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Transcript of Polymer Chemistry 저 자 : Malcolm P. Stevens Professor of chemistry at the university of Hartfort...
![Page 1: Polymer Chemistry 저 자 : Malcolm P. Stevens Professor of chemistry at the university of Hartfort OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 3rd Ed.(1999) POLYMER CHEMISTRY.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081415/56649f485503460f94c69c57/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Polymer Chemistry
저 자 : Malcolm P. Stevens
Professor of chemistry at the university of Hartfort
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 3rd Ed.(1999)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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CONTENTS
PART POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIESⅠ
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1. Basic principles
2. Molecular weight and polymer solutions
3. Chemical structure and polymer morphology
4. Chemical structure and polymer properties
5. Evaluation, characterization, and analysis of polymers
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PART VINYL POLYMERSⅡ
CONTENTS
6. Free radical polymerization
7. Ionic polymerization
8. Vinyl polymerization with complex coordination catalysts
9. Reactions of vinyl polymers
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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CONTENTS
PART NONVINYL POLYMERSⅢ
10. Step-reaction and ring-opening polymerization
11. Polyethers, polysulfides, and related polymers
12. Polyesters
13. Polyamides and related polymers
14. Phenol-, urea-, and melamine-formaldehyde polymers
15. Heterocyclic polymers
16. Inorganic and partially inorganic polymers
17. Miscellaneous organic polymers
18. Natural polymers POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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Chapter 1. Basic principles
1.1 Introduction and Historical Development
1.2 Definitions
1.3 Polymerization Processes
1.4 Step-reaction Polymerization
1.5 Chain-reaction Polymerization
1.6 Step-reaction Addition and Chain-reaction Condensation
1.7 Nomenclature
1.8 Industrial Polymers
1.9 Polymer Recycling
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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1.1 Introduction and Historical Development
Stone age → Bronze age → Iron age → Polymer age
A. Development of civilization
B. Application of polymeric materials
o PE milk bottles
o Polyamide bulletproof vests
o Polyurethane artificial heart
o Fluorinated phosphazene elastomer for arctic environments
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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1. Property difference between polymer and low molecular weight compound
2. Chemistry of polymer synthesis 3. Chemistry of polymer modification
C. The purpose of this book
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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D. Development of polymer chemistry
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
1833 년 : Berzelius, the first use of terminology, polymer
1839 년 : Synthesis of polystyrene
1860s : Poly(ethylene glycol), Poly(ethylene succinate)
1900s : Leo Baekeland, synthesis of phenol formaldehyde resin
1920s : Hermann staudinger
Structure of polymer(long-chain molecules), Novel Prize (1953 년 )
1939 년 : W.H. Carothers, Nylon synthesis (Du Pont)
1963 년 : Ziegler-Natta, stereoregular polymerization
1974 년 : Paul Flory, polymer solution property
1984 년 : Bruce Merrifield, solid-phase protein process
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1839 가황 고무 발명 (C. Goodyear) 1868 nitrocellulose 합성 (J.W. Hyatt) 1888 공기 자전거 타이어 발명 (J. B. Dunlop) 1909 phenol-formaldehyde 수지 제조 (L.H. Baekeland) (1910 한일합병 / 을사보호조약 ) (1919 김성수 , 국민 모금 경성방직 설립 , 무명 옷감 제조 )1922 H. Staudinger의 고분자 개념 제창 . 1927 cellulose actate 와 poly(vinyl chloride) 의 등장 . Buna S (butadiene-styrene 고무 ) 개발 (Bayer Co.) 1928 poly(methyl methacrylate) 상품화 (O. Rohm). 1930 polystyrene 생산 . 1931 Neoprene 고무 생산 (W. H. Carothers, DuPont Co.) 1935 nylon 66 제조 (W. H. Carothers). 1936 PANN, SAN 및 poly(vinyl acetate) 등장 . 1937 polyethylene 합성 ( O. Bayer). 1938 nylon 6 와 epoxy 수지 개발 . LDPE 합성 . 1941 PET 합성 (J.R. Whinfield 와 J.T. Dickinson). 1942 PAN 섬유의 상품화 . (1945 제 2 차세계대전 종전 / 대한민국 독립 ) (1943 국제고무 " 말표 " 고무신 생산 ) (1946 낙희화학 ( 주 ) PVC 사출 ) (1947 한국나이롱 나일론 66 방적 )1948 ABS 수지 제조 . 1950 한국전쟁 발발 / 자동차 타이어의 노화 원인이 오존인 것을 밝혀내고 antiozonant 의 개발 시작 1952 K. Ziegler 의 ethylene 저압 중합용 촉매 개발 . 1953 H. Schnell 의 poly(ohenylene oxide) 개발 . Hermann Staudinger 노벨상 수상 (Work on macromolecules) 1955 G. Natta 의 Ziegler 형 촉매를 이용한 입체규칙성 고분자 발견 . 1956 poly(phenylene oxide) 개발 (A. S. Hay) (1957 동신화학 PU 폼 생산 )1958 polyacetal 수지 생산 개시 . F. Sanger, 펩티드의 아미노산 결합순서 결정 방법 개발로 노벨상 수상 1960 J. D. Watson 과 F. H. C. Crick, DNA 이중나선 구조제안으로 노벨 의학상 수상1962 phenoxy 수지 , EPR 제조 . 1963 Guilio Natta 와 Karl Ziegler 와 노벨상 수상 (Development of catalysts and synthesis of polymers) 1964 EVA, ionomer, polyimide, 변성 PPO 등장 . 1965 polysulfone 제조 .
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1968 H. G. Khorana, DNA 의 실험적 합성으로 노벨 의학상 수상1970 열가소성 탄성체 개발 . 1971 한남화학 울산 PS 벌크 중합공장 건설1972 울산석유화학공업단지 / 10 만톤 규모 ( 에틸렌 기준 ) 납사 분해공장 건설 사출성형용 polyamide, 방향족 polyester 제조 . W. Stein 과 S. Moore, 아미노산 분석기 개발로 노벨상 수상 1974 방향족 poly(aryl sulfone), IPN 개발 . Paul J. Flory 노벨상 수상 (Investigations of polymers) 1979 여천석유화학공단 / 35 만톤 규모 납사 분해공장 건설 (1982. 2 순천대학 (4 년제 단과대학 ) 설립 )1980 W. Gilbert, DNA 염기 서열 결정 방법 개발로 노벨상 수상1983 PEEK, poly(aryl sulfone), IPN 개발 . 1984 Bruce Merrifield 노벨상 수상 (Methods of polypeptide synthesis) 1985 액정고분자 생산 . 1988 대산석유화학공업단지 건설 1991 de Gennes 노벨상 수상 ( 고분자 사슬 운동 ), 메탈로센 고분자의 상업화 (Exxon 회사 ) (1997 한국 /IMF)1995. 6 ' 석유화학강좌 ' 시작 ( 대한화학회 여천지회 )2000 A. J. Heeger, A. G. MacDiarmid, H. Shirakawa 3 인은 전도성 고분자 연구로 노벨상 수상
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W.H. Carothers
(1896-1937)
1943 년 경 겨울 , 미국의 한 도시 .
술 , 비누 , 휴지 , 면으로 된 기저귀 , 압핀…나일론이 죄다 ' 전쟁에 나가버려 ' 여성들은 인조견과 무명 스타킹을 신었다 .
1940 년 5 월 15 일
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2000 년 노벨화힉상수상자 - 히거 , 맥더미드 , 시라카와
플라스틱 고분자의 전기절연성은 다양한 방면에서 유용하게 사용되는데 , 모든 플라스틱 고분자가 절연체 성질만 갖는 것이 아니라 특별한 조건에서 합성된 고분자를 잘 처리하면 금속 못지 않은 전기전도성을 가질 수 있다는 사실이 1977 년 앨런 히거 (Alan J. Heeger), 앨런 맥더미드 (Alan G. MacDiarmid), 그리고 히데키 시라카와 (Hideki Shirakawa) 에 의해 밝혀졌다 . 그들은 이 놀라운 업적을 인정받아 2000 년 노벨화학상을 수상
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2008 년에 1,650 억 , 향후 5 년간 8,250 억을 투자하는 ‘세계수준의 연구중심대학 (World Class University) 육성 사업
교육과학기술부는 해외학자를 유치하는 해당 대학을 지원하고 국책사업으로서 WCU 사업의 취지를 해외학자에게 적극 홍보
광주과기원 - 히거연구센터 협약체결 부산대 -UCSB 의 글로벌 연구실
향후 5 년간 과학기술부로부터 총 25 억의 연구비와 국내 기업과 해외 기관으로부터 약 15 억의 연구비를 지원받아 ‘신기능의 타이타늄 산화물을 도입한 신개념의 고분자 광전자소자 구현’에 관한 연구를 진행할 계획플라스틱 태양전지 - 광주과학기술원 이광희
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E. Examples of monomers and polymers
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Monomer Polymer
HOCH2CH2OH
HO CO2H
CH2CH2
CH2CH2O
CH2CH2O
O C
O
CH2 CH2
CH2 CHCl CH2CH2
Cl
H2C CH2
O
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1.2 Definitions
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
A. According to the amount of repeating units
monomer : one unit
oligomer : few
polymer : many (poly – many, mer – part)
telechelic polymer : polymer containing reactive end group
(tele = far, chele = claw)
telechelic oligomer : oligomer containing reactive end group
macromer (=macro monomer) : monomer containing long chain
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The total number of repeating units contained terminal group
C. The kinds of applied monomers
B. DP : Degree of polymerization
One kind : Homopolymer
Two kinds : Copolymer
Three kinds : Terpolymer
1.2 Definitions
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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D. Types of copolymer
POLYMER CHEMISTRY B-B-B-B-B-
Homopolymer : -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
Random copolymer : -A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B-
Alternating copolymer : -A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B-
Block copolymer : -A-A-A-A-B-B-B-B-
Graft copolymer : -A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-
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E. Representation of polymer types
(a) linear (b) branch
(c) network
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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(c)ladder polymer
(b) comb polymer (a) star polymer
(d) semi- ladder (or stepladder) polymer
F. Representation of polymer architectures
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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F. Representation of polymer architectures
(f) polycatenane (e) polyrotaxane
(g) dendrimer POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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Thermoset : Network polymer
Thermoplastic : Linear or branched polymer
G. Thermoplastic and thermoset (reaction to temperature)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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1.3 Polymerization Processes
A. Classification of polymers to be suggested by Carothers
Addition polymers : repeating units and monomers are same
Condensation polymers : repeating units and monomers
are not equal, to be split out small molecule
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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Other examples
1. Polyester from lactone (1.7)
from ω-hydroxycarboxylic acid (1.8)
&
O R C
O
O C
O
R
(1.7)
(1.8)OH R CO2H O R C
O
+ H2O
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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Other examples
2. Polyamide from lactam (1.9), and from ω-aminocarboxylic acid (1.10)
(1.9)
NH C NH R C
O
R
O
H2N R CO2H NH R C
O+ H2O (1.10)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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3. Polyurethane from diisocyanate and dialcohol(1.11) and from diamine and bischloroformate(1.12):
Other examples
OCN R NCO + HO R' OH
CNH R NHCO R' O
H2N R NH2 + ClCO R' OCCl
CNH R NHCO R' O + 2HCl
O O
O O
O O
(1.11)
(1.12)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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Other examples
4. Hydrocarbon polymer from ethylene (1.13), and from α,ω-dibromide (1.14)
FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS LAB
(1.13)
(1.14)
CH2 CH2 CH2CH2initiator
BrCH2(CH2)8CH2Br CH2CH2 5+ 2NaBr
2Na
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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POLYMER CHEMISTRY
Chain growth polymerization : Addition polymerization molecular weights increase successively, one by one monomer Ring-opening polymerization may be either step or chain reaction
1.3 Polymerization Processes B. Modern classification of polymerization according to polymerization mechanism Step growth polymerization : Polymers build up stepwise
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1.4 Step-reaction Polymerization
A. Monomer to have difunctional group
1. One having both reactive functional groups in one molecule
A R B R X
(1.8)HO R CO2H O R C
O
+ H2O
H2N R CO2H NH R C
O+ H2O (1.10)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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2. Other having two difunctional monomers
A R A + B R' B R X R' X
OCN R NCO + HO R' OH
CNH R NHCO R' O
H2N R NH2 + ClCO R' OCCl
CNH R NHCO R' O + 2HCl
O O
O O
O O
(1.11)
(1.12)
POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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B. Reaction : Condensation reaction using functional group
Example - Polyesterification
n HO CO2H O C
O
n+ nH2O
nHO2C CO2H + nHOCH2CH2OH
C
O
COCH2CH2O
O
n + 2nH2O
(1.3)
(1.4)
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C. Carothers equation
P = NO N
NO
Or N = NO(1 P)
( NO : number of molecules N : total molecules after a given reaction period. NO – N : The amount reacted P : The reaction conversion )
( DP is the average number of repeating units of all molecules present)
DP = NO/N
DP = 1
1 - P
For example At 98% conversion
DP = 1
1- 0.98 POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B(d)
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B(a)
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
(b)
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
(c)
(A) Unreacted monomer
(B) 50% reacted, DP = 1.3
(C) 75% reacted, DP = 1.7
(D) 100% reacted, DP = 3
Step-Reaction Polymerization
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1.5 Chain-reaction Polymerization
A. Monomer : vinyl monomer χCH2=CH2
B. Reaction : Addition reaction initiated by active species
C. Mechanism :
Initiation R + CH2=CH2 → RCH2CH2
Propagation
RCH2CH2 + CH2=CH2 → RCH2CH2CH2CH2
.
. .
.
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TABLE 1.1 Comparison of Step-Reaction and Chain-Reaction Polymerization
Step Reaction Chain Reaction
Growth occurs throughout matrix by
reaction between monomers, oligomers,
and polymers
DPa low to moderate
Monomer consumed rapidly while
molecular weight increases slowly
No initiator needed; same reaction
mechanism throughout
No termination step; end groups still reactive
Polymerization rate decreases steadily as
functional groups consumed
Growth occurs by successive addition of
monomer units to limited number of
growing chains
DP can be very high
Monomer consumed relatively slowly, but
molecular weight increases rapidly
Initiation and propagation mechanisms different
Usually chain-terminating step involved
Polymerization rate increases initially as
initiator units generated; remains relatively
constant until monomer depleted
aDP, average degree of polymerization..
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1.6 Step-reaction Addition and Chain-reaction Condensation
A. Step-reaction Addition.
(CH2)6+
O
O
(CH2)6
O
O
(1.15)
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B. Chain-reaction Condensation
(1.16)
CH2N2 CH2 + N2
BF3
1.6 Step-reaction Addition and Chain-reaction Condensation
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A. Types of Nomenclature a. Source name : to be based on names of corresponding monomer Polyethylene, Poly(vinyl chloride), Poly(ethylene oxide) b. IUPAC name : to be based on CRU, systematic name Poly(methylene), Poly(1-chloroethylene), Poly(oxyethylene) c. Functional group name : According to name of functional group in the polymer backbone Polyamide, Polyester
1.7 Nomenclature
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d. Trade name : The commercial names by manufacturer Teflon, Nylon
e. Abbreviation name : PVC, PET
f. Complex and Network polymer : Phenol-formaldehyde polymer
g. Vinyl polymer : Polyolefin
1.7 Nomenclature
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1.7.1 Vinyl polymers
A. Vinyl polymers
a. Source name : Polystyrene, Poly(acrylic acid),
Poly(α-methyl styrene), Poly(1-pentene)
b. IUPAC name : Poly(1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-carboxylatoethylene)
Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-propylethylene)
CH2CH
Polystyrene Poly(acrylic acid)
Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(1-pentene)
CH2C
CH3
CH2CH
CO2H
CH2CH
CH2CH2CH3 POLYMER CHEMISTRY
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B. Diene monomers
Source name : 1,2-Poly(1,3-butadiene) 1,4-Poly(1,3-butadiene)
IUPAC name : Poly(1-vinylethylene) Poly(1-butene-1,4-diyl)
cf) Table 1.2
CH2CH
HC CH2
1,2-addition 1,4-addition
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1.7.1 Vinyl polymers
CH2CH CHCH2
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1.7.2 Vinyl copolymer
Systematic
Poly[styrene-co-(methyl methacrylate)] Poly[styrene-alt-(methyl methacrylate)]
Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) Polystyrene-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate)
Concise Copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate)
Alt-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate) Block-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate) Graft-copoly(styrene/methyl methacrylate)
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1.7.3 Nonvinyl Polymers
O CCH2CH2
O
O CH2CH2 O C C
oxy 1-oxopropane-1,3-diyl
oxy ethylene oxy terephthaloyl
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* Representative Nomenclature of Nonvinyl Polymers
Poly(hexamethylene Poly(iminohexane- sebacamide) or Nylon6,10 1,6-diyliminosebacoyl)
Monomer Polymer Source or IUPAC name structure repeating unit Common Name
O
H2C CH2
HOCH2CH2OH
H2N(CH2)6NH2 NH(CH2)6NHC(CH2)8C
O O
HO2C(CH2)8CO2H
Poly(ethylene oxide)
Poly(ethylene glycol) Poly(oxyethylene)
Poly(oxyethylene) CH2CH2O
CH2CH2O
cf) Table 1.3
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1.7.4 Nonvinyl copolymers
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a. Poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene isophthalate)
OCH2CH2O C
O
C
O
OCH2CH2OC
O
C
O
b. Poly[(6-aminohexanoic acid)-co-(11-aminoundecanoic acid)]
NH CH2 C
O
NH CH2 C
O
5 10
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1.7.5 End Group
H OCH2CH2 OH
α-Hydro-ω-hydroxypoly(oxyethylene)
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1.7.6 Abbreviations
PVC Poly(vinyl chloride)
HDPE High-density polyethylene LDPE Low-density polyethylene PET Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
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a. The world consumption of synthetic polymers : 150 million metric tons per year.
1) Plastics : 56%
2) Fibers : 18%
3) Synthetic rubber : 11%
4) Coating and Adhesives : 15%
b.Styrene-butadiene copolymer
Synthetic rubber, PET Fiber (polyester)
Latex paint Plastic (bottle)
1.8 Industrial Polymers
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1) Commodity plastics LDPE, HDPE, PP, PVC, PS cf) Table 1.4
2) Engineering plastics Acetal, Polyamide, Polyamideimide, Polyarylate, Polybenzimidazole, etc. cf) Table 1.5
3) Thermosetting plastics Phenol-formaldehyde, Urea-formaldehyde, Unsaturated polyester, Epoxy, Melamine-formaldehyde cf) Table 1.6
4) Functional plastics Optics, Biomaterial, etc.
1.8.1 Plastics
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TABLE 1.4 Commodity Plastic
Type Abbreviation Major Uses
Low-density polyethylene
High-densityPolyethylene
Polypropylene
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Polystyrene
LDPE
HDPE
PP
PVC
PS
Packaging film, wire and cable insulation, toys, flexible bottles housewares, coatings
Bottles, drums, pipe, conduit, sheet, film, wire and cable insulation
Automobile and appliance parts, furniture, cordage, webbing, carpeting, film packaging
Construction, rigid pipe, flooring, wire and cable insulation, film and sheet
Packaging (foam and film), foam insulation appliances, housewares, toys
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TABLE 1.5 Principal Engineering Plastics
Chapter Where DiscussedType Abbreviation C
Acetala
Polyamideb
PolyamideimidePolyarylatePolybenzimidazolePoltcarbonatePolyeseterc
PolyetheretherketonePolyetherimidePolyimidePoly(phenylene oxide)Poly(phenylene sulfide)Polysulfoned
POM
PAI
PBIPC
PEEKPEIPIPPOPPS
11131312171212111113111111
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TABLE 1.6 Principal Thermosetting Plastics
Chapter WhereDiscussed
Phenol-formaldehyde
Urea-formaldehyde
Unsaturated polyester
Epoxy
Melamine-formaldehyde
Electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, utensil handles, plywood adhesives, particle board binderSimilar to PF polymer; also treatment of textiles, coatingsConstruction, automobile parts, boat hulls, marine accessories, corrosion-resistant ducting, pipe, tanks, etc., business equipmentProtective coatings, adhesives, electrical and electronics applications, industrial flooring highway paving materials, compositesSimilar to UF polymers; decorative panels, counter and table tops, dinnerware
Type Abbreviation Typical Uses
PF
UF
UP
-
MF
14
14
14
11
12
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1) Cellulosic :
Acetate rayon, Viscose rayon
2) Noncellulosic : Polyester, Nylon(Nylon6,6, Nylon6, etc) Olefin (PP, Copolymer(PVC 85%+PAN and others 15%; vinyon))
3) Acrylic :
Contain at least 80% acrylonitrile (PAN 80% + PVC and others 20%)
1.8.2 Fibers
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1) Natural rubber : cis-polyisoprene
2) Synthetic rubber :
Styrene-butadiene, Polybutadiene, Ethylene-propylene(EPDM), Polychloroprene, Polyisoprene,
Nitrile, Butyl, Silicone, Urethane
3) Thermoplastic elastomer :
Styrene-butadiene block copolymer (SB or SBS)
1.8.3 Rubber (Elastomers)
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TABLE 1.7 Principal Synthetic Fibers
Description
Cellulose acetateRegenerated cellulose
Principally poly(ethylene terephthalate)Includes nylon 66, nylon 6, and a variety of other aliphatic and aromatic polyamidesIncludes polypropylene and copolymers of vinyl chloride, with lesser amounts of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, or vinylidene chloride (copolymers consisting of more than 85% vinyl chloride are called vinyon fibers)Contain at least 80% acrylonitrile; included are modacrylic fibers comprising acrylonitrile and about 20% vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride
Type
Cellulosic Acetate rayon Viscose rayonNoncellulosic Polyester Nylon Olefin
Acrylic
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1.8.4 Coating and Adhesives
1) Coating :
Lacquer, Vanishes, Paint (Oil or Latex), Latex
2) Adhesives :
Solvent based, Hot melt, Pressure sensitive, etc. Acrylate, Epoxy, Urethane, Cyanoacrylate
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TABLE 1.8 Principal Types of Synthetic Rubber
Type
Styrene-butadiene
Polybutadiene
Ethylene- propylene
Polychloroprene
PolyisopreneNitrileButyl
Silicone
Urethane
Description
Copolymer of the two monomers in various proportions depending on properties desired; called SBR for styrene-butadiene rubberConsists almost entirely of the cis-1,4 polymer
Often abbreviated EPDM for ethylene-propylene-diene monomer; made up principally of ethylene and propylene units with small amounts of a diene to provide unsaturation
Principally the trans-1,4polymer, but also some cis-1,4 and 1,2 polymer; also known as neoprene rubber
Mainly the cis-1,4 polymer; sometimes called “synthetic natural rubber”Copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene, mainly the latterCopolyner of isobutylene and isoprene, with only small amounts of the LatterContains inorganic backbone of alternating oxygen and methylated silicon atoms; also called polysiloxane (Chap. 15)Elastomers prepared by linking polyethers through urethane groups (Chap. 13)
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a. Durability of polymer property
1) Advantage : Good materials for use
2) Disadvantage : Environmental problem
b. Treatment of waste polymer : Incinerate, Landfill, Recycling
ex) Waste Tire : Paving materials Waste PET : To make monomer ( hydrolysis ) To make polyol ( glycolysis )
1.9 Polymer Recycling
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TABLE 1.9 Plastics Recycling Codea
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Letters
PETEb
HDPE
V or PVC
LDPE
PP
PS
OTHER
Plastic
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
High-density polyethylene
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Low-density polyethylene
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Others or mixed plastics
aAdopted by the Society of the Plastics lndustry (SPI).bPET is the more widely accepted abbreviation.
POLYMER CHEMISTRY