The Combustibility of Landscape Mulches - University of Nevada
Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve...
Transcript of Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve...
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Polyethylene and biodegradable plastic mulches improve growth, yield, and weed management in
floricane red raspberry
Huan Zhang, PhD student
Advisor: Lisa DeVetter; Co-advisor: Carol Miles
Washington State University Northwestern Research and Extension Center
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Lisa DeVetter
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Processed Red Raspberry~ 78 Million Pounds in Washington State
Whatcom County: over 97% of State Production
WRRC, 2018
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Tissue CultureNumber of Plants
Aseptic Techniques
Establishment Difficulty
Weak Competitor with Weeds
http://kryptokoryne.aquaticscape.com/
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Biodegradable Plastic Mulch (BDM)
• Manufactured with different feedstocks and additives compared to
polyethylene (PE) mulches
• Engineered to biodegrade in soils by microbial activities (ASTM
D5988)
• Potential to reduce plastic waste generation
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Lisa DeVetter
ASTM, 2018
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Why Consider a BDM?
Gerbrant, 2015; Król-Dyrek and Siwek, 2015; Tecco et al., 2016; https://www.mlive.com/
• Few studies, but promising results
• May reduce labor and costs associated with PE mulch
removal and disposal
• May promote on-farm efficiencies
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Root Lesion NematodeMajor Plant Parasite
Activity
No Previous Studies
Zasada et al., 2014; Rudolph and DeVetter, 2015; Gerbrandt, 2015; https://communities.grdc.com.au/field-crop-diseases/root-lesion-nematode/
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Spring-Planted Trial Established May 2017
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Treatments
Treatment Code Thickness Extruder/converter
BASF 0.5 A 0.5 mil PolyExpert Inc.; Laval, Quebec, Canada
BASF 0.6 B 0.6 mil PolyExpert Inc.; Laval, Quebec, Canada
Novamont 0.5 C 0.5 mil Dubois Agrinovation; Saint Remi, Quebec, Canada
Novamont 0.6 D 0.6 mil Dubois Agrinovation; Saint Remi, Quebec, Canada
Polyethylene E 1.0 mil FilmTech, LLC., Stanley, WI
Bare Ground
(BG; control)
F -- --
BDMs
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Spring Trial
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Experimental Design
Size 2 acres
Design Randomized Complete
Block
Treatments 6
Replications 5
Plot Length 120 ft
Block Across Row
Fumigation Broadcast; Sept. 2016
Cultivar WakeTMField
Plot Map Design Details
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Objectives
1. Plant growth
2. Fruit yield
3. Weed incidence
4. Root lesion nematode populations
5. Soil temperature and moisture
6. Mulch surface and in-soil degradation
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Weixin Gan
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▪ Primocane height, number, and
emergence
▪ Yield
▪ Percent soil exposure (PSE)
▪ In-soil degradation
▪ Apr. 2018 to Oct. 2019
Mulch
▪ Soil temperature
▪ Soil moisture
▪ Soil nutrient status Soils
Data Collection
▪ Weed number
▪ Weed shoot fresh and dry weight
▪ RLN root and soil densities Pests
Plant
Lisa DeVetter
Weixin Gan
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July 2017
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Sept. 29, 2017
Weixin Gan
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-Se
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-Oc
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Prim
oca
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heig
ht
(in.)
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE Bare Ground
2017 Primocane Height
NS **
***
***
*** ***
NS: nonsignificant
*** : P ≤ 0.01
*** : P ≤ 0.000114
14 in.
difference
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Prim
ocane n
um
ber
/ hill
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE Bare Ground
2017 Primocane Number
NS
***
***
***
NS:
nonsignificant
*** : P ≤ 0.000115
5 canes (71%) difference
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January 2018
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April 2018
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Plant Growth Comparison (2018 April)
Mulched Non-mulched
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE BG
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19Nadia Bostan
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Treatment Primocane emergence/30 ft
July
Primocanes/plant
Sept.
Primocane height (in.)
Sept.
BASF 0.5 35 abz 5 125
BASF 0.6 37 ab 6 125
Novamont 0.5 30 b 6 128
Novamont 0.6 41 ab 6 125
PE 23 b 5 129
BG 45 a 6 124
P - value 0.05 0.28 0.71
2018 Plant Growth
zMeans followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05, using a means comparison with a Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test except total yield, which was analyzed with LSD Student’s t
test.
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Harvest 2018
0.0
2.0
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6.0
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12.0
1 h
arv
es
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2 h
arv
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arv
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arv
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arv
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arv
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arv
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ha
rve
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rve
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rve
st
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ha
rve
st
Yie
ld (
lbs/3
0ft
)
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE BG
Peaks
6/29 7/4 7/7 7/11 7/14 7/17 7/20 7/23 7/26 8/1 8/4 8/8 8/10
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Treatment Early
6/29-7/10
Middle
7/11-7/25
Late
7/26-8/10
Total Yield
BASF 0.5 7.0 33.4 abz 16.7 a57.1 a
BASF 0.6 6.8 39.7 a 20.0 a66.5 a
Novamont 0.5 7.0 38.1 a 17.9 a63.0 a
Novamont 0.6 7.8 36.6 a 17.5 a61.8 a
PE 9.0 39.9 a 15.0 ab 64.0 a
BG 5.5 25.0 b 12.8 b 43.4 b
P - value 0.08 0.004 0.002 0.04
zAverages followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05, using a means comparison with a Tukey’s Honestly
Significant Difference test except total yield, which was analyzed with LSD Student’s t test.
Average Fruit Yield (lbs/30 ft)lbs/acre
8976
lbs/acre
6233
lbs/acre 22
Total Yield
8198
9555
9052
8882
9191
6233
2743
lbs/acre
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▪ Primocane height, number, and
emergence
▪ Yield
▪ Percent soil exposure (PSE)
▪ In-soil degradation
▪ Apr. 2018 to Oct. 2019
Mulch
▪ Soil temperature
▪ Soil moisture
▪ Soil nutrient status Soils
Data Collection
▪ Weed number
▪ Weed shoot fresh and dry weight
▪ RLN root and soil densities Pests
Plant
Lisa DeVetter
Weixin Gan
Lisa DeVetter
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Weeds c
oun
t (n
um
ber/
11 ft2
)
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE BG
2017 Cumulative Weed Number
*
**
*
*
NS: nonsignificant
*** : P ≤ 0.0524
Hand weeded BG plots 3 times
during growing season
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Root Lesion Nematode Densities(Sampled Oct. 11, 2017)
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Rachel Rudolph
Root Lesion Nematode (RLN)
Lisa DeVetter
May 2017z October 2017 May 2018 September 2018
Treatment
RLN/
100g soil
RLN/
100g soil
RLN/
g root
RLN/
100g soil
RLN/
g root
RLN/
100 g soil
RLN/
g root
BASF 0.5 0 51 aby 105 ab 52 a 1538 258 ab 1352 ab
BASF 0.6 1 49 ab 134 ab 50 ab 937 225 ab 430 b
Novamont 0.5 0 66 ab 165 a 40 ab 1471 116 b 1620 ab
Novamont 0.6 0 100 a 164 ab 38 ab 1109 209 ab 1445 ab
PE 1 72 a 45 b 40 ab 995 350 a 2605 a
BG 0 5 b 44 b 10 b 997 212 ab 692 b
P - value 0.40 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.20 0.01 0.01zPre-plant densities.yAverages followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05, using a means comparison with a Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference
test for the May 2017 data and a non-parametric multiple comparisons Wilcoxon test for the October 2017, and May and September 2018 data.
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▪ Primocane height, number, and
emergence
▪ Yield
▪ Percent soil exposure (PSE)
▪ In-soil degradation
▪ Apr. 2018 to Oct. 2019
Mulch
▪ Soil temperature
▪ Soil moisture
▪ Soil nutrient status Soils
Data Collection
▪ Weed number
▪ Weed shoot fresh and dry weight
▪ RLN root and soil densities Pests
Plant
Lisa DeVetter
Weixin Gan
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PS
E (
%)
BASF 0.5 BASF 0.6 Novamont 0.5 Novamont 0.6 PE
Percent Soil Exposure (PSE; %)
NS *
* **
*
NS NS * **
*
*
7 wind events with a speed
over 10 mph in Oct. and Nov.
– WSU AgWeatherNet
BDM PE
Before cane tying: PE: 2.6%; BDMs: 67 to 81%
After cane tying: PE: removed; BDMs: 90 to 95%
NS: nonsignificant
*** : P ≤ 0.05
Raspberry cane tying
**
**
* *
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Conclusions to Date
• Plants grown with BDMs and PE mulch exhibited greater primocane
height and number relative to the BG control
• Yield was higher in all mulched treatments than the BG control
• There is no difference in average berry weight
• Mulched treatments successfully controlled weeds so no hand weeding
was needed
• RLN soil and root populations were greater when soil and plants treated
with PE mulch
• Soil temperature was higher with mulched treatments
• PE removal activity could remove 1010 pounds soil per acre
• Overall, BDMs and PE mulch are viable tools to use in commercial red
raspberry production with plants established as TC transplants
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Team
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Lisa
DeVetter
Carol
Miles
Chris
Benedict
Me
Inga
Zasada
Shuresh
Ghimire
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Left to right, top to bottom: Ed Scheenstra, Matt Arrington, Clara TeVelde, Naida Bostan, Qianwen Lu,
Weixin Gan, Sean Watkinson, and Washington raspberry growers.
Additional Team Members and Thanks
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Funding and Material Support
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Literature Cited
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2018. Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in Soil. ASTM D 5988-18. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. Accessed at www.astm.org on 29 June 2018
• Biodegradable mulch website: https://ag.tennessee.edu/biodegradablemulch/Pages/default.aspx.
• Gerbrandt, E. 2015. New techniques for getting raspberries and strawberries off to a better start. 2015 Lower Mainland Horticulture Improvement Association Horticulture Growers’ Short Course. Accessed on 19 Sept. 2017 at <http://www.agricultureshow.net/horticulture-growers-short-course>
• Król-Dyrek, K. and P. Siwek. 2015. The influence of biodegradable mulches on the yielding of autumn raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Folia Horticulturae 27(1):15-20.
• Rudolph, R. and L.W. DeVetter. 2015. Management strategies for Phytophthora rubi and Pratylenchuspenetrans in floricane red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). J. Am. Pom. Soc. 69(3):118-136.
• Tecco, N., C. Baudino, V. Girgenti, and C. Peano. 2016. Innovation strategies in a fruit growers association impacts assessment by using combined LCA and s-LCA methodologies. Sci. Total Environ. 568:253-262.
• Washington State Red Raspberry Commission (WRRC). 2017. PNW Red Raspberry Production Statistics. Accessed on 2 June 2018 at https://www.red-raspberry.org/statistics.
• Washington State University Small Fruit Horticulture website: https://smallfruits.wsu.edu/.
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Thank You!
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Huan Zhang
Email: [email protected]
Phone: 360-333-8527
Washington State University Small Fruit Horticulture website:
https://smallfruits.wsu.edu/