Pollution

P O L L U T I O N

CRESAR 2016 / CASA LUISA, GENERAL SANTOS CITY

BY: ENGR. WALDEMAR G. SOGUILON, REB / REA / ENP

PollutionPollution -refers to the changes in the physical,

biological and chemical conditions on the environment which harmfully affects the quality of life of plants and animals.

Sources of Pollution

1. Point Source Pollution-comes directly from one's specific location.

-sewage pipes emptying polluted water into the river and farmland.

Sources of Pollution

2. Non- point Source Pollution -that comes from large areas

Example: water from the rain can wash off oil, gasoline and other dirt from highways and other areas into the wells that supply drinking water, and into lakes and rivers.

Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes

Biodegradable - wastes which are decomposed by organisms.

Non-biodegradable - wastes which cannot be decomposed by

microorganisms

Types of Pollution

1. Water Pollution2. Air Pollution3. Land/Soil Pollution4. Noise Pollution

Water Pollution

- the occurrence of impurities in the water system so that its cleansing processes cannot properly function - reduces the quantity and quality of water available for drinking and other necessities of human beings.

70% of world's surface is covered with water, but less than 3% of the total volume of water is freshwater.

Water Pollution “Many of the wars of this century were about oil, but wars of the next century will be over water”

“Water is going to be the hottest issue facing the world community in the 21st century. “

–Waly N. Dow and Ismail Gerageldin, Vice President of World Bank

Water Pollutants

a) Industriesb) Farm Pesticidesc) Sewage/Home D) Marine Litters

Industrial Pollutants

a) Organic Pollutants - organic wastes like refuse from slaughter houses, fish and meat canning factories, leather tanning companies, manufacturing plants, pesticides and crude oil companies.

Industrial Pollutants b) Pollutants Inorganic wastes which include toxic and corrosive substances like acids and heavy , mercury, cadmium and lead, which can impair normal body processes.

Battery manufacturing - empties lead into the river

Industrial Pollutants Mining, pulp & paper mills and electrical equipment have increased concentration of mercury

Paint industries produce highly toxic substance called Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB), with no known way o9f removing same from the water.

Ship and shipyard create oil spills

Farm Pesticides

•Poison aquatic plants and animals•Animal manure, chemical fertilizer, phosphate detergent pollute water by supplying excess nutrient•“ nutrient enrichment or europhication”

Europhication

• nutrient enrichment greatly increases growth of algae.• the algae decomposes and use large amounts of oxygen• the drop of oxygen level in water, thus, many organisms die

Sewage/Home

•garbage and sewers are usually dumped into the rivers, thus, they are polluted•Waste disposal sites are necessary, for society to function smoothly•But, no one wants to live near a waste disposal site.

Waste Disposal Sites

• Sanitary Landfill • Incinerator - burn urban waste• Waste Disposal operation for chemical materials

Sewage System

• carries wastes from home and pollutes the water• human wastes can flow into drinking water supplies and result to some form of diseases like dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever, poliomylitis, hepatitis, etc.

Sewage System

"Mankind must outgrow its ancient illusion that atmosphere and hydrosphere represent waste receptacle of infinite capacity." - La Mont C. Cole

Reasons why rivers should not be used as Sewers

1. Excrement carries a number of hazardous microorganism and the water gets polluted with human feces. 2. much wildlife lives near the rivers and produces more organisms resulting to more decomposers and reducing the amount of oxygen. 3. Some aquatic animals like claws and oysters absorb some concentrate poisonous materials within their bodies 4. water has no attraction for recreational activities.

MARINE LITTERS - is the collective term for any waste material present in the marine environment - a global problem

Main Sources of Litter in the Marine Environment

1. Recreational and tourism-related litter2. Fishing debris3. Sewage-related debris4. Shipping wastes

Plastic in Sea Water

•Hazardous to wildlife and people• Thrown overboard from boats, discharged from sewage, carried down to rivers and seas• Degrades very slowly and takes several decades to break down

Biggest threats to wildlife and people

•Medical waste •Tin cans•Glass bottles•Plastics

Effects of Plastics on Marine Life

• Mistaken to be food by marine animals, if ingested, can cause starvation poisoning

• Aquatic animals may be entangled with lost net, strapping bands, drink cans, ropes, and cause wounds in their flesh, strangulation and drowning.

Oil Pollution in the Aquatic Environment

• Main Source :a. Oil spills from shipsb. Routine operations

- Leaks at installations tanker terminal and coastal refineries - Operational discharges from tankers and other vessels at sea - Routine cleaning or deliberate release of oil into the sea

Oil Pollution in the Aquatic Environment

• Toxic Effect- Kills all aquatic life like plankton, fish, larvae,

birds and others

Coral Reefs

• Are the marine equivalent of rainforest, one of the essential life-support necessary for human survival, home of huge number of plants and animals.• “ the greatest diversity of flora and fauna in the world is in Southeast Asia, in the waters stretching from the Philippines south to the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.”

- Dr. Helen T. Yap, Marine Institute, UP

Philippines has:

•27,000 square kilometres of coral reef within a 15m to 30m depth - one of the largest reef areas in the world•abort 55 % of the fish consumed by Filipinos depend on Coral reefs•about 10% to 15% of the total marine fisheries production come from the coral reefs.

COASTAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILLIPPINES

• Cyanide Fishing- An estimated 330,000 pounds per year of cyanide sprayed on Phil. Coral reefs alone

• Muro-ami method of fishing- Fishes are flushed out of hiding and herded into the nets, thus shattering fish habitats.

Effects of Oil in Coral Reefs

Coral Reef- a wave-resistant underwater ridge moved around built of fragments of coral, coral sands and solid limestone at or slightly below sea level

• Very rich, but have been destroyed or degraded because of human activities that led to death of 5-10% of the World’s reef.• One of the most damaging forms of pollution is sediment runoff, which kills some of the corals.• Sediments often comes from deforestation and development near the coast.

Pollution in Philippine Rivers

Loss of Aquatic Species Phils has: 421 rivers 59 inland lakes -for irrigation and fish cultures


National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) – in 1993 declared that 35 major rivers are dying due to heavy metal pollution from mining areas. 25 mining firms emit 100,000 tons of mine tailings everyday into the rivers.• PHILIPPINES has the longest coastline in the world


•Its coastal area covers 60% of the country’s 73 provinces, 1,152 municipalities•The archipelago has 24 major fishing bays and gulfs•Inland waters:

◦421 rivers◦70 natural lakes◦more than 106,328 has o f freshwater swamps◦30,000 has of dams and reservoirs


• Rising coastal population of 40 million is straining marine resources• Pasig river is a waste sink to more than 150 factories that discharge 11 million gallons of industrial waste water every year.

AIR POLLUTIONIt is the contamination of the atmosphere by

gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes or by-products that can endanger human health and the health and welfare of plants and animals.

Two 2) Major Sources of Air Pollution

1. Natural air pollution – include soil particles, dust and golden grain particles

2. Artificially created air pollutiona. Transportation – the carbon monoxide from automobiles,

cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, etc.b. Electric power plant- such as sulphur oxide and nitrogen

oxide

Two 2) Major Sources of Air Pollution

c) Industrial process- hydrocarbons, ammonia, sulphur oxide, and organic acids, plants that release aluminium and fluoride dust to the atmosphere.

d) Solid wastes disposal-burning of garbage, trees, leaves, and other solid wastes.

e) Miscellaneous – chemical sprays, forest fires, and structural fires, burning of grasses.

TYPES OF AIR POLLUTION

Particulate – smoke, dust, certain forms of haze, particles of soot from coal, cement.

Gaseous – complex and usually invisible foul smell like sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, methane

gas and other gases, which when combined with water, form corrosive acids. Photochemical and radioactive – combination of gaseous

and particulate air pollution.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

1. Effects on natural ecosystem ◦This can be directly by air pollution or indirectly by acid rain

2. Effects on Agricultural ecosystem ◦Many of the toxic effects of air pollution and acid precipitation on forest and natural vegetation occur on agricultural crops.

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

3. Effects on human health ◦ The effects of air pollution in human health can be of two broad

categories: - Acute or Short Term illness or death- Chronic or Long Term, Lung Disease

4. Effect on Man-Made Materials◦ It can damage buildings. The physical damage caused by air pollution is

diffused and extensive◦ It includes the deterioration of paint, metals, stonework, plastic, rubber,

fabric, and all other physical materials.

LAND / SOIL POLLUTION

Solid Wastes – one of the most visible forms of pollution. Includes junk materials, cans, packaging materials, scraps of metals, papers.

- Also called refuse or garbage- One of the most serious problems facing heavy populated urban areas in the Philippines

Types of Garbage

Biodegradable – objects that can be decomposed or acted upon by microorganisms. These include food wastes, left over vegetables, peelings, fish or food extrails, seeds, soft shells, garden litter, animal manure and human wastes.

Types of Garbage

Non-biodegradable – objects that cannot be acted by microorganisms to decompose. These include materials like metals, cans, glass, plastics,

bottles, styrofoam feathers, leather, hard shell, bones.

Garbage Elsewhere in the Phils:

-in Metro Manila, about 6,000 to 8,000 metric tons every day.

Different Methods of Disposal of Waste Materials

1. Landfill 2. Incinerators 3. Ocean Dumping


Landfill – is a pit or hole where solid waste is safely disposed of using soil to cover the waste

material. A layer of soil is regularly placed on top of the composted waste. When the depth has reached its peak the pit is covered with a thick layer of soil.


Sanitary Landfill – is designed to contain refuse without creating a nuisance or hazard to public health and safety. This is to concentrate and the waste materials to the smallest practical volume and cover it with a layer of compacted soil at the end of each day of operation or if necessary.

DENR has urged LGUs to consider 352 sanitary landfills.

Types of Landfill

1. Trench LandfillThese are areas with low water table and soil deep enough for excavations. Garbage is piled into the trench in layers, compacted, covered with soil and compacted again by a bulldozer before the is spread.

Types of Landfill

2. Area Landfill –areas where land depressions already exist. The garbage is placed on top of the

ground, compacted, covered with soil and compacted again.

Qualities of the Soil to Cover the Landfill

1. Good compaction characteristics 2. Low Permeability 3. Resistant to wind erosion 4. Resistant to cracking when wet or dry 5. Able to support land growth

Some Problems in Disposing Waste in

Landfill: 1. Air emission 2. Water pollution 3. Loss of land 4. Propagation of diseases 5. Breeding ground for pests carrying and transmitting diseases

Items Unacceptable for Disposal at Landfill

1. Explosives 2. Hazardous wastes 3. Biological and Pathological wastes 4. Sewage sludge 5. Animal remains

Items Unacceptable for Disposal at Landfill

6. Syringes, needles 7. Liquid wastes 8. Oil containers 9. Telephone poles and rail road ties 10. Drums, barrels 11. Radioactive substance

INCINERATORS – considered as one of the solutions to the country’s garbage problem

Incineration – is the process of burning waste products. ◦No better than landfill; make things even worse; only transform solid waste into gaseous waste; gives off foul exhalations into the atmosphere.

◦Reduce volume of mass of solid waste to 50% but it produces toxic hazardous gases.

◦Cause the emission of more than 200 toxins, including furans and dioxins

Furans and Dioxins – the deadliest compounds known to man - 200 times more toxic than DDT- Are known to cause cancer, birth defects and other reproductive and nervous disorders.

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)-Substances which are chemically carbon-bases that are not easily broken down by chemical, biological

or physical factors. - Remain in the atmosphere for years and increase in concentration to threaten both human health and the environment.

Kinds of Persistent Organic Pollutant

(UN Environment Program has named and identified 12 out of 200 POPs which are dangerous

a. By-products in the burning of wastes and in the production of some chemicals

1. Dioxins2. Furans


b. Used as pesticides in agriculture 3.DDT 7. Endrin 4. Aldrin 8. Mirex 5. Dieldrin 9. Heptachlor 6. Chlordane 10. Toxaphene


c. For industrial purposes11. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)12. Polychlororinated biphenyls (PCBs)

OCEAN DUMPING

- Is the oldest method of waste disposal - Biodegradable, plastics, cans, and other wastes are thrown - Ugly and causes a lot of sickness, hence, being discouraged - Every year about 2,500 metric tons of packaging, including

half a million cans, bottles, and plastic containers are dumped in the sea.

OCEAN DUMPING

- Threatening more human lives as well as affecting aquatic organisms of the environment - Reduces the amount of fresh water that is available for drinking and activities like fishing, swimming.

NOISE POLLUTION

Noise - random or unwanted sound- Caused by any kind of sound, tones or harmonic sound - It is unwanted if it is annoying or distracting or if

it is damaging to the hearing mechanism of an individual

NOISE POLLUTION

- concentrated where population is concentrated - Does not alter the environment physically or chemically

like water and air pollution - Considered a pollutant when it is present in great intensity to cause psychological stress or physiological

damage to people in the environment.

Effects of Noise Pollution

1. Noise may affect man adversely if the noise level is high and prolonged.

2. Noise may cause permanent loss of hearing. 3. It may cause physiological damage or psychological and emotional

stress. 4. Noise may result to general irritability. It may interfere with sleep

and may affect workers to work efficiently. 5. It may affect the communication properly.

Intensity or Decibels

- The terms of measurement of noise- A unit used in comparing sound, power, and other related acoustical and electrical quantities

10 Decibels – barely audible to the ear of a normal human being 40 Decibels – the level of sound pressure in a quiet room 70 Decibels – considered as noise; transmit 1,000 times as much

as sounds as 40 decibels

Some Noise Levels and their Decibel Values

Noise Levels DecibelsThreshold level (hearing) 1Normal Breathing 10Whispering 20Office 30Quiet Homes 40Quiet Restaurants 50Conversation 60Vehicles 70Blender Machines 80Heavy blender equipment 100Airplanes, jets 120

Major Sources of Noise Pollution

1. Household 2.Transportation 3. Industrial/Factories 4. Military Warfare equipment

Methods to Control Noise Pollution

1. To avoid the ill effects of noise pollution, block reception

unwanted sound by wearing earplug. 2. At busy airports, the members of ground crew should

ear muffs to protect them from noise of jets and airplanes. 3. Sound absorbing or sound proof materials surrounding

the noise producing source may be used.

The pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious

because things that benefit human beings cause much pollution

a) The exhaust from cars causes a large percentage of all air pollution, but cars provided transportation for millions of people. b) Factories release much of the materials that pollute the water and air, but factories provide and produce goods for the people. c) Pesticides and fertilizer can ruin soil, but fertilizers and pesticides are important for crops to grow.

Pollution

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