POLLUTION AND POLLUTION AND POLLUTION IN PAKISTANPOLLUTION IN PAKISTAN

BY: Aisha Zeb BY: Aisha Zeb

Kohat, PakistanKohat, Pakistan

DefinitionDefinition

• PollutionPollution is the introduction of is the introduction of contaminantscontaminants into an environment into an environment that causes instability, disorder, that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the harm or discomfort to the ecosystemecosystem i.e. physical systems or living i.e. physical systems or living organisms organisms

Forms of pollution Forms of pollution

• The major forms of pollution are listed below along The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them:them:

• Air pollutionAir pollution• Water pollutionWater pollution• Land pollutionLand pollution• Noise pollution Noise pollution • Light pollutionLight pollution• Radioactive contamination Radioactive contamination • Visual pollution Visual pollution • Thermal pollutionThermal pollution

Air PollutionAir Pollution

• Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous Air pollution is the accumulation of hazardous substances into the atmosphere that danger human substances into the atmosphere that danger human life and other living matter.life and other living matter.

• sources of air pollutionsources of air pollution• Automobile emissions Automobile emissions • Tobacco smoke Tobacco smoke • Combustion of coal Combustion of coal • Acid rain Acid rain • Noise pollution from cars and construction Noise pollution from cars and construction • Power plants Power plants • Manufacturing buildings Manufacturing buildings • Aerosol sprays Aerosol sprays • Wildfires Wildfires • Nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons

Water PollutionWater Pollution• Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, biological and

physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality physical matter into large bodies of water that degrade the quality of life that lives in it and consumes it.of life that lives in it and consumes it.

• The sources of water pollution.The sources of water pollution.• Some of the main contributors to water pollution are:Some of the main contributors to water pollution are:• Factories Factories • Refineries Refineries • Waste treatment facilities Waste treatment facilities • Mining Mining • Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers • Human sewage Human sewage • Oil spills Oil spills • Soap from washing your car Soap from washing your car • Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars • Household chemicals Household chemicals • Animal waste Animal waste

Land PollutionLand Pollution

• Land pollution is pollution of the Earth’s natural land surface by Land pollution is pollution of the Earth’s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities.industrial, commercial, domestic and agricultural activities.

• The sources of land pollution?The sources of land pollution?• Some of the main contributors to land pollution are:Some of the main contributors to land pollution are:• Chemical and nuclear plants Chemical and nuclear plants • Industrial factories Industrial factories • Oil refineries Oil refineries • Human sewage Human sewage • Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars Oil and antifreeze leaking from cars • Mining Mining • Littering Littering • Overcrowded landfills Overcrowded landfills • Deforestation Deforestation • Construction Construction

Pollutants Pollutants

• A pollutant is a waste material that A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence which may be:and the persistence which may be:– Foreign substancesForeign substances– Naturally occurring when exceed natural Naturally occurring when exceed natural

level.level.

Effects of pollutionEffects of pollution

• Human healthHuman health

• EnvironmentEnvironment

• Environment health information.Environment health information.

Regulation and monitoring Regulation and monitoring

• To protect the environment from the To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution adverse effects of pollution

Pollution control devicesPollution control devices

• Dust collection systemsDust collection systems

• ScrubbersScrubbers

• Sewage treatmentSewage treatment

• Vapor recovery systemsVapor recovery systems

Pollution in PakistanPollution in Pakistan• Pollution on our earth effects several essential aspects like air, water, food and Pollution on our earth effects several essential aspects like air, water, food and

all living beings etc. Air pollution levels in Pakistan's high populated cities are all living beings etc. Air pollution levels in Pakistan's high populated cities are among the highest in the world. And the levels are on the rise, raising health among the highest in the world. And the levels are on the rise, raising health concerns, says a Pakistan government report.concerns, says a Pakistan government report.

The levels of ambient particulates, smoke particulates and dust, which cause The levels of ambient particulates, smoke particulates and dust, which cause respiratory disease, are twice the world's average and more than five times as respiratory disease, are twice the world's average and more than five times as high as that in industrialized and Latin American countries, says the Economic high as that in industrialized and Latin American countries, says the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2005-2006 released in June.Survey of Pakistan 2005-2006 released in June.

The survey found that pollution in Pakistan's cities had either crossed safe The survey found that pollution in Pakistan's cities had either crossed safe limits or reached the threshold value, with the presence of suspended limits or reached the threshold value, with the presence of suspended particulate matter in the ambient air being very high. The report says the major particulate matter in the ambient air being very high. The report says the major source of spm in the country are vehicles industry, burning of solid waste, brick source of spm in the country are vehicles industry, burning of solid waste, brick kilns and natural dust.kilns and natural dust.

Pollution due to Nox emission. According to this pie chart Nox refers to a group Pollution due to Nox emission. According to this pie chart Nox refers to a group of toxic gases that are also called nitrogen oxides. In Pakistan Emissions of Nox of toxic gases that are also called nitrogen oxides. In Pakistan Emissions of Nox by the vehicles are on peak which is of 55%, whereas pollution due to emission by the vehicles are on peak which is of 55%, whereas pollution due to emission through industrial, commercial and residential sources are 22%, as well as through industrial, commercial and residential sources are 22%, as well as emission due to utilities are also the same 22% and at last emission through all emission due to utilities are also the same 22% and at last emission through all other sources are just 1% less then all others.other sources are just 1% less then all others.

• Pollution due to Nox emission. According to this pie chart Pollution due to Nox emission. According to this pie chart Nox refers to a group of toxic gases that are also called Nox refers to a group of toxic gases that are also called nitrogen oxides. In Pakistan Emissions of Nox by the nitrogen oxides. In Pakistan Emissions of Nox by the vehicles are on peak which is of 55%, whereas pollution due vehicles are on peak which is of 55%, whereas pollution due to emission through industrial, commercial and residential to emission through industrial, commercial and residential sources are 22%, as well as emission due to utilities are sources are 22%, as well as emission due to utilities are also the same 22% and at last emission through all other also the same 22% and at last emission through all other sources are just 1% less then all others.sources are just 1% less then all others.

This chart shows NO2 pollution in different cities of This chart shows NO2 pollution in different cities of Pakistan. In Karachi the mean rate of NO2 pollution is 375 Pakistan. In Karachi the mean rate of NO2 pollution is 375 micrograms per cubic meter of air its the greater among micrograms per cubic meter of air its the greater among other cities almost hits the peak then in Lahore the number other cities almost hits the peak then in Lahore the number of mean rate slightly decrease its mean rate is 275 Ug/m3 of mean rate slightly decrease its mean rate is 275 Ug/m3 how ever the maximum and minimum rate of pollution in how ever the maximum and minimum rate of pollution in both cities are same 50 Ug/m3 in Karachi and 12Ug/m3 in both cities are same 50 Ug/m3 in Karachi and 12Ug/m3 in Lahore. Whereas, the mean rate of pollution in Quetta and Lahore. Whereas, the mean rate of pollution in Quetta and Peshawar gradually decreases and the rate of emission of Peshawar gradually decreases and the rate of emission of both the cities are same 120 Ug/m3 max rate is 60 whereas both the cities are same 120 Ug/m3 max rate is 60 whereas in Peshawar is 50 Ug/m3 however the minimum rate of in Peshawar is 50 Ug/m3 however the minimum rate of pollution of both the cities are same 10 Ug/m3. The mean pollution of both the cities are same 10 Ug/m3. The mean rate of pollution in Islamabad which is only 80 Ug/m3 rate of pollution in Islamabad which is only 80 Ug/m3 whereas maximum and minimum rate of pollution are 10 whereas maximum and minimum rate of pollution are 10 and 5 Ug/m3 and 5 Ug/m3

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• In 1992 Pakistan's In 1992 Pakistan's National Conservation National Conservation Strategy ReportStrategy Report attempted to redress the attempted to redress the previous inattention to the nation's previous inattention to the nation's mounting environmental problem. Drawing mounting environmental problem. Drawing on the expertise of more than 3,000 on the expertise of more than 3,000 people from a wide array of political people from a wide array of political affiliations, the government produced a affiliations, the government produced a document outlining the current state of document outlining the current state of environmental health, its sustainable environmental health, its sustainable goals, and viable program options for the goals, and viable program options for the future (see National Conservation Goals , future (see National Conservation Goals , this ch.). this ch.).

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• As industry has expanded, factories have As industry has expanded, factories have emitted more and more toxic effluents into emitted more and more toxic effluents into the air and water. The number of textile the air and water. The number of textile and food processing mills in rural Punjab and food processing mills in rural Punjab has grown greatly since the mid-1970s, has grown greatly since the mid-1970s, resulting in pollution of its rivers and resulting in pollution of its rivers and irrigation canals. Groundwater quality irrigation canals. Groundwater quality throughout the country has also suffered throughout the country has also suffered from rapidly increasing use of pesticides from rapidly increasing use of pesticides and fertilizers aimed at promoting more and fertilizers aimed at promoting more intensive cropping and facilitating self-intensive cropping and facilitating self-sufficiency in food production sufficiency in food production

COTIN…..COTIN…..

• Air pollution has also become a major Air pollution has also become a major problem in most cities. There are no controls problem in most cities. There are no controls on vehicular emissions, which account for 90 on vehicular emissions, which account for 90 percent of pollutants. The percent of pollutants. The National National Conservation Strategy ReportConservation Strategy Report claims that the claims that the average Pakistani vehicle emits twenty-five average Pakistani vehicle emits twenty-five times as much carbon monoxide, twenty times as much carbon monoxide, twenty times as many hydrocarbons, and more than times as many hydrocarbons, and more than three and one-half times as much nitrous three and one-half times as much nitrous oxide in grams per kilometer as the average oxide in grams per kilometer as the average vehicle in the United States. vehicle in the United States.

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• Another major source of pollution, not Another major source of pollution, not mentioned in the mentioned in the National Conservation National Conservation Strategy ReportStrategy Report, is noise. The hyper , is noise. The hyper urbanization experienced by Pakistan since urbanization experienced by Pakistan since the 1960s has resulted in loose controls for the 1960s has resulted in loose controls for heavy equipment operation in densely heavy equipment operation in densely populated areas, as well as in crowded populated areas, as well as in crowded streets filled with buses, trucks, automobiles, streets filled with buses, trucks, automobiles, and motorcycles, which often honk at each and motorcycles, which often honk at each other and at the horse-drawn tongas (used other and at the horse-drawn tongas (used for transporting people) and the horse-drawn for transporting people) and the horse-drawn rehrasrehras (used for transporting goods (used for transporting goods