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Polymers in Civil EngineeringPolymers in Civil Engineering
“Poly” “meros” = many parts
Monomer = non-linked “mer” material
Polymers = long continuous chain molecules formed from repeated sequences of small organic units (mers). molecular weight in excess of 10,000.
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Polymerization Polymerization
the use of heat, pressure or a chemical catalyst to link monomer material into polymer chains.
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Plastic TypesPlastic Types
Thermosetting plastic
a polymer material that cannot be reformed after manufacturing
cross linked chain networks
less creep, isotropic good structural
properties injection molded
Thermo plastic a polymer that can
be remolded after manufacturing.
softens upon reheating
substantial creep, isotropic properties
extrusion (PVC pipe) or molding (PET soda bottles)
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Natural PolymersNatural Polymers
· wood· leather· cotton· rubber· wool· asphalt
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Manufactured PolymersManufactured Polymers
Epoxy (thermosetting)Polyesters (thermoplastic or thermoset)Sulfur Concrete (thermoplastic)Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)PolyurethanePolystyrene (thermoplastic)Polyvinyl chloride, PVC (thermoplastic)Polyethylene (thermoplastic)
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Epoxy (thermosetting)Epoxy (thermosetting)
Physical Properties Strength and Moduli vary with temperature
and formulation Thermal coefficient greater than concrete Brittle behavior (more brittle than concrete) Excellent adhesion - tenacious bond High tensile and compressive strength Highly resistant to chemical attack and wear
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EpoxyEpoxy
Disadvantages and limitations Properties are very sensitive to mixing and
proportioning procedures Some cannot be used in moist environments Strong Allergenic, safety Some have strong oder prior to
polymerization Physical properties are substantially
different from other materials
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EpoxyEpoxy
Applications Adhesive (old concrete to new
concrete, welding cracked concrete, bonding diverse materials)
Patching voids Durable overlays and coatings
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PolyestersPolyesters
• Thermoplastic or Thermoset• Physical Properties
Strength and Moduli vary with temperature and formulation
Thermal coefficient greater than concrete
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PolyestersPolyesters
Advantages Good Chemical
Resistance Easy to use Good strength Good ductility Inexpensive
Disadvantages and Limitations Some have
marginal bond quality
More expansion and shrinkage than concrete
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Applications of PolyesterApplications of Polyester
· Floor coatings· Protective coatings· Adhesive bonder or sealer· Binder for fiberglass or artificial wood· Sealer for Epoxy injection· Anchoring for drilled holes· Binder for polymer mortar
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Sulfur Concrete (thermoplastic)Sulfur Concrete (thermoplastic)
Physical Properties Modulus of Elasticity similar to concrete Thermal expansion greater than concrete
Advantages Exceptional chemical resistance Cold joints preventable Rapid Strength gain (80%@ 2 h; 100%@ 24 h) High strength (7000 psi) Will set below freezing
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Sulfur ConcreteSulfur Concrete
Disadvantages Requires special
equipment Special handling
required - high temperature (280°F)
Will melt at 246°F Few applicators
Applications High chemical
resistance floors, etc.
Rapid pavement repair or construction
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Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)
ThermosetPhysical Properties clear or any color thermal expansion higher than
concrete low viscosity (< water) high strength
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MMAMMA
Advantages Rapid Strength Good bond to dry
surfaces Easy to mix Pre-packaged mixes Impermeable to water resistance to acids excellent abrasion
resistance
Disadvantages expensive hazardous (fire) odor more shrinkage
than concrete
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MMAMMA
Applications Plexiglas Pavement of bridge decks Thin Overlays (3/16"+) Impregnation precast elements
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Polystyrene (thermoplastic)Polystyrene (thermoplastic)
Advantages water resistant dimensional
stability inexpensive
Disadvantages low tensile
strength low modulus poor heat
resistance poor weather
resistance brittle, low
toughness
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Polyvinyl chloride, PVCPolyvinyl chloride, PVC
ThermoplasticPhysical Properties Tensile 10-41 MPa (1500 - 6000 psi) Compressive 55-110 MPa (8000 -
16000 psi) 200 - 15 % elongation t = 75 x 10-6 in./in./°C E = 3.6 Gpa (5 x 105 psi)
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PVCPVC
Advantages excellent insulator diverse
applications chemical resistance long-term stability flame resistant weather resistant Adhesion to glass resistance to oil
Disadvantages low modulus Moisture
sensitivity in production
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PVCPVC
Applications pipe raincoats window frames and moldings electrical cables floor tiles siding
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Polyethylene (thermoplastic)Polyethylene (thermoplastic)
Physical Properties E = .13 GPa (.19 x 105 psi) t = 1.0 x10-4/°F tensile strength 13.8 MPa (2 ksi)
Advantages tough, durable, weather resistant chemical and moisture resistance excellent electrical properties
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PolyethylenePolyethylene
Applications sheet plastic, membranes, liners pipe, electrical conduit tanks, bottles
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PolyurethanePolyurethane
Physical Properties Sensitive to temperature and RH low elastic moduli 4- 400 ksi
Advantages Resistant to Chemicals lightweight and resistant to wear Closed Cell material when used with
foams Cryogenic performance
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Polymer CompositesPolymer Composites
An Overview
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Composites with Thermoplastics
Glass Fiber Composites (20-40% wt) Monofilament Braided Strand Chop Fiber
Polymer Polypropylene (PP), Polycarbonate (PC),
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT), Nylon
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Typical Properties
E, GPa Ft, MPa y
PP 5 70-90 0.02
PC & PBT 8 120 0.02
Aramid 80-170 3500 -
Carbon 34-800 5000 -
Steel 200 400 0.002
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What is FRP?What is FRP?
FRP stands for Fiber Reinforced PlasticFRP is used in structural shapes, repair materials or as reinforcement for concreteFRP is a composite material consisting of artificial fibers encased in a resin matrix
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Materials Used in FRPMaterials Used in FRP
Fiber Types+ Glass+ Poly-Vinyl Alcohol
(PVA)+ Carbon+ Aramid (Kevlar)
Resin Types+ Epoxy+ Polyester
Resins are thermosetting
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Manufacture of FRP RodsManufacture of FRP Rods
Pultrusion+ Enables a high percentage of fibers to
be included in the cross section
Braiding+ Creates surface deformations which
enhance the FRP to concrete bond
Hybrid Rods
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Engineering Properties of FRPEngineering Properties of FRP
High Tensile Strength On average, the tensile strength of FRP is
10% to 500% greater than steel
Low Moduli of Elasticity With the exception of Carbon rods, FRP
has only 1/10 to 1/2 the modulus of steel
Linear Stress-Strain Relationship
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Applications of FRPApplications of FRP
Reinforcement bars for ConcretePrestressing Tendons for Concrete MembersFRP sheets can be used to increase flexural strength in weakened or underdesigned members
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Advantages of FRPAdvantages of FRP
Will Not Corrode In Field ConditionsLightweightStrong in TensionMethods of Construction Same as Steel Reinforcement
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Disadvantages of FRPDisadvantages of FRP
Low Moduli of ElasticityCannot be Shaped in the FieldMore Expensive than SteelCoefficients of Thermal Expansion are Different than Those of Steel or Concrete
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ConclusionConclusion
FRP Reinforcement is an Engineered Material that Shows Great Promise In the Future of Civil Engineering