eqVYypeklLUjUW_nypeq} ]#_ [wmjlLUW_n]#_nyvh;tp_S�Y[�rilp[�hWgiVYy Vw¥oLUW_ xvg£en[whj_nmq¡+; � t�` / t¸�C=¦¨ GAgiXYlLUW_#�^mjfLV�¢{m�hWfL_,§vgiypx Vw¥��vgimjl�[�rig'& [�hWg�VZy VYyE_Pen[wy�VYuLhq[�giy¸¨�?{fL_,XZU\[�oEfUW_noLUjVLxvl�eq_ x^giyNhWfLgim�H�XYlLUW_{g�m�hWfL_{XYUq[�oLf^ ¬g£xv_ [wrLr£[�hWhjg£eq_ ¡�[�mWmjVLeqg£[�hW_ x�¢{gihjf�hjfL_{_k|9_;eqlLhjgiVZy,V�¥¸[�y,[�riXYVw¶UWg�hWfL] hWfp[�h�eqVY]^oLlLhj_Sm�[d�v[YeqVZuLg£[�y�VYy�hjfL_{­«yvhj_SrpT�[�U\[wXYVZy @$T��N�op[�Uq[�riri_nrv]�[ZejfEg�yE_Y¨'?{fL_©UW_nXYlEr¤[wUjgih«}Vw¥�hWfL_�eqVY]^oLlLhq[�hjgiVZy,g�m{VZuv�RgiVZlLm tL[wypx^hjfL_$oLUW_nmj_ny�eq_,V�¥�yp[�UWUjV�¢ op[�UWhjm{giyIhjfL_$XYUq[�oLfIgim~[�fLgiyRh{hWfp[�hhWfL_nUj_�]�[;}�u�_�[�u�[Yx,_k|9oEr�VZgih\[�hWgiVYy#Vw¥6hWfL_�op[wU\[�riri_nrigimj] giy#mWVY]#_dop[�UWhjmdhjfL_�eqVZ]#oLlLhq[�hWg�VZy¸¨

�����S¯v��� �#��� ² �Ó�� ��³ ³��1�n¯v���v�L� �¬³�� ��³¸´A¯­«h$gim$yL_ngihjfL_SUN[�ri¢{[;}Rm{]I[�ypxE[�hjVZUj}^yLVYU�[�ri¢{[;}vm.xv_nmWgiU\[�uEr�_�hjV [wr�riVLen[whj_N[wy VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy yLVLxv_�¢{fL_nyVZyL_$mjgi]#oLri}�yE_n_ xvm{hWVNhWU\[Yek_.UWVYlLXZfLri}NhWfL_$up_Sfp[;�vg�VZlLU1Vw¥�[�xvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;x#[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy¸¨ ��VYyEmj_ �ZlL_nyvhWr�}vtT1�$� op_SUj]#gihWm{hjV,hjUq[Yeq_,[,xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ xI_q|L_ eklLhjgiVYy�¢{gihjfLVZlLh~[�yv}^VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYyIyLVLxv_Y¨�­«y hWfp[�h~eS[�mj_ZtgiyLmWhj_ [ZxIV�¥�up_ngiyLX,mW_nyvh~hWVP[wy�VZuLmj_SUj�Y_SU t�hjfL_$giyv¥¬VZUj]I[�hjgiVZyNUW_nr£[�hjgi�Z_.hWV,hjfL_$_n�Z_nyvhjmdhjU\[Zeq_ xIgim{mWg�]^oLri}xvgimWoLr£[;}Y_ x/VYy hWfL_,mjhq[�ypxE[�U\x/VYlEhjoLlLh$mWhjUj_;[�]  � ���������«¡~Vw¥©_ [Zejf�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy�yEV9x9_Y¨ ?{fLgim�[�oLoEUjVR[ZeWf

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 11: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

• • • ••••••••

••••••••

••••••••

••••••••••••••••

••••

•••••••

••••

•••

•••

••••••••••

••••

•••

•••

•••

••••••••••••••••

••••

•••••••

••••

•••

•••

••••••••••

••••

•••

•••

•••

••••••••••••••••

••••

•••••••

••••

•••

•••

••••••••••

••••

•••

•••

•••

••••••••••••••••

••••

GAgiXYlLUW_.�'4"Pd[�mjmW_.xvg£[wXYU\[w] V�¥JhjfL_$r£[�hWhjg£eq_{oLUWV9x9lpeq_ x�¥¬UWVY] hjfL_d_q|L_ eqlLhWgiVYy#hWU\[Zeq_nm{V�¥¸hWfL_.eS[�r£eqlLr£[�hWgiVYyVw¥�[��n[ZeqVYuLg£[wy

en[wy#u�_ �ZlLgihj_~lEmj_q¥¬lEr=t ¥¬VYU1_k|E[w]#oLri_�¢{fL_ny^VYyL_{oLUW_q¥¬_nUWm©hWVN[�ririVLen[�hW_~[�rirLhWfL_~oLfv}vmjg£en[wrLyLVLxv_nm{[;�Y[�gir£[�uEr�_VZy�[IXYgi�Y_Sy oLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj] hWVIhjfL_IxvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;x�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy¸¨�­«hNeS[�y�[�rimWV�u�_#lEmj_q¥¬lEr©¢{fL_Sy�VYyLri} [^¥Ó_n¢_n�Z_nyvhjm�[�UW_NhWV,up_�hjUq[Yeq_;xJt�VYU~¢{fE_ny hjfE_PxvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYyIUj_ �ZlLgiUW_nm$hjfL_$¥ÓlLrir¸up[wypxv¢{g£xvhjfIVw¥hWfL_NeqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whjgiV�y,ejf�[�yLyL_Sr�m;¨

���J¯9�� ����Ó³���² �¬� ��³ ��$³����S¯v���v�L���Ó³��� fE_ny riVR[ZxvgiyLX#[,xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy¸tvhWfL_�lLmW_nU$],lLmjh{mWop_ ekgÊ¥Ó}�¢{f�[�h~§vgiypx^V�¥�hjU\[Zeq_�giyv¥¬VZUj]I[;¶hWg�VZy ],lLmWh{up_�XY_nyE_nU\[whj_ x�_n�Z_nUj}/hjgi]#_�[�y/VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy o�VYgiyvh~gimdUj_ [ZejfE_ xJt¸[wypxI¢{fLg£eWf VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZyoLUWVYXZU\[�] ],lLmWh©u�_$lLmj_ x?hjV#eqVZr�ri_ ekh~[�ypx^xv_ [�rA¢{gihjfIhjfLgim{giyv¥¬VZUj]I[�hjgiVZy¸¨

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 12: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- �

?{fE_�lEmj_nU#xv_Sm\eqUWg�u�_nmIhjfE_�§vgiypx V�¥.VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy�UW_ �ZlLgiUj_ x uv}�o�[�mjmWgiyLX � � �0.��op[wU\[�]^_nhj_SUjm,hjVT1�$� � m ��0'�-� �) ntZ¢{fLg£eWf,gim©xv_nhq[�giri_ x�giy,mj_ eqhWgiVYy#��¨Ð�L¨�?{fL_dlLmj_SU~en[�y,hWfRlEm©VZuLmj_nUW�Y_dhjfL_dup_nf�[;�RgiVZlLU1V�¥6[xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy#[�y�xJtvVYypek_�hjfL_�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy#u�_nfp[;�Z_nm~[�m{_q|Lo�_ eqhW_ xJt�m �wfL_Nen[wy?x9g�mq[�uLri_dhjfL_VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZyI]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]#m�g�y^VYUqxv_nU~hWV,XY_nh{u�_nhWhj_nUdop_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[wypeq_nm;¨bdrihjfLVZlLXYf�hjfL_,VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy�]#_;ejf�[�yLgimj]^m~giypeqVZUjo�VYUq[�hj_;x�g�y�T��.�[wUj_,gi]#oEr�_S]#_nyvhj_;xIVYy�_ [YeWf

oLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj] mjV�[wm6hWV~u�_~[�mAr�_Smjm1giyvhjUWlLmjgi�Y_�[�m�opVZmjmWg�uEr�_ZtYT1�$��gim�]�[Zxv_1[;�Y[�gir£[�uLri_1[�m�h«¢�V.xvgimWhjgiypeqh�rigiuLU\[ ¶UWg�_Sm ¨�?{fL_ HpUWmjhdr�giuLUq[�UW}#giypeqrilpxv_Sm.[�rirJhWfL_NeqVZ]#],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy,[�y�xIVYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYyI]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW]#m�¢{fL_nUj_;[�mhWfL_�mj_;eqVYypx?r�giuLUq[�UW}RtZ¢{fLg£eWf�VZyLri},oLUjV��vg£xv_nm{hWfL_NeqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiVZy�]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m tZg�m{rigi§Y_Sr�}�hjV,_k|9fEg�uEg�hu�_nhjhW_nU$op_SU«¥¬VZUj]�[wypeq_nm{VZyImjVY]^_~oLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj]#m;¨­«h�gim©gi]^opVZUjh\[wyvh6hWVNyEVYhjg£eq_dhjfp[wh©u�VYhWf#�Z_nUjmWg�VZyLm{V�¥¸hWfL_$rig�uEU\[�UW}NV�� _SU©_q|p[Zeqhjri},hjfE_.mq[�]^_{mj_nUW�Rg£eq_Sm

hWV�hjfL_ [�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy�yLVLxv_nm ¨ N9¢{g�hqeWfLgiyLX u�_nh«¢�_n_ny�[wy�VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�uLri_ xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy�[wypx�[yLVZyv¶«VYuLmW_nUj�Y[wuLri_.VZyL_$mjgi]#oEr�}�Uj_ �YlEg�UW_nm~UW_q¶jeqVY]^oLgir¤[whjgiVYyA¨

� 8 !N�1�$���Y���~�

�� �� ������?���������� #�)�� ���

?{fL_^mj_nUW�vg¤ek_nm#V�� _nUW_ x uv} T1�$� [�Uj_^]�[Zxv_P[;�Y[wgir¤[wuLri_NhWV hjfE_�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy�oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nU.[wmP[ImW_nhVw¥�[wUjVZlLypx�¥ÓVYUjh«}^oLUjgi]^g�hWgi�Y_nm1hWfp[�h�¥¬VZUj]#m�h«¢�VPxvgimWhjgiypeqh{]^V9x9lLri_nm ¨v�IVLxvlLri_$b.T N/ �� ��+��I�1���'���10�#�� �� �/'�1����-j¡�o�_nUW]#gihjm�hjfE_�xv_S�Y_nriVYoE]#_nyvh�V�¥¸[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy�oLUjVZXYU\[w]#m;tn¢{fL_nUW_ [�m�]#VLxvlEr�_�� 6�N^ .����-.�) )/��'���10�#� �� )/'�1����-j¡�gim~xv_n�ZVYhW_ x^hjV,hjfE_�gi]#oLri_n],_nyvhq[�hjgiVZyNVw¥6VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy�oEUjVYXZU\[w]#m ¨

?{fE_~yvlL],u�_nU©Vw¥6oLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm6f�[�m{u�_n_nyIgiyRhW_nyvhjgiVYy�[�riri}Nrigi]#gihj_;x�giy,VYUqxv_nUdhjV�VYuLhq[�giy#[�mWgi]#oLri_~[�y�x_ [wmjgiri}#gi]#oEr�_S]#_nyvh\[wuLri_{giyRhW_nU«¥«[Yeq_Y¨�GLVZU{_q|p[�]^oLri_YtRT��.� xvVv_nm~yLVZh~oLUWVYo�VYmW_N[�yv}#yEVYyv¶jxv_nhW_nUj]^g�yEg�mWhjg£eUW_ eq_ngi�Y_^up_;en[�lLmW_#mWlpeWf�[^¥¬lLypekhjgiVYy�en[�y�u�_,_ [�mWg�ri} VZuLh\[wgiyL_ x�uv} eqVZ],uLgiyLgiyLX,mjVZ]#_�Vw¥�hWfL_,_q|LgimjhjgiyLXoLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm ¨(KJgi§Y_n¢{gimW_YtL¢�_�xv_ eqg£xv_ x/yLVZh{hjV,h«}vop_$]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm ¨�?{fE_�giyRhW_nUjoEUj_nhq[�hjgiVZy�Vw¥1hjfL_NekVYyvhj_nyvh{Vw¥[�]#_nmWm\[�XZ_$g�m{hWfvlLm~ri_q¥¬h{hWV,hjfL_�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy^oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nU©[�y�xIyL_ngihjfE_nU~op[ZeW§RgiyLX,yEVYU{lLyLo�[YeW§vg�yEX,g�myL_;eq_nmjmq[�UW}R¨

� � " ����� � �Ó� � �p¯L�?{fL_IoLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm~V�¥~]^VLxvlLri_,b.T N [�UW_#]#VZmjhWr�}�eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiV�y oLUjgi]^g�hWgi�Y_nm;¨$?{¢�V�oLUjgi]#gihWg��Z_nm.[wUj_[;�Y[wg�r£[wuLri_,¥¬VZU,mj_nypx9g�yEX�]#_Smjm\[wXY_nm;t�g�y�o�VYgiyvh«¶«hjVw¶=o�VYgiyvhN]^VLxv_� ������ ������Y¡,VZU,g�yGuLUjVv[YxLen[wmjh^]#VLxv_ ������ ���! �«¡n¨ ?{fL_$eqVYUWUj_nmWopVZypxvgiyLX,Uj_;eq_ngi�Y_nm$ ������ "#�$�$% &�" �('�[�ypx)�*��� "#�$�+% ���! � &�" �,'�UW_nmjo�_ eqhWg��Z_nri}L¡[wUj_,uLriVLeW§RgiyLX^oLUjgi]^g�hWgi�Y_nmdhjfp[wh.yE_ eq_nmWmjgih\[whj_#hWfp[�h�hjfL_�giypeqVY]^giyLX#eWfp[�yLyE_nr©u�_�g¤x9_nyvhjgJHp_ x�_q|LoLrig£eqgihjri}v¨��VYyv¶jxv_nhW_nUj]^g�yEg�mWhjg£e$UW_ eq_ngi�Y_Ien[�y�u�_NUW_ [�rig'&n_ x/hjfp[wyL§vm$hjVIhjfL_�h«¢�V�oEUjgi]#gihjgi�Z_nm-����� .�" �(��� &�" �,' [�y�x�*��� .�" �,��� ���! � &�" �,'�¢{fLg£eWf#[�Uj_{yEVYyv¶«uLriVLej§vgiyLX$oLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_nmAhjfp[wh1hj_Smjh{[�y,giypeqVZ]#giyLX.eWfp[wyLyL_nr�u�_nriVYyv¶XZg�yEX,hjV#_Sg�hWfL_nU$hjfE_�opVZgiyRh¦¶=hWV�¶«opVZgiyRh~ekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWgÊVYy,yE_nh«¢©VZUj§Jt�VYU{hWfL_NuEUjVR[ZxLen[wmjh.ekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWg�VZyyL_Sh«¢©VZUj§J¨YT�UWg�]^gihjgi�Y_nm/�*��� .�" �(���©[�ypx0����� .�" �(��� ���1 � xv_Shj_ eqh�o�_nypxvgiyLX$]#_Smjm\[wXY_nm�VZyP[wyR}$giypeqVZ]#giyLXeWfp[wyLyL_nrÎ¥¬VYU1VZyL_~VZU©hWfL_$VYhWfL_nU{eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYy�yL_Sh«¢©VZUj§J¨L�dypeq_�[�o�_nypx9g�yEXN]^_nmjmq[�XY_{f�[�m�up_n_Sy xv_q¶hW_ eqhj_;xJt�hjfL_�oLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_nm-�*��� 23�$& � .�2 �,[�y�x4�*��� 23�$& � 5 ���!6�87Nen[�y�u�_,lLmj_ x�hWVIXY_nh$gihjm$VYUWgiXYgiy [�y�x gihjmri_nyLXZhjf¸¨

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 13: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

` / % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

�?V9x9lLri_{b.T N^[YxLxvgihWg�VZyp[�riri}~giypekVYUjo�VYUq[�hW_nm~[�¥¬_n¢ oLUWgi]#gihjgi�Y_Sm¸hjf�[�h1oLUWV��vg¤x9_~giyv¥¬VZUj]�[whjgiVYy$mWlpeWf�[�mhWfL_NyvlL],u�_nU{Vw¥�[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy#yEV9x9_nm t�hjfE_�g£xv_nyvhjgih«}#Vw¥1hjfL_�riVLen[wr¸yLVLxv_Yt�hWfL_�riVLen[�rAhjgi]#_dUj_nhWlLUjyL_;x uv}hWfL_�oLfv}vmjg£en[wr¸eqriV9eW§^V�¥6hWfL_�oLUWVLeq_nmjmWVYU;tp_Sh\e�¨�?V9x9lLri_,b.T N oLUjV��vg£xv_nm,[ oEUjgi]#gihjgi�Z_ ����� � " $�$�#hjf�[�hN[wr�riV�¢{m�hWfL_#oEUjVYXZU\[w]#]#_SU~hjV�giyLmj_SUjh�VYuv¶

mW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy�o�VYgiyvhjm$giy hWfL_#[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy oLUjVZXYUq[�] ¨�� fE_ny hWfLgim�oLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_$gim$g�yv�ZVY§Y_;xJt¸[^]#_nmWm\[wXY_�g�m[wlLhjVZ]�[�hWg£en[�riri}�XY_SyL_nU\[whj_ xI[wypx,mW_nyvh~hjV�hjfE_.VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy#yEV9x9_Y¨(?{fLgim©]^_nmjmq[�XZ_�ekVYyvh\[wg�yEm©hWfL_$g�y9¥¬VYU¦¶]I[�hjgiVZy�o�[�mjmW_ x�[�m$op[�Uq[�]^_nhj_nUWm$hjV �*��� �8" $�$��uv} hWfL_�oLUjVZXYU\[w]#]^_nU tvyp[w]#_nri}#[^mjhWUjgiyLX^g¤x9_nyvhjg·¥¬}vgiyLXhWfL_N_S�Y_nyvh$VYuLmW_nUj�Z_ x�[�ypx^VYoEhjgiVYyp[wr¸lLyvh«}vo�_ x xL[wh\[,¢{fEVYmj_�g�yvhW_nUjoLUW_nh\[whjgiVYy�gim~ri_q¥¬h{hWV#hWfL_NoEUjVYXZU\[w],¶]^_nU ¨'?�V$hjfLgim�up[�mWg£e�g�y9¥¬VYUW]�[�hWgiVYy¸tnT1�$�([wlLhjVZ]�[�hWg£en[�riri}~[YxLx9m�xE[�hjgiyLX�xL[wh\[Et ¢{fEVYmj_{y�[�hjlEUj_~xv_no�_nypx9mVZyNhWfL_{VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy�VYoLhWg�VZyLm�mjo�_ eqgJHp_ x�uv}�hWfL_{lLmW_nU1¢{fL_ny�riVR[ZxvgiyLX~hWfL_�[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy, Ómj_n_{mW_ eqhjgiVZy,�p¨Ð�¥¬VZU{]#VZUj_.x9_nh\[wg�rimq¡n¨

GAgiXYlEUj_~�$mWfLV�¢{m©fEV�¢ hWfL_nmW_.b$T N,oEUjgi]#gihjgi�Z_nm1en[�y^up_dlLmj_ x�hjV�uElLgir¤x,[6NLT1� µ [woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZyNhWfp[�hop[wmjmW_nm$h«¢©V�hjVZ§Y_nyLm~[wUjVZlLypxI[�uLg£xvgiUj_ ekhjgiVYyp[wrJUjgiyLX^ ¬VZyL_$hjVY§Z_nyIgiy�_;[YeWf xvgiUj_ eqhWgiVYyp¡S¨

��� " ����� � �¬� � ��¯L��IVLxvlEr�_~� 6�N,[�ririV�¢{m¸hWfL_~VZuLmj_nUW�Y_nU�hjV�UW_ eq_ngi�Y_dhjUq[Yeq_{]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm1hjfp[wyL§vm1hjV�[doLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_1hWfp[�h�uLriVLeW§vm t¢{[�gihjgiyLX/¥¬VZU,op_ny�xvgiyLX�]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm#VYy [�XZg��Z_ny�giypeqVY]^giyLX eWfp[�yEyL_nr� ����/� "#�$�$% �8" $�$� & " �('©¡S¨©b(yEVYyv¶xv_Shj_nUW]#giyLgimjhWg¤e�Uj_ ek_ngi�Y_�eS[�y�u�_ xvVYyE_#lLmWg�yEX _ngihjfL_SU����/� .�" �,��� �8" $�$�#VZU���� � .�" �,��� � " 1�+� &�" �,'~t¸hWV�¶XZ_nhjfL_SU�¢{gihWf��� � 23�$& � .�2 ��[�ypx��� � 23�$& � 5 ���!6 � 7Y¨��IVLxvlLri_ � 6�NGV �J_nUWm�yEV�mj_nypxGoLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_Y¨R?{fL_VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy�yLVLxv_�eS[�y�VZyLri} eqVZr�ri_ ekhNhWU\[Yek_#]#_Smjm\[wXY_nm,[�y�x�_q|LhjU\[Zeqh,xL[�hq[ Hp_nr£xvm�¥¬UjVZ] hjfL_nmW_I]#_nm¦¶mq[�XY_Sm ¨$GEVYU�hjfLgim tvmWVY]^_�¥¬lLypeqhWgiVYyLm�V�¥�]#VLxvlLri_~� 6�N�XYgi�Y_$[Yenek_nmjmdhjV�hjfL_$lLmW_nU~xL[�hq[N[wm©¢�_nrirJ[�m�hjV�hjfL_�Y[wr�lE_�V�¥©hWfL_�mjh\[w]#o [�y�xIhjfL_�riVLen[�r�xL[�hW_N_n],u�VLxvgi_ x^giy [,hWU\[Yek_N]^_nmjmq[�XY_Z¨$?{fE_�XYriVYu�[�r6xE[�hj_�V�¥�[wy_n�Z_nyvh©en[wy,VYyLri}$up_{VZuLh\[wgiyL_ x�[;¥¬hW_nU1hjfE_�xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x,[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy�fp[wm©eqVY]^oLri_nhj_;x$uv}�lLmjgiyLXd¥¬lEypeqhjgiVZy���/� � �,�!%!��" � ��� 6���5 � � �©¢{fLg£eWf#eqVYyv�Z_nUjhWm{hjfL_dr�VLen[wrpxL[whj_~Vw¥Î[wy#_n�Z_nyvh©giyvhjV$hWfL_.eqVZUjUW_nmjo�VYypx9g�yEX,XYriVYup[wrxL[whj_Y¨

GAgiXYlEUj_��^g�ririlLmWhjU\[whj_nmdfLV�¢ � 6�N/oLUWg�]^gihjgi�Y_nm{en[wy up_�lLmW_ x hWV#¢{UWg�hW_P[wy VYuEmj_nUW�Y_nU$hjf�[�h.ekVY]#oEr�_k¶]^_nyvhjm{hjfE_�x9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ x/[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy,Vw¥�HpXZlLUj_N�E¨

�� <� ���� �*�>#&� ���?{fL_/oLUjVLeq_ x9lLUj_�¥¬VZU,riVR[Yx9g�yEX [�ypx UjlLyLyEg�yEX�[�xvgimjhjUWgiuLlLhj_;x [�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy VYy [�XYgi�Z_ny�oLr£[�h«¥ÓVYUj] g�m]^VYmjh�V�¥¸hjfE_~hjgi]^_©fLgiXZfLri}Pxv_Sop_ny�xv_nyvh{VYy,hWfL_.eWfp[wU\[Yekhj_nUWg�mWhjg£eqmdV�¥¸hjfEg�m�oLr£[�h«¥ÓVYUj]�¨ �1[YeWf�[wU\eWfLgihj_;eqhjlLUW_gi]#o�VYmW_nm,gihjm^V�¢{y UW_ �ZlLgiUj_n]^_nyvhjm,¢{fL_Sy gih#eqVY]^_nm#hWV�[�ririV9eS[�hjgiyLX�[�op[wUjhjgihWg�VZy�V�¥.oEUjVLeq_nmWmjVYUWm [�y�xriVR[ZxvgiyLX$_q|L_ eqlLhq[�uLri_doLUjVZXYU\[w]#mAVYy,hjfEg�m�op[�UWhjgihjgiVYyA¨.?{fE_~T1�$�(_nyv�vgiUjVYyE]#_nyvh¸giypekr�l�xv_nm{[ �40.� ���� �hjVvVYryp[w]#_ x .�,' 5 � �Ltv¢{fLVYmW_�gi]#oLri_n]^_nyvh\[�hWgiV�y,]�[;},xv_no�_nypxIVZy�hWfL_�oLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj] eqVZyLmjg£xv_SUj_ x/uLlLh{¢{fLVZmj_giyvhj_nU¦¥=[Yek_,Uj_n]I[�giyLm~fEVY]#VZXY_nyE_nVYlLm{VZy [wrir6oEr¤[wh«¥¬VZUj]^m ¨�GEVYU$_q|p[�]^oLri_YtLriVR[ZxvgiyLX#[19 7���� [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYyhWfp[�h eqVZyLmjgimjhWmIV�¥NmWgÊ|�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy�yLVLxv_nm UWlLyLyLgiyLX hjfL_�_q|L_ eqlLhq[�uLri_�oLUWVYXZU\[�] " 23�!6�xv_nmqeqUjgiu�_ x giyHpXZlLUj_��Nen[wy u�_.o�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]#_ x^_ [wmjgiri},¢{g�hWfIhjfLgim�mjfLVZUjh.ekVY]#]I[�ypx�rigiyL_-4� .�,' 5 � ����������,� �5 5," 23�!6

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 14: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- `Y`

� 23�!��5 ��� ��� �.��� 7��� 23�!��5 ��� ��� ���(2 ��� 7 �� � �� �!�� � ��������5 � � ��� 2 ����� � �� �!�� � ����� �����2 ����5 � � ��� 2 ����' !23������23��� '���� .�2 ����� .�2 � ���,5 6��� "!��7� "�' �6�#$��%�%'&(!

)+*�, -/.0-/1 ��% �2 4365 5���!'���7 )+*�, .08:90; -/9 ����! <7 )+*�, .>= .08:90;�? ����!

@BA�C�D�E�FHG�I/J�KILGNMC�O�O�P Q�RLMJ�I/RLC�Q2 &S�8'��H7�7T%U�N�

)+*�, ?�;�.09 �V�W�� �8" 5 �����V � �4������0���4����!)+*�, ?�;�.09 �V YX����� �8" 5 �����V0���6�U����0���6�U��!

Z

@B[6RLK�G�I6D�RLK\EM�I/RLC�Q�]@^@_D�E�I/E�KVO�RLQ�E�I$`�ENG�C�P�KaMVE�C�b�I$`�E0c4KdG�I6O�E�GG�J�e�E��7�235 �N��f )+*�, g0h�8�=�; ������!5 6i7 )+*�, -/.>j�8 kl;�.0m�1�n ����!.�2 ���o7 )+*�, -/.>j�8 g0-l9 ����!@^@_KaEVME�RLp�E0b�K\C�OqIr`�R$GNG�C�P�KaMVE)+*�, h�;�s�t j�h�8�u �8.�2 ���W�,5 6�� ' �6���!)+*�, 1�hwv s�; �\��x 23" ��"#�$�$�!23.��a���� 2 y$� �!&a��23��������z .�2 ���'��!@^@BG�E�Q�DHI/C{Ir`�E�CV|�|�CUG�R}IlE~Q�E�R�e�`��VC�P K.�2 � ��7��8.�2 ����7�7����8'������'���� 6�4�����8'��UX��'�� 6���� 6��� ���8'��'�������� 6����!2 &S�8'���f 7�%�� )+*�, ?�;�.09 �8.�2 � ��� 5 6�� ' �6���!

@B�:EMVC�Q�D�D�RLKaEVM�I/RLC�Q�]@^@_KaEVME�RLp�E0b�K\C�OqIr`�E�Q�E�R�e�`��C�P�K��7�235 �N��f )+*�, g0h�8�=�; j�h�8�u �8.�2 � �U����!5 6i7 )+*�, -/.>j�8 kl;�.0m�1�n ����!)+*�, h�;�s�t j�h�8�u �8.�2 � � �,5 6�� ' �6���!)+*�, 1�hwv s�; �\� � �$� �(��� "#�$�$�123.��\���� 2 y$� � &a��23���(����z .�2 � �U��!@^@BG�E�Q�DHI/C{Ir`�E�CV|�|�CUG�R}IlE~Q�E�R�e�`��VC�P K2 &S�8'���f 7�%�� )+*�, ?�;�.09 �8.�2 ����� 5 6�� ' �6���!)+*�, ;�.09 ����!Z

GAgiXYlLUW_��'4��A|p[�]^oLri_~V�¥ NLT1� µ eqVLxv_$¥¬VZU©hWfL_N[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy,yLVLxv_nm

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 15: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

`;� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

� 23�!��5 ��� ����,���� 7��� 23�!��5 ��� ��� ���(2 ��� 7 �' !23������23��� .�2 �:� 5 6�!��7� " �8" $�$�U# �U%�%'&(!

����, -/.0-/1 ��%��� 4365�5W��!��7�235 �N��f ����, v�g0g0k/-/s�v�1�-l8�. ;�.090;�9 �����4�

�*7�235 �~��f ����, g0h�8�=6; 1�h�v�s�; ������!.�2 �H7 ����, -/.>j�8 g0-l9 ����!5 6H7 ����, -/.>j�8 k/;�.0m�1�n ����!2 &S� ����, h�;�s�t 1�hwv s�; j(hw8�u �8.�2 �:� 5 6�� � " 1�+���4f�7 %U�.�" 23��� &a�\�(����� ��� � ��� & " �(' ����� �o� ��� �����

.�2 �:�����, .0v u ; �6;�k/9 ���8" $�$������ ��23��� � � ����, 90v 1�v �6;�kl9 ��� " 1�+������!

Z����, ;�.09 ����!Z

GAgiXYlLUW_$��4��A|p[�]^oLri_{V�¥©eqVLxv_d¥¬VZU{hjfL_$VYuEmj_nUW�Y[�hjgiVZy�yEV9x9_

bdmjmWlL]#_�hWfp[�hdhjfL_�oLUWVYXYUq[�] �(�� " 23�!6�Vw¥ HpXZlLUj_��,],lLmjhdup_�lLmj_ x/hjVIVZuLmj_nUW�Y_�hjfL_�u�_nfp[;�vgiVYlLU{Vw¥hWfLgim�9 7�����[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyAtYhWfL_ny hWfL_�eqVY]^]�[�y�x�rigiyL_$up_;eqVY]^_nm 4� .�,' 5 � ����������,� �5 5," 23�!6 ���,�� �,�� " 23�!6

?{fE_1mj}vyvh\[ |�UW_ eqVZXYyLg'&n_ x�uv}$hjfL_1riVv[Yxv_nUAop_SUj]#gihWm¸]#VZUj_1eqVZ]#oLri_q|~riVR[ZxvgiyLXYm;¨ �dyL_©eS[�y�¥¬VYUJ_q|p[w]#oLri_riVR[Zx [#x9g �J_nUW_nyvh._k|9_;eqlLh\[wuLri_NoEUjVYXZU\[w](VYy _ [ZeWf [�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyIyLVLxv_^ ¬VZU~VZy [,mWlLuLmj_Sh�V�¥1hjfE_P[woLoLrig·¶en[whjgiVYyIyLVLxv_Sm\¡n¨��dyL_Nen[wy?[wrimjV�op[�mWm{op[�Uq[�]#_Shj_nUWm{hjV,hjfE_.�Y[wUjgiVYlEm©_q|L_ eklLh\[wuLri_�oLUjVZXYUq[�]#md ¬giypekr�l�xvgiyLXhWfL_#VZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy oEUjVYXZU\[w]�¡nt�mWop_ ekgÊ¥Ó} ¢{fLg£eWf�§vgiypx Vw¥�VZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy�],lLmWh~u�_�[YeWfLgi_n�Z_ x�xvlLUWgiyLXIhjfL__q|L_ eklLhjgiVYyAtv_nh\e�¨(?{fE_{¥¬VZr�riV�¢{giyLXd_q|p[�]#oEr�_�mjfEV�¢{m1fLV�¢�hjV�riVR[Yx�[�y�x�mjh\[wUjh{[�xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x#[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYyup[wmj_ x�VZy hWfL_,]�[wmjhW_nU«¶«mjr£[;�Y_�]#VLxv_nr«tL¢{gihWf [^mjgiyLXZri_�]�[wmjhj_SU.hq[�mW§ UjlLyEyLgiyLXIhjfL_,_q|L_ eklLh\[wuLri_�' ����"[wypx mWg·| mjr£[;�Y_�h\[�mW§vm�UjlLyEyLgiyLX#hWfL_,m\[w]#_�oLUWVYXZU\[�] $5 1%!��¨�?{fL_,]I[�mjhW_nU~oEUjVYXZU\[w](h\[�§Z_nmN[wm�[�op[�Uq[;¶]^_nhj_nU�hjfE_�yvlL],u�_nU�Vw¥~mjr£[;�Y_^h\[wmj§vm ¨1�IVZUj_nV��Z_nU t�hWfL_Iup_Sfp[;�vg�VZlLU�Vw¥.hjfEg�m,xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x�[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy],lLmWh~u�_NVZuLmj_SUj�Y_;x�uR}IhWfL_NVZuLmj_SUj�Y[�hWgiVYy oLUWVYXZU\[�] '� �,��n¨�?{fL_NhWU\[Zeq_,giyv¥¬VYUW]�[whjgiVYy,],lLmWh~giypeqrilpx9_�Z_ eqhjVZUjg£[�r�mjh\[w]#oLm� ¬VZoLhjgiVYy �� � '� �����6¡d[�ypx/_n�Z_nyvhjm�],lLmWh~u�_PxE[�hj_;x�[YeneqVZU\xvgiyLXIhWV�[^XYriVYu�[�r¸hWgi]#_ ÓVYoLhWg�VZy ��6�8'©¡n¨� .�,' 5 � ���������,�i% ' ����" �����(���W�r� � $5 1%!���� � '� ����� ��6 �8' ���,��-'� �(��­«y,hWfL_nmW_~_q|p[�]^oLri_nm�hjfL_$[�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy�yLVLxv_nm{[�Uj_dXYgi�Y_SyNg£xv_nyvhWgIH�_nUjm�¢{fLg£eWf#[�Uj_{riVZXYg£en[�rEg¤x9_nyvhjgJHp_nUWm ¨

­«h1gim�yL_ ek_nmjmq[�Uj}^hjV$]�[wo�hjfE_nmj_dr�VZXYg£en[wrYg£xv_nyvhjgJHp_SUjm�¢{g�hWfNhWfL_{oLfv}vmjg£en[wrLyLVLxv_nm1Vw¥ hWfL_{h\[wUjXZ_nh1oLr£[�h¦¥¬VYUW] ¨

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 16: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- ` �

�dy�mjVZ]#_�]I[YeWfLgiyL_nm;tLmWlpeWf�[�m$hjfL_,­«yvhW_nr1g87�9.:�[�ypx�T�[�U\[wXYVZy�@.T� NJtJhWfL_NVZop_SU\[�hWgiyLXImj}vmjhW_n] XYgi�Y_nm_ [ZeWf oEfR}vmWg¤eS[�r{yLVLxv_IV�¥.[/op[wUjhjgihWg�VZy�Vw¥~mjg'&n_ 0�[/riVYXYg£en[wr©g£xv_SyRhWgJHp_nU�U\[�yEXYgiyLX/¥¬UjVZ] / hjV 0 2 `Y¨?{fL_SUj_q¥¬VZUj_Yt�hWfL_$lLmj_nUdV�¥©T1�$� xvVv_nm~yEVYh{[�ri¢�[;}vm�yL_n_ x?hjV#xv_nmqeqUjgiu�_�_q|LoLrig£eqgihjri},hjfE_.]I[�oLoEg�yEX�V�¥�hjfL_[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy#yLVLxv_Sm ¨� ©_nh;tLhjfEg�m~eS[�y u�_NxvVZyL_$hjfp[wyL§vm~hjV,hWfL_�VZoLhjgiVYy � ' �.�UW_ eqVYXZyLg'&n_ xIuv} .�,' 5 � �L¨?{fL_{_k|9oEr�g£eqgih�]�[woLoLgiyLX{UW_n]�[wg�yEm6]I[�ypxE[�hjVZUj}d¢{fL_ny,hjfE_{oLr£[�h«¥ÓVYUj] ekVYyLmWg¤x9_nUj_ x�gim�ekVY]#o�VYmW_ x�V�¥¸[~mW_nhVw¥©¢©VZUj§vmjhq[�hWg�VZyLm ¨�­«h$gim$hjfL_ny�yL_ ek_nmjmq[�Uj}�hWV#yp[w]#_�_k|9oEr�g£eqgihWr�}^hjfL_,¢�VYUW§vmjh\[whjgiVYyEm~hjf�[�h$¢{gir�rAmjlLoEopVZUjhhWfL_ x9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ xG[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy¸¨ P�_nypeq_Zt�¥¬VYU^riVR[Yx9g�yEX [wypx�mjhq[�UWhjgiyLX�VYyGh«¢©V�¢�VYUW§RmWh\[whjgiVYyLm^yp[�]^_ x�����! �5 23��� "L[�ypx � � " ����( �5Y[�xvgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x#[woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy,eqVY]^opVZmj_ x�Vw¥¸h«¢©V�oEUjVYXZU\[w]#m�.�23�!6~[�ypx . �(�!6vtZhjfL_eqVZ]#]I[�ypx�rig�yE_�eS[�yIup_�[�m�mjfLV�¢{yIu�_nriV�¢ 4� .�,' 5 � ����"�����,�i% .�23�!6����,�{� .�,�!6 �8' �.i% � � " ����( �5 � ' �.{�-�����! �5 23��� "

� 8 0 � � ��0��$!N�1�$�� +�!

?�V xL[�hW_Yt�T1�$��fp[�m�u�_n_ny�o�VYUWhj_ x VYy�hjfL_#µdgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x��I_n]^VYUW} T�[�U\[wrir�_Sr ��VZ]#oLlEhj_nUWm, =µ$� T �{¡Vw¥�������9�1t�hWfp[�h,gim;t�hjfL_ ­«yvhW_nr{]�[ZejfEg�yE_nmNg87�9.: �Y��[�y�x T�[wU\[�XZVYy @.T� NJ¨©T1�$� ¢{[�m,gi]#oLri_n]^_nyvhj_ xVZy�hjfL_nmW_#oLr£[wh«¥¬VZUj]#mdlLmjgiyLXIhWfL_#eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[whjgiVYy^§Y_nUWyL_nrim � @ �Z�Lt¸� N�G��L`,[wypx�N� �~�/� NΨ¸­«h�¢{[�m[wr�mWVIg�]^oLri_n]#_SyRhW_ x^mjV [�m�hjV [�ririV�¢�hWfL_,_q|L_ eqlEhjgiVYy�Vw¥�xvgimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZyLm~VZy [^yL_Sh«¢©VZUj§ Vw¥¢�VYUW§RmWh\[whjgiVYyLm� !��B4*�BCN9lLy Nvop[wU\e�¢�VYUW§vmjh\[whjgiVYyEm\¡ntSlLmjgiyLXL? �{T6¶=­jT [wypx�~µ$TImWV9eW§Z_nhjm;¨ bdyLVYhWfL_nU��Y_SUjmjgiVZy]I[�§Y_SmJg�hAopVZmjmWg�uEr�_�hjV{mjgi],lLr£[whj_¸o�[�U\[wrir�_Sr�gimW] VYyN[�mjgiyLXZr�_�¢�VYUW§RmWh\[whjgiVYy¸¨�?{fL_nmW_©h«¢�V{�Y_nUWmjgiVYyEm�[wUj_ �ZlLgihW_lLmW_q¥¬lLrEup_ eS[�lLmW_{hjfL_n}�[�ririV�¢ hWfL_�x9_nmjgiXYy,[�y�x$hjfL_�_q|Lo�_nUjgi]#_SyRhq[�hWg�VZy�V�¥�yL_n¢ x9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ x�[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZyLm¢{gihjfEVYlLh�]^VYyLVZopVZrig &Sg�yEX,hjfL_^g 7 9 : VYU�hjfL_IT6[wU\[wXYVYyA¨Jb~oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYyEmNen[�y�hWfvlLmNu�_#riVv[Yxv_ x�[�y�x�UjlEyVZy UW_ [�r�op[wU\[�riri_nr�]�[ZeWfLgiyL_nm{VYyEr�} [ ¥¬hj_nU$hWfL_n} fp[;�Z_�u�_n_ny�_q|Lfp[wlLmjhWg��Z_nri}Ihj_nmWhj_ x [�ypx ekVYUjUW_ eqhW_ xJ¨A��_[wr�mWVIg�]^oLri_n]#_SyRhW_ x#T��.�[wupV��Z_PT 9.� ; ��=j¨ P{V�¢�_n�Z_nU tJhWfLgim��Y_SUjmjgiVZy xvVv_nm$yLVZh$_q|LfLgiuLgih.�Z_nUj}/XYVvVLxo�_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[�ypek_nm,VYy�op[wU\[�riri_nr�mjlLo�_nUqeqVY]^oLlLhj_SUjm 4�hWfL_I]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]#m$Vw¥�T:9$�c[wUj_IhjVvV�eqVZ]#oLri_q|�[�y�xgi]#oEr�}�hjVvVN]I[�yv}�]^_n]#VZUj}�eqVYoEg�_Sm{hjV�u�_�[�uLri_~hWVNeqVZ]#o�_nhj_d¢{g�hWf#hWfL_~o�_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[�ypek_nm{VYuLhq[�giyL_ x�¢{gihWfhWfL_�]#VZUj_ D\xvgiUj_;eqh F,gi]#oEr�_S]#_nyvh\[whjgiV�yLm1Vw¥�T1�$��¨

�d¯v� �j³p� �������w¯L�?{fLgimdmj_ eqhWgiVYy�Uj_no�VYUWhjm$hjfL_�op_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[wypeq_nmdVYuLmW_nUj�Z_ x ¢{fE_ny _q|Lo�_nUjgi]#_SyRhWgiyLX#T1�$� VZyImj_n�Z_nU\[wr1oLr£[�h¦¶¥¬VZUj]^m ¨Z��_.hW_nmjhW_ xImW_n�Y_nUq[�rA�Y_nUWmjgiVYyLm{Vw¥©T1�$� ekVYUjUW_nmjo�VYy�xvgiyLX,hjV#[wr�hW_nUjy�[�hjgi�Z_.gi]^oLri_n],_nyvh\[whjgiVYyLm�VZy[�yL_Sh«¢©VZUj§#Vw¥ NvlEy�¢�VYUW§vmjh\[whjgiVYyEm~[�ypx^VYy^hjfL_�­«yRhW_nr6T�[wU\[�XZVYy @.T� NJ¨­«yIVZU\xv_nUdhjV#eqVZ]#op[wUj_dhjfL_�u�[�ypxv¢{g£xvhWfLm{hjf�[�h.eS[�yIup_�VYuLhq[�giyL_ x^¢{gihjfIhjfE_Nxvg � _SUj_nyvh~�Z_nUjmWgiVYyLm{Vw¥

hWfL_�T1�$��rigiuLU\[wUj}vt�¢©_#xv_S�Y_nriVYo�_ x�[^�Y_SUj}�mjgi]#oLri_Nx9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ x [�oLoEr�g£en[whjgiVYy/hjfp[whNeqVYyEmjgimjhWm�V�¥{h«¢©VyLVLxv_Sm~_q|peWfp[�yEXYgiyLX,]#_Smjm\[wXY_nm~[wrihj_nUWyp[�hWg��Z_nri}R¨��_�[�rimjVI]#_;[�mjlEUj_ x/hjfL_�giy$�plL_Sypeq_,V�¥{hjfE_,VYuLmW_nUj�Y[whjgiVYy mW_nUj�vg£eq_nm�VYy�hjfE_,op_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[wypeq_nm$V�¥�hjfL_

eqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiVZyLm ¨ ?{fL_,hj_ eWfLyEg �ZlL_I¢�_,lLmj_�¥¬VYU�eqVY]^oLlLhjgiyLX^hjfL_^XYriVYu�[�r�hjgi]#_�fp[wm�yLV _ �J_ eqh,lEopVZyhWfL_~u�_nfp[;�vgiVYlLU�V�¥JhjfL_$[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy¸t�[wm1_q|LoLr£[�giyL_ x�giy,mW_ eqhjgiVZy��L¨Z�~y,hWfL_~VZhjfL_SU©fp[wypxJt�hWfL_~mWh\[w]#oLgiyLX]^_ eWfp[�yLgimW]#m{en[�y [�rihW_nU{hjfL_�eqVY]^],lLyLg£en[�hWgiVYy�op_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[wypeq_nm;tp[�rihWfLVYlLXZf#]^_ [�mWlLUj_n]^_nyvhjm{mWfLV�¢�hWfp[�hhWfLgim~[�rihj_nUq[�hWg�VZyIUj_n]I[�giyLm1yL_SXYrigiXYgiuLri_Y¨

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 17: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

`S� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000

Ban

dwid

th in

Kby

tes/

s

Message size in bytes

POM on a network of Sun workstations

POM-TCP IPPOM-TCP STM

POM-UDPPOM-PVM

POM-UDP

POM-PVMPOM-TCP IP(no stamping)

POM-TCP IP(stamping enabled)

Experimentation with two Sun Sparc 4/50workstations connected to an Ethernet trunk.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 500000 1e+06 1.5e+06 2e+06 2.5e+06 3e+06

Ban

dwid

th in

Kby

tes/

s

Message size in bytes

POM on a network of Sun workstations

POM-BSDPOM-PVM

POM-PVM

POM-TCP IP

Experimentation with two Sun Sparc 4/50workstations connected to an Ethernet trunk.

Page 18: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- ` �

T1�$�^¶ ~µ$T a g�]^oLri_n],_nyvhj_;x#lEmjgiyLX dµ$T�mjVLeW§Y_nhWm«a t�]�[ |9gi]I[�rLup[wypxv¢{g£xvhWf mjrigiXYfvhjri}^up_nhWhj_nU�hjfp[wy`Z` /-/ �duv}vhj_nm ��mdg�m{UW_ [YeWfL_;xJtJ¢{fLg£eWfIg�m~[wri]#VYmWh1hjfE_�yLVY]^giyp[�r�up[�y�xv¢{g£xvhjfIV�¥1hWfL_ ��hWfL_nUjyE_nh� =[�UWVYlLy�x`;�Y� / �duR}vhW_nm �wm\¡n¨RP{V�¢�_n�Y_nU;t�hjfLgim~�Z_nUjmWgiVYy�V�¥©T1�$� ],lEmjh{u�_NlLmW_ x/¢{g�hWf en[wlLhjgiVYy/up_ eS[�lLmW_,g�h$xvVv_nmyLVZhP[wrir�V�¢ ¥ÓlLrir�}/Uj_nrig£[�uLri_#eqVZ]#],lLyEg¤eS[�hjgiV�yLm;¨ G¸giXZlLUj_#� [wrimjV mWfLV�¢{m�hjf�[�h�hjfL_^r�giuLUq[�UW} T1�$�^¶jT:9.�a�[�yEVYhjfE_nU��Y_SUjmjgiVZy Vw¥�T1�$� gi]#oLri_n]^_nyvhj_ xI[�u�V��Y_,T:9$��L¨Ð�L¨ � a op_SUj]#gihWm.lEm�hjVIXY_Sh.giyvhj_SUj_nmWhjgiyLXo�_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[�ypek_nm$ =[wUjVYlEypxI�Y� / �~uv}vhj_Sm ��mq¡�¥¬VZU©mWfLVYUWh{]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm;tv¢{fL_nUj_;[�m~hWfL_$rig�uEU\[�UW}PT��.��¶ ? �{T a¢{fLg£eWf lLmW_nm�? �{T mjVLeW§Y_nhWm«a _q|LfLgiuLgihjmdr�V�¢�_nU{o�_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[�ypek_nm� «[�UjVZlLypxI�Y� / �duR}vhW_nm �wm~¥ÓVYU{]#_Smjm\[wXY_nmriVYyEXY_nU{hWfp[�y � / �duv}RhW_nm tJ[wypx,VZyLri} ` ���duv}RhW_nm{¥ÓVYU�]#_nmWm\[�XZ_nm{mjfEVYUjhW_nU~hWfp[�y�`S� �-/ uv}vhj_nmq¡n¨bdrihjfLVZlLXYf T��.��¶¦T:9$��ri_ [Yxvm$hWV�u�_nhWhj_nU�o�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[�y�eq_nm�hWfp[�y�T1�$�^¶�? �{T�¥¬VZU$mjfLVZUjh�[�ypx/]#_k¶

xvgilL]�mjg'&n_�]^_nmjmq[�XY_Sm t HpXZlLUj_ � mjfEV�¢{m{hjfp[wh�¥¬VYU�riVYyLX�]#_nmWm\[wXY_nm;tLhjfE_.o�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[�y�eq_nm{V�¥1T1�$�^¶jT:9.�xv_;eqUj_ [wmj_�mjgiXYyEgIHJen[�yvhjri},¢{fLgiri_$hjfL_$o�_nU«¥ÓVYUj]I[�ypek_nm{V�¥©T1�$�^¶�? �{T�[�Uj_$lLy�[�rihj_nUW_ xJ¨

GAgiXYlEUj_#��[�rimjV mWfLV�¢{m�hjfL_^up[�ypx9¢{g¤x9hjf�VZuLmj_SUj�Y_;x�¢{fL_ny�hWfL_#mWh\[�]^oLgiyLXImj_nUW�vg¤ek_�gim�_Syp[�uLri_ x giyT1�$�^¶�? �{T� =[/mjhq[�]#o�gimNhWfL_ny�[�mjmWVLeqg£[�hj_;x�¢{gihWf�_ [Zejf ]#_nmWm\[wXY_,mj_SyRh,uv}�[wy�[�oLoLrig£en[whjgiVYy�yLVLxv_;¡n¨6�VYhWf eqlLUW�Y_nmI «T1�$�^¶�? �{T ¢{gihjf�[wypx�¢{gihjfLVZlLh�mjhq[�]^oLgiyLXR¡$[�UW_�[wr�]^VYmWh~mjlEop_nUWgi]#o�VYmj_;xJ¨ GAg�XZlLUj_ �xvVv_nm�yLVYh�xvgimjhWgiyLXYlLgimWf up_Sh«¢©_n_Sy�hjfL_�op_SU«¥¬VZUj]�[wypeq_nm$Vw¥�T1�$�^¶�? �{T ¢{g�hWf [�y�x ¢{gihjfEVYlLhdmjh\[w]#oLgiyLX�tu�_ en[wlLmj_�hjfL_�xvg �J_nUj_Sypeq_,en[�yLyEVYh{u�_�]#_ [wmjlLUW_ xJ¨

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

0.001

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000

Tem

ps e

n se

cond

es

Taille en octets

POM sur Intel Paragon XP/S

POM-NXPOM-NX STM

POM-PVMExperimentation on the Intel Paragon XP/Srunning OSF1 1.0.4 (patch 2.5.1).

POM-NX withno stamping

POM-PVM

POM-NX withvectorial stamping

Page 19: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

` � % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

hWfL_ � @{¶j� N G �E`#§Z_nUjyE_nr£¡n¨A��_#[�rimjV giypekVYUjo�VYUq[�hW_ x�giy HpXZlLUj_#�IhWfL_#hWU\[wyLmj]^g�mWmjgiVYy�hjgi]^_nm�VYuEmj_nUW�Y_ x¢{gihjf�T1�$�^¶ �L@ ¢{fL_ny�hjfL_^mjhq[�]#oEg�yEX�mW_nUj�vg£eq_ gim�_Syp[�uLri_ xΨ�­«hNhWlLUjyLm,VZlLh�hWfp[�h�¢{gihjf�hWfL_�eklLUjUW_nyvh�Z_nUjmWg�VZyLm~Vw¥©T1�$�^¶ � @NtEhjfL_�r£[whj_nypek}�gim{mWg�XZyLgJH en[wyRhWri},g�y�eqUj_ [wmj_ xΨ P�V�¢©_S�Y_nU;tL¢�_N[�UW_NeqVYy3H xv_nyvh~hWfp[�h¢�_#en[�y�Uj_;xvlpeq_,hWfLgim�[wrihj_nUq[�hjgiVZy giy hWfL_,yL_ [wU~¥ÓlLhjlLUW_,uv}�mWrig�XZfvhjri}I]#VLxvg·¥¬}vgiyLXNhWfL_�g�]^oLri_n]#_SyRhq[�hWg�VZyVw¥�T1�$�^¶ �L@�¨vb~yv}v¢�[;}vt�hjfE_~XYriVZup[�rpekVYmjh{Vw¥¸mjhq[�]#oEg�yEX.]^_ eWfp[�yEg�mW]#m�Uj_S]�[�giyLm1[Zeneq_noLhq[�uLri_Y¨ 61_Smjg£xv_nm;thWfL_No�_nU¦¥¬VYUW]�[�y�eq_nm$V�¥�T��.��¶ � @ ¢{fE_ny hjfE_NmWh\[�]^oLgiyLX,mj_SUj�vg£eq_Ngim$_nyp[wuLri_ x [wUj_�up_nhWhj_nU�hjfp[wy hjfLVZmj_Vw¥�T��.��¶¦T:9$��¢{fL_ny hWfL_$mjh\[w]#oLgiyLX�mj_nUW�Rg£eq_�gim�x9g�mq[�uLri_ xΨ

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

0 500000 1e+06 1.5e+06 2e+06 2.5e+06 3e+06

Ban

dwid

th in

Kby

tes/

s

Message size in bytes

POM on the Intel Paragon XP/S

POM-NXPOM-PVM

POM-NX

POM-PVM

Experimentation on the Intel Paragon XP/Srunning OSF1 1.0.4 (patch 2.5.1).

Page 20: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

������������ ������������� ����������������! "��#$�&%����'���( )��#(*+��,!-.�) )/��'���10�#2�����! 3��#��4-)56- ` �

eqVZypeq_nUWy¸¨{�IVYUW_nV��Y_SU t�hjfL_IVZuLmj_nUW�Y[�hWg�VZy�mj_nUW�Rg£eq_Sm�gih�oLUjV��vg£xv_nm^uLUjVv[Yxv_Sy gihWm,U\[�yEXY_IV�¥N[�oEoLrig¤eS[�hjgiVZy¸tmWg�y�eq_ hjfE_n}�op_nUW]#gih�hjfL_IXY_SyL_nU\[whjgiVYyAt1hjfE_?ekVYriri_ eqhjgiVZy [wypx hjfL_I_q|LoLriVZg�hq[�hWg�VZy�Vw¥._q|L_ eqlEhjgiVYy hWU\[Zeq_nm[wypx,giypeqVZUjo�VYUq[�hj_d]#_ eWfp[wyLgimj]^m¸¥ÓVYU1mWh\[�]^oLgiyLX$_n�Y_SyRhWm~[�ypxP¥¬VYU�eqVY]^oLlLhjgiyLX$XZr�VZup[�r�xL[�hW_nm ¨LT1�$� en[wyhWfL_nUj_k¥¬VYUW_ up_Io�_nU\ek_ngi�Y_ x�[�m,[�eqVYyv�Y_SyLgi_nyvh�¥=[Zeqgirig�h«}�hjV�giyvhj_nU¦¥=[Yeq_I[ x9g�mWhjUWg�uElLhj_ x�[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy ¢{gihWf]I[�yv}NhWU\[Zeq_N[�y�[�ri}vmj_nUWm.[�y�x,XYUq[�oLfEg¤eS[�rJ�vgi_n¢©_SUjm ¨

?�V�xL[�hW_Yt{T1�$�&fp[�mIu�_n_ny opVZUjhj_;x VYy mj_n�Z_nU\[wr�oLr£[�h¦¥¬VYUW]#m#[�m xvg �J_nUj_SyRh [wm�hWfL_�­«yRhW_nrNT�[�Uq[;¶[email protected]� N [�y�x�[�yE_nh«¢©VZUj§^V�¥1¢©VZUj§vmjhq[�hWg�VZyLm ¨E��_�eqVYlLr£x^hjfvlLm$eWfL_ eW§Ig�hWm{_ �J_ eqhjgi�Z_No�VYUWh\[�uEg�rigih«}#[�y�xgih$gim.yEV�¢ op[wUjh�Vw¥©hjfL_,�Y[wUjgiVYlEm.o�[�U\[wrir�_Sr6oEUjVYXZU\[w]#]#g·yLX�_nyv�RgiUWVYyL]^_nyvhjm�xv_n�Z_nriVYo�_ x�giy VZlLU$r¤[wupVZU\[ ¶hWVYUj}A4vhWfL_�T6[wypxvVZUj_~_SyR�vgiUjVZyL]#_SyRh ;�` =jtv[NekVY]#oEg�ri_nU¦¶=o�[�U\[wrir�_Sr�gimW_nUA¥¬VYULP~T Gζ«rig�§Z_{r£[�yLXZlp[�XZ_nm DZhjfL_ ��g �J_nrT�[�Uq[�riri_nrpT�UWVYXZU\[�]^]#g·yLX ��yR�vgiUjVZyL]#_SyRh�  �1T � �1¡ ;�`S�'=*D [wypx �1eWfLg£xvyp[LtZ[~o�[�U\[wrir�_SrR_k|9_;eqlLhjgiVZy,_nyv�RgiUWVYyv¶]^_nyvh1¥¬VZU1oLUWVYXYUq[�]^m1¢{UjgihjhW_nyIgiy ��mWhj_nriri_E;�`Z` =j¨Y­«y^hjfL_nmW_�hjfEUj_n_$_nyv�vgiUjVYyE]#_nyvhjm;tRekVY]#],lEyLg£en[�hWg�VZyLm6[wUj_yLVZh$]�[�y�[�XY_;xI_q|LoLrig£eqgihjri}IuR}/hjfL_#[woLoLrig£en[�hWg�VZy oLUWVYXYUq[�]^]#_nU;tvhjfL_n}�[�UW_P[wlLhjVZ]�[whjg£en[�riri}#xv_ [wrih.¢{gihWfuv} hWfL_PekVY]#oEg�ri_nU$ Ógiy hjfL_,en[wmj_�V�¥�T�[�y�xvVYUW_P[wypx ��ejfEg¤x9yp[Y¡�VYU$_nypen[woLmjlEr¤[whj_ x/giy [,rigiuLUq[�Uj}� Óg�y/hjfL_en[wmj_�Vw¥ �1T � �1¡S¨L­«yIhjfEg�m{§vgiypx�V�¥©eqVYyvhW_q|Lh tpT��.��hWlLUjyLmdVYlLh{hWV>H�h{VYlLU{yL_S_ xvm$op_SU«¥¬_ ekhjri}R¨­«yGhjfL_I¥ÓlLhjlLUW_Yt�¢©_/]�[;}�o�VYUjh T1�$� VZy yL_n¢(oEr¤[wh«¥¬VZUj]^mNmWlpeWf [wm#hjfE_ ��Uq[;} ?~�Yµ [wypx hjfL_

­*6�� NLT{`Z¨v��_~¢�VYlLr£xI[�rimWVNrigi§Y_dhjV,_q|Lo�_nUjgi]#_SyRh{T1�$� VZy�[�mj_Sh~V�¥�¢©VZUj§vmjhq[�hWg�VZyLm{eqVYyLyE_ eqhj_;x �vg£[N[G�µ$µd­6yE_nh«¢©VZUj§J¨v��_~[�rimWVNeqVYyEmjg£xv_nU~xv_SmjgiXYyLgiyLX�[�y,_q|Lhj_Sypxv_ xIT1�$� ¥¬_ [whjlLUWg�yEX�op[�Uq[�riri_nrL­��Z� ]#_ eWfp[ ¶yLgimW]#m{[�ypxI[�ririV�¢{giyLX$rig�XZfvh«¢©_ngiXZfRh�oLUWV9ek_nmjmWg�yEX#VYy^_ [YeWf [woLoLrig£en[�hWgiVYy,yLVLxv_Y¨

� � �Y�$�1��!��d�.)

;i`�= G©¨Îb~ypxvULz_Yt1��¨�KÎ_+GLlEU t P¨¸� [wf{z_nV�t6[wypx ��¨ ¶ K�¨¸T�[�& [wh ¨��R 3� ����# ��0� �����0�5 +$� ���� )���L/��) �/.�1�����#���� +��� )��5E�)#(� �������!-!�(� �1-n¨:?�_ eWfLyLg£en[wr¸�{_no�VYUWh.� � �LtZ­j�{­ Nvb�tL�{_nyEyL_nm tJ�$eqhWVYu�_nUN`;�Y����¨

;Ð�'= �$¨C6©[wUj_ [wl¸t�6d¨ �{[wg�rir£[�l�xJt��$¨v�v[�UqxJtp[wypxI��¨(?{fLVZU\[;�Y[�r«¨��I_ [wmjlLUWg�yEX ��VYypeqlEUjUj_Sypeq} Vw¥���_nXYlEr¤[wUµ~gimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x ��VY]^oLlLh\[whjgiVYyEm ¨$­«y � � ������%���� �������R 3��0� �� ��# �2�� ����!� � ���E0��)� 0��!������ ����>�)/�� ���0�+�5 ��#(�«t K � �LNÎt N9oLUjgiyLXZ_nU�91_SUjr£[�X/ ¬hjV^up_�oLlLuEr�gimWfL_ xL¡StJb.[wUjfvlLm tJ� [;}�`;�Y�Y�E¨{b~rimWV�[;�Y[�gir£[�uEr�_[�m{Uj_Smj_ [wU\eWf Uj_SopVZUjh.�Z�Y�w�ptv­ �~��­«bNtL�$eqhWVYu�_nUN`;�Y����¨

;Ð�'=�bN¨�6�_nXYlE_nrig�yAt �,¨Jb�¨ �$_ngimjh;tJ� ¨J�Zg£[�yLX�t ��¨¸� [wypeWfL_n§Jt ��¨6�?VRVZUj_YtA[�ypx 9�¨�NvlLypx9_nU\[w] ¨��R 3�� � �� �0��.���!�=¨R?�_ eWfLyLg£en[�r��{_no�VYUWh tL�$[�§I�{g£xvXZ_ �~[whjgiVYy�[�r�K¸[wupVZU\[whjVYUW}Rt(GE_nuLUjl�[�Uj}�`;�Y�Y�E¨

; ��=��¨A61lEhjri_nUN[wypx ��¨�KJlLmW§J¨! -.�) "� -1�L�"� ��� � 0 � 3� �$# �� �0�*� ���5 5 ��#(* �%�'-�� �)5�¨ ?�_ eWfLyLg£en[�r��{_q¶opVZUjhL?~�^¶«b � K�¶j�Y� �E` �EtYbdUjXYVZyLyL_ �~[whjgiVYy�[�r�K¸[wupVZU\[whjVYUW}Rt�` �Z�Y�E¨

;Ð�'=��¨ �{[wri§Rgiy¸t���¨�P{_n]^op_nr«t P�¨ ¶ NJ¨$P�VYoLo�_Yt¸[wypx T�¨�� }voLgiVYU;¨.TAVZUjh\[wuLri_NT�UWVYXYUq[�]^]#giyLX�¢{gihjf/hjfL_T�b.�~�?b �LN#�I_nmWm\[wXY_q¶jT�[�mjmWgiyLX KÎg�uEU\[�UW}J¨����� ������4�)�&��0�5 +$� ����#(*�t¸` �Z����¨

; � = �$¨ µdgi_nfLr«t �$¨��v[�U\xÎtY[�ypx��p¨ ¶ @�¨Y�~[w]#o�VYy¸¨Z�{_ [Zejf�[�uLgirigih«}.bdyp[�ri}vmjgimAVYy,µ~gimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x �A|L_ eqlLhWgiVYyLm;¨­«y#�RT�¨v�ZVYlp[wyLyp[wlpx#� �$¨ ��[wlpxv_nr«tZ_ xvgihjVZU t��� �0.��B'� � ������%��&����(�)+*,� �.-/-/0wtLop[wXY_nm � �Z�21 � �R�EtNvoLUjgiyLXZ_nU�1(91_nUWr¤[wXptL�dUjmq[;}RtLT�[wUjgim tvbdoLUjgir©`;�Y�Z�L¨

;Ð�'=�bN¨�µ~l�xL[Lt �,¨:P~[wUjUWlLm t ,¨ P~[YxExL[YxJt1[wypx ��¨&6�_nUjy�[�U\xΨ ��mWhjgi]�[whjgiyLX �$riVYu�[�r ?{gi]#_,giy�µdgim«¶hjUjgiuLlEhj_ x Nv}vmWhj_n]�¨#­«yO�� �0.��B43�� 65)#(��B4��0�#7�)B�0�#8� �4-��� )�1,�� � ������0�5�+�������#(*��%�'-�� �)56-9� ���) ��I��#Lt` �Y�Z�L¨

QRQTS�U.V�W.X!Y

Page 21: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

`;� % ���� ��� )�1���L�(�������E��#���:/C�!- � �C ���0

;Ð�'=T�¨ ��VYUWup_Shjh�_nh6[wr«¨(�2�$5 � 5���� � ���� ������4�)��% �����&5 � � 5�#(� �� �.� ��� �.0� :�2�$5S¨R��_nmj_;[�U\eWf,�{_no�VYUWh©`;�Y����` =�Y�Z�Y�w�R¡nt;­*6��T?�¨ �p¨���[whjmjVZyP��_nmj_;[�U\eWf ��_nyvhj_nU{[�ypx ��b NvbGb~]#_Sm���_nmj_;[�U\eWf ��_nyvhj_nU;t��{V��Y_S],¶up_nU�`;�Y�w�p¨

;Ð�'= �,¨Yb�¨ �$_ngimjh;tR� ¨(?�¨"P�_ [�hWf¸t�6d¨v� ¨vT¸_S}RhWVYy¸tL[wypx#T�¨(P�¨v��VZUjri_n}v¨/� -.�) � - �L�"� ��� � 06�$5�� ) �� ��0� !� � ,)�4� 5)#(-��� )�(5 ��#(� � � ��0�5 5 �"# �1���'���10�#,):�1,) ��� 7��¨ ?�_ eWfLyLg£en[wrp�{_no�VYUWh1�.� ��K ��?~�^¶n`Y` � ` � t�.[w§���g¤x9XY_ �d[�hWg�VZyp[�r K¸[wupVZU\[whjVYUW}RtL�/[;} ` �Y�Z�L¨

;i` / = �$¨L�R[wU\xJt�?�¨E�1z_nUWVYy¸t ��¨ ¶�9N¨v�ZVYlLUqxL[�yAt [wypx^�p¨ ¶�@N¨J�~[w]#o�VYy¸¨�b �$_nyE_nU\[wr6bdoLoLUWVR[YeWf hWV+?�U\[Zeq_q¶��fL_ eW§vg�yEX�g�y µdgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x���VY]^oLlLhWg�yEX�Nv}vmjhW_n]#m;¨�­«y ��_nrir¤[wUj}�� ¨it�_ xvgihjVZU tL�� �0'�)B'5�� �,� �ptT¸V &nyp[wy¸tLTAVYr£[�ypxÎtv�YlLyL_^` �Y�w�p¨

;i`Y`!= �$¨��R[wU\x,[�y�x��p¨ ¶¦� ¨��1z_�&Jz_ �ZlL_nr«¨ � �LP�­jµ ��bNtY[wy ��mjhW_nriri_q¶ ��VZ]#oLgiri_nUAhjVNT�UWVYhWVYh«}vop_~T�UjVYhWVLeqVYrim1VZyµ~gimWhjUjgiuLlEhj_ x ��VZ]#oLlLhW_nUjm;¨���0�#��)�( ) ��)#$���2�� ����!� � ��� ��#�� ��+3�� )�1��#$���St¸�E =�Y¡ 4Ð�Y�Y� 19�Z�Y�LtvbdlLXYlEmjh` �Y�Z�L¨

;i` �C= �$¨p�v[�Uqx�[�ypx �,¨ ¶ 9�¨L�ZVYlLUqxL[�y¸¨ �>� +��)# ����#$�7� �� �� ������#(* ��#��2% ��� � �� )��#3*+��#�� �4-��� )�1,�� � ��� ��0�5 �+$� � �C� � 0�#(-n¨N��_nmj_;[�U\eWf��{_no�VYUWh��Z�L`Ztp­«UWgim\[Lt�bdlLXYlLmWh,` �Y�w�p¨ Nv_n_,[�rimjV�� �L# � 3� ��0 ����#(* 0��,� � �+3��#�����#$���1�!- � # � �4-�� ��1,)� � ��� ��0�5�+���� �'���10�#(-��9� �� 30� ���+���+��) � �,�:� ��� ��� �&) 0C- � #(*��)�4��-9��� � �*C� -��� �/��#L¨

;i` �C=��p¨ ¶¦� ¨��1z_�&Jz_ �ZlL_nr«¨�6�lLgir¤x9g�yEX�[��$riVZup[�r(?{gi]#_1VZy#T�[�U\[wrir�_Srp� [YeWfLgiyL_Sm ¨�­«y2�� �0'��B�0��L� 3���� ��5)#(� �� �#$�'���10�#������20� ��'-� 30,+ 0�# � �4-�� ��1,)� � ��� � � *�0� ��4�1 (5>-ntvop[wXY_nm�`;� � 1 `n�v�Lt(K � �LNJt$NvoEUjgiyLXY_SU�91_nUWr£[�Xpt` �Y�Z�L¨

;i`n��=��p¨ ¶¦� ¨��1z_�&Jz_ �ZlL_nr«¨ �1T � ��4L[�y ��g � _Sr ��yv�vgiUjVZyL]#_nyvh�hjV�T�UWVYXZU\[�]�µdgimjhWUjgiuLlLhW_ x,�I_n]^VYUj}�T6[wU\[wr�ri_nr��VY]#oElLhj_nUWm ¨��(0��( )#$��� 0�� � , �.���!���L )�1��#(� ��� �� �0!*C ���5 5 � #(* t �  «�Y¡ 4 �v�21L���ptv� [;} `;�Y�Y�E¨

;i` �C=N�I_nmjmq[�XZ_�T�[�mWmjgiyLXd­«yRhW_nU«¥«[Yeq_LGLVZUjlL]�¨ � 0'�)�(5E�)#(� �.0� L� ��� ��# ���� �� ����-�-.�'*��������C-�-)��#3* 5�#(� �) �'�����n¨?6_;ejfEyLg£en[�r¸��_nopVZUjh �LNZ¶j�Y� ¶¦�E`n��t �yLgi�Y_nUWmjgih«}#Vw¥ ?�_nyLyL_Smjmj_S_Yt �{V��Z_n],u�_nU.`;�Y�Z�L¨

EGFRQ�EGH

Page 22: POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation ...POM: a Virtual Parallel Machine Featuring Observation Mechanisms Fr ed eric Guidec, Yves Mah eo To cite this version: Fr ed

Unite de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopole de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LES NANCY

Unite de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES CedexUnite de recherche INRIA Rhone-Alpes, 46 avenue Felix Viallet, 38031 GRENOBLE Cedex 1

Unite de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY CedexUnite de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex

EditeurINRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)

ISSN 0249-6399