The state of nature characterized by the absence of any law. In the state of nature everyone has executive power. Locke provides many passages to support the conclusion that the state of nature will frequently be indistinguishable from the state of war. The source of law for society would be found in the strongest desire of men. The law has peace and preservation as its end. It will be obeyed because of the universal desire for preservation of civil society.

Locke wrote, that the labor is the origin and justification of property and that contract or consent is the ground of government. Behind this doctrine lies the idea of the independence of the individual person. Men are born free and equal in rights. Whatsoever a man, mixes his labor with, is his own. The civil society originates when men agree to delegate function of administrate to certain officers. Thus government is instituted by a “social contract”; its powers are limited and they involve reciprocal obligations. Locke’s theory is rendering of the facts of constitutional government in terms of thought and it served as justification of the Revolution settlement in accordance with the ideas of the time.

Rousseau

Citizen of Geneve, Rousseau reacted against the corruption of social order and institutions of his time. Error and prejudice in the name of philosophy had stifled reason and nature and had corrupted morals. The Social Contract was his most influential work. Its decisive thesis was that all men are both free and equal. Regards the state that is a manifestation of contract, individuals’ surrender non of their natural rights, but rather agree for the protection of them. Most remarkable in Rousseau’s projected republic was the provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. Social contract became the textbook of French Revolution.

Rousseau disliked Enlightenment. The main basis of his attack on the Enlightenment is Rousseau’s belief that progress of the arts and sciences was not the condition of progress of civil society. The arts and the sciences require an atmosphere of luxury and leisure in order to flourish. They themselves emerge, in general, from vices of soul. The society dominated by the arts and sciences is one full of inequality. Society is transformed to support the arts and the sciences and their products and this very transformation creates a life full of vain self-regard and injustice.

Rousseau put old philosophical question - what is justice? Which society is just? In times and society, thinks Rousseau, justice consists in maintaining the privileges of those in positions of power. All known states are full of inequalities of birth, wealth and honor. These inequalities can be justified in terms of the preservation of the regime, but that does not make them more tolerable for those who do not enjoy them.

Civil society is not something natural. One can go to a time prior to the civil society to find man as he is naturally. This investigation is necessary to determine the origins of the state. Such approach provides the possibility to see, that civil society is conventional.

Since man is not primarily political and social, he must be divested of all qualities that are connected with life in a community if we are to understand him as he is by nature. The first is the reason. Reason depends upon speech and speech implies social life. The movement from the natural state to the civil state provides a very great change in man. Formerly he was a beast, now he has become a moral being. In the state of nature man acted only from instinct, now he must consider his action in relation to principle so that the chose and freedom take on a moral sense. If man continues to act according to the level of animals. From this point Rousseau goes to the idea of common will that provide necessary basis for contract social. The common will in other words explained as “sovereign” and indicates to the source of all legitimacy that is in the people as of bearer of free will.

Government receives its instructions from the general will and uses its authority to determine the acts of the citizens according to the sense of the sovereign. There exists something intermediary between sovereign and individual citizen. The form of government determined the form of society and with the change of government a new society would be constituted. The government is a necessary evil because men need direction in the exercise of their free will.

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socialur mecnierebaTa seria

politikuri

Teoria

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis

mamuka biWaSvili

Tbilisi

2006

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge

internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge

wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa

centris” (Center for Social Sciences) mier, fondis OSI – Zug, budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT

The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 4 - X

truth about surviving as a monarch, rather than recommending lofty moral ideas. He describes those virtues, which we think a prince should possess. He concludes that some virtues will lead to a prince’s destruction, whereas some “vices” allow him to survive. Indeed the virtues we commonly prize in people might lead to his downfall. For Machiavelli it is the best for prince to have a reputation for being stingy. He argues also, that it is better for a prince to be severe punish people rather then merciful.

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes “Leviathan” first appeared in England in 1651. Hobbes wrote the work in France, where he had been in exile since 1640. After its first publication, “leviathan” was recognized to be the masterpiece of British political thinking. Hobbes civil philosophy was presented as growing out of his natural philosophy. The theory itself was constructing in a deductive and scientific form like philosophical systems of Decartes and Spinoza. At the same time Hobbes remind humanist that is not surprising, because in his century the status of natural science was bound up with moral philosophy.

One of the most important notions of Hobbes theory is the notion of Free will. Hobbes wrote a great deal on this issue. Hobbes denied the classical understanding of the phenomenon of free will. For him the traditional notion of free will is absurd, because all intentions and actions must be caused by previous material processes. It does not mean, that Hobbes thought as if we should not deliberate purposively about our actions. He argued that when it is determined, that one thing will be chosen before another by human being, it is determined also for what cause it should be chosen.

Hobbes moral philosophy presupposed the ability to perform complicated thinking about what kind of person we want to be and how we should live. We merely have to understand that this subjective sense of freedom to choose how to live is no more based on real freedom, and then our subjective sense of color is based on real color. Maintaining this, Hobbes has developed old philosophical tradition coming from Tacitus. Under this tradition human agents were open to causal manipulation of more or less reliable kind.

Next very interesting position developed by Hobbes is his realistic ethics. He defined “Good” as whatsoever are the object of any means appetite or desire and the object of his hate or adversity as “Evil”. Moral language, like color language, constantly tempted its users to attribute to the external world a set of imaginary attributes and as a consequence to dispute with one another about the world.

Hobbes discussed about practical effects of his theory. He himself believed that the correct understanding and application of his philosophy would transform human life. The first step toward this direction was recognition of the true nature of conflict of believes, interests and passions of people. The only common fundamental desire for human beings, from this point of view is to preserve oneself from death. All other passions and desires involve some belief about one’s position in the world and the threats which one might be facing.

John Locke

In his main political work, “Two Treatise on Government” Locke has two main purposes in view: to refute the doctrine of divine and absolute right of Monarch, as it had been put forward by Sir Robert Filmer’s “Patriarchia” and to establish a theory which would reconcile the liberty of citizen with political order. The criticism of Filmer in the first Treatise is complete. His theory of absolute sovereignty of Adam has lost all interest. Locke’s argument has been very effective, but his exhaustive replay to absurd thesis of Filmer becomes itself wearisome. Second Treatise starts from common sense position. Here is given two fundamental claim of liberalism, that all men are equal and free. If God could be shown to have given any man, or any order of men superiority over other men, then these inferences could not be drawn. This conclusion is main result of First Treatise in Locke’s work on government.

What is discussed in Second Treatise is Hobbsean notion of natural condition. The first impression of Locke’s state of nature seems very unlike Hobbes’ state of nature. But in fact it can be easy discovered similarities. For Locke the state of nature is simply the condition in which the executive power of the law of nature remains exclusively in the hands of individuals and has not been made communal. It was the original condition of all humanity.

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Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas was born in 1227 in Neapolitan territory. He was from old highborn

south Italian family. His political thoughts are based upon his theological and ontological considerations, where St. Thomas was the follower of Aristotle. Aquinas did more than anyone else to establish Aristotle as the leading philosophical authority in the Christian West. St. Thomas’ political philosophy is best understood as a modification of Aristotle’s political philosophy the light of Christian revelation. In his main writings, the “Summa Theologiae”, he does not ask whether besides the philosophic disciplines another science, for example, sacred doctrine is necessary.

Aquinas established the rules under which Christian world was ruled by two distinct powers and two distinct codes of law: ecclesiastical and the civil. As the result, such specific issues as the origin of divine and human laws, the relation between the two, and the communication of divine laws through the medium of prophecy or revelation. These problems are discussed by St. Aquinas in terms of Plato but not Aristotle.

The civic society is natural to Aquinas. But it is not given by nature. It is something to which is inclined by nature and which is necessary for the perfection of his rational nature. Human being is nature’s remarkable product. But he is brought into the world more helpless than any animal. Instead nature has furnished him with reason, which he is eventually able to provide himself and meet his needs as they arise.

The first society to which man belongs and without which he could not live is the family. Specific purpose of family is to produce the necessities of life and thus guarantee the preservation of both the individual and the species. But family cannot supply all the material goods that man needs for his sustenance and his protection. The truly self-sufficient human association capable of securing the conditions of virtue and satisfying all man’s earthly needs is the city. The city is the most perfect work of practical reason. Only within the framework of civil society can man attain the fullness of life, so that the men is far from human perfection like a beast (such as man leads a solitary life away from company of his fellow men) or men has already exceeded that perfection and achieved a state of godlike self-sufficiency.

The common good and the end of political authority are in the first instance peace or the harmony of different parts that combine to make up the city. Peace exists when each part adjusted to the whole.

One of the remarkable parts of St. Thomas’ doctrine is his history of natural law that presents specific synthesis between biblical faith and Aristotelian philosophy. The law of nature appeared as a natural law cannot be reduced exclusively to the will of God. But as a law, however, it also contains an explicit reference to God’s will. These and all like them considerations of St. Thomas finds its metaphysical expression in doctrine of distinction between essence and existence in all beings outside of God. Although, that distinction is to be regarded as distinction of reason and not in any way a real distinction.

Nicollo Machiavelli

Machiavelli was born in Florence, when Italy was divided between four dominant city-stases and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign governments. Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. After the break of his political career, Machiavelli became well known political writer.

Classical political philosophy clarifies or elaborates the conflicting claims to rule that are raised whenever men associate together; it articulates the degree and sense of justice which each of such claims means to assert. By understanding and clarifying the unity and diversity in the claims which set men apart, it attempts to provide the answer to how men ought to live together and is thus a guide to justice and the common good. Detached from the interests that animate these claims, classical political philosophy is the deliverer of the community a non-divine benediction to mankind. Machiavelli continued this tradition in such way, at the same time had elaborated his own new approaches.

Our lecture concerning on Machiavelli’s political theory is based on his main political work -”The Prince”. Machiavelli opens “The Prince” describing the two principal types of governments: monarchies and republics. The most controversial aspects of Machiavelli’s analysis emerge in the middle chapters of the given book Here he proposes to describe the

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s a r C e v i

politikuri Teoriis kursi ........................................................................................................5

platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”.....................................................................................7

1.samarTlianobis problema........................................................................................................8

2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma .........8

3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema......................................................................................9

3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi.........................................................................9

3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo ...................................................................................10

3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura ..............................................................................................11

3.3 1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi......................................12 .

3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea........................13

4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia.............................13

5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci....................................................................14

6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.

saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi...........................................................................15

7. sxva sakiTxebi..............................................................................................................................16

aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria .....................................................................17

1. saxelmwifo da adamiani...........................................................................................................17

2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba......................................................................................19

3. moqalaqis cneba..........................................................................................................................20

4. saxelmwifoebis formebi .......................................................................................................22

ciceroni (106-43) ...............................................................................................................................25

1. saxelmwifos msaxureba ...........................................................................................................26

2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma ...........................................27

3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi ..................................................................................28

Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi

(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli) ..............................................................29

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) ......................................................................................................36

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia ..............................................................................36

2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis

SemoerTebis da maTi marTvis teqnologiebi ...............................................................38

3.samxedro saqme .............................................................................................................................39

4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi ..........................................................................................41

5.politikuri moralis cneba ...................................................................................................43

Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia ..................................................................................................45

kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea ..........................................................45

sxva sakiTxebi..................................................................................................................................47

Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani” .....................................................................................48

1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi ............................................49

2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba ..................................................................................................51

3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba ...............................................................................................51

3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi.................................................................................52

4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi.................................................................53

5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba .......................................................................................................55

6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi................................................................................................................55

3

jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ..................................................................57

1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba......................................58

2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi ..........................................................................59

3.sakuTreba.......................................................................................................................................60

4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ......................................................................62

5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa ...........................................................63

Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni” ............................................................65

1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi.........................................................................................65

2.saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi......................................................66

2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris .......................................................69

3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba .......................................................................................70

4. omis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................................72

5.geografiuli determiizmi .....................................................................................................73

Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria...................................................................74

1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba .......................................................74

2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................................................77

3.suverenis cneba ...........................................................................................................................78

4. saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................................79

emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi ...............................................82

omis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................83

kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.........................................................................................................84

morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi ...............................................86

adam fergiusonis (1723-1816)

“esse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb” ..................................................89

1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.....................................................................89

2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb ...................................90

2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba ...................................................................................92

3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb .....................................................................93

4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba....................................................................................95

5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb ...................................................................96

edmund berkis konservatizmi .................................................................................................98

franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi .............99

memkvidreobiToba .......................................................................................................................100

Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli .....................................................................101

Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da

adamianis Rirseba rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli ........................103

franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg .......................................105

“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi” ...............................................................................................107

franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi ...............................................................................107

COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY ...........................................................................109

4

Most important part of his work Augustine dedicates to the teaching concerning virtue. This teaching has its roots in both the philosophical and biblical tradition. A man here is interpreted as a social animal by nature. Human being has been endowed with speech, by means of which he is able to communicate and enter to various relationships with another men. By associating with his fellow men, human being is forming with them a political community that man attains his perfection. Augustine defines “commonwealth” as an assemblage of men associated by a common acknowledgement of right and by a community of interests. Later he explains a word “right” by a word “justice”.

The moral order of the society is rooted in a natural order established by speculative reason. This order in nature requires the universal and complete subordination of the lower to higher both within man and outside of him. The same hierarchy should be observed in society as a whole and is encountered when virtuous people obey wise rulers, whose minds are in turn subject to the divine law.

The Sacred Scripture distinguishes only two kinds of societies, to which all men of all times belong – the city of God and the earthly city. There is analogy between them and only by analogy these societies are called cities. The distinction between them corresponds to the distinction between virtue and vice. According to St. Augustine why a person would be a member of one or the other of these two cities is not depend on a race or nationality of that man, but on the end that he pursues and to which he ultimately subordinates all of his actions.

Alfarabi

Alfarabi recovered classical political tradition and made it intelligible within the new context provided by revealed religions. His writings concerned with the political regimes and the attainment of happiness through political life. In his works Alfarabi discussed the problem of relationship between classical political writings and Islam. He gains such well-known followers as Avicena and Averroes. His most important work in political philosophy was “The Virtuous City” and “The Political Regime”. The virtuous regime is such political order whose guiding principle is the realization of human excellence or virtue. A man needs to archive his perfection through the activity proceeding from rational understanding, deliberation and choosing among various alternatives suggested to him by reason. The ultimate perfection of man is identical with the supreme happiness available to him.

Alfarabi gave the following classification of regimes: (1) the regime whose citizens have had no occasion to acquire any knowledge at all about divine and natural beings. These are ignorant regimes. (2) The regime whose citizens possess the knowledge of those things but do tot act according to their requirements; these are dissolute or immoral regimes. (3) Regimes whose citizens have acquired certain opinions about these things but false or corrupt opinions that claim to be about divine and natural beings and about true happiness, while actually they are not. .Alfarabi calls them erring regimes.

The character of the citizens is formed with a view to attain one or more of lower ends. Alfarabi gives these ends as six and each of the general type can be subdivided according to the end that dominated in it. (1) The regime of necessity (or indispensable regime) in which the aim of the citizens is confined to the bare necessities of the life; (2) The vile regime (oligarchy) in which the ultimate aim of the citizens is wealth and prosperity of their own sakes. (3) The base regime. The purpose of whose citizens is the enjoyment of sensory or imaginary pleasure; (4) The regime of domination (tyranny), whose citizens aim at overpowering and subjecting others; (5) The regime of honor (democracy), whose citizens aim at being honored, praised and glorified by others; (6) The regime of corporate association (democracy), the main purpose of whose citizens is being free to do what they wish.

Concerning the best ruler, Alfarabi writes, that such ruler has to unify in himself qualities of wise ruler and prophet. This man, wrote Alfarabi, is true prince according to the ancients, he is the one whom it ought to be said that he receives revelation. For man receives revelation only when he attains this rank – when there is no longer intermediary between him and the Active Intellect. The rule of this man is the supreme rule; all other human rulers are inferior to it and are derived from it. Alfarabi’s approach to religion leads to a philosophical science of divine laws. By presenting divine laws, jurisprudence and theology as parts of political science, he points to the possibility of a neutral discussion of all religions or sects and of the features common to them all.

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life of virtue or excellence. The life of virtue is a goal of the city-state’s existence and the closer a city comes to achieving that goal, the better it is.

In “Politics” Aristotle gives an analytical framework for deeper understanding different forms of government. Differentiation depends on accordance to whether power is in the hands of one man, or more, or many. In each case, Aristotle distinguishes right and wrong forms. Among the right forms kingship is on the first place. It is the rule of one man for the common interest. Oppose to kinship, wrong form of ruling is tyranny. Tyranny as well as kingship is a rule of one man, but tyrant is ruling in his own interest.

Aristocracy is a rule of few. Aristocracy manifests itself in different sub-forms. One of them presupposes the rule of few under of authority of their ancestors. Genuine aristocrats owe their positions by their own virtue. Wrong form of aristocracy is oligarchy – the rule of wealthy. The last two forms of right and wrong ruling are polity and democracy. For Aristotle democracy is the rule of poor.

The practical focus of “Politics” is most apparent in its three books. In those books Aristotle concentrates much of his attention on democracy and oligarchy, describing their different varieties and the means by which they may be preserved.

Aristotle has an evident horror of what he sees as extreme democracy in which the popular assembly has the power to do whatever it likes, but he has an equal horror of lawless monarchy or lawless oligarchy.

Cicero

We took Cicero as a Roman author, who was much more closer to political practice, than any well-known ancient political thinker. He dedicated to political problems two works – “Republic” and “Laws”. The coincidence of these titles to titles of Plato’ main political dialogs, presupposes deep ties between Cicero and ancient Greek political writers.

Many commentators wrote, that Cicero did not offer anything new in political theory but only remove Plato/Aristotelian tradition toward the Roman affairs

Concerning Cicero in our lecture, we try to show the following: a) Cicero as a political writer, of course, was in great dependence on Greek tradition. Like Plato he wrote dialogs and the problems he discussed in his writings, have Greek origins. b) Besides of such close ties, Cicero arose questions with specific Roman nuances. On the traditional question – which political regime is best, he gave priority to state, which has mixed ruling forms (like Roman Republic) of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. c) Cicero’s judgment about social spirit of people seems to us very original. Coming from the concept of social spirit, he gained the following definition to “commonwealth” (that is to “state”): A commonwealth is the affair of people. But a people is not any collection of human beings brought together in any sort of way, but an assemblage of people, in large number associated in an agreement with respect to justice and a partnership for the common good. d) From the given point of view, Cicero gave characteristic to foundation of Rome not as an enforcement of one single genius person, but as an act of many persons and, that is more important, as an action, or better, process, that was continuing during years of history. Constitution of Rome was not produced by conscious planning of one person, but developed in a great length of time and by great variety of accidents. Its perfection represents the culmination of a natural process of slow and almost unconscious growth.

Middle Ages: St. Augustin

For St. Augustine philosophy serves the faith both in it and in its relation to nonbelievers. It may be used as a tool to gain a fuller understanding of the divinely inspired truth. Although the New Testament is primarily concerned with man’s eternal destiny, it has much to say about the condition of rulers and subjects and about manner in which men are called upon to live in the city.

St. Augustine’s most extensive work on political subject is “The City of God”. A big part of this work stands as a controversy with pagans and heretics. At the same time, his treatise serves as philosophical defense of the faith and at the same time as a theoretical defense of philosophy for which he provides a justification under the basis of Sacred Scripture.

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politikuri Teoriis kursi

leqciebis kursi Cafiqrebulia rogorc politikuri da sociologiuri

Teoria. SesaZloa kursis amgvari danawileba, kategorizacia mTlad zusti ar

iyos, radgan kursi mTlianobaSi moiazreba rogorc socialuri Teoria, margam

imdenad, ramdenadac masSi aqcentireba moxdeba politikuri da sociologiuri

Teoriis konkretul aspeqtebze, Cven vamjobineT SemoTavazebuli saxeli

SevinarCunoT. politikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sxvadasxva gziT.

vTqvaT, problemebis Tanmimdevruli gaSlis an Teoriebis tipologiaze

orientirebis gziT. Cven gadavwyviteT davemyaroT konkretul avtorebs da maTi

Teoriebis gadmocemas. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT movicavT rogorc istoriul

masalas, aseve SevZlebT vaCvenoT politikuri Teoriis zogadi buneba da misi

ganviTarebis magistraluri gezi. Tuki Cvens naSroms masalis gadmocemis amgvari

wesis gamo vinme uwodebda politikuri Teoriis istorias, Cven ar

gavaprotestebT saxelwodebas. yvelafers rac ki droSi arsebobs, Tavisi

istoria aqvs da sad SeiZleba sagnis buneba gamovlindes ufrocxadad, Tu ara

missave istoriaSi. Tumca, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv istoriuli mxare

masalis gadmocemisa, Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens.

ra tipis Teoriebze gveqneba saubari, rodesac ganvixilavT politikuri

Teoriis problemebs? Cven SevexebiT Teoriebs, romelTac zogierTi politikur

filosofias an ubralod politikur Teorias uwodebs. avtorebis es nawili

amgvar dayofisas aqcents akeTebs termin politikurze da naklebd interesdeba

misi gamoxatulebis filosofiuri Tu arafilosofiuri mxareebiT. Cvens

leqciebis kursSi gadmocemuli masala iTvaliswinebs amgvar midgomas, rac imaSi

aisaxeba, rom Cven mogviwevs SevexoT rogorc filosofiuri refleqsiiT

dafuZnebul, aseve deskripciuli safuZvelze SemuSavebul Teoriebs. miuxedavad

amisa, Cven vacnobierebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba politikur filosofiasa da

wminda politikur Teorias Soris da gvsurs SesavalSi swored am sakiTxs

davuTmoT ramdenime sityva.

politikuri Teoria yalibdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis

da maTi deskripciuli aRnusxvis safuZvelze. politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi

kiTxvaa “ratom?” — “ratom xorcieldeba esa da es?” mas ainteresebs rogor

vlindeba politikuri cxovrebis konkretul sferoebSi. politikuri Teoria

ikvlevs politikuri institutebis mowyobis principebs da maTi funqcionirebis

teqnologiebs.

politikuri Teoria ZiriTadad orientirebulia faqtebis samyaroze. faqti

hegelis kvalad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc raRac, rac mocemulia “axla”

da “aq”. amgvarad orientirebuli TeoriebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara

politikis “subieqtebs”, romlebis nebelobis mqone, RirebulebiTad orien-

tirebuli arsebebia, aramed ufro “agentebs”an “aqtiorebs”, maT “funqciebs”,

“scenarebs” an, bolos, “rolebs”.

gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom

politikuri Teoria, misi empiriuli orientaciis miuxedavad, mainc Teoriaa da is

ar unda avurioT politikur movlenebze zegavlenis, individebis masSi

CarTulobis an gnebavT, piriqiT, amorTulobis uzrunvelyofis konkretuli

teqnologiebis kvlevisagan. amgvari meqanizmebis analizi da ukve aprobirebuli

teqnologiebis aRwerebi sul ufro mravalferovan saxes iZens Tanamedrove

politikuri samyaros garTulebis kvalad. Tu politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi

saorientacio kiTxvaa “ratom?”, teqnologiebis mkvlevari an, iqneb, umjobesia

mas eqsperti vuwodoT, orientirebs kiTxviT “rogor?”

rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi klasikuri formiT, empiriuli

Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tana-

medrove modifikaciebSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa “ra?”

anu “ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavs politikuri xaisaTis

xdomilebebSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci?” amgvari kvleva aucileblobiT ar

unda warmovidginoT siRrmiseuli analizis pretenziis mqone Teoriad. igi

5

saubrobs ara faqtebze, aramed xdomilebebze, rogorc TanmimdevrobaTa

konstelaciebze. politikuri filosofia marTalia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis

samyaros kvlevas, magram is mainc orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis

RirebulebiT orientaciebis Seswavlaze. xdomilebebi aq gaigeba politikur

qcevaTa SesaZleblobebad da adamianis moqmedebis orientirebad gaiazreba.

politikis Teoriis da politikuri filosofiis gamijvniT, Cven sulac ar

vamzadebT niadags saimisod, rom SemdegSi arCevani gavakeToT maT Soris an

vTqvaT, rom politikuri Teoria misi empiriuli xasiaTis gamo nakleb-

mniSvnelovania da zedapiruli an piriqiT, rom politikis filosofias araviTari

kavSiri ara aqvs realobasTan daswored misi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamo

ocnebis, utopiis sferos miekuTvneba (saTanado Zalisxmevis gareSe, Znelad Tu

ipovnis vinme raime gamorCeulad filosofiurs Tomas moris “utopiaSi”). Cven

midgomebs Soris gansxvaveba davafiqsireT da SemdgomSi gadmocemT rogorc im

avtorebs, vinc politikuri Teorias ayalibebda, aseve im avtorebsac, vinc

amjobinebda filosofiur midgomas.

gansxvaveba politikur Teoriasa da politikur filosofias Soris ar aris

gansxvaveba sagnis mixedviT. rogorc erTis, aseve meoris sagani erTi garkveuli

movlenebis, politikuri movlenebis rigia. maTi Seswavlis obieqti erTia —

politikuri. amitom, Tuki Cven mainc vlaparakobT maT Soris gamsxvavebaze, es

imitom, rom ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Seswavlis obieqtisadmi TiToeulis

midgomis specifikaSi, maT meTodilogiur principebSi mdgomareobs, rogorc es,

imedi gvaqvs, zemoT moyvanili daxasiaTebidanac kargad Cans. amgvari

gansxvavebuli midgomis nimuSebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT erTi mxriv, hana

arendis normatiuli midgoma Zalauflebis sakiTxisadmi, vTqvaT, naSromSi

“Human Condition” da meore mxriv, igive sakiTxis empiriul bazisze warmoebuli

analizi maqs veberisa. amrigad, erTi da igive obieqti politikurisa,

gansxvaveuli midgomebiT Seiswavleba da swored amaSi unda veZeboT diferenci

politikur filosofiasa da politikur Teorias Soris.

radganac orive Teorias erTi da igive Seswavlis obieqti aqvs, gvmarTebs es

sferoc SemovsazRvroT. modiT vikiTxoT, ra aris politikuri, ra saxis

xdomilebebze, movlenebze vsaubrobT, rodesac vsaubrobT politikurze?

ra Tqma unda, aqac SeiZleba gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebze, gansxvavebul

definiciebze SevCerdeT. magaliTad, Tu aviRebdiT politikuris aristotelur

daxasiaTebas, romelic aqcentirebas polisis fenomenze, berZnul qalaq-saxel-

mwifosa da misi kanonebiT cxovrebaze axdens. an, Tu, vTqvaT, amisgan gansxvavebiT,

SevCerdebiT politikuris im gagebaze, romelic aqvs karl Smits, romelic

politikurs megobroba-mtrobis konteqstSi iazrebs. davakvirdeT maTi kvlevis

areals da iolad aRmovaCenT, rom maT (iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebis) Tval-

sazrisebSi ganxilvis sakiTxebis mTeli wyeba identuria. es ki saSualebas

gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom politikurTan saqme gvaqvs im da swored im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac ganixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da am

Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan gamomdinare, iseTi problemebis rigi, rogo-

ricaa: saxelmwifo, mmarTvelobis formebi da saxeebi, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis

problema da a.S.

6

According to Plato’s methodological parallelism between individual and society, what is true about individual, is also true about society in the city-state. So, on the basic question – “which city-state is just?’ - Plato’s final answer sounds like this: the state is just, when and only when each class and element in society is fulfill its proper function.

Plato had very specific position about family and private property. Plato’s analysis of these phenomena defined further hot discussion about his being or not being totalitarian. Although, what Plato wrote on this subject deals only with two upper classes. The third class, presumable, lives under standard arrangements.

Plato’s specific position, concerning guardians and rulers, presupposes that among them both family and private property are to be abolished. It seems, Plato thought that private interest and private affections distracted man from his duty to community. According Plato the wealth is nothing, but a main cause of destruction of social stability.

Aristotle - “Politics”

Aristotle was a most gifted with sense student of Plato. He played very important role in development of Plato’s philosophy, although in some decisive questions his own position was evidently different. All this is true concerning to the problems of political philosophy. For example, Aristotle abandoned Plato’s theory of family and private property. It seems that the main reason of his different position was his belief that no ruler could necessarily get rid of evils by changing institutions of society. The evil might be in human nature and not in a system of private property. For Aristotle the instinct to possess was natural and provided it did not degenerate into selfishness. The common property is apt to be treated not with the care given to something, which is our own, but with the careless so often shown to what belong to other people.

Such disagreement between teacher and pupil in ancient time was very ordinary one. Aristotle himself was a teacher of Alexander the Great. Alexander brought to an end the kind of world, which had been presupposed by the theory of Aristotle – A world in which the basic political unit was the independent self-sufficient polis, a world in which the distinction between Greek and barbarian was fundamental.

All this is only one example of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle. There are many others. But for Aristotle the critic of Plato was not self-reasonable thing. He made valuable contribution for development of political theory as a follower of Plato and by the further development of his ideas.

For right understanding of Aristotle’s political theory, our course of lections we propose to begin discussion by the analysis of the concept of “nature”. Doing that, we are coming from the Aristotle’s core definition of human being. He defines “Human being” as a political animal. Such definition means, that a man is by his nature inhabitant of the polys (city-state).

To understand the term “Physis” (Greek equivalent of “Nature”), we can contrast to it another Greek term “Nomos”, that can be translated as “custom”, “law”, “convention”. Nomos, convention, varies from place to place, meanwhile the nature, physis is the same everywhere. We have to distinguish therefore, what holds by physis and what holds by nomos. In society there exists both kind of rules, so call natural rules and habits and rules by convention.

What does it mean to exist by nature would be clear if we take for discussion such natural thing, as tree. A tree that exists naturally consists with definite parts. A tree is not a collection of roots, trunk and branches, but has a definite form. When it loses that form, it ceases to be a tree. Living things have within them a principle of grow which implies them to develop towards an end. Aristotle’s concept of natural is thoroughly teleological. Everything that exists by nature exists for an end and one cannot grasp its nature without understanding the end.

From this point of view, we are ready to go to analysis Aristotelian polis. Polis is not a collection of men, but something that exists by its nature. Human beings naturally form families, the village is a natural aggregation of families and the polis is outgrowth of the village. Aristotle’s definition of the man, that man is a political animal, now means, that man is made by nature to live in polis.

The polis is an association of the people. All associations or forms of partnership exist for the sake of some good. The purpose of the city-state is thus to enable its citizens to live a

111

Plato’s “Republic”. Although “Republic” is not a single work of Plato in the field of politics, we discussed

mainly just this work, because of its complete character. First of all, we have to note, that English title of Plato’s main political work, “Republic”, that comes from its Latin equivalent, is not absolutely correct. The author uses title “Politeia”, that can be translated not only as “Republic”, but also as “Regime”, or much more better as “Constitution”, “State”, “Society”. At any case, Plato was writing about state or about society. Plato begins his inquiry with the problem of justice for individual and with the same problem for the city-state i.e. his interest moves to the problems of moral and social character. What he needs to do, first of all, is to explore the basis of social and moral obligation

. We try to explain why Plato comes from the first question to more complicate discussion concerning the state. As a matter of fact, Plato begins his theory of just man by assuming an important parallelism between the city and the individual. He was thinking ahead of the greatest possible unity of the city. Summarize the position he arrived at the position, that the just city is not a self-subsisting being like the idea of justice, located so to speak in a super heavenly place. Its status is rather like that of perfectly beautiful human being. By an analysis of the elements in the human mind Plato maintained the idea, that its well-being, full development and happiness are to be secured by doing right and not by doing wrong, to prove thereby that virtue is its own reward. All other kinds of rewards, including rewards and punishments after death, are merely secondary consideration.

The elements of mind, which theorist has to take into account are threefold and it has been suggested that threefold division is a more or less arbitrary reflection into the individual of the thee classes into which his state is organized. But, what is the class and how does the class system work in society – is the next question where we come by the previous analysis. We try to show, that Plato divides citizens not by their incomes, but by their occupations. Under this criteria all members of the city-state divides into three main parts: rulers, guardians and the rest population (excluding, of course, slaves). Such division of people presupposes definite order of subordination among them. We may say, that Plato’s class system represents a hierarchic society, but not cast system, because for individual it is allowed to move from one, for example low class, into another upper classes. Such kind of social mobility is depended on personal abilities of individual.

In some passages Plato speaks about upper classes (rulers and guardians) so, as if his three classes are not so much three as two, one of which is further sub-divided. Plato writes too much on morality and education system for upper classes, in despite of third class, which he does not tell us much. Only thing we know about the members of this class is that they are not working class, but some, who are engaged in economical activities. All they allowed to own property. Their function is to provide for the material and economic needs of the community. Their main virtue is obedience and they are under strict control.

How the city-state grew up? – Is one more important question discussed by Plato? The state arose under the natural conditions of perfect being. The state is a whole and human being is a part of that whole and always is realizing himself in the rank of citizenship of the city. City-state is a natural unification of the people. Although the state arose in a natural way, the mode of its functioning is completely conventional. According to Plato, there are five kinds of regime: (1) kingdom or aristocracy, the rule of the best man, or the best men, that is directed toward goodness or, virtue, by the regime of the just city; (2) Thimocracy, the rule of lovers of honor or of the ambitious men which is directed toward superiority or victory; (3) Oligarchy or the rule of the rich, in which wealth is most highly esteemed; (4) Tyranny, the rule of the completely unjust man, in which unqualified and unashamed injustice holds away. The descending order of the five kind of regime is modeled on Hesiod’s descending order of five races of men: the races of gold, of silver, of bronze, the divine race of heroes, and the iron race.

Now we know much more about the positive answer on Plato’s main question – “What is the justice for the city-state”? In the case of individual, it consists of keeping a proper balance among three elements of soul; each will then be doing its own job. True morality consists, in fact, in giving due satisfaction to the different elements in us and preventing any of them dominating at the expense of the others. The justice is defined as minding individuals own business, fulfill his proper function in society.

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platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”

Sesavali. politikuri filosofiis gadmocemas platonis saxelmwifos

TeoriiT daviwyebT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda ufro adreuli avtorisaTvis,

vTqvaT, TukididesaTvis migvemarTa, magram Cven arCevans platonze SevaCerebT

misi Teoriis srulyofili da sistematuri xasiaTis gamo. Tanac damokidebuleba

platonis “saxelmwifosadmi”, romelic Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagania, orgvari

SeiZleba iyos. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am dialogs saTanado adgili

uWiravs mTel platonis filosofiur sistemaSi. meore mxriv, isedac SegviZlia

mas SevxedoT, rom ramdenadac am naSromSi platoni wminda politikuri xasiaTis

sakiTxebis garda, maTive siRrmiseuli gadmocemisaTvis da maT konteqstSi, exeba

Tavisi filosofiuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela danarCen mniSvnelovan problemas,

“saxelmwifo” platonis filosofiis ZiriTadi mizania. platonis Sexedulebebis

gadmocemiT politikuri Teoriis dawyeba savsebiT gamarTlebulad gveCveneba,

radgan orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom platoni politikuri

xasiaTis sakiTxebs sxvaTa Soris ki ar yveba, aramed, savsebiT mizandasaxulad

warmogvidgens maT rogorc adamianis msoflmxedvelobis (gnebavT am SemTxvevaSi

sul erTi iyos) organul, Tu damagvirgvinebel Temad. es ki politikuri

TviTcnobirebis aSkara manifestaciaa, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod

cxovroben politikurad, aramed ician amis Sesaxeb da fiqroben politikuri

cxovrebis avkargianobaze. politikuris fenomenis aseTi refleqsuri xasiaTi ki

Zalze mniSvnelovani sawyisia politikis TeoriisaTvis.

platonis politikuri Teoriis srulyofili gageba, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs

“saxelmwifos” garda, sxva dialogebis, pirvel rigSi, albaT, “kanonebis”

analizzsac, magram msgavsi detalizacia Zalze scildeba Cvens miznebs.

SemovizRudebiT “saxelmwifos” politikuri sakiTxebiT da sxva problemebs

mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs sagnis gadmocemis logika.

am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, vidre uSualod “saxelmwifoze” gadavidodeT, gvinda

oriode sityviT SevexoT politikuri problemebisadmi platoniseul midgomas,

ramac gansazRvra politikuri filosofiis magistraluri xazi makiavelamde.

platonis saxelmwifos idealur saxelmwifos uwodeben. amgvar daxasiaTebas

orgvari, Tanac erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi mniSvneloba aqvs. jer erTi,

“idealuri” niSnavs saukeTesos, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT da,

platonis CanafiqriT, saxelmwifos misi proeqti marTlac saukeTeso iyo yvela

SesaZlo, maT Soris arsebul, saxelmwifoTa Soris. daxasiaTebis meore

mniSvnelobiT, platonis saxelmwifo idealuria rogorc ara realurad arsebuli

saxelmwifos aRwera, aramed rogorc gadmocema im politikuri struqturebisa,

romelic arsebobs mxolod rogorc idea. xolo platonisaTvis is, rac arsebobs

rogorc idea, amave dros flobs Tavis gvarSi saukeTesod arsebobis wess. imis

gasagebad, Tu ratom miudga sakiTxs platoni amgvarad, dainteresebul

mkiTxvels mouwevs platonis ideebis TeoriaSi garkveva, risi gadmocemac Cvens

miznebs scildeba. CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia miTiTeba imaze, rom platonis

Semdgomi politikuri mwerloba makiavelamde, idealuri saxelmwifoebis “proeq-

tirebiT” iyo dakavebuli da Tuki exebodnen realurad arsebul politikur

urTierTobebs mxolod imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT idealuris buneba.

aqedan ar unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom platoni utopistia. arada arsebobs

garkveuli tradicia, romelic platonis politikuri filosofiis swored aseT

interpretacias gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc platonis idealuri saxelmwifo, ra

Tqma unda, Tomas moris utopiac ar arsebula sanamdvileSi, margam utopiisagan

gansxvavebiT, idealuri saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mxolod ocnebis, adamianis

fantaziis da proeqtirebis sferos. rogori problematuric ar unda iyos kavSiri

idealur da realur sagnebs Soris (da misi problematuri xasiaTi savsebiT naTlad

iyo gacnobierebuli Tavad platonis, Semdeg ukve misi mowafeebis mier), erT rameSi

SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom idealur sagnebsa da realur sagnebs Soris,

maT Soris idealur saxelmwifosa da realur saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri

platonis filosofiiT garantirebulia da, rom “idealurTan“ “ar arsebulis”

konotacia pirveli terminis moxmarebis mxolod periferiul ubnebzea dasaZebni.

7

1.samarTlianobis problema

platonis saxelmwifo aTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi, sadac sakiTxis

dasmaa warmodgenili mosaubreTa sakmaod vrceli wres vxvdebiT. sxva dialogebis

msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss aqac sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs.

“saxelmwifos” sawyis kiTxvaze: “ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani

kaci?” — platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mimoixilavs, xolo Semdeg

iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemas. amasTan, kiTxva Tavidan adamianT-

Soris samoqmedo normas daesmis ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli aspeqtis dadgenis

mizniT, aramed misi mravalferovani yofiTi mxareebis saCvenebladac. vTqvaT,

“Tuki vinme marTlac cxovrobs samarTlianad, ra xeiri aqvs amisagan”? kiTxvaze

gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan zogierTi gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mdgradi da “Zalze

adamianuri” xasiaTis gamo. platonis epoqis msgavsad, Cvens droSiac Zalze bevri

adamianis eTosisaTvisaa ganmsazRvreli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac icavs Trasimaqe:

samarTlianad cxovreba Zalze wamgebiania. usamarTlobis Cadena adamianebs ar

SeuZliaT ara TavianTi keTilSobilebis, aramed ufro ususurobis gamo.

samarTlianoba keTilSobili sibriyve (3. 348 d) an umaRlesi gulubryvilobaa (2.

348 d). xolo usamarTloba ki ufro saR azrs emyareba da momgebian qcevas

uzrunvelyofs. ase, magaliTad, urTierTvaldebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

Tu saqmes erTad uZRvebian samarTliani da arasamarTliani, verasdros

aRmoaCenT, rom saboloo gaangariSebisas, samarTlian kacs ufro meti moegos,

vidre arasamarTlians. am ukanasknels yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba. igive

viTarebaa saxelmwifos mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi: samar-

Tlians ufro meti Seaqvs, vidre arasamarTlians, magram, rodesac saxelmwifoa

maT mimarT valdebuli, samarTilans yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba da a. S.

sokrates piriT, platoni yvela msgavsi mosazrebebis gabaTilebas sakmaod

efeqturad axerxebs. amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva sul ufro d ufro metad scil-

deba yofiT situaciebis aRwerebs. samarTlianobis problema axla ganixileba

moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis konteqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

argumentacia sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba, platons sakiTxis ganxilva

Tvisebrivad ufro maRal doneze gadayavs mas Semdeg, rac sokrate zogadi

meTodologiuri principis Sesabamisad moiTxovs jer SeviswavloT mTeli, xolo

Semdeg misi nawili, anu samarTlianobis sakiTxi jer ganvixiloT saxelmwifos

mimarT da amis Semdeg davubrundeT igive sakiTxis ganxilvas konkretul,

adamianis doneze.

2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis

zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma

nawilis mTelis konteqstSi ganxilvis moTxovna kvlevis zogadmeTodo-

logiuri paradigmaa. jer unda SeviswavloT mTeli, Semdeg misi nawili. Sesabamisi

principis gavrceleba samarTliani kacis fenomenis dasadgenad, jer unda

SeviswavloT, Tu romeli saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba samarTlianoba da mxolod

amis Semdeg davadginoT, Tu romeli adamiani iqneba samarTliani. “saxelmwifoSi”

platoni am paradigmis Taobaze gakvriT saubrobs: “Cven vTvliT, rom samarT-

lianoba calkeul adamians aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba is mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis iyos

damaxasiaTebeli. ... saxelmwifo ki calkeul adamianze ufro didia. ... ase, rom

savaraudia samarTlianoba ufro did zomebs miiRebs imaSi, rac ufro didia da aq

misi Seswavla gacilebiT ioli iqneba. amitom, Tu gnebavT, modiT, jer

SeviswavloT ra aris samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebSi da Semdeg igive ganvixiloT

calkeul adamianTan dakavSirebiT, anu mcires ideaSi movniSnoT didi ideis

msgavseba” (368 a-369 a). marTlac, “saxelmwifos” momdevno striqonebze kvlevis

mimarTulebis gadanacvleba adamanidan saxelmwifoze calsaxad fiqsirdeba.

msgavssave zogadmeTodologiur princips emyareba Tavis “politikaSi”

aristotelec, romelic ufro mkveTrad warmoadgens xolme meTodologiur

moTxovnebs. is wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT

8

Mamuka Bichashvili

COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY

(Summary)

After a period of dormancy, the political theory is beginning to reemerge as an existing field of theoretical study in Georgia. The given course of lectures manifests this emergence. The aim and the main idea of course are to provide a collection of both classical and non-classical authors in order to bring the resources available in the field up to New Time political theory. Almost theories of ten authors from Plato’s “Republic” to Rousseau’s “Contract Social” are discussed during the course. The course has the following structure:

Introduction.

” There is given a general plan of the followed of lectures in Introduction. We have outlined two basic approaches to the study of politics. One of them, Political Philosophy, its carries the name not only to works of old philosophers, but mostly on the basis of its methodology. Political Philosophy presents more balanced picture of the politics mainly oriented to the abstract inquiry of the possible world. Such terms, as “phenomenon”, “essence”, “value” and so on, have very constructive power for such kind of theories. Scholars recognized in Political Philosophy the great importance of closer ties between philosophical outlook and ongoing political practice as well as renewed interest in traditional debates about the character of relationship between nature and social world. Political Philosophy begins with the question: what it should be a person’s relationship to state and society or to government and rulers. It generates visions of the good social life: of what it should be the ruling set of values and institutions. The subject matter is broad and connects readily with various branches of sub-disciplines of philosophy including philosophy of law and economics.

In according philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide between those, who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological holists. Methodological individualists seek to explain social actions and behavior in terms of individual action; meanwhile holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of group.

The next important methodological question relates both epistemologies as well as to ethics is the role that reason plays in social affairs. Positions we have got may be characterized as rationalism and irrationalism. Political rationalism emphasizes the employment of reason in social affairs: that individuals ought to submit the logic and universality of reason rather then their own subjective or cultural preconceptions. Irrationalists, from their side are criticizing rationalists for ignoring the intellectual and social heritage that often lies beneath contemporary society.

Many authors distinguish Political Science from Political Philosophy. Political Science predominantly deals with existing states of affairs and insofar as it is possible tries to be neutral in its descriptions: it seeks a positive analysis of such social events as constitutional issues, voting behavior, the balance of power etc.

Political Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of empirical science, empirical theory. Observation and correct description of ongoing political events are its main sources. Further, the attempt to unify a wide variety of political data, under significant theoretical framework, if successful, would give a deeper understanding of political reality and would provide powerful theories with the useful explanatory power.

Offering a difference between Political Philosophy and Political Theory, we do not mean, that there are two kinds of theories, having nothing in common. Contrary, we have to take into account, that these theories are distinct not by their object (object is the same for both cases – the political event), but by their methodology, mode of approaches. Theories of Hanna Arendt and Max Weber are good examples of such different approaches and for us, both are very useful.

109

teqnologiebad. miT ufro, rom jer erTi, rogorc davrwmundebiT am

teqnologiebis strategia (da ara taqtikur, teqnologiuri novaciebi) didad ar

Secvlila da meore, sakuTriv politikuri werili dRemde rCeba teqnologiebis

mniSvnelovan Semadgenel elenementad.

franguli revoluciis literaturuli politikosebi dRes yvelasaTvis

cnobili xalxia. Tumca berki arc erT maTgans amgvarad ar axsenebs, magram

gasagebia, rom aq saqme exeba rusos, didros, volters helveciuss da maTi saqmis

gamgrZeleblebs revoluciis periodSi. berkis daxasiaTebit, es aris Tavis

gamocenis moyvaruli xalxi, romelmac ludoviko XIV-is sikvdilis Semdeg

dakarga taxtis keTilganwyoba. arc regenti da arc taxtis memkvidre ar iCenda

interess maTi naazrevisadmi. amis sapasuxod maT Tavi anebes samefi karisadmi

tradiciul keklucobas.

literaturuli politikosebis Sorsmimaval gegmebs Zalze Seuwyo xeli ori

franguli akademiis gaerTianebam da enciklopediis gamocemem. am litera-

turulma jgufmagarkveuli xnis win SeimuSava qristianuli religiis ngrevis

programa da antiesklesiur moRvaweobas iseTi TavdadebiT Seudga, rogoric

damaxasiaTebelia mxolod religiuri fanatizmisaTvis.

eklesiaze pirvelma Setevam, romelic mourideblad ganxorcielda, ar

gaamarTla. rac ar gamovida uecari SeteviT, misi ganxorcieleba meToduri ngre-

viT gadawyda. am mizniT gadawyda sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba. sazo-

gadoebrivi azris samarTavad aucilebeli gaxda imaTi daqvemdebareba, vinc

sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis.

Sesabamisad, maTi pirveli nabiji iyo literaturuli didebisaken mimavali

yvela gzis xelSi Cagdeba. zogierTma, aRiarebs berki, marTlac moaxerxa mec-

nierebisa da literaturis simaRleebis dalaSqvra, msoflio saxelis mopoveba,

risi wyalobiTac patiobdnen an nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen maTi saxifaTo

miznebis daufarav gamocxadebas. am keTilSobilebas maT imiT upasuxes, rom

sakuTari Tavisa da maTi mimdevrebisaTvis SeeqmnaT erTaderTi Wkviani, ganaT-

lebuli da gemovnebiani xalxis reputacia. gamorCeulobisadmi es maniakaluri

miswrafeba, gvarwmunebs berki, ara nakleb damRupveli aRmoCnda literaturisa

da gemovnebisaTvis, vidre filosofiisa da zneobisaTvis. maTi gamosvlebis Ziri-

Tadi forma qadageba iyo. susti da ZirisgamomTxreli argumentacia intrigebiT

iniRbeboda. amas, rogorc Cans aucilebel elementad daerTo oponentebis Savi R,

anu, rogorc Tavad berki wers: “literaturuli monopoliis sistemas maT dau-

mates nebismieri saSualebebiT yvela imis umowyalo gaSaveba da diskreditacia,

vinc ar iziarebda maT partias. maT qmedebebze xangrZlivi dakvirveba jer kidev

didi xnis win iZleoda saSualebas dagveskvna, rom maT akldaT mxolod

xelisufleba, raTa literaturuli Seuwynareblobidan gadasuliyvnen Tavisi

metoqeebis sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebis da sicocxlis pirdapir devnaze” (51-52).

am adamianebs axlo mimowera hqonaT evropis monarqebTan, maT Soris prusiis

mefesTan. am ukanaskneli mimoweris masalebze dayrdnobiT berki SeniSnavs, rom am

xalxisaTvis sul erTi iyo, safragneTis samefos Signidan, revoluciiT daangrev-

dnen, Tu ucxotemeli despotis xeliT. igive mizniT, ra mizniTac ikavSIrdebodnen

ucxoel monarqebs, es xalxi daukavSIrda sakuTari qveynis kapitalistebs da am

ukanasknelTa finansebze dapyrobiT, isini gaaTkecebuli ZaliT Seudgnen

sazogadoebrivi azris dapyrobas da unda iTqvas sakmao warmatebiTac radgan

droTa ganmavlobaSi didad gaiwvrTnen demagogiaSi, rodesac yovelmxriv

autanlad xatavdnen RaribTa mdgomareobas da monarqebis mankierebas.

amrigad, fraguli revoluciis saTaveSi ZiriTadad es ori jgufi — kapi-

talistebi da politikuri literatorebi aRmoCndnen. mwerlebi, SeniSnavs berki,

rodesac isini erTad moqmedeben, uzarmazar zegavlenas iqonieben adamianTa

gonebaze. da am mwerlebis kavSirma kapitalistebTan uzrunvelyo is rom masebi

loialurad ganewyvnen im tipis qonebisadmi, rogorsac kapitali warmoadgenda.

literatura:

1. Эдмунд Берк. Размышления о революции во франции и заседаниях некоторых обществ в Лондоне, относящихся к этим событиям. М. «Рудомино» , 1993.

108

adre aTvisebuli meTodis mixedviT: Tuki sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, aqac rTuls

Semadgenel elementebad (mTelis umcires nawilakebad) davanawilebT da

davakvirdebiT risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vnaxavT, Tu riT

gansxvavdebian CamoTvlili cnebebi erTmaneTisagan da SeiZleba Tu ara maT

ukeTesi axsna mivceT” (1252a 20-30).

Tumca am sakiTxze aristoteles Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ufro farTod

visaubrebT, ukve aq SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adamianis saxelmwifosTan

mimarTeba, romelic gaiazreba nawilis mTelTan mimarTebis konteqstSi,

platonis skolis mxolod zogadmeTodologiuri principebis dacvis motiviTac

rom Semodiodes kvlevis arealSi da mas ar hqondes ufro siRrmiseuli axsna (rac,

rogorc Cven aristoteles politikuri Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas SevecdebiT,

ase ar aris), erTi ram mainc cxadia _ adamianis gageba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos

gagebis safuZvelze da mxolod mis konteqstSi.

3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema

amrigad, zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, jer unda gamovikvlioT, Tu ras

warmoadgens samarTliani saxelmwifo da mxolod amis Semdeg gadavideT

“marTali kacis” bunebis gagebaze. samarTlianobis sakiTxis saxelmwifos mimarT

dasma mravali SesaZlo interpretaciis molodins badebs. magaliTad,

saxelmwifos samarTlianoba sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, samarTlianoba

marTlwesrigis dacvis (vTqvaT, izonomiis principis dacvis, anu kanonis winaSe

yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovnis) TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianoba sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva fenebs Soris urTierT- damokidebulebis kuTxiT da a.S. da a.S. is, Tu

romel Temas Tvlis prioritetulad platoni TandaTan gaxdeba cnobili. margam

imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos samarTlianobaze an arasamarTlianobaze visaubroT,

jer Tavad saxelmwifoze unda SeviqmnaT swori Tvalsazrsi. es moTxovna

platonisaTvis daiSleba or qvesakiTxad. erTi, is Tu rogor yalibleba

saxelmwifo da meore is, Tu ra aZlevs adamianTa erTobas iseT safuZvels,

romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. SevexoT jer am ukanasknel sakiTxs.

3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi

platons miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos safuZvelSi konvencionaluri sawyisi Zevs.

es Tvalsazrisi, romelic bevrs liberaluri politikuri filosofiis novacia

hgonia, savsebiT naTlad aqvs gamoTqmuli platons glavkonis piriT: “mas Semdeg

rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTlianadac da

arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisgan, maSin ... maT

mizanSewonilad CasTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomavlod arc usamarTloba

CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan. aqedan diwyo kanonmdebloba da

xelSekruleba” (“saxelmwifo” 359 a). TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gaimeorebs

ramdenime saukunis Semdeg “leviaTanSi” Tomas hobsi, rodesac surs aRweros

adamianTa gadasvla bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze, anu

politikur mdgomareobaze. Tu bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, hobsis

mixedviT, adamianTSorisi urTierToba emyareba princips —“adamiani

adamianisaTvis mgelia”, rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,

konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi samoqalaqo anu politikur mdgomareobaze

(rac hobsisaTvis erTi da igivea) gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT

cxovroben.

aq arsebobs erTi problema, romelic SegviZlia Semdomi kvlevis molodinSi

Riad davtovoT. erTi mxriv, aSkara msgavsebis miuxedavad, Cven vfiqrobT, rom

mainc arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba sakiTxisadmi hobsis da platonis

midgomebs Soris. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani platonis mixedviT ar

aris veluri. is, rom adamianebi usamarTlod eqcevian erTmaneTs, sulac ar

niSnavs maT saxelmwifos gareT arsebobas. mxecuri yofis mqone velurs platoni

9

ar CaTvlida adamianad, radgan misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis fysis-i

saxelmwifoSi yofniT realizdeba. magram meore mxriv, glavkonis sityvebidan

isic aSkaraa, rom konvencia saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis wyarod cxaddeba.

amitom Tu orive daSvebas SevinarCunebT, anu, Tu erTi mxriv miviRebT, rom

adamiani, rogorc adamiani, yovelTvis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos wevria da

amave dros davuSvebT, rom saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZveli konvenciaa,

maSin saganTa logika migviyvans Tvalsazrisamde, rom usamarTlo yofiT

adamianebi cxovrobdnen saxelmwifoSi, sadac warmodgena ar hqondaT arc

xelSekrulebaze da arc kanonebze. margam ra saxelmwifo iqneba iseTi

saxelmwifo, sadac araferi ician kanonis Sesaxeb (aq xom laparakia

kanonmdeblobis principul ar arsebobaze da ara imgvar viTarebaze, rogoric

saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, rodesac kanoni ar kanonobs)?

ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sakiTxi sxvagvarad gadavWraT da davuSvaT sruli

identoba platonis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. es marTlac agvacilebda bevr

uxerxulobas, Tumca am poziciidan gamomdinareobs, rom platonisaTvis adamiani,

Tavisi bunebiT ar aris sazogadoebrivi arseba, rac Zalze saeWvoa.

3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo

aqedan, gadavdivarT sakiTxze, Tu rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo, ra

uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos sicocxliunarianobas? saxelmwifos warmoSobis

gaazreba platonisaTvis aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, inteleqtualuri

eqsperimenti, azrismieri konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis SesaZlo genezisis

warmosadgenad. saqme isaa, rom formula _ “Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT

saxelmwifos warmoSobas, ...” (‘saxelmwifo” 369 a-b), jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom amiT

dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi, rodesac manamde ar arsebobda

saxelmwifo da Semdeg raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.

wina paragrafSi Cven saeWvod gavixadeT adamianis sazogadoebis gareT

arsebobis daSveba. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT saxelmwifos konstruirebis

platoniseul models, vpoulobT damatebiT arguments eWvis sasargeblod.

sokrate ambobs: “me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac TiToeul

CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval

sxva raimes. ... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs xan erTs, xanac meores

da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas..

ganicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adamiani raTa erTad

icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba

iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas” (“saxelmwifo” 369 b, c). rogorc vxedavT,

Tuki saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebze daviwyebT fiqrs, pirveli mizezi misi

warmoSobisa, is gaxlavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos

moTxovnilebebi da saamisod saWiroebs sxva mravali adamianis Tanadgomas.

platoni kidev erTxel imeorebs am Tvalsazriss: “modiT gonebaSi avagoT

saxelmwifo sul Tavidan. rogorc Cans mis warmoSobas ganapirobeben Cveni

moTxovnilebebi” (“saxelmwifo” 369 c-d). arada adamianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze

mravalferovania. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli

sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg, bina, tansacmeli da a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad

mogviTxrobs TiToeuli aseTi saWiroebis da mis SeqmnaSi daxelovnebuli xalxis

Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti cxovrebieuli saWiroeba iCens Tavs, sul ufro da ufro

metad rTuldeba sazogadoebis struqtura, magram amasTanave Tavs iCens Sromis

danawilebis principi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis

organizaciasa da erT mTlianobad SekvraSi.

“Sromis danawilebaze” SegviZlia visaubroT ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erTi,

gaxlavT marqsizmSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Sromis danawilebas

ukavSirebda sazogadoebrivi formaciebis koncepts da Sromis danawilebaze

laparakobda zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobiT. fiqrobdnen, rom momTabare

cxovrebidan adamianebi gadavidnen jer mesaqonleobaze, Semdeg miwaTmoq-

medebaze da a.S.

10

nominalurad saxelmwifom iTava moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa,

radgan ekonomikur saxsars moklebuli adamianebi damoukidebeli individebidan

saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul msaxurebad iqcnen. ra warmatebas miaRwia

xelisuflebam am mimarTulebiT gasagebi gaxdeba moqalaqeTa saxelfaso da

sapensio uzrunvelyofiT. pensia, ambobs berki, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxel-

mwifosaTvis gaweuli msaxurebis kompensacia. misi gacema iseTive valdebulebaa

saxelmwifosi, rogorc avansad gacemuli msxvili kapitalis dabruneba.

ubedureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionaluri asam-

blea Tavad wyvts ra saxis samsaxurisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli pensiis da xelfasis

gacema. Sedegad gamoCndnen didi raodenobis adamianebi, visac xelisufleba im

Tanxebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvis uflebas aZlevs, romelic na-

cionalurma asambleam qonebis konfiskaciiT moipova. xolo rac Seexeba maT, vinc

puris fuls iTxovs, romelic srulad daimsaxura saxelmwifosaTvis sisxlis

TxeviT, maT eubnebian, rom isini emsaxurnen reJims, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs.

sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi Seexo

Tavadaznaurobas da ubralo xalxs. rac Seexeba kapitals, safrangeTis mesame

wodebas, rogorc isini Tavad, aseve maTi kapitali uvnebeli gadarCa. amis mizezi

franguli revoluciis “klasTa brZolis” specifikaSi mdgomareobs. da axla

gvinda mokled masze SevCerdeT. Tumca mravlismetyvelia Tavad is faqti, rom

gamarjvebulma axalma xelisuflebam qonebis konfiskacia SerCeviT da

politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela.

“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi”

berki mokled aRwers safrangeTis revoluciis mamoZravebel dajgufebebs,

maT interesebs da ZalTa ganlagebas.

franguli monarqiis specifiur niSans warmoadgenda ukiduresi dapirispi-

reba mowaTmflobelebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. gansxvavebiT didi bri-

taneTisagan, sadac miwaTmflobelebi Tavad iqcnen umsxviles kapitalistebad,

safrangeTSi es ori klasi, e.w. meore da mesame wodeba gancalkevebulad idga. maT

ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi. kapitalis mflobeli wodeba ver Seegua azrs, rom mas

samefoSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ekava da droTa ganmavlobaSi, moRo-

nierebis kvalad, ieriSi miitana Tavadaznaurobaze, eklesiasa da samefo

xelisuflebaze. swored amiT aixsneba, rom revoluciurma xelisuflebam

gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina saTavadaznauro da saeklesio sakuTrebis

mimarT da revoluciis damfinansebeli burJuazia uvnebeli datova. sastik

brZolaSi gamarjvebuli burJuazia gamovida, radgan, berkis azriT, kapitalis

mflobeli Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro riskiania da kargad egueba siaxleebs da

gardaqmnebs. mesame wodebis garda, franguli revoluciis warmatebaSi didi

roli Seasrules e.w. “politikurma mwerlebma”, romlebic aliansSi Sevidnen

kapitalistebTan da mravalmxriv uzrunvelyves revoluciis warmateba. vnaxoT,

Tu vin arian es “literaturuli politikosebi”

franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi

yovel Rrma socialur cvlilebas win unda uZRodes cvlileba adamianTa

gonebaSi. socialuri revolucia ar moxdeba inteleqtualuri revoluciis

gareSe, Rrma politikuri reforma sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mzaobis gareSe,

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba romelime socialuri jgufis dakveTis gareSe. yvela

SemTxvevaSi adamianebisaTvis arsebuli realoba autaneli da mouTmeneli unda

gaxdes, aucilebeli ar aris mis namdvil, adeqvatur gaazrebaSi, aramed savsebiT

sakmarisia mis iseT kopirebaSi, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. cxadia aq

saubaria adamianis gonebis manipulirebaze. am mimarTulebiT dRes arsebuli

yvelaze qmediTi saSualebebi R teqnologiebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ra Tqma unda,

berks aseTi termini ar gaaCnia, magram rasac is gulisxmobs “literaturul

politikosebSi”, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas ori saukunis winandel R

107

berkis Sexedulebebi eklesiis funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, namdvilad ar

warmoadgens liberaluri azris ganviTarebis mwvervals. misTvis, visTvisac de-

mokratiuli sazogadoebis elementarul princips warmoadgens eklesiis saxel-

mwifosagan gamoyofa, berkis mtkicebebi miuRebeli iqneba, Tumca isini meore

mxriv, gasagebs xdian berkis gulwrfel aRSfoTebas im damokidebulebis mimarT,

romelsac iCenda franguli revolucia sakuTari qveynis eklesiis mimarT.

inglisSi _ berkis sityvebiT — Cvenamde moRweuli eklesiuri sistemis

farglebSi vcxovrobT. amiT Cven vinarCunebT Zvel adamainur cnobierebas. es

cnobiereba saxelmwifos wminda nagebobad miiCnevs da yvelafers akeTebs mis

SesanarCuneblad, xolo maT, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs, lamis RmerTis

gansaxierebad aRiqvams.

sazogadoebis safuZveli, berkis azriT, marTlac xelSekrulebaa, magram es

aris umaRlesi rangis xelSekruleba, romelsac ver gavutolebT sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis komerciul garigebad interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac es

xelSekruleba nebismier momentSi SeiZleba dairRves, radgan mas safuZvlad

praqtikuli sargeblianoba aqvs (44). saxelmwifo aris gaerTianeba, romlis mizans

adamianTa sasicicxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. aseTi

mizani mravali Taobis urTierTmonacvleobiT Tu miiRweva. amitom,

szogadoebrivi xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindel, warsul da momaval

Taobebs Soris. ufro meti, yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba mxolod erTi rgolia maradiuli sazogadoebis pirveldawyebiTi

xelSekrulebis jaWvSi, romelic xilul da uxilav samyaroebs aerTianebs (45).

RmerTma, vinc Seqmna CvenTvissrulyofili saTnoebebi, Tavisi nebiT Seqmna

saamisod ganxorcielebis piroba — saxelmwifo da moisurva igi dekavSirebina

yovelgvari srulyofilebis umaRles arqetipTan. visac swams umaRlesi nebis

imisa, vinc Tavadaa kanonTa kanoni da mefeTa mefe, ar SeiZleba ar esmodeT, rom

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisadmi erTgulebis da pativiscemis korporaciuli

fici, imavdroulad aris RvTis umaRlesi nebis ariarebac (45).

eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia aseTi teologiuri safuZvlidan ioli

gamosayvania. “eklesias Cven ganvixilavT rogorc iseT raimes, rac mTavari da

imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis da ara rogorc mis xelsayrel

damatebas, romelic iolad SeiZleba misgan gamovacalkeoT, gadavagdoT an

SevinaxoT. ... eklesia da saxelmwifo Cvens warmodgenebSi mouwyvetelia da Znelad

Tu moixsenieba erTi meoris gareSe (45-46).

revoluciurma xelisuflebam eklesiaze ieriSi ori mimarTulebiT miitana.

jer eklesiebis kuTvnili qoneba miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobiT welSi

gawyvetili eklesiis msaxurebi saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcia da xelfasebi

dauniSna.

Tu xalxma erTxel aRiara, rom eklesiis qoneba misi sakuTrebaa, maSin

gaumarTlebelia am qonebis raodenobis xelaxali gadaTvla da Cxreka. rac ar

unda uWirdes britaneTs, darwmunebiT ambobs berki, is arasdros Seecdeba

ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas eklesiis qonebis xarjze (47).

sxvisi qonebis miTvisebam safrangeTSi SamaZrwunebeli masStabebi miiRo.

amasTan, es iyo daufaravi Zarcva saxelmwifos moxeleebis mxridan, radgan is

xorcieldeboda yovelgvari winaswari braldebis da sasamarTlos gadawyve-

tilebis gareSe. berks kargad esmis saeklesio, Tu kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg

warmoebuli omis sazrisi. aSkaraa, rom am operacias, garda qonebis gada-

nawilebisa, miznad naciis damoneba hqonda: “adamianebisaTvis damoukideblobis

warTmeva, maTi iZuleba gaxdnen wyalobis xelisSemyureni — TavisTavad udidesi

sisastikea” (48). da es maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveli da

uZiriTadesi amocana sakuTrebis dacvaa (49). es ki Tvis mxriv, niSnavs, rom

momavali sazogadoebis konturebi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg

ikveTeba, Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementaruli normebisagan.

amasTan, Tu Tvals movadevnebT im sistemas, romliTac nacionaliri asamblea

faravda da aCumaTebda sakuTrebis yovelgvari uflebis Selaxvas safrangeTSi,

miuTiTebs berki, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmovaCenT, rom es moqmedebebi yovelTvis

gamarTlebuli iyo eris interesebiT.

masSemdeg, rac sakuTreba revoluciuri xelisuflebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT

106

terminis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas vxdebiT adam smitis cnobil naSromSi

“erebis simdidris mizezebis Sesaxeb”. Sromis danawilebas, romelzedac aq smiti

laparakobs, aSkarad safuZvlad uZevs egoizmi, romelic, ramdenadme

paradoqsulad manufaqturuli warmoebis pirobebSi “gunduri” moRvaweobis

macementirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. romelime produqtis, vTqvaT

qurTukis, warmoeba, Sromis danawilebas emyareba, vTqvaT erTi akeTebs Rilebs,

meore Wris qsovils, mesame keravs, meoTxe Rebavs da a.S. am drosac TiToeuli

ostati moqmedebs misi sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da dainteresebulia

mxolod imiT, rom awarmoos rac SeiZleba meti produqti da maqsimalurad meti

mogeba naxos Tavisi Sromidan. magram ramdenadac saboloo produqti erTian

Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli yoveli mewarme sxva mewarmis Tanadgomas saWiroebs.

ase yalibdeba SromiTi koleqtivi, romelSiac TiToeuls mxolod sakuTari

interesebi amoZravebs, magram misi realizaciisaTvis aucileblobiT esaWiroeba

sxva.

Sromis danawileba, romelsac adgili aqvs platonis saxelmwifoSi, axlaxans

aRwerils Camohgavs, Tumca is romelime erTi produqtis sawarmoeblad ki ar

xorcieldeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.

miuxdavad imisa, rom platonTan ver vxvdebiT termin “Sromis danawilebis”

konceptualur analizs, Znelia misi roli gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT, radgan mis

safuZvelze sazogadoeba ara mxolod erT mTlianobad ikvreba, aramed iRebs

socialurad diferencirebul xasiaTs. amasTan, sruli saxiT formirebul

saxelmwifoSi Cndeba misi normalurad cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlod

aucilebeli da zedmeti profesiis adamianebi. am ukanasknelTa arseboba

ganpirobebulia fufunebisaken swrafviT an sxva romelime mankierebiT.

“zedmeti” xalxis siaSi xvdebian monadireebi da mimesisis warmomadgenlebi —

poetebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi modeliorebi da sxva (“saxelmwifo” 373 b). am gziT,

platoni saubrobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli fenebis, Tu gnebavT ase vuwodoT,

klasebis Sesaxeb. rogorc SemdgomSi ufro cxadi xdeba, sazogadoebis socialuri

diferenciacia da am fenebis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea, platonis

politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi sazrunavi xdeba. “saxelmwifos” ZiriTadi

sakvlevi Tema — samarTlianobis Tema, rogorc konkretul adamianTan, aseve mTel

saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis calsaxad ukavSirdeba swored socialuri fenebis

harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis princips.

3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura

gadavideT axla imis deskripciaze, Tu ra fenebi yalibdeba sazogadoebaSi.

zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena. mmarTvelebi, mcvlebi da Tavisufali

mewarme xalxi. am fenebis aRmniSvneli fenebis terminologia sakmaod

Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba platonis mier. vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mcvelebze

saubrisas, zogjer is iaraRian xalxsac gulisxmobs da mmarTvelebsac. Tumca aman

ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi, radgan es ori fena Tavisi funqcionaluri

datvirTulobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnuli fenebis

mdgomareoba saxelmwifoSi statikuria. fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi,

miuxedavad amisa, platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqturas kasturs

ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erTi romelime saTnoeba.

ase maraliTad, mmarTvelTa fenaSi aseTia sibrZne, mcvelebSi — simamace, xolo

xelosnebsa da miwaTmoqmedebSi — gamWriaxoba. sxvagan (“saxelmwifos” meoTxe

wignSi, 427 e) laparakia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,

gamWriaxobasa da samarTliannobaze. amasTan samarTlianoba imgvar saTnoebad

cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.

ra ganapirobebs sazogadoebis diferenciacias? zemoT aRiniSna, Sromis

diferenciaciis ganmsazRvreli roli da TiTqos kiTxva uadgiloa, magram Cven aq

vgulisxmobT ara zogadad socialuri organizaciis princips, aramed mis

konkretul nairsaxeobas _ riT ganisazRvreba is, rom romelime konkretuli

adamianma Seavso mcvelebis an, vTqvaT, Tavisufali miwamoqmedebis rigebi? Tuki

11

aq warmomavloba da memkvidreobiToba aris wyalgamyofi, maSin platonis

idealuri saxelmwifos socialuri organizacia gamokveTil kastur xasiaTs

miiRebda _ xelosnad dabadebuli verasdros ver gaxdeba mmarTveli, mcveli an

piriqiT. magram platoni ase ar fiqrobs. konkretuli adamianis romelime

socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebulobis garkveva damokidebulia ojaxis

organizaciasa da am adamianis personalur Tvisebebze. saboloo jamSi, adamiani

ama Tu im fenis wevri misi piradi Tvisebebis da talantis wyalobiT xvdeba, rac

mkacrad kontrolirdeba xelisuflebis mier. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ufro

konkretulad.

3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi

ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema idealuri saxelmwifos erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. koncentrirebuli saxiT es sakiTxebi

ganxilulia mesame da meoTxe wignebSi, Tumca dialogis sxva TavebSiac araerTxel

Sevxvdebi sakiTxis ama Tu im aspeqtis xelaxal ganxilvas.

principSi Znelia ojaxi vuwodoT adamianTa urTierTobis im tips, romelsac

iwonebs platoni. is laparakobs saerTo colebsa da Svilebze da kerZo

sakuTrebis akrZalvaze idealur saxelmwifoSi. kerZo sakuTreba gadaWarbebul

indivilualizms warmoSobs da platonis rwmeniT ver egueba idealuri

saxelmwifos mTavar mizans. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba saxelmwifos mankieri

formebis aRwerisas, rodesac timokratiaze gadasvlis procesSi saerTo,

saxelmwifo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs.

zogadsaxelmwifoebriv doneze mesakuTruli instinqtebis ganuwyveteli zrda da

maTi degradacia fufunebisadmi miswrafebebSi omis wyarod cxaddeba, romelic,

Tavis mxriv platonisaTvis yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis mizezia

(“saxelmwifo” 373-374).

saxelmwifos mmarTvelebs da mcvelebs ekrZalebaT rogorc aucilebelis

garda sxva kerZo sakuTrebis qona, ise col-Svilis yola (platoni naTlad ar

miuTiTebs es akrZalva mxolod mcvelebze vrceldeba Tu saxelmwifos yvela

moqalaqeze, Tumca sakiTxis miseuli logika am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis

sasargeblod laparakobs). saerTo col-Svilis idea srul TanxmobaSia

kerZomesakuTruli suliskveTebis aRmoxvrasTan da dgas igive movlenebis rigSi

rogoricaa mcvelebisaTvis kerZo qonebis ararseboba (“saxelmwifo” 464 c-d). maT

ar unda hqondeT araviTari iseTi sacxovrisi, romelSiac ver SeaRwevda

nebismieri msurveli. sakvebi da sxva aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebi maT unda

miiRon moqalaqeebisagan imis fasad, rom isini icaven samSoblos. isini cxovroben

erTad, albaT, raRac yazarmuli Senobebis msgavsSi rogorc omis, aseve

mSvidobianobis dros. mcvlebs ar unda hqondeT Sexeba oqrosa da vercxlTan. maT

ar unda hqondeT sakuTari saxli, miwa, fuli, raTa isini ar iqcnen msxvil

mepatroneebad da Sinaur mtrebad ar eqcnen sxva moqalaqeebs (“saxelmwifo” 417 a-b). mcvelebs ekrZalebaT TviTneburad saxelmwifos sazRvrebis datoveba,

heterebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva da a.S. dabadebidan mokle vadis gasvlis

Semdeg, bavSvebs specialurad maTTvis momzadebul SenobebSi ganaTavseben

maTTvis miCenili pirebis mzrunvelobis qveS.

amgvari gadawyvetileba platonis mier gamarTlebulia xolme saerTo

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis an sazogadoebaSi gamafebuli saerTo

pativiscemisa da siyvarulis principebis moSveliebiT. vTqvaT im pirobebSi,

rodesac aravin icis vinaa misi Svili an mama, yiveli adamiani mamaSvilur

siyvarul Tanabrad unawilebs erTmaneTs. magram saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sruli

gaurkvevloba adamianTa warmomavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciaciaSi. ra Tqma unda,

mosalodnelia niWieri adamianebis STamomavalic iseTive iyos, rogorc misi

mSoblebi da umeteswilad asedacaa. platoni winaaRmdegi rodia raime

talantebiT dajildoebulma adamianma Sesabamisi adgili daikavos

sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. Cven rom vicodeT bavSvis mSoblebis vinaoba, rac

12

uaryofisagan TeoriaSi da praqtikaSiac mzad var mTeli guliT davuWiro mxari

adamianis relur uflebebs ... rac Seexeba uflebas xelisuflebis gasa-

nawileblad, saxelmwifo saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebas, aq me yovelTvis

ganvagrZob mtkicebas, rom isini mxolod formalurad Sedian samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi adamianis pirdapir da ZiriTad uflebaTa rigSi” (26). Tu xeli-

suflebaSi monawileoba mxolod formaluradaa adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa

rigis Semadgeneli, maSin ra upirates uflebebze SegviZlia visaubroT am

konteqstSi? berki aq ganasxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc adamianTa

Tanaarsebobis bunebiT produqts, Sesabamisad adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aRmocenebuls xelSekrulebis safuZvelze adamianis

uflebebis Sesabamisi gagebiT. rusos ideebze aRmocenebulma frangi revo-

lucionerebis ideologiam adamianis uflebebis swored es ukanaskneli gageba

SearCia. Tu aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis produqtia, maSin SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT raime, rac ukve

nagulisxmebi ar aris xelSekrulebis mier. aseTi sazogadoebis erT-erTi

umTavresi principi ambobs, rom arc erTi adamiani ar gamodgeba mosamarTled

sakuTar saqmeSi. ukve mxolod es erTi principi arTmevs adamians Tavis bunebriv

uflebas, romelic yovelgvari xelSekrulebis miRma dgas, Tavadve gansajos da

daicvas sakuTari interesebi. man uari unda sTqvas Tavdacvazedac — bunebis am

pirvel kanonze — radgan adamians ar SeuZlia erTdroulad isargeblos

civilizirebuli da aracivilizirebuli saxelmwifos uflebebiT (26-27).

saulisxmoa, rom berki am msjelobebidan ar akeTebs calsaxa dadebiT an

uaryofiT daskvnas romelime Teoriis sasargeblod. misi mizania aCvenos rom

adamianis uflebaTa Tema ganyenebuli Teoriuli problemaa, romelze dayrd-

nobiT gaumarTlebelia konkretuli problemebis gadawyveta. mecniereba

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, berkis azriT, ar aris metafizikuri disciplina. is

arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri eqsperimentaluri mecnierebisagan. mas ver

SeviswavliT a priori. piriqiT, politikuri mecniereba, romelic praqtikuli

miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, damokidebulia adamianur gamocdilebaze.

man udidesi sifrTxiliT unda imsjelos sazogadoebrivi Senobis ngrevaze,

romelic saukineebis ganmavlobaSi aigeboda da pasuxobda Tavis daniSnulebas da

kidev ufro meti sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos maSin, romdesac saqme exeba axali

Senobis agebas. adamianis uflebebis Tema abstraqtuli metafizikuri Temaa da

misi realobasTan Sexeba mniSvnelovnad ucvlis mas saxes im donemde, rom

Teoriuli diskusiebi mis Sesaxeb azrs kargavs da absurdul xasiaTs iRebs.

“uflebebi, romlebzedac msjeloben Teoretikosebi — ukiduresobas

warmoadgens; igive doziT, ra doziTac isini metafizikurad sworia, politikis

da moralis kuTxiT yalbad gamoiyureba. ... politikuri goneba xom moqmedebs

gaTvlis principis meSveobiT — is ajamebs, gamoTvlis, amravlebs da yofs ara

metafizikur, aramed realur moralur realobebs ...”(28).

franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg

ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis revolucias ar gaaCnda is teqnologiebi, rom-

lebic misTvis uzrunvelyofda totalur kontrols individze. da mainc, am

mimarTulebiT man mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. revoluciis logika

gvaswavlis, rom yoveli revoluciuri xelisufleba mosaxleobis sruli

morCilebis misaRwevad epoqis da adgilis Sesabamis samizneebs poulobs. XVIII

saukunis miwurulis frangulma revoluciam aseT samizneebad sakuTrebis da

eklesiis institutebi SearCia. es arCevani sayovelTao da aucilebeli ar aris. is

ufro simboluria.

TavadaznaurobisaTvis sakuTrebis warTmevis mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi rom

ara, eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba sakuTrebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebad

SegveZlo CagveTvala, radgan am droindeli fraguli eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi

mesakuTre iyo. eklesia, ambobs berki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZveli,

sikeTisa da Svebis wyaroa (43). iqneb swored amitomac Seuties mas revoluciis

liderebma.

105

vasalebs aRar utovebda tiraniis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobas. rogorc ki es

principi moiSala, maSinve daiwyo SeTqmulebebi da mkvlelobebi, konfiskaciebi

da sisxliani angariSsworebebis mTeli rigi, rac yoveli im xelisuflebis

politikur kodeqss Seadgens, romelic arc sakuTar Rirsebas emyareba da arc maT

Rirsebas, vin marTuli inda iyos. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri mosazrebebidan

gamomdiare, mefeebi tiranebad iqcevian, xolo maTi qveSevrdomebi principze

dayrdnobiT meamboxeebad. evropuli civilizacia saukuneebis manZilze

emyareboda or princips — raindobas da religias. maT gareSe Tavisufleba

tiraniad iqceva, codna ampartavan uwignurobad, xolo humanuroba uxeSobad da

velurobad.

Rirsebis principi gasdevda sazogadoebis yvela rangs ise, ar angrevda

rigiTobis sistemas. misi wyalobiT mefe Tavisufled da megobrulad eqceoda

yvela qveSevrdoms ise, rom isinic monuri morCilebis gareSe pasuxobdnen mas.

yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe es principi aqrobda pativmoyvareobis da

ampartavnebis yovlegvar gamovlenas, avaldebulebda monarqs yuri miegdo

sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis, koreqtulobas aiZulebda mkacr xelisuflebas,

agebinebda yvelas, rom manerebi SeiZleba kanonebze mniSvnelovani iyos.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqam goneba umaRles prioritetad aRiara. marTalia

berki arafers ambobs ganmanaTleblobaze, magram laparakobs gonebis Suqze,

romlis brwyinvalebam gaaqro rainduli idealebi. yvela saburavi, romelic

esoden alamazebda cxovrebas daundoblad Camoiglija. samaradJamod moiciles

Tavidan zneobis maragebidan aRebuli yvela ideali, romelic adamianis

mankierebis dafarvas emsaxureboda. isini absurdulad da sasacilod

gamoacxades. am axali xedviT mefe ar aris meti, vidre adamiani, xolo dedofali

ki qali; qali — cxovelze meti araa, xolo cxoveli ar ganekuTvneba umaRlesi

kategoriis arsebas. pativiscema susti sqesis mimarT romantiul bodvad

cxaddeba. mefis mkvlelobis, mamis mkvlelobis da saerTod adamianTa msxverplis

warmoudgeneli mankiereba mxolod gamonagoni da crurwmenaa, romelic xels

uSlis samarTlianobis aRsrulebas. am barbarosuli filosofiiT, romelic

SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod gayinul gulsa da avadmyof gonebaSi

gamoiricxeba yovelgvari sibrZne, gemovneba da keTilSobileba. kanoni unda

emyarebodes SiSs da emsaxurebodaes mas, vinc kanons piradi SurisZiebisa da

interesebis mizniT iyenebs. da es maSin, rodesac Cvevebis da tradiciebis

safuZvlis gareSe kanoni warmoudgenelia. “sazogadoebis zneni da midrekilebebi

— wers berki — zogjer aucilebelni arian rogorc damatebani, zogjer rogorc

koreqtivebi, magram yovelTvis rogorc kanonis safuZvlebi” (34-35).

revolucioner xelisufalTa farisevluri gancxadebebis fonze, adamianTa

bunebiTi uTanaswororobis Zveli platonuri idea, sakmaod naTlad JRers berkis

SexedulebebSi: safrangeTis kanclerma ganacxada, rom yvela profesia sapatioa.

araferia sapatio dalaqisa da farnebis amnTebis profesiaSi, ambobs berki, Tumca

es aravis, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos, ar aZlevs uflebas daCagros am rangis

xalxi. problema ufro sxvaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela wodebis

Tanasworobis motiviT cdiloben qveynis marTva mewaReebs Caabaron. es

gadaudebel problemebs Seqmnis. amgvari qmedebiT fiqroben, rom cru rwmenebis

winaaRmdeg gamodian da sinamdvileSi ki brZoloben bunebis winaaRmdeg — ambobs

berki. Tumca, aqve, Cqarobs Tavisi mosazrebis komentirebas. sazogadoebaSi mis

mier rangebis dacva sulac ar niSnavs mis mier warmomavlobiTi xelisuflebis

dacvas. ZalauflebisaTvis, misi azriT, mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod sibrZnes da

saTnoebas, xolo Tu adamiani misi mflobelia, es imas niSnavs, rom mas

sazogadoebaSi adgilis da Rirsebis mandati zecidan miuRia (21).

ras sTavazobs revoluciuri safrangeTi Tanasworobis am principebis

sanacvlod Tavis moqalaqeebs? raindobis da Rirsebis principebs aq adamianis

uflebebis Tema enacvleba. “isini safuZvelSi deben naRms, romelic daangrevs

yvela Zvel simbolos, Cvevas, qartias, saparlamento aqts. es naRmi — adamianis

uflebebia” (26). magram ra unda hqondes adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego

berks? rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans araferi, radgan berki upirveles yovlisa

adamianis uflebebis profanacias ucxadebs brZolas.

“magram aris ki saubari adamianis namdvil uflebebze? me Zalze Sors var maTi

104

ganmsazRvreli iqneboda axalgazrdis sazogadoebis ama Tu im safexurze

gansaTavseblad, maSin arc zedamxedvelebis gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva gaxdeboda

saWiro saamisod da mTeli sazogadoebac gamokveTil kastebad struqturirebad

xasiaTs miiRebda. magram ramdenadac bavSvebis mSoblebis vinaoba ucnobi rCeba,

sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili unda daikavos am ukve axalgazrda kacma

saxlmwifoSi, gadawydeba misi pirad Tvisebebze, niWsa da talantebze dakvirvebiT

saxelmwifo aRmzrdel-moxeleebis mier.

3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea

erT-erTi idea, romelic ganmsazRvrelia klasikuri konservatizmisaTvis,

aris adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi

TvisebebiT ar arian Tanasworni erTmaneTTan. zogierTi dajildovebulia

saocari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogierTi Sromismoyvare da

gamrjea, zogic “samusiko” xelovnebisadmi midrekili. platoni, romelic arsad

ar arRvevs izonomiis, anu kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas,

amave dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze. Tu bunebiTi

uTanasworobis idea, ganmsazRvrelad miviCnieT politikuri konservatizmis

TeoriisaTvis, maSin platoni erT-erT pirvel konservatorad unda CavTvaloT.

igi ara mxolod uSvebs aseTi bunebrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas, aramed am ideas

uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifos socialur organizacias. yovelma adamianma unda

daikavos is adgili saxelmwifos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba

mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli

xdeba swored esaa samarTlianad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is

saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSiac yvela adamians Sesabamisi adgili aqvs

miCenili da ar xdeba sazogadoebrivi fenebis aRreva.

sakiTxis sruli saxiT warmosadgenad dagvrCa erTi kiTxva: ra gansazRvravs

adamianis niWierebas, ra qmnis misi ama Tu im talantis safuZvels? fsiqologiuri

mecniereba icnobs talantis fenomens rogorc faqts, rogorc realobas. ra Tqma

unda, arsebobdnen talantebi da arsebobdnen geniosebic, magram ris gamo, amaze

erTsulovnad sdums rogorc mecniereba, aseve Cveulebrivi gansjac. ufro

metic, Tavad kiTxva SeiZleba mogveCvenos aramarTlzomierad _ faqtia, rom

adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom maT xvadasxva

midrekilebebi gaaCniaT da sruliad uadgiloa imis Zieba, Tu ra iwvevs amas.

iq sadac mecniereba da gansja dums platoni miTs iSveliebs da misi

saSualebiT surs axsnas adamianTa Soris arsebuli bunebiTi uTanasworoba.

platoni gviyveba, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianebi miwisagan da rom

qmnadobis am procesSi zogierTs mieria oqro, zogierTs vercxli, xolo zogsac

rkina da spilenZi. is visac oqro mieria mmarTvelebs unda Seadgenen,

vercxlnarebi xalxi mcvelebad gamodgeba, xolo rkiniTa da spilenZiT

Sezavebulebma xelosnebis da miwaTmoqmedebis rigebi unda Seavson (“saxelmwifo”

414 d, e; 415). yoveli mmarTveli, yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda

zrunavdes ara imis garkvevaze, Tu visi Svilia esa Tu is axalSobili, aramed imaze,

Tu ra Tvisebebi gaaCnia mas da Tu aRmoaCens, rom savaraudod oqronarevi

mSoblebis SvilSi sWarbobs spilenZisa da rkinis xasiaTi, mas Sesabamis

sazogadoebriv fenaSi unda miuCinon adgili. es ki niSnavs, rom raRac saxiT

socialuri mobiloba idealur saxelmwifoSi mainc arsebobs.

4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia

axla Cven sakmarisad momzadebulni varT saimisod, rom vilaparakoT

samarTliani saxelmwifos bunebaze da mizanze. mcvelebis cxovrebis aRweris

Semdeg, kiTxvaze — “xom ar iqneba maTi yofacxovrebis normebis aseTi mkacri

reglamentacia gadaWarbebuli?” — sokrate pasuxobs: “roca Cven vayalibebdiT am

saxelmwifos, sulac ar gvsurda gansakuTrebiT bednieri gagvexada misi erTi

13

romelime fena, aramed piriqiT, gvindoda aseTi yofiliyo mTeli saxelmwifo.

Tqven xom imedi gqondaT swored aseT saxelmwifoSi aRmogeCinaT samarTlianoba

da cudad mowyobilSi ki usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 420 b-c) da Smdeg: “amasTan,

Cven iseT saxelmwifos miviCnevT samarTlianad, romelSiac arsebuli sami, Tavisi

bunebiT gansxvavebuli fena, TiToeuli Tavis saqmes akeTebs. brZen, mamac da

gamWriaxad Cven CavTvliT Sesabamisi Tvisebebis da mdgomareobis mqone fenebis

mqone saxelmwifos” (“saxelmwifo” 435 b-c). amrigad, mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maSin,

rodesac yoveli adamiani gaakeTebs raRac erTs iqedan (rac Tavis mxriv saWiroa

saxelmwifosaTvis), risi gakeTebis bunebrivi monacemebic mas yvelaze metad aqvs.

samarTlianoba zogadad aris sakuTari saqmis keTeba da sxvis saqmeebSi

Caurevloba (“saxelmwifo” 433 a-c). sxvis saqmeebSi Caurevlobaze saubrisas aq is

ki ar igulisxmeba, rom ikrZaleba xeli SeaSvelo miwis damuSavebaSi vinmes.

laparakia sazogadoebis fenebis principul statusze da maTi funqciebis

aRrevis principul miuReblobaze. sokrate sagangebod ubrundeba socialuri

kibis safexurebis statikurobis sakiTxs da yovelgvar mobilobas ukve dadgenil

fenebs Soris damRupvelad miiCnevs. rodesac xelosani, an sxva romelime saqmiani

kaci sakuTari unarebis, simdidris, Tu zalisa da gavlenini kavSirebis wyalobiT

imdenad amaRldeba, rom moindomebs mcvelebis fenaSi gadainacvlos an raRac

msgavs moindomeben mcvelebi da mmarTvelebSi gadainacvleben, an, bolos,

romelime erTi adamiani moisurvebs yvelafer amis gakeTebas, aseTi Careva sxvis

saqmeSi, erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris udidesi boroteba da danaSauli

saxelmwifos winaSe, anu usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 434 b-d).

5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci

saxelmwifo adamianebisagan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, maTi Tvisebebic Zalze

msgavsi unda iyos. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTliani

saxelmwifo, SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb konkretul

adamianTan mimarTebiT. Tvisebebis msgavsebis Tezisis safuZvelze SeiZleba

visaubroT, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTnoebebi — sibrZne,

vaJkacoba da gamWriaxoba — man adamianebisagan, sakuTari moqalaqeebisagan

SeiZina (“saxelmwifo” 435 e). aqedan platoni gadadis adamianis sulis sami sawyisis

analizze. es sawyisebi koordinaciaSi arian saxelmwifos im ZiriTad TvisebebTan

da saTnoebebTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo saubari. adamianis suli Sedgeba: a)

gonieri nawilisagan (logisticonmeros), romelic adamianis TavSia koncentrirebuli;

b) mrisxanebis nawilisagan (thimoedes), romlis adgili dulSia da, bolos, RviZlSi

myofi ltolvadi nawilisagan (epithymeticon) (“saxelmwifo” 439 d,e). samarTliani

adamianis buneba am Tvisebebis mimarTebis, ufro zustad maT relaciur

urTierTobaSi vlindeba, oRond saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad,

relaciebs aqvT ara gare, aramed sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli xasiaTi. samarTliani

iqneba is adamiani, romelic moaxerxebs TiToeul am awyiss Sesabamisi adgili da

funqcia miuCinos: “... is axerxebs TiToeuls miuzRas is, rac misTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli; mas SeiZlia sakuTari Tavis moTokva, is awesrigebs Tavs da

sakuTari Tavis megobari xdeba; is ise SeuTanadebs Tavisi sulis sam sawyiss

erTmaneTs, rogorc amas akeTeben tkbilxmovanebis sami ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT.

... is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan am sam sawyiss da aRwevs gamWriaxobis da

mowesrigebulobis sakuTriv erTianobas” (“saxelmwifo” 443e).

14

gegmebs ufro metad awyobs. maT veravin aRudgeba win an Seasmens rasme verc caSi

da verc miwaze. rogori gonebis, rogori gulis, rogori unarebisa unda iyos

adamiani, romelic Tavs idebs uzarmazari samefos konstituciis SemuSavebas ...

msgavs situaciaSi ki, rodesac Zalaufleba usazRvroa, xolo misi miznebi ki

gaurkveveli da arc eqvemdebareba gansazRvrebas, zneobrivi borotebis

yoveldRiuri gavrceleba da Zalauflebis mflobeli adamianebis TiTqmis

fizikuri uunaroba Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba, saSineli

ngrevebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes” (17-18).

Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da adamianis Rirseba

rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli

safrangeTis revolucia aRiniSna umZafresi SejaxebiT gansxvavebul wodebes

da fenebs Soris. es cnobili Temaa da masze uamravi Sroma dawerila, vTqvaT aseTi

zogadi saTauris qveS — “klasTa brZola”. SeiZleboda am Temaze berkis Tval-

sazriss calke ganvixilavT. amjerad ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli Tanas-

wrobis fenomens, romelic TavisuflebasTan erTad politikis mkvlevarebma

demokratiis safuZvelSi moaTavses.

berki asxvavebs Tanasworobis orgvar gagebas: erTi Tanasworobis revo-

luciur ideals, romelic emyareba ra adamianis uflebebis cnebas, sazogadoebas

qaosisaken ubiZgebs, xolo meore Tanasworobis konservatiul ideals, romelic

Rirsebis grZnobas emyareba da gulisxmobs rangirebis SeanrCunebas sazoga-

doebaSi.

frangulma revoluciam win wamoswia bevri adamiani, romelmac sakuTari

Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod uRalata sakuTar klass, Tavadaznaurobas. inglisSi

revoluciis dros maTi msgvsi pironeba iyo grafi hovardi, romelmac mas Semdeg

rac mravali sikeTe miiRo mefisagan daRupvis piras miiyvana igi. magram hovardis

msgavsebi iSviaT gamonakliss waroadgendnen gansxvavebiT frangebisagan,

romelTa bevrma warCinebulma gvariSvilma mesame wodebaTan kavSirSi xeli

Seuwyo qveynis Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebas. arada, rodesac maRali rangis

pirebi, piradi gamorCenis mizniT, Ralatoben Rirsebis ideals, maTi Semdgomi

yvela saqme siqveles moklebuli xdeba. franguli revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT,

sxva qveynebSi didi socialuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis liderebi miznad ar

isaxavdnen adaminuri Rirsebis fexqveS gaTelvas. isini Sors iyurebodnen.

xangrZlivi istoriis manZlze safrangeTis saocari gamZleoba, didi katakliz-

mebis miuxedavad swrafi aRdgena, swored keTilSobil wodebaze iyo dam-

yarebuli, romelic yvelafris mouxedavad arasdros kargavda sulis simrTeles,

Rirsebas da pativad Tvlida qveynisaTvis samsaxurs. es fena axla safrangeTSi

nadgurdeba. kidev uaresi, revvoluciur xelisuflebas aTvalwunebuli da

damcirebuli yavs yvela is, vinc Rirsebis wesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. “yvela is —

miaCnia berks — vinc rangebis arsebobas esxmis Tavs, verasdros miaRwevs namdvil

Tanasworobas. yvela sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva kategoriis moqala-

qeebisagan Sedgeba, unda dominirebdes erTi. gamTanabreblebi mxolod

amaxinjeben bunebriv wesrigs” (20).

am fonze berki laparakobs evropis mzis Casvenebaze. evropa, romlis oqros

xana ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda raindobis fenomens, ukve warsuls Cabarda. es

epoqa Sescvala sofistebis, ekonomistebis, kantoris moxeleebis epoqam da

Sedegad evropis didebaz samudamod Caqra (33). ras warmoadgenda Zveli

sazogadoebis safuZvelTa safuZveli raindoba? berkis azriT, Zvel raindobaSi

realizebuli iyo mTeli zneobrivi sistema. misi principebi marTalia gareg-

nulad icvlebodnen, ramdenadac icvleboda cxovrebis pirobebi, magram

raindobis arsi agrZelebda arsebobas da berkis dromde zemoqmedebda mTel

Taobebze.

swored es qmnida evropis gamorCeul niSans sxva regionebisagan, Tumca igive

principi brwyinvalebas sZenda ara mxolod aziur imperiebs, aramed,

safiqrebelia, antikuri xanis saxelmwifoebsac. arsebobda feodaluri raindobis

erTgulebis principi, romelic ise ganamtkicebda samefo xelisuflebas, rom

103

da am saqmes eklesiaze Tavdasxmebidan iwyeben (25). xelisuflebam, romelmac

monopolia gamoacxada nacionalur nebaze, piradi angariSsworebis mizniT,

uamravi uknonoba ise Caidina, rom mas praqtikulad araviTari winaaRmdgoba ar

Sexvedria. cxdia, isini ufro mokrZalebulni iqnebodnen TavianT namoqmedarSi,

rom ar hqonodaT sruli garantia piradi usafrTxoebisa, rac rogorc

movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam aCvena iseve iluzoruli aRmoCnda, rogorc

maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebi.

es rac Seexeba revoluciis zogad princips, romelic gamoixata Zaladobis

mizniT nacionaluri nebis uzurpaciasa da revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier

piradi miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebaSi. magram zogadi principis cxovrebaSi

gasatareblad konkretuli meqanizmia saWiro. ZiriTad aseT meqanizms franguli

revoluciuri xelisuflebis organizacia warmoadgenda. berki upirveles

yovlisa frangul parlaments, nacionalur asambleas ixdis Tavisi kritikis

sagnad. yvela, gvarwmunebs is, vinc gaecnoba mis Semadgelobas, darwmundeba, rom

Zaladoba da boroteba erTaderTi arCevania, romelic ki maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon.

xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi rCebian iseTebad, rogoric isini

Seqmna RmarTma, bunebam, ganaTlebam da cxovrebis wesma. am mxriv ki frang

deputatebs dasakvexni mainc da mainc araferi aqvT. parlamentis saerTo

Semadgenloba warmoadgenda naxevrad wignier provinciel advokatebs, mcire

iuridiuli kantrebis mmarTvelebs, soflis notariusebs da municipaluri

Cinovnikebis mTel armias. qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli proeqtebis da

farTo politikuri xedvis nacvlad, maT xelisuflebaSi moitanes wvril-wvrili

intriga da yovldRiuri mosaxveWelisaTvis daundobeli brZola. arc erT

maTgans ar hqonia saxelmwifos gaZRolis praqtikuli gamocdileba, xolo

saukeTesoebi mxolod Teoretikosebi iyvnen. nebismier saqmeSi arseboben

liderebi da isini, vinc liderebs mihyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu vnaxavT rom

nacionaluri asamblea ZiriTadad Sedgeba umniSvnelo, medrove adamianebisagan,

gasagebia, rom maTi proeqtebic mankieri iqneba. am parlamentSi yvelaze batonobs

umecari umravlesoba. asambleis is mcirericxovani nawili, romelic moklebuli

ar aris Rirsebas, pativmoyvareobis karnaxiT umravlesobas gamoedevneba xolme

da iqceva instrumentad mis xelSi. politikuri xelmZRvanelobis efeqtianad

gansaxorcieleblad, erTi mxriv, liderebi pativs unda scemdnen da

iTvaliswinebdnen maT azrs, visac isini win uZRvian, xolo meore mxriv, piriqiT, am

ukanasknelebs unda SemorCenili hqondeT kritikuli Sefasebis unari da brmad ar

unda mihyvebodnen sxvebs.

Tu parlamentis Semadgenloba iseTia, rogorc davaxasiaTeT, ras SeiZleba

movelodeT misgan? berki fiqrobs, rom es aqtiuri, veragi adamianebi arasdros

dauSveben imas, rom cxovrebam iq daabrunos, saidanac maT Tavi wamoyves. sakuTari

saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, raSiac isini saerTod ver erkvevian,

nebismieri xerxebiT, isini ixelmZRvaneleben mxolod sakuTari interesebis

karnaxiT, raSiac Zalian kargad erkvevian. es xalxi mzadaa xma misces nebismier

proeqts, romelic ki maR pirad mogebas uqadis. ase iqmneba sruliad

gaumarTlebli konstitucia, romelic maT maRal Tanamdebobebze gadabargebis

saSualebas da qonebis xelaxali, Zaladobrivi gziT gadanawilebis

SesaZleblobas aZlevs. umravlesoba, romelic Tavis droze ver daikvexnida verc

Wkua-gonebiT da verc zneobrivi sispetakiT, vis ZiriTad sazrunavsac piradi

gamorCena warmoadgenda, viTarebam axla maRal saxelisuflebo postebze

wamoaskupa. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc saqme gvaqvs im adamianebTan, visi

midrekilebebi da unarebi, an ganzraxulis aRsrulebis wesi odnavac ki ar

Secvlila (17).

berki gamoTqvams eWvs, rom arCevnebi gamiznulad moewyo ise, rom parlamentSi

moxvedriliyo umravlesoba, visac simdidre mxolod suraTebze Tu unaxavs. es

adamianebi moklebulni arian unars win aRudgenen angarebas. isini SeCveulni

arian morCilebas da sanacvlod Tavis TavSi atareben patara karieristis

mentalitets, gaunaTleblobis da TviTkmayofilebis energias, momxveWelobis

vnebas, rasac ukve veRaravin SeaCerebs. umravlesobis yvela wevrma “nacvlad

imisa, rom aRiaros ukve SemuSavebuli konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebis

aucilebloba, gadawyvita Tavad SeimuSaos iseTi konstitucia, rogoric maT

102

6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.

saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi

ras warmoadgens mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT platonis idealuri

saxelmwifo? idealuri saxelmwifo, romelzedac platoni saubrobs SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli formiT. is SeiZleba iyos an monarqia an

aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTveloba). rCeulebi, romlebzedac platoni lapa-

rakobs ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTveli

rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. aq, albaT, saWiroa davazustoT “filosofosis”

cneba da vTqvaT, rom platoni am terminSi ar gulisxmobs diplomirebul

filosofiis magistrs. erT-erT Tavis dialogSi platoni wers: “maTematika, an

sxva romelome filosofiao” da Tu termin filosofiis etimologias

gaviTvaliswinebT, rac sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi inteleqtualebi, mecnierebi arian. platoni

ara erT furcels uTmobs filosofosi mmarTvelis ama Tu im Tvisebis

daxasiaTebas. laparakia rogorc filosofosebis interesebze da mowodebebze —

misiaze _ aseve maT mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac filosofos

mmarTvelebs SevexeT, barem aqve ganvixiloT sakiTxi platonis politikuri

Teoriis totalitarulobis Taobaze. karl poperma, naSromSi “Ria sazogadoeba

da misi mtrebi” platoni totalitarizmis mamad gamoacxada. poperis braldeba

friad soliduria da unda iTqvas, rom rogorc popers aseve platons bevri

damcveli gamouCnda. platonis damcvelTa rigebSi, albaT, pirvel rigSi unda

movixsenioT iseTi avtori rogoricaa leo Strausi, vinc fiqrobda, rom poperma

ubralod ver gaigo platoni da mis politikur filosofias araswori

interpretacia misca. Cven vfiqrobT, rom platonis Teoria marTlac Seicavs

bevr iseT elements, romelic poperis kritrkis simarTleSi gvarwmunebs. kerZo

sakuTrebis akrZalva ukve Seicavs araerT iseT moTxovnas, saidanac sazogadoebis

totaluri kontrolisaken mivdivarT. Tu amas davumatebT xelovnebis da bavSvTa

aRzrdis umkacresi ideologiuri kontrolis moTxovnas platonis mier, Zalze

axlos aRmovCndebiT orvelis samyarosTan, sadac regulirebadia ara mxolod

Svilebis gaCenis asaki (platonis TeoriiT qalebisaTvis 20-40 weli da mamakace-

bisaTvis 30-55 weli), aramed seqsic: “dae, igive kanoni moqmedebdes im SemTxve-

vebSiac, rodesac romelime STamomavlobis gagrZelebis unaris mqone mamakaci

Seexeba, Tundac saqorwino asakis qals, xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe. aseT

SemTxvevaSi Cven vityviT, rom isini Soben saxlmwifosaTvis ukanono bavSvs” (461 b). yofis aseTi kontroli, ra Tqma unda, totalitarulobis asociaciebs

aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. magram platonis saxemlwifo ar SeiZleba totalitaruli

iyos ufro teqnikuri viTarebebis, vidrde ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo. rac

platonis saxelmwifos aklia totalitarulobamde, aris masmedia. aristotele

erTgan wers, rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebi sruldeba iq, sadamdec swvdeba

heroldis xma. ar iqneba swori, Tu saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebis kontrols

mxolod TvalTvaliT unariT SemovzRudavT da ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi

zegavlenis, politikuri gemovnebis formirebis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogoric

masmediaa. jer saerTo nacionaluri presa, Semdeg televizia da, bolos,

interneti, aseT kontrols dRes marTlac totalur xasiaTs aniWebs da mas

uiversalurs xdis. platons amaze ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo.

saxelmwifo mowyobis yvela danarCeni forma mankieria da pirvelis

degradacias warmoadgens. idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda,

platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebis mqone saxelmwifoebze:

timokratiaze, anu qonebriv cenzze damyarebuli reJimi, oligarqiaze, anu

umciresobis mmarTveloba, demokratiaze anu xalxis mmarTveloba da tiraniaze

anu erTis mmarTveloba sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am formebs Soris yvelaze

uaresi tiraniaa da platonic sakmao dros uTmobs jer tiraniis rogorc reJimis

aRweras, xolo Semdeg tiranis Cvevebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCinebas.

Cvens droSi uyoymano Rirebulebebis Semcvel demokratiul mmarTvelobas

platoni, rogorc vxedavT, mainc da mainc ar swyalobs da bolodan meore

adgilze ayenebs. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom

15

platonisaTvis “demokratia” iseve, rogorc Zveli romaelebisaTvis “respublika”

(“plebsis” mmarTveloba) uTanaswordeboda ara imdenad “xalxis mmarTvelobas”,

ramdenadac “mdabioTa mmarTvelobas”.

7. sxva sakiTxebi

platonis filosofiis ganxilvis bolos, minda Sevexo or, Cemi azriT, dRes

mniSvnelovan Temas. pirveli ukavSirdeba qalis rolsa da funqciebs sazoga-

doebaSi, xolo meore omis problemas..

aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni Tvlis, rom qali iseTive aqtiuri

personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. laparakia ara mxolod qalis

socialur da politikur aqtiobaze, aramed mis aqtiobaze samxedro saqmeSiac.

Zalze delikaturad, platoni wers, rom qalebma smxedro saqmeSe unda iTavon

imdenad, ramdensac Tavad CaTvlian SesaZleblad (452a...…; 453... ). kidev erTi sakiTxi, aris omis problema. Zalze didi xnis Semdeg, faSizmis

erT-erTi ideologi da haidegeris megobari, karl Smiti, dawers statias,

“politikuris cnebis Sesaxeb”, romelic amozrdilia platonis omis gansaz-

Rvrebidan. saerTod, omis klasikur gansazRvrebad iTvleba klauzevicis defi-

nicia, romelic gveubneba, rom omi aris politikis gagrZeleba samxedro

saSualebebiT. am definiciis gasagebad, sul mcire, Cven imis codna mainc

gvWirdeba, Tu ra aris politikuri da platoni swored am sawyisebTan dgas. is

ganasxvavebs omis orgvar mniSvnelobas, sakuTriv oms da ganxeTqilebas: “me

mgonia, rom arsebobs ori saxelwodeba — omi da gamxeTqileba. isini Seu-

Tanxmeblobis ori gamovlinebaa. da orad me maT vTvli ai ratom: erTs adgili aqvs

Tavisianebsa da axloblebs Soris, xolo meores — ucxoebTan, ucxotomelebTan.

mtroba TavisianebTan ganxeTqilebad iwodeba, xolo sxvebTan omad” (470 b-c). Tumca, es ufro deskripciaa omisa da aq jr kidev ar Cans misi mizezebi imisa,

Tu ratom aqvs elins mtroba ucxotomelTan da aramtroba isev elinTan,

visTanac, rogorc istoriidan viciT aranaklebi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi

hqonia. platoni amis Taobaze wers: “maSasadame, Tu elinebi ebrZvian barbarosebs

da barbarosebi elinebs, Cven vityviT, rom isini brZoloben imitom, rom TavianTi

bunebiT mtrebi arian da amitom maT am mtrobas omi unda vuwodoT. xolo,

rodesac msgavsi ram xdeba elinebs Soris, unda vTqvaT, rom isini bunebiT

megobrebi arian, magram elada aseT SemTxvevaSi avadaa da masSi urTierTqiSpoba

sufevs, rasac ganxeTqileba ewodeba” (470c-d).

savaldebulo literatura

1. platoni — saxelmwifo. Tavebi II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX.

2. Plato - The Republic. Translated with the Introduction by Desmond Lee. Second Edition. Penguin Books, 1987.

3.Платон – Государство, в кн. Платон Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 1. Изд. «Мысль», Москва 1971.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi

4. uiliam gaTri — berZeni filosofosebi. Talesidan aristotelamde.” (platoni.

moZRvreba ideebis Sasaxeb) gv.96-114, gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1983.

5.frensis fukuiama ”istoriis dasasrul da ukanaskneli adamiani”. nawili III 17

(”Timosis aRzeveba da dacema”) gv. 192-203. gamoc. mSvidobis, demokratiis da

ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier. Tbilisi, 1999.

6. Leo Straus Notion of Nature. in Introduction of ”History of Political Philosophy” Univ. of Chicago. 7.Carl Schmitt ”The Notion of Political”. 8. Leo Straus, Plato, in: ”History of Political Philosophy”.

16

saukeTeso saSualebaa zomierebis SesanarCuneblad sazogadoebaSi, romelic amiT

daculi iqneba moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da bolomde gauazrebeli

proeqtebis tiraniisagan.

“Tqven rom ar amogeSalaT mexsierebidan winaprebi, cocxlad SegenarCune-

binaT Zveli evropuli kanonis principebi da nimuSebi, mxolod gageumjo-

besebinaT da SegeguebinaT isini Tanamedrove situaciasTan, maSin mTel msoflios

uCvenebdiT axali sibrZnis magaliTs. maSin, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tqven

Zalze Rirseul saqmed aqcevdiT yvela xalxis Rirseul adamianTa TvalSi. Tqven

sayrdens gamoaclidiT despoticms, Tuki uCvenebdiT, rom Tavisufleba ara

mxolod SeTavsebada kanonierebasTan, aramed, roca is ar ewinaaRmdegeba

disciplinas, Sesatyvisia kidevac misi” (12).

Tuki ase moiqceodnen, fiqrobs berki, maSin frangebi aCvenebdnen imas, rac

Tavis droze ganaxorcieles ingliselebma. kerZod, rom savsebiT SeTavsebadia

erTmaneTTan Tavisufali saxelmwifo, Zlieri monarqia, disciplinirebuli

armia, reformirebuli da yvelasaTvis pativsacemi eklesia, Serbilebuli da amave

dros energiuli Tavadaznauroba. liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mesame

wodebisadmi am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisufali konkurencia

hqonoda da, saboloo jamSi, Tavis mxares gadmoebirebina Tavadaznauroba.

Sedegad, safrangeTi miiRebda yovelmxriv dacul, kmayofil da Sromismoyvare

xalxs, romelic bednierad icxovrebda sruli moraluri Tanasworobis

pirobebSi. rogoria amis nacvlad realoba?

revoluciis mamebis mecadineobiT, frangi xalxi, romelic welSi wydeba

umZimesi SromiT, motyuebulia imiT, rom mas yalb ideebs da ararealuri

proeqtebiT cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imeds unergaven, rac kidev ufro mwares

xdis qveyanaSi gamefebul realur uTanasworobas.

Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli

“safrangeTma iyida maTxovruli yofa danaSaulis fasad” (13). amgvaria

revoluciuri safrangeTis realuri Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba berkis

mier. danaSauli, zogadi azriT, aris kanonis ugulvebelyofa, kanonierebis

fexqveS gaTelva da masze maRla dadgomis mcdeloba. pirveli nabiji am dam-

Rupveli mimarTulebiT frangebma kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobiT gadadges.

sazogadoebis politikuri wyoba, romlis warmoSobas safuZvlad ukanonoba

uZevs, verasdros Seegueba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv insti-

tutebs. SiSveli nebis mier sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao wesad qceva mxolod

pirveli nabijia aRviraxsnilobis, TviTnebobis da urwmunoebis gaormagebisaken.

Sedegad, korupcia, manamde simdidris da Zalauflebis Tanmxleb mankierebad rom

iTvleboda, mosaxleobis yvela fenas moedo. postrevoluciuri safrangeTis

mZime mdgomareobas berki ase aRwers: arsebuli viTarebiT miRweulia eris sruli

bankrotoba, rac konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom kanonebi ugulve-

belyofilia, sasamarTloebi garekili, mrewveloba dauZlurebuli, suls Rafavs

vaWroba, xalxi gamaTxovrebulia, eklesia gaZarcvuli, armia da samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba imyofeba anarqiis mdgomareobaSi. anarqia iqca sazogadoebrivi

mowyobis ZiriTad wesad (14).

ram gamoiwvia aseTi mZime viTareba? qveynis msgavsi totaluri ngreva,

Cveulebriv Sedegia xolme ucxo mtris Semosevis, an, kidev uaresi, samoqalaqo

omis. zogadad revoluciis da pirvelad franguli revoluciis specifikas

swored is Seadgenda, rom qveynis ngreva sruliad mSvidobian istoriul

monakveTSi Sedga. is ganxorcielda periodSi, romlis drosac axali xelis-

uflebis mier miiReboda bolomde gauazrebeli, umeteswilad briyvuli gada-

wyvetilebebi, rac warmoadgenda revoluciuri mTavrobis arakompetenturobis

da TviTkmayofilebis manifestacias. arada, es gaxldaT xlisufleba, romelsac

araTu aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli

mxardaWera hqonda (14). am adamianebis arsi ngrevaSi mdgomareobs. sxva

SemTxvevaSi maTi arseboba yovelgvar gamarTlebas dakargavda. Sesabamisad, isini

TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis aucileblad Tvlian samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ngrevas

101

kontreformaciuli eklesiis moZrvars, doqtor praiss.

praisis qadagebidan, romelic ZiriTadad agebulia adamianis uflebebis Temis

irgvliv, praiss gamoyavda Tvalsazrisi, romelic TiTqos moipova ingliselma

xalxma 1688 wlis revoluciis ZaliT da romlebic misi azriT gulisxmobda mefis

arCeviTobas, uvargisi mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis ZaliT damxobis

uflebas da mTavrobis xalxis Sexedulebis mixedviT dakompleqtebas. berki

Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs samive am mtkicebas da aCvenebs, rom arc erTi maTgani

ar Sesula revoluciis Semajamebeli dokumentis originalSi, romlis sruli

saxelwodebaa “adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklaraciis da taxtis

monacvleobis uflebis aqti”. berki savsebiT samarTlianad urCevs adresats Tuki

mas marTlac ainteresebs inglisis saxelmwifo wyoba, es sakiTxi Seiswavlos

qveynis istoriidan, sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan da sxva dokumentebidan da ara

mRvdlebis mier kaTedrebidan gakeTebuli qadagebebis safuZvelze. amasTan,

berkis azriT, qveynis politikuri mowyobis avtorebi kanonmdeblobas

alagebdnen bunebis kanonebTan TanazomadobiT da ara novaciebis Semotanis

surviliT. sicicxlisunariani arsebuli realobis SenarCunebiT, ingliseli

xalxi sulac ar uaryofs gaumjobesebisaken miswrafebas da progress, romlis

SerCeva SenarCunebis arCevani yovelTvis Tavisuflad rCeba.

“amgvarad gardatydeba bunebis universaluri kanoni saxelmwifos

cxovrebaSi, sadac Cven vsrulyofT imas, rac arasdros ar aris axali da

vinarCunebT imas, rac arasdros ar Zveldeba. winaprebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni

aseTi principebi warimarTeba ara Zveli crurwmenebiT, aramed filosofiuri

analogiiT. vemyarebiT ra taxtismonacvleobis princips, Cven vafuZnebT

mmarTvelobas sisxliT naTesaobaze, xolo qveynis kanonebs vukavSirebT ojaxur

kavSirebs da axloblobas imgvarad, rom mexsierebaSi siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT

vinaxavT warmodgenebs Cvens saxelmwifoze, ojaxur kerebze, winaprebis

saflavebsa da sakurTxevlebze. TavisuflebaTa memkvidreobiTobis ideis Suqze

ganxilviT, Cven viRebT arcTumcire upiratesobebs. Tavisuflebis suli ase

xSirad rom warmoSobs uwesrigobas da eqscesebs, CvenSi moqmedebs, Tu SeiZleba

ase iTqvas, kanonizebuli winaprebis TandaswrebiT da amitomac morCili xdeba

maTi didi pativiscemis da mowiwebis ZaliT. ... swored amitomaa Cveni Tavisufleba

Rirseuli Tavisufleba” (gv. 11). berkis es sityvebi memkvidreobiTobis principis

ganxilvisaken gbiZgeben, romelic konservatizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri

principia.

memkvidreobiToba

amrigad, winaprebis danatovaris pativiscema, memkvdreobiToba, rogorc

vxedavT aRmocenebulia bunebis proncipebTan sazogadoebis harmonizaciis

survilze. swored es ganasxvavebs ingliselTa cxovrebis wess da Tavis droze

inglisuri revoluciis Taviseburebebs frangulisagan. pirveli dafuZnebulia

tradiciaze maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli cdilobs yovelgvari tradiciulis

uaryofas.

“rusom ver mogvaqcia Tavis rwmenaze; Cven ar gavmxadvarT volteris

mowafeebi; helveciuss araferi daumatebia Cveni ganviTarebisaTvis. aTeistebi ar

gamxdaran Cveni moZRvrebi, SeSlilebi — kanonmdeblebi. ... Cven araviTari

aRmoCena ar gagvikeTebia, Tumca arc vfiqrobT, rom morali iseve, romgorc

moralisa da mmarTvelobis safuZvlebi saWiroebs aRmoCenas” (40).

am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT berkis mowodeba frangebisadmi aaSenon axali

Senoba Zvel saZirkvelze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, Tu frangebi aRar

ganixilaven sakuTar Tavs iseT naciad, romelsac revoluciamde araferi hqonia

saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da monobaSi cxovrobda. winaprebis

pativiscemiT, frangebi ufro met pativs miagebdnen sakuTar Tavs. Tavisuflebis

suls sCvevia mravalgvari eqscesebis da aurzauris gamowveva. magram, Tu is

emyareba memkvidreobiTobis idas, raRac azriT kanonizirebuli winaprebis

uRrmes pativiscemas, maSin yovelTvis dazRveuli iqneba yovelgvari

gaugebrobebisagan. Tu axalma Taobam Tavisuflebis idea miiRo Rirsebis

TanSobil grZnobasTan erTad, is arasdros ahyveba utifarTa gamoxdomebs, rac

100

aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria

Sesavali. platonis mowafeebs Soris yvelaze ufro niWieri, aristotele,

Tavad miiwvia makedoniis mefe filipem Tavisi vaJis, aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. es

erTgvari kompensacia iyo aristotelesaTvis, romelsac molodinis

sawirispirod, platonma ar dautova Tavisi skolis xelmZRvaneloba.

damokidebuleba maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris araerTgvarovania. Tu

gavixsenebT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas _ “megobaria platoni, magram

WeSmariteba ufro didi megobaria” _ maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris sakmaod

mwvave diskusiebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT. rig sakiTxebSi da es iTqmis ufro

metafizikis da epistemologiis problemebze, platonis d aristoteles

Sexedulebebi TiTqmis erTgvaria. sxva sakiTxebSi da maT Sorisaa politikuri

problematika, platonis da aristoteles xedva ara mxolod gansxvavebulia,

aramed xSirad sapirispiroc. Tavisi politikuri doqtrina aristotelem

gadmosca “politikaSi”, “nikomaqes eTikaSi” da “did eTikaSi”. am bolo or

naSromSi politikuri problemebi eTikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis konteqstSi

gadmoicema. sakuTriv politikur problemebs is ZiriTadad “politikaSi”

ganixilavs da Cvenc am naSroms daveyrdnobiT, rmelic sul rva wignisagan

Sedgeba. platonis “saxelmwifosagan” gansxvavebiT, romelic idealuri

saxelmwifos proeqtirebas uTmobs ZiriTad dros, aristotele aranaklebad

interesdeba arsebuli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRweriT, Tanac

imgvarad, rom erTnairi gulmodginebiT warmoadgens rogorc Teoriul da mTeli

misi doqtrinisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebs, aseve, erTi

SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo detalebs saxelmwifo cxovrebisa.

1. saxelmwifo da adamiani

yoveli saxelmwifo, wers aristotele “politikis” SesavalSi, aris adami-

anTSorisi urTierTobis Taviseburi forma, romelic miznad isaxavs saTnoebas.

aq, albaT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba rusul da inglisur Targmanebs Soris. berZnuli “κοινονια”, inglisur teqstSi Temaze, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo,

Targmnilia adamianTSorisi asociaciad (association) Sesaxeb, xolo rusuli teqsti

saubrobs adamianTSoris urTierTobaze (общение). es ukanaskneli Zalze tevadi

terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv asociacias, aseve adamianTa Soris

komunikacias, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa

aristoteles aseTi gancxadeba: saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi unda ar yvela saqmeSi,

an arc erTSi, an zogSi monawileobdnenda zogSic ara. es savsebiT bunebrivia,

radgan “erTi saxelmwifos mier dakavebuli adgili garkveuli saxis erTobaa,

xolo moqalaqeebi ki erTi saxelmwifos mowileebi (κοινονοι) arian” (1261 a).

am zogadi SeniSvnis Semdgom, aristotele saubrobs meTodze, romelic

saxelmwifos ganxilvis gzis maCvenebeli unda iyos. politikuri analizis

aristoteleseuli meTodi ar aris raime gansxvavebuli kvlevis sxva meTo-

debisagan. is am SemTxvevaSi igive meTods iyenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebis

analizisas. erTi mxriv, problemisadmi misi midgoma ar aris didad gansxvavebuli

sakiTxis kvlevis im wesisagan, romelsac palatoni amjobinebda. aristotele

wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki mas adre gadmocemuli

meTodis mixedviT ganvixilavT _ sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, Tu rTuls martiv

elementebd davanawilebT da davakvirdebiT, Tu risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo

...”(1252 a 20). “politikis” meore wignis dasawyisSi, aristotele gvamcnobs, rom

ararsebuli idealuri saxelmwifo modelebis misi analizi TviTmiznuri ar aris.

naSromis mizania Seswavlili iqnes adamianTa urTierToba maTi yvelaze

srulyofili im formiT, romelic adamianebs aZlevs saSualebas icxovron

TavianTi miswrafebebis Sesabamisad. am kvlevis procesSi, gvafrTxilebs

aristotele, ganxiluli iqneba realurad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo Tu

iseT saxelmwifoebs SevexebiT, romlebic arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, es moxdeba

17

ara TviTmiznurad, aramed mxolod imitom, rom arsebulebi mravalmxriv

srulyofilebi arian, da ver axdenen TvianTi bunebis (“fysis”) realizacias (1260 b

30-35).

is rac saxelmwifos safuZvelSi Zevs, aris qalis da mamakacis urTierToba,

urTireToba arsebebisa, romelTac ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe yofna. maTi

erTimeorisadmi ltolva gonivruli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed

aris imis msgavsi instinqti, rogorsac vxvdebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi datovon

STamomavloba.

aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobis pirveli da uZiriTadesi

forma aris ojaxi: “... urTierToba, romelic yalibdeba bunebrivad yoveldRiuri

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aris ojaxi” (1252 b 10-15). Sesabamisad,

ojaxebisagan Semdgari asociacia aris sofeli, xolo soflebis erTianoba ki

Seadgens saxelmwifos. “srulyofilad warmodgenili soflebisgan Semdgari

gaerTianeba aris saxelmwifo (polisi), ... romelic TviTkmar arsebobas aRwevs da

romelic iqmneba sasicocxlo aucileblobis karnaxiT, magram arsebobs saTno

cxovrebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo bunebrivi

produqtia da iseve, rogorc adamianTa Sorisi pirveladi urTierTobebi, am

bunebrivi tendenciis dasrulebas warmoadgens, xolo dasrulebaSi ki Tavs

aCvenebs buneba. Cven vuwodebT yoveli obieqtis bunebas ... mis iseT mdgomareobas,

romelic miiReba misi ganviTarebis dasrulebis Semdeg. ufro metic, saboloo

miznis ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba umaRlesi srulyofileba, xolo imas, rasac

TviTkmari arseboba gaaCnia, is dasrulebulicaa da umaRlesi arsebobis mqonec”

(1252 b 25-1253 a). aqedan aristotele akeTebs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo aris raRac

bunebiTad arsebuli da, rom adamianic Tavisi bunebiT, politikuri arsebaa. es ki

niSnavs, rom Tuki romelime adamiani, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT da ara SemTxveviTi

garemoebebis gamo, saxelmwifos gareT icxovrebs, is an zneobrivad

ganuviTarebeli arsebaa da, an zeadamainia (1253 a 5-10).

amrigad, adamiani arsebobs mxolod saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveladia

masTan mimarTebiT. rogorc platonTan, aqac adamianis saxelmwifosTan

damokidebuleba mTelis da nawilis paradigmis konteqstSi ganixileba.

izolirebulad ganxiluli adamiani ar iqneba TviTkmari arsebuli. mas yovelTvis

daWirdeba sxva adamianTan asociacia. aristotele kvlav imeorebs, rom Tu

adamianma mainc miaRwia TviTkmar arsebobas da mas sxva aRaravin Wirdeba, maSin is

adamiani ki ara an cxovelia da an RmerTi (1253 a 25-30). sxva cocxali arsebebisagan

adamians, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebis unari ganasxvavebs. es uzrunvelyofs

imas, rom mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seiqmnas warmodgena iseT cnebebze,

rogoricaa sikeTe da boroteba, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. zneobrivi

ganzomileba, romliTac aristotele adamians axasiaTebs, saxes ucvlis mis

saxelmwifoebrivad cxobrebis sazriss. marTalia adamianebi sazogadoebrivad

erTiandebian erToblivad arsebobis saWiroebis karnaxiT, magram agrZeleben

amgvar yofas saTno cxovrebis misaRwevad, raSiac adamiani sakuTari Tavis

realizacias axdens: “sisrules miRweuli adamiani, yvelaze ufro srulyofilia

cocxal arsebebs Soris da, piriqiT, kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe mcxovrebi

adamiani yvelaze uaresia. ... sikeTes moklebuli adamiani yvelaze ukeTuri da

veluria Tavis sqesobriv ltolvebSi da miswrafebebSi. samarTlianobis cneba

ukavSirdeba warmodgenebs saxelmwifoze, radganac samarTali (kanoni) aris ra

samarTlianobis sazomi, imavdroulad aris politikuri qcevis maregulirebeli

normac” (1253 a 30,35 — 1253 b).

amrigad, mxolod polisSi myofi adamiani cxovrobs politikurad, cxovrobs

polisis kanonebis mixedviT, rac zneobrivad cxovrebas utoldeba da adamianis

gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.

18

erTi wlis Tavze da mravalmxriv winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Tumca, werili

yuradRebas ipyrobs ara imdenad am winaswarmetyveluri mosazrebebis gamo,

aramed safrangeTis revoluciis negatiuri SefasebebisaTvis aucilebeli

imgvari zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi, RirebulebiTi da politikuri foniT,

romelic sakmarisi gaxda konservatizmis warmoSobisaTvis.

franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi

werilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb masSive mogviTxrobs berki. rogorc irkveva,

werili, romliTac man upasuxa frangi aznauris kiTxvebs ukve 1789 wels yofila

dawerili da, rogorc Tavad berki SeniSnavs, sifrTxilis gamo ar gaegzavna

adresats. yovelive amis Sesaxeb adresats ecnoba patara ganmartebiT werilSi,

rasac berkisadmi franguli revoluciis Sefasebis daJinebuli Txovna mohyva.

berki kvlav daubrunda werilis pirveldawyebiT variants da ufro farTo

formatiT gadmosca saTqmeli, Tumca, ukve Txzulebad qceulma nawerma

SeinarCuna werilis pirveldawyebiTi forma.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romliTac avtori iwyebs Tavisi

Tvalsazrisis gaSlas, Seexeba. safrangeTSi dawyebuli revoluciis inglisel

mxardamWerebs, romelTac qveyanaSi Sesabamisi profilis ramdenime klubi,

saidanac cdilobdnen franguli ideebis (da, SesaZloa saqmis) propagandas

inglisSi. es klubebi iyo konstituciuri sazogadoeba xolo meore revoluciuri

sazogadoeba. Cans am ukanasknels meti warmatebisaTvis miuRwevia Tavis

moRvaweobaSi, rakiRa frangul parlaments — nacionalur krebas — misi wevrebi

parizSi miuRia da pativiT gaumgzavrebia ukan, rogorc misi ideebis gamtarebeli.

ukve Tavad amgvari kontaqtebis faqtSi xedavs berki inglisuri klubebis

gakicxvis safuZvels, radgan arc erTi damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqe, romelic

am moqalaqeobiT sakuTari qveynis sajaro nebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ar

miscems sakuTar Tavs uflebas sakuTari xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe Sevides

oficialur urTierTobebSi sxva qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.

Tumca, es mxolod praqtikul moraluri poziciaa, romlis gamo berki sagangebod

cdilobs gaemijnos konstituciuri da revoluciuri sazogadoebis saqmianobas.

meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis mizezi Zevs politikuri saxis movlenebis da

ama Tu im mTavrobis moqmedebis Sefasebis im gzebSi, romlebic berks erTaderTad

sworad miaCnia. franguli revoluciiT aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeebisagan

gansxvavebiT, berki ar Cqarobs revoluciis da revolucionerebis myisier

Sefasebas Tundac Tavisuflebis abstraqtuli idealis gamokidebiT. im faqtidan,

rom safrangeTSi revolucia ganxorcielda Tavisuflebis saxeliT, frangi

xalxis da Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis arc qebis da arc kritikis safuZvels ar

iZleva. politikuri mdgomareobis normaluri Sefaseba saWiroebs ara

egzaltirebul Sefasebebs da calkeuli lozungebis gamodevnebas, aramed

revoluciis Sedegad miRebul reJimze gulmodgine dakvirvebas, mTavrobis

saSinao, sagareo, samxedro da ekonomikuri politikis analizs, misi

ideologiuri xazis Seswavlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misalocebis gagzavna frangi

xalxisaTvis mxolod imitom, rom maT raRac moimoqmedes abstraqtuli

Tavisuflebis idealis karnaxiT, msgavsi iqneboda giJis an avazakisaTvis

milocvebisa, raRai man moaxerxa izolaciis kedlebis garRveva da eziara

adamianis bunebriv Tavisuflebas.

revoluciis dasawyisidan mocemul dromde sakmao dro gavida da berkic Tavs

aZlevs uflebas franguli revoluciis ufro safuZvliani Sefasebebi gamoTqvas,

Tumca manamde exeba safrTxes, romelic franguli ideebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba

moutanos mis Tanamedrove ingliss. ramdenadac zemoTaRniSnuli inglisuri

klubebi revoluciuri ideebis TavianT qveyanaSi gavrcelebas cdiloben da

revoluciuri safrangeTis movlenebi am qveyanaSi gavrcelebul sul ufro da

ufro mzard qaosze metyvelebdnen, berki ufro wuxs SesaZlo qaosze

ingliselebis gonebaSi, vidre Sidapolitikur movlenebSi, radgan xelisuflebis

simyareSi mas eWvi ar epareba. am mimarTulebiT, ki mas SemaSfoTeblad eCveneba

ideebi, romlebsac inglisis revoluciuri sazogadoeba daesesxa

99

edmund berkis konservatizmi

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis ara Tana-

medrove mTvlemare mdgomareobas, aramed politikuri partiebis ufro aqtiuri

yofis periods, gamocdileba dagvarwmunebs politikosebis umravlesobis

gamorCeul simpaTiaSi konservatiuli, gnebavT axla ase vuwodoT, memarjvene

msoflmxedvelobisa da Sesabamisi politikuri praqtikis mimarT. “monarqistebis

partia”, “konservatorebis partia”, “tradicionalistebis partia”, “qristianul-

demokratiuli partia” mxolod ramdenime dasaxelebaa monaTesave politikur

mimarTulebebs Soris, romelTa xvedriTi wona saqarTveloSi gacilebiT sWar-

bobda maT ideologiur oponentebisas. am viTarebis mizezebis Zieba sakmaod Sors

wagviyvans Tumca erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad SegviZlia is davasaxeloT, rom

patara erebi yvelgan, da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, ufro konservatulebi arian

da Znelad eguebian siaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT patara erebis politikuri

cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr risk-faqtors, SegiZlia gagebiT movekidoT

msgavs ganwyobebs, radgan, rogorc qalbatoni tetCeri brZanebda, konservatizmi

kargad gakvalul da cnobil gzebze siaruls, yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs

jer auTvisebeli bilikebis gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT.

viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis miwuruls da

xelisuflebis saTaveSi “nacionaluri moZraobis” da “demokratebis” mosvlis

Semdeg. farTo gasaqani mieca moliberalo da imavdroulad revoluciur

frazeologias. ufro metic, movlenebi, romlis ZaliTac axali xelisufleba

miviReT saqarTveloSi, aRiarebuli iqna “usisxlo”, “xaverdovan”, “vardebis”

revoluciad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebis

manamdel Zaladobriv praqtikas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT axali qarTuli

revoluciis mSvidobiani xasiaTi. axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa ara mxolod is,

rom Tavi aarida sisxlisRvrasa da represiebs, aramed saocrad didsulovnad

moeqca revoluciis mTavar samiznes, romelic dRemde, safiqrebelia Tavis

mtrebze gacilebiT ufro mSvidad cxovrobs da Tavs irTobs memuarebiTa da

sxvadasxva ceremoniebze sakuTari personis prezentaciiT. vfiqrob, qarTuli

revoluciis ZirTadi xibli, romelmac farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansi da CvenSi

mimdinare movlenebiT mTeli civilizebuli msoflios daintereseba gamoiwvia,

swored mis mSvidobian, ararepresiul xasiaTSi mdgomareobda. ra Tqma unda,

sxvadasxva dros, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mravali revolucia momxdara,

magram yvela maTgans TavianTi klasikuri paradigma, Sinagani logika gaaCnia

safrangeTis XVIII saukunis revoluciis saxiT. am paradigmasTan yvelaze ufro

axlos kidev ori revolucia dgas — ruseTis da iranis islamuri revolucia.

rusulma da iranulma revoluciam gaimeora franguli modelis TiTqmis yvela

ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi — sakuTari moqalaqeebis gaugonari xocva-Jletidan,

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi Cabmis gavliT, revoluciebis saboloo Sedegamde -

diqtaturamde. qarTuli revoluciis principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi

gvafiqrebinebs, rom an saqarTveloSi mas saerTod ar hqonia adgili, an

Tanamedrove globalizaciis zegavleniT Tavad revoluciebma icvala saxe da

axali, manamde ucnobi formiT mogvevlina. rogori gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos

is, rakiRa revolucia revoluciad rCeba da ara sxva movlenad, mas unda hqondes

raRac saerTo revoluciebis Zvel formatTan. qvemoT SemoTavazebuli berkis

polimikuri ideebis ganxilva, arada swored es aris winamdebare statiis mizani da

ara verdiqtis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxda saqarTveloSi 2004 wels,

saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavadve gaakeTos daskvna qarTul movlenebze da

imavdroulad Seivsos sakuTari warmodgenebi zogadad rogorc revoluciis,

aseve konservatizmis Taobaze.

me-XVIII saukunis ingliseli moazrovnis, edmund berkis ideebi gadmocemulia

sakmaod grZeli saTauris mqone SromaSi: “edmund berkis gaazrebani safrangeTSi

revoluciisa da am movlenisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi sazogadoebis londonSi

Tavyrilobis gamo, gadmocemuli parizeli aznaurisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi”.

berkis es naSromi pirvlad gamovida 1790 wels (is cnobilia mokle saTauriTac

“Reflections on the Revolution in France”), e.i. safrangeTSi revoluciis dawyebidan

98

2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba

ramdenadac polisi soflebisagan Sedgeba, xolo soflebi ojaxebisagan,

analitikurad aristotele ojaxis ganxilvaze gadadis. am sakiTxSi sruli

kontrastia mis da platonis Sexedulebebs Soris.

yoveli ojaxi Sedgeba Tavisuflebisagan da araTavisuflebisagan. ojaxi sxva

araferia, Tu ara mimarTebebis sistema, romelic myardeba batonsa d monas, qmarsa

da cols, mamasa da Svilebs Soris. aristotele sakmao dros uTmobs am dros

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis “verifikacias”, romlis mixdviTac ojaxis elementebs

Soris ufrosobis forma erTi wyarodanaa warmoSobili. laparakia batonis da

mamis Zalauflebis identurobaze. aristotele sTvlis, rom batonis Zalaufleba

principulad gansxvavdeba mamis Svilze da qmris colze Zalauflebisagan, radgan

Tu pirveli aris Tavisufal da araTavisufal subieqtebs Soris mimarTeba, bolo

ori Tavisufal arsebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebaa. marTalia aristotele

mimarTebebis am saxeebs mijnavs Tavisufals da araTavisufals Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebis bazaze, magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli tyuilad dauwyebs mis

SromebSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cnebis analizs Ziebas.

amgvari analizi aristoeles ar gaaCnia. erT-erTi mizezi amisa, rogorc es unda

gamoCndes monobis fenomenis aristoteleseuli gaazrebisas, aris “monis”

sakuTrebis da samuSao iaraRis terminebiT aRwera. aristotelesaTvis ucnobia

ara mxolod Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cneba, aramed

monobis, rogorc amgvari SesaZleblobis daTrgunvis cnebac. magram ra aris

sakuTreba?

ojaxis ganmsazRvreli aRniSnuli sami mimarTebis garda aristotele axsenebs

kidev erT elements, romelsac xan ojaxis organizacias uwodebs, xanac

dagrovebis xelovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aq laparakia ojaxis da meurneobis

gaZRolaze. ojaxis da meurneobis cnebaSi igulisxmebs sakuTrebis cneba.

“sakuTreba aris saxlis nawili, xolo SenaZeni ki ojaxis organizaciis forma”.

meurnisaTvis sakuTreba arsebobis SesanarCunebeli Taviseburi iaraRia. rac

Seexeba iaraRebs, Sromis iaraRebi orgvaria: erTi is, romelic gamiznulia

produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis (ποιετικα) meore, romelic Tavad warmoadgens

aqtiur moRvaweobas (πρακτικον). mona, romelic aristoteles gaTanabrebuli

hyavs Sromis iaraRTan, aqtiuri Sromis iaraRia (1253 b 25-1254 a 10). bunebiT mona

aris is, vinc Tavis Tavs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed sxvas da Tanac ise, rom am dros

adamianad rCeba. mona aris adamiani, romelic sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba. is aqtiuri

iaraRia. monobis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan arseboben adamianebi,

romlebic uxeSi fizikuri Zalis garda arafriT gamoirCevian. maT gansjis unari

mxolod imdenad aqvT, rom batonis brZaneba gaigon da Seasrulon. sxva mxriv

sruliad moklebulni arian gansjis unars. amitom isini arseboben imisaTvis

batons daemorCilon da maTi aseTi mdgomareoba samarTlianic aris da

sasargebloc (1255 a 5). bunebaSi xom yvela movlenaSi gamoiyofa mbrZanebeli da

daqvemdebarebuli nawili. es bunebis uzenaesi kanonia da mas adamianebic

emorCilebian. monoba orgvaria. erTi, rodesac adamiani bunebiTaa mona da meore,

rodesac vinme mona xdeba kanonis mixedviT (vTqvaT, omSi datyvevebis Sedegad).

rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, monad qceva sxvis sakuTrebad da Sromis

iaraRad qcevas niSnavs.

sakuTrebis ufro zogad konteqstSi ganxilvisas, gasagebi xdeba, rom

aristoteles pozocia radikalurad gansxvavdeba platonis poziciisagan,

romelic ara mxolod ar uSvebda sakuTrebas idealur saxelmwifoSi, aramed mas

erT-erT ZiriTad sazogadoebriv ubedurebad Tvlida. aristotele marTalia ar

uaryofs saxelmwifos arsebobas, magram misTvis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma

mainc kerZoa.

sakuTrebis, qonebis mopovebis xelovnebis ganxilvisas, aristoteles

ganxiluli aqvs gacvlis idea, amasTan mis msjelobebSi ikveTeba ganasxvaveba

saqonlis sacvlel da saxmar Rirebulebebs Soris. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,

aristoteles es terminebi ar aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi, is laparakobs sagnis

(magaliTad, fexsacmelis) gamoyenebaze daniSnulebis mixedviT (rodesac mas

19

icmeven), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive sagnis gamoyenebaze sxva obieqtze

gadasacvlelad (1257 a 5-15).

gacvliTi operaciebis saWiroebam moitana monetis saWiroeba, mas Semdeg, rac

saqonlis Semosatanad sxvisi daxmareba gaxada saWiro, an rodesac sasaqonlo

operaciebma zedmeti gaxada didi moculobis saqonlis gadaadgileba. “yovelive

amis gamo, mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom urTierTgacvlisas erTimeorisaTvis

miecaT raRac iseTi, rac Tavad warmoadgenda Rirebulebas. aseTi iyo Tavidan

rkina, vercxli da sxv. dasawyisSi maT zomavdnen da wonidnen, raTa daedginaT

Rirebuleba. Semdeg, daiwyes monetis moWra da zed monetis Rirebulebis niSnis

amotvifra daiwyes. ase gaCnda gacvlis saWiroebiT fuli” (1257a-1257b).

sazogadoebaSi gacvlis procesis SesaZleblobas Sromis diferenciacia

warmoadgens. Sromis diferenciaciis aristoteleseuli modeli platonis

modelisagan gansxvavebiT ar ukavSirdeba socialur diferenciacias da ar aris

misi ganmsazRvreli procesi. gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris sxvadsxva cxovrebis

wess Soris, fiqrobs aristotele, aris bunebaSi cxovelebis arsebobis sxvadasxva

wesebs Soris gansxvavebis msgavsi. zogierTi cxoveli mxolod balaxeuli safariT

ikvebeba, sxvebi xorcismWamelebi arian, xolo cxovelTa kidev erTi nawili

yvelafers etaneba, rasac ki moixelTebs. adamianebTanac raRac msgavss vxvdebiT:

yvelaze ufro zarmacebi momTabare cxovrebas ewevian. maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi

Sinauri cxovelebis xorcia. momTabareebi TaviaT saqonels miuyvebian ukeTesi

saZovrebis mosaZieblad da niadagis bunebriv ganoyierebas uwyofen xels. sxvebi,

momTabareebze ufro dauzarlebi, monadireobas ewevian. monadireobis saxeebia

omi da yaCaRoba, meTevzeoba da gareul cxovelebze nadiroba. da bolos, yvelaze

Sromismoyvareebi, arseboben niadagis damuSavebiT da kulturuli mcenareebis

moyvaniT da movliT. dasawyisSi, yvela eseni iseT saqmianobas ewevian, romelsac

ar Wirdeba gacvla, vidre es saqmianoba erTi ojaxis farglebs ar gascilebia.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ojaxebi mravldeba da aucilebeli xdeba maTi gayofa,

aucilebeli xdeba produqtis gacvlac.

arsebobs sakuTrebis mopovebis ramdenime gza. sakuTrebis SeZenis

standartuli gza vaWrobaa. aristotele saubrobs vaWrobis Semdeg saxeebze:

sazRvao vaWroba, tranzituli vaWroba da sacalo vaWroba. maT Soris ZiriTadi

gansxvaveba imaSi mdgonareobs, rom Tu erT maTgans naklebi riski axlavs Tan,

meore ufro didi mogebis momtania. sakuTrebis SeZenis sxva formebia: mevaxSeoba,

sakuTari Sromis gaqiraveba da bolos raRac iseTi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakuTari

Sromis gaqiravebas utoldeba, margam, meore mxriv, saqmes iqoniebs bunebis

produqtebTan. aseTia, vTqvaT, tyis gakafva, samTo saqme da a.S.

sainteresoa, rom omze aristotele saubars iwyebs maSin, rodesac

sakuTrebaze msjelobs. rogorc irkveva, sakuTrebis moxveWis kidev erTi forma

omia. Tu platoni omSi yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis wyaros xedavda,

aristotele, gasagebia, oms imdenad CasTvlis aseTad, ramdenadac naklovani

SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis moxveWis survili. “samxedro saqme, SeiZleba

ganxiluli iyos sakuTrebis mopovebis garkveulwilad bunebriv saSualebad.

nadiroba xom samxedro saqmis nawilia: nadiroba ki SeiZleba rogorc velur

cxovelebze, aseve im adamianebze, romlebic bunebiT gansazRvrulni arian

morCilebisaTvis, magram ar surT es; aseTi omi, Tavisi bunebiT, samarTliania”

(1256 b 20-25).

3. moqalaqis cneba

“saxelmwifos” mTeli II wigni platonis da sxva avtorebis SexedulebaTa

kritikas exeba. aristotele axsenebs vinme qalkedonel fales, romelic romael

grakxusebze didi xniT adre moiTxovda moqalaqeebs Soris miwis tol

sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. (1266 b). aqve detaluradaa ganxiluli saxelmwifo

mowyobis istoriuli SemTxvevebi lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo, kreta da kar-

Tageni. TiToeuli maTgani saxelmwifos (polisis) konkretul nairsaxeobebs

warmoadgendnen, magram erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavebuli niuansebis

Semcvlels, rom savsebiT bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva zogadad saxelmwifos saerTo

20

sazogadoebaSi individi garemoculia konkurenciiT, SiSis atmosferoTi

xvalindeli dRisa. isic iZulebulia eWviT, braziT da SuriT aRvsili Caebas

arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi.

sulis meryeoba ar aris damokidebuli imaze “axalgazrdaa” Tu ara eri.

yoveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmafrenis, aseve modunebis

periodebi. aqve gasaTvaliswinebeblia mravali sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebic. ase

magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis zrunvas amZafrebs iseTi

movlenebi, rogoricaa provokaciebi, imedismomcemi warmatebebi da autaneli

damcirebebi. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo davebi da diskusiebi xSirad Zalze cxarea.

vnebebi epidemiebiviT moedeba xolme xalxs da misi gamomwvev sababad SeiZleba

gamodges sruliad umniSvnelo, an piriqiT, Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. romi

daRupa iman, rom xalxis didi masa sruliad neitraluri iyo im

vnebaTaRelvisagan, romelic mmarTvel wreebs moedo. rom arc am dros ar aklda

niWieri pirovnebebi, magram isini TavianTi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis

brZolobdnen. xalxi garvnili iyo, xolo imperia upatrono. aranaklebi roli

Seasrula romis daRupvaSi romaelTa ltolvam fufunebisaken. fufuneba im

sagnebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelic kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis

gasaumjobeseblad da komfortis Sesaqmnelad rom gamoigona. Zalze zogadad,

rodesac fufunebaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs an grZnobadi

siamovnebebisaken ltolva, garyvnileba da gamflangveloba, an adamianuri

cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa is zoma, romlis miRma arsebul yvela

tkboba zedmetad da mankierad unda CaiTvalos. fufuneba da garyvnileba tolad

viTarebian da garkveuli azriT es terminebi SeiZleba sinonimuradac ki

gamoiyenebodnen. adamianSi is ki ar aris dasafasebeli, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia

misTvis fufunebiT cxovreba, aramed is, Tu ramdenadaa is daaxloebuli

saTnoebas da ra piradi unarebi aqvs mas. fufunebiT cxovrebis borkilebi

aRmosavleTSi gamoigones, sadac xelisuflebiT tkbobas Tan axlavs mmarTveli

Zaladobrivi mikvdinebis da ucxo mtris SemoWris mudmivi SiSi. amitom, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom politikuri Tavisufleba ganaTlebuli erebis xvedria. velurs

gaaCnia piradi Tavisufleba imdenad, ramdenadac SeuzRudav cxovrebas eweva da

Tanasworia TvistomTa Soris. barbarosi xSiradaa Tavisufali movlenebis

ganuwyveteli cvlilebis gamo. magram mxolod swor politikas SeuZlia

uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi samarTlianobis ganmtkiceba da im Zalis Seqmna, romelic

mzad iqneba nebismier momentSi daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi.

literatura:

1 Адам Фергюсон – «Опыт истории гражданского общества». Изд. Росспен., Моссква 2000.

97

5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb

arc erTi eri ar yofila imdenad uiRblo, rom danarCen kacobriobaze dabla

daeyenebinos Tavi. erTi eri amayobs nacionaluri xasiaTiT an Tavisi zogierTi

gamoCenili warmomadgenliT; meore Tavisi politikiT, simdidriT, vaWrobiT,

baRebiTa da Senoba-nagebobebiT; da bolos, is, visac araferi aqvs satrabaxo,

amayobs Tavisi ucodinarobiT.

erebis dacema mxolod imiT, rom iyos gamowveuli, rom maT gverdiT

wrmoiSveba xolme bevrad ufro Zlieri imperia, romelTan metoqeoba mis Zalebs

aRemateba, maSin Zneli asaxsneli iqneboda romis an sxva imperiis dacema. Zalze

xSirad qveyana xelSi uvardeba iseT metoqes, romlis arsebobas pirveli aqamde

sulac ver amCnevda. aseT dros erebSi SeimCneva gaurkveveli sisuste da im

epoqisaken dabruneba, rodesac is sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevlad arsebobda. ase daeca

odesaRac mebrZoli berZnuli polisebi mezobeli samTavros xeliT, romelic

sul ramdenime wlis win aRzevda. anda romi, romelsac arasdros ar eSinoda

aravisi da bolos im barbarosebis xelSi aRmoCnda, vinc samxedro xelivnebiT

bevrad Camouvardebodnen romaelebs. romis dideba ise TandaTanobiT minavlda,

rogor TandaTanobiTac gaxda is msoflio imperia.

am da msgavsi sxva movlenebis erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba aseTi iyos — erebi

berdebian. jer kidev polibiosi werda, rom karTageni, romelic romze ufro

xnieri iyo, masze ufro male daiRala omSi. fergiusons aseTi axsna ar

akmayofilebs. erebi ar arian adamianebi. adamianis sicocxlis xamgrZlivoba

moklea, xolo sazogadoeba ki ganaxldeba yoveli axali Taobis gamoCenisTanave.

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom rasa maradiuli axalgazrdobis asakSia. ase rom ar

iqneba analogiis gamoyeneba adamiansa da ers Soris da Tqma imisa, rom erebi

berdebian.

sakiTxis fergiusoniseuli axsna ar gulisxmobs raime erTjerad faqts. mas

Semoqavs nacionaluri interesebis cneba, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTmcodneoba da saerTaSorioso urTierTobebi. aris

SemTxvevebi, wers fergiusoni, rodesac eris moqmedebaTa araTanmimdevruloba

daRlasaviT vlindeba maSin, rodesac jer kidev myaria moqmedebis gamomwvevi

mizezebi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situacia, rodesac ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rac

aqamde eris warmatebul moqmedebas iwvevda, sulac gaqres. eris warmateba-

warumatebloba didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebasa da masTan

dakavSirebul nacionalur interesebze. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia interesebis

Zalze farTo speqtri rogorc qveynis sxavdasxva partiebis, aseve xelosnobiT da

vaWrobiT dakavebul adamainTa konkretuli interesebic. aRniSnulTagan

romelime erTi mimarTulebiT mopovebuli warmateba gansazRvravs nacionaluri

progresis, eris ayvavebis xarisxs. xolo is vneba da energia, romliTac istoriis

mocemul etapze xorcieldeba dasaxuli miznis miRweva eris mier gansazRvravs

eris sulis Zalas. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi miznebi aRar aRafrToveneben xalxs, am

erze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is apaTiaSi vardeba. da Tu didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

aseTi miznebis arseboba daviwyebas miecema xolme, maSin saxelmwifo dacemis gzas

adgas, xolo eri gadaSenebis piras imyofeba. (1.303). raSi mdgomareobs eris Zala?

eris Zala — fergiusonis azriT — mdgomareobs mis simdidreSi, raodenobasa da

xasiaTSi. eris simdedre misi wevrebis simdidridan Sedgeba. is ar unda avurioT

fulSi. saxelmwifos realuri Semosavali Sedgeba piradi qonebis im nawilisagan,

romelsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs saerTo nacionaluri miznebisaTvis. eris

bedniereba ganisazRvreba misi Semosaval-gasavalis TanafardobiT. swored es

unda iyos yoveli politikuri gadawyvetilebis amosavali punqti. eris

moqmedebis, misi manerebis gauareseba SeiZleba iyos Sedegi im pirobebis

darRvevisa, romelic aucilebelia talantis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

is SeiZleba Secvalos sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebam imis Taobaze, Tu raSi

mdgomareobs adamianis Rirseba da bedniereba. rodesac warmodgenebi maRali

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daiyvaneba simdidreze da samefo karTan

daaxloebaze, maSin aRaravis svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra piradi Tvisebebi

imsaxureben adamianSi ndobas. aseT dros mxolod im saSualebebs mieltvian,

romlebic gamosadegia piradi karierisa Tu sargebelis misaRwevad. aseT

96

principebis Sesaxeb. vidre gavarkvevdeT, Tu romeli sjobs CamoTvliTagan, jer

is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo saerTod. amasTan, aristotele aq

sakiTx svavs Zalze saintereso konteqstSi, rac didi diskusiebis sagani iyo da

SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos Cvens droSi. kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs raime

qmedebas, romlis drosac dazaralda moqalaqe, ra SeiZleba iTqvas aseT

SemTxvevebSi, rom moqalaqe dazaralda saxelmwifos, Tu oligarqiis an tiraniis

ZalisxmeviT?

Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom aq laparakia, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv

saxelmwifoze, xolo, meore mxriv, reJimze anu mmarTvelobaze. Tumca, sakiTxis

ganxilvis konteqsti ise marjvedaa SerCeuli, rom gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra

moimoqmeda saxelmwifom da ra mmarTvelma wreebma.

aristoteles Semdegi nabiji aseTia: “saxelmwifo moxelis mTeli moRvaweoba

mimarTulia mxolod saxelmwifoze (πολισ), xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba (πολιτεια) ki

aris saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa garkveuli organizacia. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo

raRac Sedgenilia, yoveli mTelis msgavsad, romelic nawilebisagan Sedgeba

gasagebia, rom jer unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris moqalaqe (πολιτεσ), radgan

saxelmwifo sxva araferia, Tu ara moqalaqeebis erToblioba. amrigad, unda

ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba miviCnioT moqalaqed da ras warmoadgens moqalaqe”

(1274 b 30 _ 1275 a 5).

amrigad, imis garkvevis mcdeloba, Tu ra aris polisi, moiTxovs moqalaqis

raobis garkvevas. am cnebis dasadgenad arafers iZleva im pirebis statusis

gaazreba, visac moqalaqeoba eboZa. verc isini gagviweven samsaxurs, vinc aseT

saxels imsaxurebs mxolod qalaqSi cxovrebis gamo, radgan qalaqSi cxovroben

metikebic da monebic, magram isini ar rian moqalaqeebi. ori ZiriTadi parametri,

romelTan mimarTebaSic unda gairkves saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aris sasa-

marTlo da xelisufleba, sul erTia es uakanaskneli warmodgenili iqneba

saxalxo krebiT, Tu romelime sapasuxismgelo saxelmwifo postiT (1275 a 20-25).

aqedan, “moqalaqe” ganisazRvreba ase: “Cven moqalaqeebad miviCnevT imaT, vinc

monawileobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebaSi. Cans aseTi gansazRvreba ukeT

Seesabameba yvela imaT, vinc moqalaqed iwodeba” (1275 a 30-35). am damaimedebeli

gancxadebis miuxedavad aristotele aRiarebs, rom SemoTavazebuli gansaz-

Rvreba zustia ZiriTadad demokratiuli mowyobis qveynebisaTvis. rac Seexeba

sxva saxelmwifoebs, marTalia maTac mieyenebaT es definicia, magram igi ar iqneba

aucilebeli. arademokratiul qveynebSi xom arc saxalxo krebaa da sasamarTloc

sxvagvaradaa organizebuli. amitom Tu yvela sazRvriT SemTxvevas gaviTva-

liswinebT da mainc orientirebulebi viqnebiT sasamarTlosa da sakanonmdeblo

struqturebze, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganmsazRvrel elementebze, SegveZleba

SevinarCunoT definicia da vTqvaT kvlav, rom “mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea

is, vinc monawileobs mis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi, xolo

saxelmwifo aris moqalaqeebis iseTi erTianoba, romelic sakmarisia am saxel-

mwifos TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis” (1275 b 20). aSkaraa SemoTavazebuli

gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba Tanamdebobis flobaze orientirebiT

dgindeba, rac aristotelesaTvis ar aris SeumCneveli.

iqneb aseTi midgoma arasworia. gana gaviTvaliswineT teritoria, romelzedac

arsebobs saxelmwifo an misi mosaxleoba? orive saWirod gamoiyureba saxel-

mwifos identifikaciisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo erTi da

igivea, mxolod erTsa da imave mosaxleobis da teritoriis SemTxvevaSi?

aristoteles azriT, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos kedlebs gadamwyveti mniSv-

neloba hqondes, radgan kedlebi SegviZlia SemovavloT mTel peloponess. rac

Seexeba mosaxleobas, mosaxleoba mudmivad icvleba _ erTi Taoba midis, xolo

axli Taoba modis. es mudmivi procesia, romelic Zalze gviZnelebs pasuxs

kiTxvaze, es erTi da igive saxelmwifos mosaxleobaa, Tu mas erTiani mxolod

saxeli aqvs mdinaresaviT. amitom, “Tu saxelmwifo raRac asociaciaa da

saxeldobr, is aris moqalaqeTa politikuri asociacia, maSin bunebrivia, rom

rogorc ki Seicvleba saxelmwifo mowyoba, Seicvleba saxelmwifoc. ...

saxelmwifos identuroba umTavresad mis wyobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba”

(1276 b 10-15). Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis arsi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom

21

daiqvemdebaros Tavisi swori da Tavisufali xalxi. amiT gansxvavdeba aseTi

xelisufleba batonis Zalauflebisagan monaze (1277 b 5-10).

amrigad, moqalaqe aris is, vinc saxelmwifos politikur morvaweobaSi iRebs

monawileobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb?

isinic moqalaqeebi arian, Tu maTze ar vrceldeba moqalaqis zemoT Semo-

Tavazebuli daxasiaTeba? am kiTxvaze erTi pasuxi ukve viciT. kerZod, rom zog

SemTxvevaSi (demokratiul reJimebSi) isini moqalaqeebi arian da zogierT

SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad oligarqiebSi) ara. amitom aristoteles saboloo

“verdiqti” dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod damajereblad JRers: “zemoT Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom arsebobs moqalaqis ramdenime nairsaxeoba; aseve

gasagebia isic, rom moqalaqed umTavresad iTvleba is, vinc samoqalaqo

uflebebis mflobelia” (1278 a 35-40).

amrigad, Zneli ar aris SevamCnioT, rom moqalaqis aristotelur daxa-

siaTebebSi Zlze daaxloebulia erTi mxriv, saxlmwifos da politikuri reJimis

kategoriebi, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqis da saxelmwifo moxelis cnebebi.

berZnuli, polisuri demokratiis an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, pirdapiri

demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, es asec unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevebSi (aristokratiis,

oligarqiis, Tu tiraniis) SemTxvevaSi, aristoteles SemoTavazebuli gansaz-

Rvreba ar imuSavebs da rogorc Tavad gvafrTxilebs, saWiro gaxdeba moqalaqis

sxva kategoria, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi isTi, romlis moqalaqeoba uflebrivad

iqneba gansazRvruli. magram, Tu moqalaqe upirveles yovlisa uflebrivad

ganisazRvreba polisSi, da Tavisi moRvaweobisas amodis saerTo sikeTis idea-

lidan, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba dadgindes misi iseTi cneba, romelic zogadad

gamoyenebadi iqneba yvela tipis politikuri reJimis dros. “moqalaqe, zogadi

azriT — wers aristotele — aris is, vinc monawileobas iRebs batonobasa da

morCilebaSi; yoveli saxelmwifo mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqis arseba ar

icvleba. saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqe aris is, visac

SeuZlia da surs morCileba da batonoba imgvarad, rom am dros igi gamodis

saTnoebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis wesidan” (1284 a). Tavad morCilebis fenomenSi,

romelic principulad gansxvavdeba monuri morCilebisagan, aristotele

moqalaqis Rirsebis veraviTar SemzRudvel faqtors ver xedavs, radgan rogorc

mmarTveli da mbrZanebeli, asve mis gadawyvetilebebis Semsrulebeli

moqalaqeebi, orive emorCileba saerTo sikeTisa da sargeblianobis moTxovnebs.

4. saxelmwifoebis formebi

saxelmwifos formebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli sakvlevi mimar-

Tuleba samarTliani saxelmwifoze gadis. platoni saukeTesod da samarTlianad

miiCnevda mxolod idealur saxelmwifos. aristotelesTan viTareba sruliad

sxvagvaria: “rodesac erTi adamiani, an ramdenime, an gnebavT umravlesoba marTavs

sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis principis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia saxelmwifo

mowyobis aseTi formebi swori formebia, xolo isini, romlebic erTi adamianis,

ramdenimes, an, Tundac, umravlesobis gamorCenaze arian orientirebulni, aseTi

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi sworidan gadaxrebs warmoadgenen” (1279 a

25-35). SeniSvnidan gamomdinare, arsebobs swori marTvelobis Semdegi formebi:

a) monarqia;

b) aristokratia;

g) politia.

am formebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens:

a) monarqiidan _ tirania;

b) aristokratiidan _ oligarqia;

g) politiadan _ demokratia.

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom vargisianoba ganisazRvreba saerTo

sargeblianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze, Zalze saintereso saxes miiRebs

aristoteles mier demokratiis, rogorc araswori formis Sefaseba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mas miznad aqvs sargeblianoba moutanos uqonlebs, magram realuri

22

4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba

rac ufro srulyofilia qveynis politiuri institutebi, rac ufro

warmatebiT viTardeba misi meurneoba, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobac.

es, ra Tqma unda, zogadi principia, Torem avtori kargad acnobierebs, rom

mosaxleobis zrdaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa hava,

saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli politika da a.S. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba

damokidebulia eris raodenobaze, maSin Tavisufleba da piradi usafrTxoeba

orives, eris da mosaxleobis Tvisebebi iqneba. amitom Tu aRniSnuli principebi

realizebulia saxelmwifoSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs rogorc mosaxleobis zrda,

aseve misi Sromismoyvareobac. rac ufro met qonebas Soulobs konkretuli

pirovneba, miT ufro mdidaria misi qveyana. damokidebuleba kerZo mewarmes da

saxelmwifos Soris avtors gagebuli aqvs klasikuri Laissez Faire-s principis

mixedviT: “Tu mewarmes daWirdeba dacva, is uzrunvelyofili unda iyos; Tu mis

winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba danaSauli da TaRliToba, damnaSave unda daisajos _

amiT SemoizRudeba saxelmwifos roli. rodesac gamocdili politikosi

cdilobs yvelafris kontrols, is ufro xelisSemSlelia da ukmayofilebas

iwvevs; msgavsadve, rodesac komersanti iviwyebs sakuTar mogebas da mTeli

saxelmwifos magier iwyebs fiqrs, es fantaziis da qimerebis mozRvavebaze

metyvelebs da arRvevs komerciis safuZvlebs.

Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba

vaWrobasa da komercias Soris. rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, pirvelSi unda

igulisxmebodes biznesi mis sawyis stadiaze, xolo meoreSi ki, igive saqmiqnoba

ayvavebis da warmatebis stadiaze. fergiusoni wers, rom vaWrobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia pirobis gatexva da crupenteloba maSin, rodesac komercia,

rogorc ufro maRali stadia aucileblad gulisxmobs punqtualobas,

liberalisms, patiosnebas da momWirneobas. aseT dros, mas saxelmwifosagan aRar

surs araferi, garda dacvisa da umravles SemTxvevaSi, komersanti qveynis

yvelaze racionaluri da pativsacemi moqalaqea (1.215). Zneli ar aris davinaxoT

fergiusonis am sityvebis aSkara msgavseba amerikeli ganmanaTleblis, benjemin

franklinis mier mocemul biznesmenis daxasiaTebasTan. msgavseba SegviZlia

avxsnaT ara mxolod ori moazrovnis zogadkulturuli erTianobiT, aramed

Tavad Sefasebis obieqtis identobiT.

Sromis danawileba fergiusons esmis farTod rogorc ara mxolod xelos-

nobis sferoSi gatarebuli difernciacia, aramed rogorc dayofa, romelic

“muSaobs” rogorc politikis, aseve samxedro saqmis sferoSi. diferenciaciis da

Sesabamisad morCilebis erT-erTi mTavari da amasTan, pirveli mizezi aris

bunebrivi gansxvaveba adamianTa talantebsa da unarebs Soris. meore, aris uTa-

nasworoba sakuTreaSi, xolo mesame aranakleb SesamCnevi gamsxvaveba sxvadasxva

xelobaSi SeZenili profesionalizmi. am gziT, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli

saqmianobiT gaCenili uTanasworoba, aris eTaderTi sayveduri, romelsac

gamoTqvamen xolme demokratiuli anu saxalxo mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. sxva-

dasxva profesiiT dakaveba adamianSi ayalibebs Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs. yovel

profesias saimayis sakuTari safuZvelia aqvs da manerebis Tavisebur sistemas

qmnis. ase magaliTad, vaWari gamoirCeva punqtualobiT da patiosnebiT, politi-

kosi Taviseburi manerebiT da mWermetyvelebiT, Tavadaznauroba — aRzrdiT da

gonebamaxvilobiT. sazogadoebis yovel fenas axasiaTebs Tavis daWeris Tavise-

buri wesi, misTvis amaxasiaTebli Cacmuloba da ceremoniali, romelTa wyalo-

biTac nacionaluri xasiaTi iyofa fenebad da individualur variantebad. aseTi

diferenciacia marTebulia rogorc aTenisaTvis, aseve romisa da parizisaTvis.

95

sabWo aris senatis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxalxo asambleis — im

mmarTvelobis pirveli forma, romlis gamogonebasac antikuri xanis kanonmdeb-

lebs miaweren. tomis sxva wevrebisagan gansakuTrebuli simamaciT da RirsebiT

gamoirCeva beladi. uxucesebs iseT pativs miageben, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad

politikosis dRes arsebuli pativiscema miiReba. samxedro beladi ki im rwmeniT

sargeblobs, rac axalgazrdebs atarebs mis kvalze.

am sentimentebidan fergiusons surs gamoiyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis

pirveli elementebi, romelTa erTianobisaTvis jer saxelic ki ar mougonebia

aravis. Zalaufleba aq sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebrivi batonoba (1.142). mis

erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino formas samxreT amerikuli ojaxi warmoadgens.

ojaxi aq ar eqvemdebareba araviTar garegan marTvas da Semowmebas. am

sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs policia da maiZulebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca es ar

uSlis xels imas, rom sazogadoeba marTuli yofiliyo umtkivneulod, radgan,

borotganzraxulobis ararseboba usafrTxoebis saukeTeso garantiaa. ukve am

sazogadoebaSi, dasawyisidanve Cans, rom samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis

siyvaruli erTi da igivea.

amrigad, sabolood sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegnairad

lagdeba:

• veluroba — kerZo sakuTrebis, morCilebis da marTvis ararseboba;

• barbarosoba _ arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, mTavari, warCinebulebi,

samxedroebi da xalxi;

• civilizacia _ xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samxedro marTvelobebad

dayofa. marTvaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT samoqalaqo mmarTvelebs.

amrigad, fiqrobs fergiusoni, daqvemdebarebis wesi yalibdeba stiqiurad,

xolo mmarTvelobis formaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas iqoniebs sazogadoebis

pirveladi dayofa fenebad.

kanoni aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba. iq, sadac

ganisazRvreba individis ufleba sakuTrebaze da ganisazRvreba misi mdgomareoba

sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebi ara mxolod asea gansazRvruli, aramed

daculicaa saxelmwifos mier, individi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflad. TviT is

SezRudvebi, romlebic mas danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebas ar aZleven, misi

Tavisuflebis nawilia. Tavisufali aravin ar SeiZleba iyos iseT sazogadoebaSi,

sadac Tundac erTi adamiani iCagreba. es maqsima vrceldeba taxtze mokalaTebul

mefe-despotzedac. rogorc ki is gadawyvets Zalis gamoyenebas sadavi

situaciebSi, masinve monad iqceva: sakuTari xalxis uflebebis gaTelva masve

daubrundeba cudad da mis mier Seqminl sayovelTao daucvelobis viTarebaSi,

Znelia ipovo sxva vinme, romelic masaviT daucveli iqneboda.

mxolod kanonebis SemoReba, Tundac es kanonebi saukeTeso da sazogadoebis

yvela wevris mier aRiarebuli iyos, arafris momcemi iqneboda misi

aRmasrulebeli nebis gareSe. bevri kanoni, romeliic xalxma brZoliT moipova,

male mieca daviwyebas, radgan misi ganxorcielebis erTaderT garantad monarqi

an mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqca. sanimuSod fergiusoni asaxelebs

kanons, romelic aregulirebs britaneTis penitencialuri sistemis Riaobas da

dasZens, rom am kanonis moqmedebaSi moyvanas, britaneTis mTeli politikuri

sistemis amoqmedebaa saWiro. amitom, individis piradi Tavisufleba da

sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba mxolod maSin iqneba amoqmedebuli, rodesac maT

zurgs gaumagrebs Tavisufali xalxis energiuli moqmedebebi. sakuTrebis

SenarCuneba da adamianis gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo

procedurebiT. rac Seexeba uflebebs, romlebis adamianis suls miekuTvnebian,

isini sxva arafriT ar SeiZleba daculebi iyvnen, Tavad sulis Zalis garda (1.244).

94

sargebeli arc sakuTari TavisaTvis moaqvs da arc sxvisTvis. aristoteles es

sityvebi ar unda gavigoT demokratiis mimarT mis mier sabolood gamotanil

verdiqtad. aristotele demokratiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro tolerantuli

iyo, vidre platoni. amasTan aristotele cdilobs daazustos demokratiis

cneba, romelic misTvis “xalxTan” ki ar aris asocirebuli, aramed “uqonelebTan”.

rodesac kiTxva dgeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu aRwerilTagan mmarTvelobis romel

formas unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba, warmatebulad miCneuli formebidan,

aristotele formas da mowyobis wesis safuZvelze ki ar pasuxobs, aramed

saTnoebis fenomenze miTiTebiT: “saxelmwifo mowyobis sami formidan, romalTac

Cvens wor formebad miviCnevT, ra Tqma unda, saukeTeso is aris, romelSiac

marTvis berketebi saukeTesoTa xelSia. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, rodesac

romelime erTi an mTeli gvari, an Tundac adamianTa mTel masa iqneba saTnoebiT

gamorCeuli da, rodesac, amasTanave, erTs SeeZleba ubrZanos, xolo sxvebs ki

daemorCilon yvelaze ufro sasurveli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad (1288 a

30-35).

aristoteles ukve am daxasiaTebaSi, romelic saxalxo mmarTvelobis lamis

aristokratiad interpretacias gvTavazobs, Cans aristoteles saxelmwifoebis

formebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis specifika. kerZod reluri, gnebavT istoriidan

cnobili, romelime saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli

da maravlferovania, vidre es igulisxmeba TiToeulis definiciaSi. ganvixiloT

am sityvebis dasturad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebi. mxolod

demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi (aseve, sxvadasxva variaciebSi ganxilulia

danarCeni saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebic) aristotele gamoyofs maT

Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:

• demokratiis pirveli forma gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tanasworobis

princips. am saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli gagebiT, “Tanasworoba” niSavs imas, rom

arc mqoneblebs da arc uqonelebs ar gaaCniaT raime upiratesoba. ra Tqma unda,

am saxelmwifoSi mdidrebic arseboben da Raribebic, magram kanonTan oriveni

pasuxismgeblebi arian;

• demokratiis meore forma dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad

qveyanaSi mainc unda arsebobdes, Tundac mcire zomis qonebrivi cenzi.

• demokratiis mesame formaSi yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanamdebobis dakavebis

ufleba da maT es ufleba miniWebuli aqvT warmoSobis safuZvelze. qveyana

imarTeba kanonis Sesabamisad;

• meoTxe forma mesamisagan ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva

moqalaqeobis dadgenis da, maSasadame imis dadgenis sakiTxSi, Tu vin SeiZleba

daikavos saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba. Tu mesame formaSi moqalaqeobisaTvis

aucilebelia orive mSobeli mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe iyos, am formaSi

dasaSvebia Tundac erTi iyos moqalaqe da meore Tavisufali adamiani. aqac

qveyanas kanoni marTavs;

• bolo, mexuTe formis saxelmwifoebSi SenarCunebulia yvela win aRwerili

piroba, magram qveyana imarTeba ara kanonis mixedviT, aramed mas marTavs xalxi

saxalxo krebis saSualebiT, xolo xalxs Tavis Wkuaze daatareben demagogebi

(1291 b 30 — 1292 a 10).

aRwerili xuTi formidan yvelaze uaresia bolo forma, romelSic ar muSaobs

kanoni da romelSiac qveyana demagogebis mier imarTeba. “im demokratiul

qveynebSi — wers aristotele — romlebSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kanons,

demagogebisaTvis kanoni ar aris, aq mowinave adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs

ekuTvniT, magram iq, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba ar emyareba kanons, Cndebian

demagogebi” (1292 a 10). saxelmwifos es forma yvelaze uaresia imitom, rom

kanonis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, xalxi xdeba masSi erTmmarTveli (monarqi) da

aseve marTavs is qveyanas. ramdenadac tirania monarqiis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad

xalxic tiranulad iqceva — anadgurebs saukeTeso moqalaqeebs da did gasaqans

aZlevs demagogebs. sabolood gamodis, rom aq demagogebi yovlisSemZle Zalad

23

iqcevian, ramdenadac umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxis xeSia, xolo xalxis azri ki

maT xelSi. msgavsi safrTxisagan Tavis daRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad

aristoteles imgvari zogadi konstituciis msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Semotana

miaCnia, romelsac aRar Seexeba kerZo sakiTxebiT dakavebuli arc saxalxo kreba

da arc saxelmwifo moxeleebi (1292 a 30-35).

rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis aRwerili formebidan Cans, isini

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erTSi moqalaqeobas yvelas

aZleven, meoreSi - mxolod imas, visi mSoblebic moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTs marTavs

kanoni, meores - demagogebi. amisda miuxedavad, isini yvelani, gvarwmunebs

aristotele, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis nairsaxeobebs warmoadgenen. niSnavs

Tu ara es mtkiceba imas, rom maT gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, raRac aqvT saerTo da

es saerTo gansxvavebulebze ufro mniSvnelovania?

yvela demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi principi,

romlebic, rogorc irkveva, ara mxolod aristoteles epoqaSi, aramed dReac

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis moucilebel niSnebad iTvleba. esenia: Tavi-

sufleba da Tanasworoba. “demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTadi niSani — wers

aristotele — aris Tavisufleba. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azriT, mxolod am

saxelmwifo wyobis dros yvela sargeblobs TavisuflebiT, radgan, rogorc

amtkiceben, swored Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis demokratia. xolo Tavisuf-

lebis erT-erTi pirobaa iyo mmarTveli da marTuli morigeobiT” (1317 b) ...

“samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogorc is gaigeba demokratiuli TvalTaxedviT,

kerZod, yvelasaTvis toli wilis migebiT, miiReba is wyoba, romelsac aRiarebs

demokratia. ... Tanasworoba, xom isaa, rom uqonelebs araferSi hqondeT ufro

meti Zalaufleba, vidre SeZlebulebs da, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba unda

miekuTvnebodes ara romelime erTs, aramed yvelas Tanabrad. swored am wesiT —

fiqroben isini — xorcieldeba saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba” (1318

a — 10). aseTia demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva konkretuli formebis

saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. aseTive detaluri wesiT axasiaTebs aristotele

saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelois sxva formebsac, romelTac aq aRar ganvixilavT.

demokratia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, interpretirebulia uqonelTa da

xalxis mmarTvelobad. rac Seexeba sauTriv xalxs, is yvela saxelmwifo

mowyobisaTvis Tanamdevi erT-erTi yvelaze myari struqturaa da Sedgeba Semdegi

stratebisagan:

a) miwaTmoqmedebisagan,

b) xelosnebisagan,

g) vaWrebisagan,

d) daqiravebuli muSaxelisagan.

aRniSnuli mosaxleobis garda, saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian

mcvelebic. aristotele gamoyofs oTxi saxeobis jars:

a) mxedrobas;

b) mZimedSeiaraRebul qveiTebs;

c) subuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs;

d) sazRvao flots (1321 a 5-10).

savaldebulo literatura

1.Aristotele – “Politics”. Oxford Univ. Press., 1998; 7-20; 84-200; 229-242; 251-279 pp.

2.Аристотель – Сочинения в четырех томах. Том четвертыйю Изд. «Мысль», М., 1984. 376-387; 444-544; 569-580; 588-615.

24

3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fergiusoni adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze saubars

amjobinebs ilaparakos xalxebis realuri warsuli istoriis Sesaxeb. misi Sromis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi paTosi swored isaa, rom aRweros da warmoadginos sazo-

gadoeba misi uZvelesi, veluri mdgomareobidan civilizaciis da samoqalaqo, anu

politikuri sazogadoebis gaCenamde. amasTan, rogorc iTqva, velurobis periodi

mxolod civilizaciis Zalze dabal dones gulisxmobs da ara gayinul uZraobis

wertils. iqedan, rom velurobis ama Tu im etapis aRweris miRma iolad moiZebneba

ganviTarebis ufro dabali done, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis

istorias ara aqvs sawyisi wertili? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis fergiusons uwevs

angariSi gauwios, erTi mxriv, miTologiur siuJetebs da meore mxriv ki, wminda

istorias. rogorc erTi, aseve meore gvixsnis da gviyveba, Tu rogorc warmoiSva

adamiani. fergiusoni, romelic mogviwodebs frTxilad moveqceT miTologiur

faqtebs, Cans iqeT ixreba, rom kacobriobis istoriis sawyis wertilad

SesaZlebelia wminda istoria aviRoT. am sakiTxisaTvis saWiro informaciis

mosapoveblad, arsebobs kidev erTi wyaro _ afrikel da amerikel velurTa

cxobrebaze dakvirveba. isini, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi arseboben da

gvacnoben bavSvobis asakSi myof Cvens istorias. cxadia, maTi yofis amsaxveli

masala aseve pozitiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos pirvelyofili xalxebis

istoriis Sedgenisas, radgan isini damakmayofilebel warmodgenas gviqmnian

imaze, Tu ra aris veluroba.

amasTan, fergiusoni gvirCevs Zvel wyaroebs sxva mxrivac didi sifrTxiliT

movekidoT: “arc erTi konstitucia ar aris sayovelTao Tanxmobis Sedegi, arc

erTi marTveloba ar ganxorcielebula dadgenili gegmis mixedviT”(1.190).

rogorc wesi, xalxSi did aRfrTovanebas iwvevs genialuri kanonmdeblebis da

saxlemwifoebis Semqmnelebis proeqtebi. magram rac realurad xdeboda, im

Soreul epoqebSi, iyo mxolod mravali SemTxveviTi garemoebebisa da konkretuli

situaciebis Sedegi. avtors Semoaqvs gzis gakvalvis da Secdomis cneba (trail and error method), rogorc miRebuli Tu ganmtkicebuli ama Tu im Cvevis da institutis

safuZvlismdebeli. es cneba SemdgomSi Zaze mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs

haiekis TeoriaSi. swored am gziT Seiqmna im institutebis umravlesoba, romelTa

gamomgoneblobasac Cveulebriv romelime geniosis gegmas miaweren da romlebic

SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuliyo, Tu ara am wesiT (1.190-191). aqedanve,

plus hava, xalxis xasiaTi da mravali sxva garemoeba, aixsneba aTenis da romis

warmatebebi istoriaSi.

afrikuli da amerikuli tomebis garda, fergiusonis azriT, daaxloebiT igive

yofaSi arian uzarmazar teritoriaze _ dawyebuli kamCatkidan, CineTisa da

indoeTis rigi raionebis CaTvliT, sparseTis sazRvrebamde da wiTeli zRvis

napirebamde _ gabneuli xalxebi. yvela maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia a)kerZo

sakuTrebis ararseboba; b) morCilebis ararseboba; g) marTvis ararseboba. Semdeg

fergiusoni kidev ufro azustebs velurobis cnebas da mijnavs erTmaneTisagan

velursa da barbaross. veluria is, visac ara aqvs kerZo sakuTreba, xolo

barbarosi ki is, visi yofac mainc da mainc didad ar gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan,

Tumca is kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelia. sakuTreba, rogorc vxedavT,

gamoyvenilia progresul movlenad, romlis wyalobiTac xorcieldeba xalxebis

ganviTarebis donis diferenciacia. (1.139). ubralo bunebrivi produqtebis

maragi an saqonlis jogi, yoveli pirvelyofili xalxis simdidris pirveli

saxeobaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebas ar gaaCnia

araviTari maiZulebeli Zala, is gamodis, agreTve TvalsaCino daqvemdebarebis

mizezad. Tavisi wignis Zvel gamocemaSi fergiusoni werda Semdegs: “adamiani,

romelmac pirvelma ganacxada _ “es veli Cemia. me is unda gadavce STamo-

mavlobas” _ ver warmoidgenda, rom gaxda samoqalaqo samarTlis da politikuri

dawesebulebebis damaarsebeli, xolo is, vinc pirveli gahyva belads, ver

warmoidgenda, rom Seqmna mudmivi subordineciis modeli”(1.189).

velurebisagan gansxvavebiT, barbarosebTan ukve vxedavT tomis uxucesebs,

romlebic gansazRvraven tomisaTvis saerTo gadawyvetilebebs. es uxucesTa

93

samxedro beladis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoeba miyavs monarqiuli wyobisaken.

yovel Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi unda gatardes gansxvaveba omis periodis da

mSvidobianobis periodis kanonebi. omis mgomareoba rom kacibriobis cxovrebis

ZiriTadi forma iyos, is aucileblad upiratesobas mianiWebda monarqiul wyobas.

amasTan xelosnobisa dapolitikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva

mosaxleobis klasebad dayofa, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia dayofa

meomrebad da moqalaqeebad.

mravali socialuri movlena imdenad institucionaluri cvlilebebiT ki ar

aixsneba, ramdenadac adamianis midrekilebiT, CvevebiT, unarebiT. am

mimarTulebiT fergiusoni or faqtors gamoyofs. erTi exeba Tavad adamianis

statuss TanamoZmeTa TvalSi. imas, Tu rogor moaCvenebs is Tavs sazogadoebas,

rogorc am szogadoebis wevri. swored am “imijidan” SeiZleba gaCndes erTi

mZlavri impulsi am adamianis mimarT sxvebis mtruli Tu moyvruli grZnobebis

gaCenisa TanamoZmeTagan. meore ki Sefasebis gzebs exeba, radgan adamianebi

erTmaneTs umeteswilad afaseben ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnis mflobelia

mavani, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos

Tavisi miznebi, ramdenad unariania sakuTari cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad.

2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba

yovelive msgavsi Sexeduleba gvibiZgebs aRniSnul konteqstSi ganvixiloT

adamianTa Sexedulebani bednierebis Sesaxeb. es termoni, miuxedavad misi xSiri

gamoyenebisa, Zalze bundovania. is gulisxmobs siamovnebis gancdas raime

survilis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT (1.83). Sesabamisad, bedniers uwodeben iseT

adamians, visi survilebic yvelaze ufro xSirad aRsruldeba xolme. Cven

nebismier sagans vafasebT misi sargeblianobiT da bednierebaze misi zegavlenis

SesaZleblobiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom migvaCnia _ Tavad sargeblianobis da

bednierebis cnebebi ar eqvemdebarebian gansazRvrebas. bedniereba sulac ar aris

warmosaxviTi usaqmuroba, romelzedac ase ocneboben da romelic, rogorc ki

miRweuli iqneba, maSinve gadaizrdeba mowyenilobaSi. piriqiT, bedniereba unda

veZeboT ara raime miznis iRwevaSi, aramed adamianis mudmiv saqmianobaSi.

bednierebis saidumlo is ki araa, rom rom zogierTi moqmedebebi garTobad

vaqcioT, aramed is, rom TviT maT aRsrulebaSi davinaxoT ZiriTadi Rirebuleba..

bednierebas adamianebi eZeben Tavis Tavis gareT maSin, rodesac is sakuTar TavSia

saZebni. fergiusoni miesalmeba Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac adamianis vali

sikeTis qmnaa, xolo bedniereba — ki mis miRebaSi, Tumca sikeTis qmna gulisxmobs

ara imis bednierebas, viskenac mimarTulia sikeTis qmna, aramed imisa, vinc gascems

sikeTes.

ramdenadac adamiani Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebis wevria, is ukve aRar

miekuTvneba sakuTar Tavs. is mxood mTelis nawilia. rogoria bednierebis

fenomenis konteqstSi mimarTeba mTelsa da nawils Soris? Tu individis

arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis miRwevaa, maSin

sazogadoebisaTvis mTavari amocana individis bedniereba unda iyos. avtori

amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis morigeba

savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saerTod, eris Zala, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT omis

sawarmoeblad aucilebel resursebs, ganisazRvreba ara mosaxleobis

raodenobidan an simdidridan, aramed xasiaTidan.

ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs

sxvadasxva pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba, rasac adaptaciis doneebs Soris sxvaoba

mohyveba. jer kidev yovelgvari politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde, adamianebi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi talantebis mixedviT, rac

sxvadasxva rolebs umzadebs sazogadoebaSi. Tu adamianebs erTad SevyriT,

fergiusons miaCnia, rom TiToeuli maTgani iolad ipovnis Tavis adgils. swored

am wesiT iqmneba pirobebi didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad moqmedebisaTvis,

maTi Tanamegobrobis erTianobis SenarCunebas rom gulisxmobs. manamde, vidre

ganxorcieldeba ufleba movaleobebis formaluri ganawileba.

92

ciceroni (106-43)

Sesavali: platonis da aristoteles politikuri Teoriebi antikuri

saberZneTis, marTalia ara erTaderTi, magram samagierod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

Teoriebi iyo. maTi doqtrinebi koncentrirebuli da sistematuri saxiT gad-

moscemda berZnuli politikuri azris monapovars. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania aristoteles Sromebi, romelsac wesad hqonda sakuTari Sexe-

dulebebis gadmocemamde sxva, wina epoqis moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisebi gadmoeca

(rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, “politikis” meore wignSi). antikuri politikuri

azris bolo avtori, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris romaeli moazrovne,

ciceroni. ciceronis damokidebuleba klasikuri berZnuli Teoriebis mimarT

msgavsia zogadad Zvel berZnul da romaul kilturebs Soris damokidebulebisa.

romaelebma, rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad gadmonerges sakuTar niadagze da

gaimeores berZnuli kultura. gavrcelebuli azriT, arsebobs antikurobis

romarlTa sul ramdenime originaluri monapovari: es, upirveles yovlisa,

gaxlavT samarTali, romlis kodifikaciasa da warmoebaSi romaelebma ara

mxolod berZnebi daCagres, aramed mravalmxriv gansazRvres Tanamedrove

evropuli samarTali. Semdegi sfero, romelSiac romaelebma sakuTari sityva

Tqves, gzaTmSeneblobaa. romaelTa naSenebma gzebma saukuneebs gauZlo im

donemde, rom Zalze cudi samsaxuri gauwia gviandel evropelebs. amboben,

sarkinozebis mTavarsardals, jebel al tariks swored romaulma gzebma gauwia

naxevarkunZulze saorientaciod fasdaudebeli samsaxuri mas Semdeg, rac

sarkinozebi pireneebze gadmosxdnen. am or miRwevas zogierTi umatebs romaul

biusts, romelic, rogorc fiqroben ara da ar warmoadgens berZnulis ubralo

kopirebas. rac Seexeba filosofias, saberZneTidan romSi gavrclda ZiriTadad

sami mimdinareoba: skepticizmma, epikureizmma da stoicizmma, romelTa mimarTac

romaelma warmomadgenlebma saocari “erTguleba” gamoiCines elini fuZe-

mdeblebisadmi. Tavad ciceroni Znelad Tu CaTvleba romelime am konkretuli

mimdinareobis warmomadgenlad. piriqiT, gavrcelebulia azri, rom ciceroni

rogorc filosofosi ekleqtikosi iyo da, Sesabamisad, mis nawerebSi SevxvdebiT

rogorc stoicizmis, aseve epikureizmisaTvis da akademiuri skeptocozmisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel araerT tipur Teziss. Cven ar vapirebT am mosazrebebis revizias.

miT ufro, rom misi politikuri Teoriac mTlianad platonis da aristoteles

Tematikis irgvliv trialebs. rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, is gaxlavT, rom

amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, ciceronis politikuri politikuri nawerebi

moklebuli ar aris originalobas da maTSi wamoWrilia rogorc Tvisebrivad

axali Tematika, aseve, ukve cnobilis, berZeni avtorebisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli gadawyveta. platonis da aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni

ara mxolod Teoretikosi, aramed moqmedi politikosic iyo. katalinas amboxis

mxilebis da CaxSobis Semdeg, erTi periodi ciceroni senatis da zogadad

respublikuri romis TvalsaCino politikosad iqca. ciceronis mniSvneloba

daaknina romaeli mTavarsardlebis qiSpobam. krasusis, pompeusis da keisris

zeZliereba imis imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom romis respublika ukanasknel dReebs

iTvlida. aSkara gaxda, rom warmatebuli samxedro kampaniebis Sedegad Zalze

gazrdili romi imperiul mmarTvelobas saWiroebda da rom respublikuri

idealebi ukve istoriis sakuTreba xdeboda. respublikuri romis senatis

TvalsaCino moRvawis, ciceronis politikuri karieris da sabolood ki

sicocxlisaTvis damRupvelad iqca e.w. meore triumvirati, romelmac ciceroni

proskripciebSi Seiyvana.

ciceronis politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi ori naSromis,

“saxelmwifos” da “kanonebis” mixedviT. ciceronis es Sromebi mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod Zveli cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis da filosofosis ideebis gacnobis

TvalsazrisiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom masSi Semonaxulia informacia elinizmis

epoqis araerTi iseTi avtoris Sesaxeb, romelTa Sexedulebebis gasagebad cice-

ronis Sromebi erTaderTi wyaroa. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ciceronis naSromi,

“saxelmwifo” dakargulad iTvleboda. sakmaod dazianebuli saxiT is mxolod XIX

saukuneSi (1820 wels) aRmoaCina vatikanis biblioTekis prefeqtma, anjelo maim.

25

1. saxelmwifos msaxureba

saxelmwifos msaxureba aris pirveli mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac exeba

ciceroni “saxelmwifos” dasawyisSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi CamoTvlis cnobil

romaelTa saxelmwifo moRvaweobas, svams savsebiT bunebriv kiTxvas _ ra rjida

maT esoden did safrTxeSi CaegdoT gamudmebiT Tavi maSin, rodesac TiToeuls

yvela Sansi hqonda mSvidi da uzrunveli cxovrebiT ecxovra? am kiTxvaze

pasuxad, ciceroni miuTiTebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fenomenze,

romelTac axsna unda misces dasmul kiTxvas. kerZod, saerTo sikeTis msaxurebasa

da bunebis mier adamianisaTvis momadlebul Rirsebis (ανανκε) grZnobaze.

Rirsebis grZroba, rogorc gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomeni Tavs iCens swored

iseT sazRvriT situaciebSi, romelic adamianisagan ukidures Tavdadebas da

xSirad ki Tvaganwirvasac saWiroebs. ukiduresi safrTxis pirobebSi sxva yvela

cocxalma arsebam SeiZleba imoqmedos mxolod iseTi sasicocxlo instinqtebis

karnaxiT, rogric STamomavlobaze zrunva an sakvebis mopovebaa. aristoteles

azriT, cxovelTa samyarodan adamians metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs, rac mas

sikeTis da siqvelis cnebiTi Semecnebis saSualebas aZlevs. ciceroni ki, rogorc

vxedavT, upirveles yovlisa, “bunebisagan boZebul” Rirsebaze saubrobs,

romelic gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia. ra Tqma unda, aq aristotelesa da

cicerons Soris Znelia davinaxoT winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia,

aristoteles mosazreba misi politikuri traqtatidan ki movitaneT, magram

masSi araferia sakuTriv politikuri. is adamianis ufro zogadi daxasiaTebaa

(politikur konteqstSi, aristotele, romelic, Rirsebis Taobeaze sxva adgilas

bevrs saubrobs, adamians sul sxva gansazRvrebas aZlevs). misgan gansxvavebiT,

ciceroni Rirsebis grZnobas saxelmwifo moRvaweobasTan akavSirebs. Rirsebis

floba, fiqrobs is, codnis floba rodia, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba

aqvs. mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac, Tu ar gamoviyenebT, SevinarCunebT

mainc, mxolod misi codnis wyalobiT, Rirseba mTlianad Cvens qmedebazea

damokidebuli da am qmedebebs Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili saxelmwifos

msaxurebas uWiravs (1.7).

erTi SexedviT, ciceronis am da sxva msjelobebSi politikuri problemebis

analizisas Semotanilia subieqtivisturi ganzomileba, radgan ciceroni

cdilobs maT axsnas adamianis sulieri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. ganmeorebiT

dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli saxelmwifo wyobaa yvelaze ukeTesi, “saxelmwifoSi”

scipioni, romelic Tavad ciceronis Sexedulebebis gamomTqmelia, ambobs

Semdegs: “simdidres, warmomavlobas, zegavlenas — sibrZnis, cxovrebisa da sxva

adamianebis marTvis unaris gareSe — mxolod Rirsebis dakargvasTan da

ampartavnebasTan mivyavarT. ar arsebobs mmarTvelobis ufro maxinji forma,

vidre is romlis drosac yvelaze ukeTesad iTvlebian umdidresi adamianebi. ra

sjobs mdgomareobas, rodesac sxelmwifos marTavs Riseba; rodesac is, vinc sxvis

cxovrebas ganagebs, Tavad ar imyofeba arc erTi vnebis tyveobaSi” (1. 25).

platonidan wamosuli tradiciiT, Cveulebriv, vfiqrobT, rom wyoba imgvari

obieqturi maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic srulad gansazRvravs mis

vargisianobas. ciceroni, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqos ufro subieqtivistur axsnas

iZleva moyvanil fragmentSiac, rodesac is mmarTvelTa “moralze” saubrobs.

magram, Tu moyvanil fragments kargad davukvirdebiT, sadac saubaria Rirsebis

mier saxelmwifos marTvaze, romelTan konfliqtSi modis mmarTvelis

vnebaTaRelva, unda davafiqsiroT saxelmwifo wyobis ganmsazRvreli kidev erTi

iseTi obieqturi ganzomileba, rogoricaa masSi aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis

ZiriTadi sistema. amiT ki, rogorc Tavad romis istoria mowmobs, ganxilvis

TvalsawierSi Semodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. faqtia, rom erT dros

Rirsebasa da saxelmwifos msaxurebaze damyarebuli romaelTa yofam,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi regresuli transformacia ganicada. berZnuli poli-

sebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac ucxo iyo kulturuli siWrele, romis

imperiaSi, warmatebuli dapyrobiTi politikis da sazRvrebis ganuwyveteli

gafarToebis pirobebSi, fexi moikida mravalferovanma religiur-filosofurma

mimdinareobebma da mistikurma seqtebma. isini sruliad gansxvavebul

26

specifiuri viTarebaa is, rom am instinqtebs mis SemTxvevaSi emateba refleqsia

da winaswarxedva., romlebic mas uqmnian warmodgenas sakuTrebaze da acnoben misi

zrunvis im obieqts, romelsac is interess uwodebs. termini interesi mets

arafers niSnavs, Tu ara Cvens damokidebulebas sakuTrebisadmi, Tumca ufro

farTo da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavszogadad sargebels.

sargeblianoba, Tavis mxriv, Zalze bundovani cnebaa da amitom fergiusoni

gvTavazobs interesi gamoviyenoT savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT im

obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Cvens gare pirobebs ukavSirdebian da

uzrunvelyofen Cveni cxoveluri bunebis SenarCunebas.

TviTSenarCunebis instinqtis karnaxiT sxvadasxva cxoveli igrovebs zamTris

marags. maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs miswrafeba simdidris dagrovebisaken,

rasac ara aqvs sazRvari. imis dagroveba, rac adamianma SeiZleba verasdros ver

gamoiyenos, misi arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi idola xdeba. TandaTnobiT adamians

sul ufro umtkicdeba rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTreba misive personis nawili,

Tavad misi nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mis xasiaTs, rangs da mdgomareobas

sazogadoebaSi. sakuTrebisadmi adamianis ltolva imdenad didia, rom Tu es

sakuTreba man ver SeinarCuna samoqalaqo kanonebiT, adamiani mimarTavs

Zaladobas da aTasgvar veragobas Cadis da am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli

adamianis qmedebebi gacilebiT ufro mZime STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre

romelime cxovelisa.

TviTSenarCunebis principidan gamomdinare ltolvebis mTeli kompleqsi Tavs

iyris erT fenomenSi, romelsac ewodeba Tavmoyvareoba.

ra saxis gaerTianebac ar unda moxdes adamianTa Soris, sul- erTia es iqneba

saZmo, Tu jari, yvela maTgans safuZvlad uZevs aliansis Tu kavSris principi.

fergiusoni amis Sesaxeb wers: “bunebrivi mdgomareoba — es aris omis an mSvidobis

mdgomareoba. adamianebi Sobilni arian ise, rom gaerTiandnen erTmaneTisadmi

ltolviT an SiSiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba TviT adamianis bunebaSia Ca-

debuli. swored amiT aixsneba velurebis midrekileba Tavis banakSi darCenisaken,

miuxedvad imisa, rom damoukideblad cxoveba mas SesaZloa ufro met sikeTes

moutanda. igive privcipi gvixsnis rogorc Zveli berZnebis optimistur

erTgulebas Tavisi qveynisadmi, aseve Zveli romaelebis patriotizmsac. magram

amgvari mdgomareoba did xans rodi gastans. mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTTan

daaxloebis instinqti Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs, ayalibebs sazogadoebas, interesi

sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da adamianebs erTmaneTisagan acilebs. es

gansakuTrebiT iTqmis komerciul sxelmwifoze, romelSiac adamiani Tavis

TanamoZmes molodinis sapirispirod konkurentad ganixilavs da mas ise eqceva,

rogorc Tavis saqonels an miwas.

aq fergiusoni ubrundeba platonis cnobil Teziss “saxelmwifos” V wignidan,

sadac gamijnulia konfliqtis ori saxe: omi — anu mtroba sxvebTan da

ganxeTqileba _ anu mtroba TavisianebTan. safrTxisagan Tavis daxsnis survili

aris is garegani grZnoba, rac adamianebs ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebisaken. metoqeobam da samxedro wvrTnebis saWiroebam Soba Zalian

bevri iseTi instituti, romelTa gareSe Znelad Tu SegviZlia warmovidginoT

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. xalxis dacvis karnaxiT Seiqmna araerTi saxelmwifo

dawesebuleba.

magram ra aris mtroba, saidan Cndeba winaaRmdegoba TviTSenaxvasa da

usafrTxoebas Soris, rac erT mxares Tavdacvisaken ubiZgebs manam, vidre meore

mxare daesxmis mas Tavs? mtrobis namdvili mizezebis racionaluri axsna fer-

giusons ara aqvs. saxelmwifo moRvaweebi mtrul da samoyvro gadawyvetilebebs

nacionaluri, Tu zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi motivebidan gvixsnian. magram ras

mogvcems aseTi axsna gavigoT mdinaris (vTqvaT reinis) gaRma-gamoRma mcxovrebi

glexebis siZulvili erTmaneTis mimarT? crurwmenebi da nacionaluri vnebebi

SesaZloa ukeTes axsnas iZlevian da swored am mimarTulebiT unda veZeboT

konfliqtis mTavari mizezebi da ara samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebSi. adamianebi,

romlebic aseT dauokebel siyvaruls da siZulvils avlenen erTmaneTis mimarT,

racionalurad ver xsnian TavianT qmedebebs (1.60).

kacobrioba ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeboda mudmivi omis

mdgomareobaSi an tomebs Soris, an tomebs SigniT. amgvari mdgomareoba zrdis

91

da xelovnebebze, rogorc raRac gansxvavebulze bunebisagan. am dros saWiroa

aRiniSnos, rom xelobebi raRac bunebiTia adamianisaTvis, romelic am Cvevebis

wyalobiT sakuTari saxis da bedis demiurgia (artificer). adamianis Semoqmedeba

aris progresisaken ganuwyveteli svla, Tumca is ar akeTebs naxtomebs da

miznisaken Tanmimdevrulad da myari nabijebiT moZraobs. adamianis saqmianoba

nebismier SemTxvevaSi maTi nebis Tavisuflebis gamovlenas warmoadgens,

dawyebuli sxvadfasxva Sexedulebebidan da survilebidan, rac misi mamoZra-

vebeli Zalaa. TviTSenarCunebisaTvis adamianisaTvis erTnairad gamosadegia

rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle, aseve xis fuRuro. amitom, kiTxvaze sad SegviZlia

vipovnoT adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, SegviZlia erTnairi safuZvlianobiT

mivuTiToT britaneTze, keTili imedis koncxze, magelanis sruteze da a.S.

mTavari is gaxlavT, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, Semoqmedi arsebaa. sasaxle

aranakleb SeiZleba arabunebrivad CaiTvalos, vidre qoxi, xolo politikis da

zneobis umaRlesi gamovlinebebi ar aris ufro metad xelovnuri, vidre grZnobis

da gonebis pirveli moZraobebi.

daSvebidan, rom adamiani mudam winmswrebi da sakuTari Tavis srulmqmneli

arsebaa, romelSiac Cadebulia progresisa da idealisaken swrafvis prncipi maSin

veRar vityviT, rom mas Semdeg, rac man winmsvleli moZraoba daiwyo, igi

daemSvidoba Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobas, radgan misi buneba swored aseT

moZraobaSia (1.41). sxvagvarad, es imas niSnavs, rom bunebrivi mdgomareobis

Tezisi, romelic daafiqsirebda adamians raRac cxoveluri yofis msgavs

viTarebaSi fergiusonisaTvis ar arsebobs, Tumca is mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs

“kacobriobis gariJraJze” saubars, romlis drosac adamiani “primitiul

mdgomareobaSi” iyo. es primitiuli mdgomareoba ar niSnavs mis srul uZraobas.

teqnikuri da sxva saxis progresi aq mocemulad unda vigulisxmoT. teqnikis

dRevandeli done, axal-axali miRwevebi am mimarTulebiT, aris mxolod im xazis

gagrZelebis mcdeloba, romelic ukve arsebobda kacobriobis gariJraJze.

TandaTanobiTi progresis idea ar yofila fergiusonis winamorbede-

bisaTvisac ucxo. rasac aq gamorCeuli saxiT fergiusoni gvTavazobs, aris misi

mtkiceba, rom momenti, saidanac SegviZlia daviwyoT istoria ara mxolod

meTodologiuradaa mouxelTebeli, aramed principulad ar arsebobs. Tu

istoriis ufskrulSi CavixedavT, ver vipovniT moments, rodesac adamiani

adamiani ar iyo (anu iyo maimuni, rogorc amas darvinis Semdeg varaudoben) da

Semdeg, sul erTia ra meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, is iqca adamianma (anu

gaiara gza, romlis aRwera scades morganma da engelsma).

adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobebs sabolood esmeva wertili mas

Semdeg, rac am terminebs fergiusonis daxasiaTebiT, aseTi Sinaarsi eZleva: Tu

“bunebrivi” adamianis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinare qmedebebs aRniSnavs,

“arabunebrivi”araviTari sazrisismieri qmedebis damfiqsirebeli ar aris, radgan

adamianis yvela qmedeba pirveli wyarodan iRebs saTaves.

2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb

adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rigi princiebis reali-

zebas. avtori am mimarTulebiT upirveles yovlisa, laparakobs instinqtebze,

romlebic jer kidev tkivilis da an siamovnebis aRqmamde ubiZgeben adamians

ganaxorcielos rigi bunebrivi aqciebi sakuTari Tavis da TanamoZmeebis mimarT.

maT Soris, TviTSenarCunebisa da misi, rogorc gvaris gangrZobis instinqti.

aqedan gamomdinareobs meore instinqti _ is faqti, rom adamiani yovelTvis

raRac gvaris da raRac tomis Tu sazogadoebis wevria, aiZulebs mas omis

mdgomareobaSi Sevides sxva adamianebTan.

adamianis cxovrebis miaxlovebiTi Seswavala gvarwmunebs, imaSi, rom erT-

erTi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala misi yvela moqmedebisaTvis aris sakuTar

arsebobaze zrunva. jer kidev sakuTrebis da socialur statusebs Soris

gansxvavebis gaCenamde, adamianebi floben sakuTari pirovnebis da Tavisufali

moqmedebis dacvis uflebas. TviTSenarCunebis instinqti adamianSi arafriT

gansxvavdeba analogiuri instinqtebisagan cxovelSi, magram adamianisaTvis

90

RirebulebaTa sistemas sTavazobdnen xalxs. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rogorc

Sedegma, amgvari mravalferovnebisa, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda kosmopoli-

tizmi, msoflio moqalaqis centraluri ideiT. ara “saxelmwifoSi”, aramed

“kanonebSi” msoflio moqalaqis ideas farTo Teologiuri dsabuTeba eZleva.

msjelobis jaWvi daaxloebiT aseTia: RmerTma Seqmna adamiani rogorc sxva

cocxali arsebisagan gamorCeuli ram. am gamorCeulobis mizezi aris goneba.

goneba raRac saerToa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris da maT Soris kavSiric swored

gonebaSi unda veZioT. magram goneba igive kanoni da kanonzomierebaa. es ki

niSnavs, rom Cven RmerTTan kanoniT varT dakavSirebuli. aqedan, unda vaRiaroT,

rom yvela maTTan, visTanac arsebobs erTianoba kanonSi, arsebobs erTianoba

samarTalSiac, xolo yvela is visac kanoni da samarTali saerTo aqvs miekuTvneba

erT sazogadoebas. Tu adamianebi amgvarad arian CarTulni erTsa da imave

ZalauflebasTan kontaqtSi, maSin isini CarTulni iqnebian, amave dros, kavSirSi

RvTaebrivTananac da, maSin mTeli samyaro SegviZlia ganvixiloT adamianebis da

RmerTebis erT samoqalaqo Temad (1. 96).

ciceronis sawyisi mosazrebebi adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb, erTgvari

Sesavalia misi Sedgomi Temis gaSlisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi sagani saxelmwifoa.

vidre vimsjelebde saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, ambobs is, me vcade gameanalizebina,

Rirs Tu ara kacma xeli mohkidos saerTod saxelmwifo saqmes (1. 10). pasuxi, ra

Tqma unda, dadebiTia, radgan Rirsebis adamianis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad

gamocxadebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis msaxureba adamianis bunebriv mowodebad

gamocxadda.

2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma

ratom iqmneba saxelmwifo? — kiTxva, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo antikuri

saberZneTis avtorebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, aqtualobas ar kargavs arc

ciceronis TxzulebebSi. vidre saxelmwifos avkargianobaze vimsjelebdeT, jer

zogadad saxelmwifos cneba unda davadginoT. ciceroni miiCnevs, rom saxelwifo

raRac iseTia, rac uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xalxTan, rac misi xvedria. aqedan

saxelmwifos bunebis kvleva gadaejaWveba xalxis raobis sakiTxs. xalxi ki,

rogorc irkveva, sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianTa iseTi erToba, romelsac aqvs

erTiani samarTali da saerTo interesebi: “amrigad, wers ciceroni, saxelmwifo

xalxis xvedria, xolo xalxi adamianTa nebismieri gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed

iseTTa erTianobaa, romelTac Tavi mouyriaT samarTlis ama Tu im sakiTxis

gadasawyvetad da, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo interesebi. aseTi gaerTianebis

pirveli mizezi maTi sisuste ki ar aris, aramed bunebrivi miswrafeba erTad

cxovrebisaken” (1. 20).

adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafeba Tanacxovrebisaken, romelic SesaZloa iyos

Zlieri impulsi saxelmwifos formirebisaTvis, saWiroebs raRac iseT damatebiT

fenomens, romelic saxelmwifos ara mxolod did mdgradobas mianiWebs, aramed

regularuls gaxdis adamianTaSorisi damokideblebis misaReb saxeebs. aseTi ram

gaxlavT samarTali da konkretuli kanonmdebloba, romelic saxelmwifos yvela

wevrisaTvis saerTo unda iyos. da, saerTod, sxva ra aris saxelmwifo, Tu ara

saerTo weswyobileba, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTalsa da kanonebSi.

magram saidan iRebs dasabams Tavad kanoni da samarTali? am kiTxvaze

aristoteluri tradicia gvamcnobs, rom arsebobs erTi mxriv, bunebiTi da, meore

mxriv, konvencionaluri samarTali. misgan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni ar cnobs

bunebiTi samarTlis ideas. bunebiTi samarTlis normebi rom arsebobdnen,

fiqrobs is, maSin gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ratom ara aqvs yvela xalxs erTi da

igive samarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi xom icvleba ara mxolod sxva da sxva

xalxTan, aramed isini gansxvavebulia erTi da igive xalxTan sxvadasxva dros.

aqedan, erTaderTi safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifoSi arsebul kanonebs

SeiZleba hqondeT, aris urTierTTanxmoba.

mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa

adamainTa Tanacxovrebis mareglamentirebeli wesebis arseboba, ukve SeiZleba

daisvas kiTxva saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. ciceroni Zvel berZnul

27

politikur traqtatebSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva formebidan, sam yvelaze

mniSvnelovan formas gamoyofs: samefo xelisuflebas, aristokratias da

demokratias. saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyoba, ciceronis azriT, aris ra romelime

maTgani, aramed yvela maTi kombinacia erT politikur sxeulSi. Zneli ar aris

davinaxoT, rom amiT romis respublikis politikuri wyobaa mowonebuli. amis

Taobaze ciceroni pirdapir miuTiTebs “saxelmwifoSi”, rodesac is sagangebod

emijneba platonis msgavs gamonagonebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs rom misi

interesis sagani romis realobaa (1. 47-48). marTlac, saxalxo kreba romSi

gamoxatavda xalxis interesebs, senati anu uxucesTa sabWo, icavda

aristokratiis interesebs, xolo rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebas, mis msgavs

instituts respublikur romSi konsulTa xelisufleba warmoadgenda.

respublikuri romis konsulebi lakedemonelTa mefeebis msgavsad iyofdnen

Zalauflebas. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi qveynis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardloba da qveyanaSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba

iyo. ukve is faqti, rom spartis mefe ori iyo da ara erTi, gamoricxavda (iseve

rogorc Semdgom romSi) Zalauflebis saxifaTo koncentracias erTi piris xelSi.

sami ZiriTadi politikuri institutis msgavsad, saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi sami

ZirTadi socialuri fenaa — aristokratia, mxedrebi da xalxi.

3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi

ciceronis interesis sferoSi Semodis iseTi sakiTxic, rogoricaa,

saxelmwifos teritoriuli an rogorc axla vityodiT, geopolitikuri

mdebareoba. msgavs sakiTxs masze adre aristotele Seexo da maTi Sefasebebi

zRvis piras mdebare polisis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, didad ar gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan. arc aristoteles da, arc cicerons ar miaCniaT gamarTlebulad

zRvispiras qalaqis daarseba ramdenime ZiriTadi mosazrebis gamo. jer erTi, aris

ra msxvili savaWro centri, aseTi qalaqi eqvemdebareba ucxotomelTa Cvevebis

arasasurvel zegavlenas. garda amisa, fiqroben isini, sazRvao qalaqi ufro

sustia samxedro TvalsazrisiTac. ciceroni sagangebiT iwonebs romulusis

gadawyvetilebas daearsebina qalaqi zRvasTan sakmaod axlos, magram ara zRvaze.

aseT qalaqs SeuZlia isargeblos sazRvao qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela

sikeTiT (ciceroni sazRvao qalaqis mxolod negatiur mxareebs rodi xedavs) _

ucxoeTidan daubrkolebliv miiRos aTasgvari saxis saqoneli da, piriqiT, aseve

didi raodenobiT iafad gaitanos sakuTari produqti. samagierod, xmeleTze

mdebareoba misTvis momgebiania wminda samxedro TvalsazrisiT. xmeleTidan

mosuli mtris kontroli ufro iolia, vidre, zRvidan Tavdasxmis dros. am da sxva

(moraluri xasiaTis), argumentebis safuZvelze, ciceroni xmeleTis saxelmwifos

aniWebs upiratesobas. am sakiTxze, SesaZloa arc Rirdes yuradRebis SeCereba, Tu

ara ciceronis mcdeloba istoriis mimdinareoba axsnas sazRvao-saxmeleTo

saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis konteqstSi. cxadia, ramdenime gverdze (1. 35,

36,37) gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, cicerons ver CavTvTvliT geopolitikis

fuZemdeblad. mas ara aqvs arc Talasokratia-telurokratiis cnebebi, magram

meore mxriv, verc im faqts avuvliT gverds, rom cicroni berZnuli samyaros

sisustis ZiriTad mizezs mis sazRvao xasiaTSi xedavs. Tumca, igive

poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebic. kerZod, is fiqrobs,

rom korinTo da karTageni daRupa gadaWarbebulma miswrafebam zRvaosnobisaken

da vaWrobisaken. aman, jer erTi, mosaxleobis gaumarTlebeli emigracia gamoiwvia

da meore, maT moqalaqeebs daaviwya miwis damuSaveba da iaraRis floba (1. 36).

savaldebulo literatura

1. Марк Тулий Цицерон «Диалоги». Изд. «Наука», Москва, 1966. ( стр. 7-8; 20-26; 35-39; 41-

54; 59-65; 94-97; 102-105) 2. James.E.Holton, Marcus Tullius Cicero., in “History of Political Philosophy”. (Eds) Leo Strauss,

Joseph Cropsey. Univ. of Chicago. 1963.

28

adam fergiusonis (1723-1816) “esse samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”

fergiusoni im inteleqtualebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romlebic XVIII

saukunis “Sotlandiuri aRorZinebis” saTaveebTan idgnen. fergiusonis garda,

inteleqtualebis am wres miekuTvnebodnen devid hiumi, edinburgis univer-

sitetis reqtori, uiliam robertsoni da ekonomisti adam smiti. fergiusonma,

romelic samxedro-sasuliero piri, polkis pastori iyo, 1759 wels edinburgis

universitetSi miiRo naturaluri filosofiis kaTedra. evropaSi ramdenjerme

mogzaurobis Semdeg man jer pnevmaturi da moraluri filosofiis kaTedra

(1764), xolo Semdeg ki, 1766 wels, miiRo edinburgis universitetis doqtoroba.

1793 wels fergiusoni evropaSi mogzaurobisas gaxda prusiis mecnierebaTa

akademiis ucxoeli wevri. “cda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”

daiwera 1767 wels. is adam fergiusonis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli politikuri

xasiaTis naSromia. am Sromis garda, fergiusonis kalams ekuTvnis: “qadageba”,

“moraluri filosofiis Segonebani”, “romis respublikis progresis da dacemis

istoria”, “moraluri da politikuri mecnierebis principebi”.

1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba fergiusonTan interpretirebulia rogorc

kacobriobis adreuli ganviTarebis etapi. fergiusoni sakmaod mkacrad afasebs

am Temaze gamoTqmul sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs. am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba

gamowveuli iyo sakuTari Teoriis ukeT dafuZnebis surviliT, tumca maTi didi

nawili sruliad unayofo gamodga. raSi mdgomareobs Tavad fergiusonis

midgomis specifika? yvela im mravalferovan Tvisebebs Soris, romelsac flobs

kacobrioba, fergiusoni gamoyofs ramodenimes rogorc safuZvelmdebels Cveni

TeoriisaTvis da ase iqmneba suraTi imisa, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo

adamiani romeliRac warmosaxviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. msgavsi abstraqcia

yuradRebis gareSe stovebs adamians, rogoric is aris mocemul istoriul

momentSi da imasac, rogorc warmogvidgeba igi istoriis furclebidan.

bunebrivi istoriis kvlevis yvela sxva gza aucileblad gulisxmobs mkvlevris

mier faqtebis Segrovebis saWiroebas (1.32).

magram aqvs Tu ara bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvas raRac specifikuri

meTodologouri mniSvneloba? fergiusons miaCnia, rom yoveli aqtiuri arsebis

istoria Cven unda daviwyoT misi im mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSiac is

Camoyalibda da ara im viTerebebidan, romlebic Tavs moaxvies am arsebas. amitom,

adamianebi unda Tavidan ganxilulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi myofni, radgan isini

swored amgvarad arsebobdnen yovelTvis. Tu yvela sxva cxoveli dabadebis

Semdeg viTardeba rogorc individi, adamiani viTardeba rogorc gvari. am gzaze

kacobriobis ganviTareba unda warmovidginoT rogorc ganviTarebadi cocxali

mgrZnobelobidan, gonebis, enis da sazogadoebrivi yofis SeZenamde. adamianis

ganviTareba aucileblad mividoda iseT momentamde, romelic sxvadasxva

gamomgoneblobis kvalad moiTxovda iseTi adamianuri unaris ganviTarebas,

rogorcaa fantazia. am da sxva Tvisebebis flobis gamo, adamiani, rogoradac ar

unda daeces is, yovelTvis rCeba adamianad da amitom misi Sedareba sxva romelime

cxovelTan yovlad miuRebelia. adamiani unda ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv

arsebad, romelsac cxovreba SeuZlia mxolod sxva adamianis gverdiT. adamiani

unda ganvixiloT enis mqone arsebad iseve, rogor bunebrivadac mas ganvixilavT

xelebis an fexebis mqone arsebad. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia warmovisaxoT viTareba,

rodesac adamiani mxolod ecnoboda, jar kargad ar flobda sakuTar unarebs,

magram fergiusonis azriT, amgvari periodis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar

mogvepoveba da Cveni msjelobebi am saganze arafriT iqneba gamagrebuli. Cven

fantaziis tyveobaSi viqnebiT da gveqneba iluzia, TiTqos mivuaxlovdiT

yofierebis sawyisebs (1.37-38).

adamianis bunebiTi yofisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT xelobebsa

89

pirvels maiZulebeli Zala mxolod mocemuli miznis realizaciisaTvis

aucilebeli empiriuli pirobebis mocemulobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala. es

ukanaskneli politikuri moralistis principia maSin, rodesac meore moraluri

politikosisa. moraluri politikis principi isaa, rom xalxi saxelmwifoSi unda

gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi samarTlebrivi cnebis irgvliv, rogoricaa Tavisuf-

leba da Tanasworoba. politikuri moralistebi ki piriqiT, maT sapirispirod

emyarebian bunebis meqanizmebis cnebas, romelic unda gamoyenebuli unda iyos,

raTa brbo gardaiqmnas sazogadoebad.

am Tvalsazisebis Sejerebis sauZvelze, kanti askvnis, rom obieqturad, e.i.

TeoriaSi, politikasa da morals Soris ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, Tumca es

daskvna ar vrceldeba subieqtur sferoze, adamianis egoisturi midrekilebebis

sferoze, sadac dapirispireba politikasa da morals Soris arsebobs da SeiZleba

aseTad darCes kidec samomavlod.

sabolood sajaro samarTlis transcendentaluri formula JRers Sem-

degnairad: usamarTloa yvela sxva adamianis uflebaTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli

qceva, romelic SeTavsebadi ar aris sajaroobasTan (2.303). es principi, kantis

azriT, aris erTdroulad samarTlebrivic da moraluric. mis sapirispirod, Tu

me ar SemiZlia gavamxilo sajarod Cemi moqmedebis maqsima ise, rom amiT ar vavno

sakuTar saqmes (radgan sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi unda movelode rom Cemi

zraxvebis aRsrulebas win aRudgeba yvela), maSin Cemi qmedeba aris usamarTlo.

aseTia kantis mier politikisa da moralis momarTebis formalisturi analizi,

romelic upirveles yovlisa, imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor unda moviqceT, raTa Cveni

qceva moraluri iyos da ara imas, Tu ramdenad moraluria politikosis, sul

erTia rogori, qmedebebi.

literatura:

1. Имануел Кант – Что такое просвещение в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.

2. Имануел Кант – О вечном мире в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.

88

Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi

(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli)

Zveli msoflio istoriis dasasrulad romis imperiis damxoba iTvleba. avto-

rebis erTi nawili, amgvar SefasebaSi evropocentrizmis aSkara kvals xedavs,

radgan romis imperiis daSlam ki moitana radikaluri cvlilebebi evropaSi,

magram es cvlilebebi saerTod ar Sexebia CineTSi an afrikis kontinentze

mimdinare procesebs. amitom, amboben evropocentrizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi, romis

imperiis dacema ufro evropis istoriaSi mimdinare procesebs asaxevs da ara

Zveli msofliosi. vfiqrobT, argumentacia iseTi TvalsaCinoa da aSkara faqtebs

emyareba, rom Znelia misi umtkivneulod ugulvebelyofa. ufro momgebiani

iqneba, Tu vaRriarebT mis samarTlianobas da davsZenT, rom evropis istoriis

prioritetulad qceva CvenTvis ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. jer erTi, es aris

regioni, romelTanac saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo CarTuli umWidroes

kulturul kontaqtebSi da meore, es aris civilizacia, romelic gamarjvebuli

gamovida saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare civilizaciaTa konfliqtSi da danarCen

msoflios Tavs moaxvia Tavisi cxovrebis wesi.

qristianuli msoflmxedveloba da religia jer kidev romis imperiaSi

damkvidrda oficialur sarwmunoebad. “msoflio qalaqma” bolos da bolos

SeiTvisa “msoflio religia” da is Tavis provinciebsa da koloniebze gaavrcela.

ierarqiulad mkacrad mowyobili monoTeisturi religia saimedo dasayrdeni

unda gamxdariyo uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli, erTi imperatoris mier

marTuli, monarqiuli reJimisaTvis. enaTa da eTniuri siWrele saerTo religias

unda daeZlia. yovelive es romma nawilobriv ganaxorciela kidec, magram

“msoflio qalaqi”, romelic sruliad sxva principebze aRmocenda, ver gadaarCina

axalma RirebulebaTa sistemam.

periodi qristianuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac

axali evropis ruqas raRac garkveuloba SesZina da eTniuri niadagi Seamzada

momavali eri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sakmaod detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis

“florenciis istoriaSi” nikolo makiavelis. Semdegi, sakmaod xangrZlivi

periodi, zogjer Sua saukuneebad, zogjer, feodalizmis epoqad moixsenieba.

igive xana SegviZlia movixsenioT dinastiuri samefoebis epoqadac (gansxvavebiT

antikuri qalaq saxelmwifoebis epoqidan).

samive termins _ Sua saukuneebs, feodalizmis epoqas da, bolos, dinastiur

samefoebs _ Sesabamisi “ideologiuri datvirTva” aqvs da erTsa da imave

periodis cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT. ase

magaliTad, “Sua saukuneebi” afiqsierbs raRac saSualo periods istoriis

msvlelobaSi da Tu terminis implikaciebze viqnebiT orientirebulini, is

mxolod imas gveubneba, rom CvenTvis saintereso am periodamdec arsebobda

raRac (Zveli msoflio) da Semdegac (axali msoflio istoria). “feodalizmis

epoqa” — es termini intencionalurad mimarTulia sakuTrebiT urTirTobaze.

feodi, maioratis principi, senioris da vasalis urTierToba am xedvisaTvis

amosavali principebia da politikuri anallizic am principebis kvlevidan unda

gamodiodes. da bolos, rodesac vsaubrobT “dinastiur samefoebze”, am dros

yuradRebas mivapyrobT umaRlesi xelisuflebis organizaciis wess, Sesabamis

epoqis saxelmwifoebisaTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis msoflmxedveloba, yofa, politikuri da

socialuri urTierTobani religiuri SinaarsiT iyo gajerebuli. jer kidev

gasul saukuneSi SemorCenili iyo, standartuli daxasiaTebis saxiT, Sua

saukuneebis “bnel epoqad” Sefaseba. ufro Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ar iziareben

aseT mkacr Sefasebas. maT miaCniaT, rom Sua saukuneebis erTgvar wyvetad

warmodgena istoriis erTian procesSi, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. piriqiT,

fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebma moamzada aRorZinebisa da axali drois

sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebi da mecniereba. pirovnebis, Tavisuflebis da

pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis analiziT gza gauxsna liberalur politikur

filosofias da axal politikur Teorias.

Sua saukunebis politikuri Teoria warmodgenili iqneba remdenime Zalze

29

mniSvnelovani avtoris SexedulebaTa saxiT. ioli aRmosaCenia, rom miuxedavad

maTi gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobisa, TiToeuli maTgani Zalze msgavs sakiTxebs

ganixilavs. es gamowveulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, am periodis swavlulebi,

rogorc qristianebi, aseve sxva religiis warmomadgenlebi eyrdnobian erTsa da

imave wyaros _ antikur politikur Teorias da biblias. meore, rac maTi

Sexedulebebis siaxloves ganapirobebs, aris epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

homogenuroba epoqis kulturebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi maxasiaTeblebis

mixedviT, rogoricaa xelisuflebis organizacia, qalaqis infrastruqtura da

yofa, samxedro saqmis organizacia da a.S. am parametrebs Soris met-naklebad

Tanabari donis arseboba ar niSnavs srul identoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris ideologiasa da socialur-politikur mowyobaSi. msgavsi daSvebis

SemTxvevaSi, saswauli Tu agvixsnida im garRvevas, romelic evropulma

civilizaciam moaxdina. ufro zofadi daxasiaTebis saxiT, haidegeris kvald,

SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve berZnuli kultura Seicavda “τεχνε “-ze,

orientaciis Zalze mZlavr impuls, romelsac qristianobam ufro noyieri

niadagi Seuqmna, vidre, vTqvaT, islamma.

netari avgustine (354-430)

netari avgustine qristianis avtoria, rac Zalze kargad Cans “RvTis qalaqis”

avgustineseul interpretaciaSi, romelic wminda werilis amosaval dogmatikas,

WeSmaritebebs emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi epoqa jer kidev Sors iyo

dinastiuri samefoebis xanisagan, misi ZiriTadi politikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba —

“RvTis qalaqi” - iTvaliswinebs Semdgomi periodisaTvis specifikur mTel rig

sakiTxebs. garda mravali Teologiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa, avgustines kalams

ekuTvnis Zalze specifiuri, kidev erTi naSromi, “aRsareba”, romelSiac

gadmocemulia adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis siRrmiseuli Sreebi da Tavad

rwmenis fenomenis Zalze faqizi analizi. “aRsareba” adamianis sulis codniT

SegviZlia iseTi avtorebis sxva Sromebis gverdiT davayenoT, rogoricaa markus

avreliusis “fiqrebi” an paskalis “azrebi”.

rogorc varaudoben “RvTis qalaqi” dawerili unda iyos 413-426 wlebSi.

wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba qristianobis dacvas warmarTuli religiisagan,

xolo danarCen furclebze gadmocemulia pozitiuri Sinaarsi.

avgustines politikur doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba eklesia da

saxelmwifo — zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. wminda werili warmoadgens

ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlis fonzedac interpretirdeba

socialuri da politikuri movlenebi. avgustines mier gaanalizebuli ZiriTadi

kategoriebia eklesia, saxelmwifo, zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. eklesia

RvTaebrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoeba, wminda werilis mcvelia. swored es

uakanaskneli utovebs adamianebs RmerTis xilvis imeds, romelic avgustines

interpretaciaSi samyaros mTavari saTnoebaa. eklesia da saxelmwifo, ori

amqveyniuri sazogadoebaa, romlebic am saTnoebisaken miiswrafvis, Tumca, imis

kvalad, rac ufro metad vswavlobT Cveni sulis siRrmiseul Sreebs, gasagebi

xdeba, rom miwieri, naklovani qalaqis garda arsebobs zeciuri qalaqic. isini,

vinc eklesiis swavlebas miuyveba, inarCunebs Sanss zeciuri qalaqis wevrobisa,

xolo amqveyniuri siameebis motrfialeni ki ganwirulni arian maradiuli

tanjvisaTvis. maT qcevas gansazRvravs ambiciuroba da ampartavneba. igive

Tvisebebi, sinanulis deficiti aris ganmsazRvreli miwieri qalaqis cxovrebis

wesisaTvis.

avgustine imeorebs klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis zogierT Teziss. mas

miaCnia, rom adamiani bunebiT socialuri arsebaa. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod

adamianis miswrafeba koleqtiuri cxovrebisaken sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis

qalaqis mcxovrebi moqalaqed iqces. ZiriTadi fenomeni, romelic moqalaqes

aseTad aqcevs da mimarTavs maT aqtivobas saerTo sikeTisaken, aris

samarTlianoba. samarTlianoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTali uzrunvelyofs

adamianTa sazogadoebis erTianobas. aregulirebs ra admianTa urTierTobas

sazogadoebaSi, samarTali ganamtkicebs sazogadoebriv mSvidobas, romlis

gareSe ar arsebobs arc erTi sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas avgustine

cicerons esesxeba da acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo aris adamianTa iseTi

30

ganasxvavebs or mxares: materias da formas. materia am konteqstSi igive Sinaarsia

da igi gulisxmobs im mravalferovan miznebs, rasac adamiani isaxavs xolme Tavisi

moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom am miznebs empiiuli xasiaTi aqvT,

gasagebia, rom isini ver iqnebian aucilebeli xasiaTisa adamianisaTvis.

samagiarod, aseTia kanonis wminda forma, romelic Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT

apriorulia da rogorc aseTi flobs saWiro aucileblobas da valdebulebas. am

formaluri gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, ZiriTadi moraluri wesi, romelsac

gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs adamianis yovelgvari xasiaTis, maT Soris po-

litikuri xasiaTis moqmedebebze aris kategoriuli imperativi, romelic ase

JRers: ”moiqeci ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad iqces yvela

gonieri arsebisaTvis.” kategoriuli imperativis aseTi saxe gansazRvrulia misi

wminda formaluri xasiaTiT. adamiani rom yovelTvis am wesis Sesabamisad

cxovrobdes, is wmindani iqneboda, magram ramdenadac adamians mravalferovani

midrekilebebi gaaCnia, romelTagan yvela ver daitrabaxebs maRalzneobriobiT,

amdenad msgavs SemTxvevebSi, kantis mier Semotanil proncips aqvs maiZulebeli,

anu imperatiuli xasiaTi. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs umaRles praqtikul mizans,

romelic amave dros sazomia yvela sxva miznisa.

yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs kantis idealizms anu politikuri

urTierTobebis meocnebe gaidealebas. kantma kargad icis rom arsebobs

amoraluri politikac. termini ”politikuri moralisti” swored amas aRniSnavs.

is yovelTvis cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi antixalxuri politika da samarTlis

sawinaaRmdego saxelmwifo principebi da amave dros cdilobs gaakeTos es

adamianis bunebis saxeliT, romelic TiTqos moklebulia unars eswrafodes

sikeTes gonebis mier nakarnaxebi ideis Sesabamisad. msgavsi gancxadebebiT, es

politikosebi, ramdenadac es xelewifebaT, mudmivad arRveven samarTals da

viTarebis gaumjobesebas SeuZlebels xdian. msgavsi praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom

politikur moralistebs Sexeba ara aqvT normatiul principebTan da Tavidan

bolomde realuri politikuri principebiT xalmWZvaneloben. amgvari

politikosebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo xasiaTi aqvs Semdeg maqsimebs: (1) Fac et excusa. gulisxmobs yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas, romelic ki

gaaiolebs dapyrobas da sxvisi sakuTrebis xelSi Cagdebas. msgavsi moqmedebebis

Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba xolme raime Rirebuli sababiT xalxwe mimarTuli

Zaladobis gamarTleba. yovelive es xorcieldeba gaugonari TavxedobiT, rac

tovebs Cadenili qmedebis kanonierebasTan SeTavsebadobis STabeWdilebas. (2) Si fecisti nega. ama Tu im politikosis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis

totaluri uaryofa. uaryfa imisa, rom mavans monawileoba aqvs miRebuli am

moqmedebaSi; ase magaliTad, Tu Tu ama Tu im politikosma sakuTari xalxi miiyvana

amboxebamde, unda amtkico, rom brali mxolod mourjulebel moxeleebs

miuZRviT. (3) Divide et impera. am principis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi kargadaa cnobili. ufro sainteresoa principis gamoyeneba qveynis

Sida politikis mimarT. kerZod, Tu qveyanaSi arian warCinebuli pirebi, romelTa

wyalobiTac umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxvda mavani, is yovelmxriv ecdeba

ganxeTqileba daTesos am adamianebs Soris an am adamianebsa d xalxs Soris.

uzneo politikas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi Cans, rom aravin

cdilobs uzneobis gamarTlebas Riad. piriqiT, Tundac mxolod sityviT, isini

yovelTvis cdiloben TavianTi mzakvruli gegmebis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva

motivebiT. sinamdvileSi ki isini yovelTvis emyarebian ara samarTals, aramed

Zalas. politikuri moralistis Sexeba moralTan TviTwinaaRmdegobrivia. is

cdilobs morali dauqvemdebaros politikur miznebs, anu saqme gaakeTos piruku,

rac principulad SeuZlebels xdis politikis moralTan morigebas.

aq gadasaWrelia erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ Rirs Tu ara gamovideT da

daveyrdnoT materialur principebs, anu Cvens miznebs praqtikuli gonebis

amocanebis gansazRvrisas. xom ar iqneba umjobesi vixelmZRvaneloT mxolod

formaluri principiT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod Semdegs: moiqeci ise, rom

Seni moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelo maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. materialuri

da formaluri principebidan kanti upiratesobas formalur princips aniWebs,

radgan is rogorc samarTlis principi upirobod aucilebelia maSin, rodesac

87

romelime saxelmwifo Seqmnida respublikas romlis ZiriTadi funqcia

mimarTuli iqneboda maradiul mSvidobaze. aseT respublikas SeeZlo erTgvari

centris funqcia Seesrulebina, romlis irgvlivac gaerTiandebodnen sxva

saxelmwifoebi.

morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi

maradiuli mSvidobis problemebis konteqstSi kanti ganixilavs CvenSi xSirad

aqtualurad qceul sakiTxs — moralis politikasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs.

miuxedvad imisa, rom kanti sakiTxs ganixilavs Zalze specifikuri kuTxiT,

kerZod, rogorc maradiuli mSvidobis miRwevis xelisSemSlel an xelisSemwyob

pirobas, vfiqrobT, mainc sainteresoa problemis kantiseuli analizi.

”ra aris morali?” _ es gaxlavT pirveli kiTxva, romliTac kanti iwyebs

sakiTxis kvlevas. morali mis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc upirobod momTxovni

kanonebis erTianoba, romelTan Sesabamisadac unda iqceodes adamiani (2.289-290).

Tu vaRiareT valdebulebis mocemuli cneba, maSin misi ganuxorcieleblobis

mtkiceba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. is mTlianad gaaqrobda moralidan valde-

bulebis cnebas. amitom kanti aqedan akeTebs daskvnas, rom saubari SeuTav-

seblobis Taobaze morals (rogorc Teoriul samarTalmcodneobasa) da

politikas (rogorc praqtikul samarTalmcodneobas) Soris araswori iqneba

iseve, rogorc araswori iqneba winaaRmdegobaze saubari zogadad Teoriasa da

praqtikas Soris. politikis devizia _ ”iyavi brZeni viTarca gveli”, rasac

morali umatebs Semzrudvel pirobad _ ”da umanko viTarca mtredi”. moralsa da

politikas Soris winaaRmdegobis arseboba mravalmxrivaa damokidebuli imaze,

Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia es ori principi. axali principi, romelic pirvel ors

Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da maT TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs Semdegia:

”patiosneba saukeTeso politikaa”, xolo misi modificirebuli forma gveubneba

— ”patiosneba yovelgvar politikaze ukeTesia”. es principi, gvimtkicebs kanti,

ar SeiZleba davisa da eWvis sagani gaxdes. piriqiT, is yovelgvari politikis

winapirobas warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da rac

xdeba, xdeba bunebis kanonebis karnaxiT, maSin politika rogorc xalxis

samarTavad am kanonebis gamoyenebis xelovneba Tavis TaviSi unda moicavdes mTel

praqtikul sibrZnes, xolo moralis cneba ki sruliad uSinaarso gaxdeba. amis

sapirispiroa weRan SemoTavazebuli principebis Sesabamisad, samarTlis cnebis

politikis cnebasTan mierTeba da mis SemzRudav pirobad qceva, rac maTi

SeTavsebadobis sawindari iqneba. SemiZlia warmovidgino moraluri politikosi,

anu piri, vinc politikis iseT principebs ayalibebs, romlebic SeTavsebadia

moralTan, magram ar SemiZlia warmovidgino politikuri moralisti, romelic

moralis principebs Seuguebs saxelmwifo moRvawis interesebTan — wers kanti

(2.292). moraluri politikosi unda gamodiodes Semdegi maqsimidan: Tu

saxelmwifos mowyobaSi an saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi raime iseTi nakli

SeiniSneba, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebli iyo, maSin aucile-

belia am naklovanebaTa dauyovnebeli aRmofxvra da saxelmwifo mowyobis an

saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebis bunebiT samarTalTan, rac saboloo jamSi

gonebis ideaa, daaxloeba. swored es aris saxelmwifo moRvaweebis ZiriTadi

saqmianoba.

imisaTvis rom kantis Tvalsazrisi sworad gavigoT, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom

misi midgoma problemisadmi formalisturia. swored am sityviT gvinda aRvniSno

Semdegi saxis specifika: kanti ar kiTxulobs realurad eTavseba Tu ara politika

da morali erTmaneTs. sinamdvileSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, is eTanxmeba da rig

SemTxvevebSi ara. rac kants ufro metad ainteresebs, aris is formaluri

pirobebi da maqsimebi, romlebic gansazRvraven SeTavsebis an SeuTavseblobis

saxeebs. anu Tu morali da politika SeTavsebadia, maSin unda daculi iyos aseTi

da aseTi moTxovnebi, Tu ara maSin xorcieldeba esa da es ..... . es ki niSnavs, rom

kantis damokidebuleba politikisa da moralis SeTavsebadobisadmi norma-

tiulia, is jerarsis sferoSi trialebs da ara arsisa. yovelgvar kanonSi kanti

86

gaerTianeba, romelic efuZneba saerTo uflebebs da interesebs.

zogadTeoriul debulebebs avgustine iyenebs romis imperiis kritikisaTvis.

imperiis periodis roms is respublikur roms amjobinebs, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs,

rom arc es ukanaskneli dgas axlos zeciuri qalaqis idealur modelTan. qveyana,

romlis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TavisufalTa mier gangebis karnaxiT,

garemoculia qveynis siyvaruliT, aRmatebuli RirebulebebiT, megobrobis

rwmeniT, kargi qcevis mibaZviT _ aseTi qveyana bunebrivi wesebiT moewyoba.

WeSmarit morwmuneTa qveyanaSi mmarTvelebi maTi msaxurebi arian, vinc imarTeba.

qveynis marTvas aq gansazRvravs ara ambiciebi, aramed movaleobis grZnoba.

amgvaria RvTis mier dawesebuli bunebrivi wesrigi. ra Tqma unda, aseT

saxelmwifoSic arsebobs xelisufleba, magram is Tavisufalia ambiciebisa da

ampartavnebisagan. magram, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos amqveyniuri

saxelmwifo, is mxolod droebiT mSvidobas da sazogadoebriv sikeTes

ganamtkicebs.

alfarabi (870-950)

Turquli warmoSobis alfarabi daibada dRevandeli samxreTis yazaxeTis

teritoriaze. qlaq farabas midamoebSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man farabas

medreseSi miiRo. Semdeg igi samogzaurod arabul qveynebSi gaemgzavra da

moinaxula am drois yvela didi qalaqi: baRdadi, qairo, damasko, alepo. alfarabi

pirveli muslimi avtoria, romelic antikur klasikur politikur

filosofiasTan islamis Seguebas cdilobda. saamisod arsebobs garkveuli

safuZvelic. kerZod, rogorc klasikuri filosofia, aseve islami Tvlis RmerTs

kanonierebis saboloo safuZvlad. orives miaCnia, rom swor rwmenas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba eniWeba gamarTuli politikuri reJimis SeqmnisaTvis.

alfarabis ZiriTadi Sromebia “saukeTeso qalaqi”, “saukeTeso religia” da

“politikuri reJimi”. saukeTeso saxelmwifos alfarabi gansazRvravs imgvar

politikur mowyobad, romelSiac adamianebi TanamSromloben ise, rom miznad

aqvT Rirseuli yofa da bedniereba.

alfarabi moiTxovs mmarTveli fenis maRal inteleqtualur dones da

momzadebas politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis

aseTi momzadeba saWiro araa, Tumca sasurvelia. miuxedavad amisa, alfarabi

mainc saWirod Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebis farTe fenebs unda hqondeT

damakmayofilebeli warmodgena samyaroze, adamianze da politikuri cxovrebis

elementebze. zogadad moqalaqeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:

1. brZenni anu filosofosebi, romelTac ician saganTa buneba;

2. maTi mimdevrebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba filosofosebisagan da

iziareben maT Sexedulebebs;

3. danarCeni moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba msgavsebis

mixedviT. zogs meti codna aqvs, zogs naklebi, rac damokidebulia moqalaqeTa

rangze.

es klasebi unda imarTebodes mmarTvelis mier, romelic moqalaqeTa

ganaTlebis organizaciazedac zrunavs. is TiToeul moqalaqes misi

SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis saqmianobas miuCens. amis garda mmarTvelis

funqciebSi Sedis kanonebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba omis

dros. mmarTvelis fenomenSi alfarabi aerTianebda politikuri liderisa da

winaswarmetyvelis Tvisebebs. aseTi pirovneba WeSmariti xelmZRvanelia. is

iseTia, rom SiZleba gaxdes gamocxadebis Rirsi. aseTi mmarTveli ySualod iqneba

dakavSirebuli WeSmaritebis pirvelwyarosTan da uSualod misgan miiRebs

sazogadoebis marTvis amosaval principebs. es mmarTveli umaRlesi rangis

mmarTveli unda iyos, romelsac sabolood daeyrdnoba yvela sxva samoqalaqo

mmarTveloba. umaRlesi mmarTvelis am daxasiaTebaSi Cans, rom alfarabi ver

eteva antikuri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi, romlis mixedviTac

xelisuflebis wyaro ar yofila gamocxadeba da RvTaebrivi nebis uSualo

emenecia mmarTvelze. arada alfarabisTan amgvari kavSiri mmarTvelsa da

RvTaebas Soris TavisTavad igulisxmeba. umaRlesi mmarTveli, ambobs is, aris

wyaro yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis.

sazogadoeba unda dalagdes aRniSnuli klasebis ierarqiis Sesabamisad ise,

31

rom TiToeul klasSi myofi moqalaqe srulyofilad iqneba ganviTarebuli Tavisi

klasis saWiroebebis mixedviT, xolo yoveli klasi moemsaxureba zemdgom klass.

aRniSnuli reJimi unda iyos monarqistuli an aristokratiuli

mmarTvelobisa, romlis sxvadasxva fenebi marTulebic arian da mmarTvelebic,

vidre ar mivalT umdables reJimamde, romelic mxolod marTulia. moqalaqeTa

rangi ganisazRvreba TiToeulis persinaluri TvisebebiT da unarebiT, kanonis

dacviT. amasTan ar gamoiricxeba moqalaqeTa gadasvla erTi rangidan meore,

ufro maRal rangSi. saukeTeso saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT codna RvTaebrivi

da bunebrivi arsis Sesaxeb, adamianuri srulyofilebis, Tu bednierebis Sesaxeb

da cxovroben am codnis Sesabamisad.

mas Semdeg, rac dadginda saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Tvisebebi, alfarabi

ioda axasiaTebs sxva politikur reJimebsac:

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac ara aqvT codna RvTaebrivi da

bunebrivi movlenebis Sesaxeb, adamianis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. aseT reJimebs

alfarabi umecarTa reJimebs uwodebs. aseTi reJimebis mcxovreblebma ar ician

arc WeSmariti srulyofileba da arc WeSmariti bedniereba;

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac marTalia aqvT amgvar saganTa

codna, magram ar cxovroben TavianTi codnis Sesabamisad, ar asruleben mis

moTxovnilebebs. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi uzneoTa saxelmwifoebs,

imoralur reJimebs uwodebs;

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebs marTalia mopovebuli aqvT

garkveuli codna, magram es codna arasworia. isini raRacas sTvlian RvTaebrivi

Tu bunebrivi saxis movlenad maSin, rodesac es sagani sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris

aseTi. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi dabneulTa an SemcdarTa rejimebs uwodebs.

saukeTeso politikuri reJimisagan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi aRniSnuli

saxelmwifo ar iyenebs WeSmarit codnas da amitom, verc erTi maTgani ver miiyvans

Tavis moqalaqeebs WeSmarit bednierebamde. alfarabi iZleva mankieri

saxelmwifoebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas iZleva. kerZod, is laparakobs

jer Tavisuflebis da koleqtiurobis qalaqze. am qalaqSi Tanaarsebobs sikeTec

da borotebac, cxovroben brZeni adamianebi da oratorebi, Rirseuli xalxi.

saxelmwifos es forma, marTalia Sors aris idealurisagan, magram is yvelaze

ukeTesia sxva qalaqis formebTan SedarebiT. mas jer kidev ar daukargavs sikeTis

gzis Sansi. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi forma aris aucileblobis

saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebic ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian aucilebeli

minimumiT, romelic ki saWiroa sxeulisaTvis. aq Sedis sakvebze, sasmelze,

tansacmelze zrunva, ris gareSe adamianTa cxovreba SeuZlebelia. am

saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am sazRunavs TavianTi arsebobis ZiriTad miznad

miiCneven. meore tipis saxelmwifo, romelzedac msjelobs alfarabi, aris

gacvlis qalaqi, (oligarqiuli reJimi) , romlis moqalaqeTa saboloo mizani aris

maTi piradi simdidre da ayvaveba. simdablis qalaqis mcxovrebTa sazrunavi

sxeulebriv siameebze zrunva, zrunva iseT siamovnebebze, romlebic zemoqmedebas

moaxdenen grZnobebze da warmosaxvaze da garTobisa da drostarebis

atmosferos Seqmninen. pativmoyvareTa qalaqis (tomokratia) mcxovrebni

erTmaneTs exmarebian, margam mxolod imisaTvis, rom sxva xlxebma maT pativi scen,

aqon da adidon sityviT da saqmiT. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavia

didebulebiT da brwyinvalebiT warmoudgnen rogorc sxvebs, aseve erTmaneTs.

Zalmomreobis qalaqis mkvidrT erTaderTi sazrunavi aqvT — sxvebis damorCileba

da damoneba. maTi mTeli safiqrali mimarTulia im sixarulis mosalodnel

gancdaze, romelsac iZleva omSi gamarjvebis gancda.

Zneli ar aris davinaxoT, rom alfarabi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis

TiToeuli tipis miRma gulisxmobs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ama Tu im

fenis daxasiaTeba. samxedro elita warmodgenilia Zalmomreobis qalaqis saxiT,

vaWarTa fena gacvlis qalaqis saxiT, mSromeli masa aucileblobis qalaqis saxiT

da a.S.

alfarabis erT-erT Teoriul amocanas warmoadgenda politikuri da

32

b) yvela qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas erTian kanonmdeblobaze;

g)yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.

rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri saxelmwifos bunebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad

elementebad kanonmorCilebis garda, figurirebs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.

kanti iZleva Tavisuflebis (amasTan, aq laparakia garegan, anu smarTlebriv

Tavisuflebaze) da Semdeg Tanasworobis aseT gansazRvrebas: “es Tavisufleba

aris uflebamosileba ar davemorCilo araviTar garegan kanonebs, garda im

kanonebisa, romlebzedac me mzad var mivce Tanxmoba. zustad aseve, garegani

(samarTlebrivi) Tanasworoba saxelmwifoSi aris misi moqalaweebis iseTi

mimarTeba, rodesac TiToeuls SeuZlia samarTlebrivad daavaldebulos meore

mxolod maSin, Tuki pirveli Tavad emorCileba kanons, romelic, moiTxovs, rom es

piri, Tavis mxrivac iyos samarTalvaldebuli” (2.267). kanti Tvlis, rom

aRniSnuli ulebebi mouwyvetelia adamianisagan da bunebiTadaa mas

mikuTvnebuli.

respublikuri mmarTveloba unda gamomdinareobdes im pirveli konvenciidan,

romelsac adamianebi gadahyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. masve unda

emyarebodes ama Tu im xalxis yovelgvari samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.

respublikanizmi, Tavis mxriv, qmnis gansxvavebas qveSevrdomsa da moqaaqes Soris.

kanti wers: “im wyobaSi, sadac qveSevrdomi ar aris mqalaqe (maSasadame,

ararespublikuri wyobis SemTxvevaSi) es sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb kamaTs iwvevs,

radgan saxelmwfos meTauri ar aris saxelmwifos wevri, aramed mxolod misi

mesakuTre”(2.269).

saerTod saxelmwifos formebi unda gavarCioT an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni

piri flobs umaRles mrTvelobas, an im wesis mixedviT, romliTac umaRlesi

xelisufali, mniSvneloba ara aqvs vin daniSna is) marTavs xalxs. pirveli — kantis

azriT _ aris batonobis forma (forma imperi) da arsebobs mxolod sami saxiT: a)

rodesac umaRlesi xelisufali erTi piria — avtokratia; b) rodesac umaRlesi

xelisufali ramdenime piria _ aristokratia; g) rodesac umaRlesi xelisufleba

ekuTvnis mTel xalxs _ demokratia.

meore forma aris marTvis forma (forma regiminis). igi exeba konstituciaze,

anu saerTo nebaze (romelic brbos aqcevs xalxad) dafuZnebul marTvis im wess,

romliTac saxelmwifo gankargavs srul Zalauflebas. aqedan marTvelobis forma

sul aris ori: respublika an despotia. “respublikanizmi aris saxelmwifo

principi, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mijnavs sakanonmdeblosagan.

despotia — umaRlesi mmarTvelis mierve SemoRebuli saxelmwifo kanon-

mdeblobis TviTmpyrobluri aRsrulebis principia. aseT dros sajaro neba

gamodis mmarTvelis kerZo nebis rangSi” (2.269).

saxelmwifos bunebaze msjelobis Semdeg, kanti gadadis msoflio

saxelmwifos ideaze. msoflio saxelmwifoSi kanti xedavs maradiuli mSvidobis

garantors. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wesi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben

TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebas, aris ara sasamarTlo, aramed omi.

samSvidobo xelSekruleba marTalia bolos uRebs ama Tu im oms, magram ara

saomar mdgomareobas rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve bunebiTi

samarTlis princpebiT. magram goneba moralis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo

Zalauflebis simaRlidan, ra Tqma unda, kicxavs oms rigorc samarTlebriv

proceduras da savaldebulod acxadebs mSvidobas, romelic ar SeiZleba

damyardes xalxTa Soris urTieTmolaparakebis gareSe. aqedan, unda arsebobdes

gansakuTrebuli saxis kavSiri, romelic samSvidobo kavSiris (foedus pacificum)

saxels unda atarebdes da romelic Cveulebrivi samSvidobo xelSekrulebidan

unda gansxvavdebodes imiT, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobs mxolod erTi omis

dasrulebas, maSin, rodesac pirveli bolos mouRebs yvela oms da gaakeTebs amas

samudamod (2.273-274). yovelive es aris mxolod Sesavali ZiriTadi TezisisaTvis,

romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebrivi iseTi gaerTianebis formirebas,

romelic SezRudavs mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebis SesaZleblobas.

kants imedi aqvs, rom “SesaZlebelia naCvenebi iyos iseTi federaciis ideis

ganxorcielebadoba, romelic TandaTanobiT moicavda yvela saxelmwifos da

miivanda maT maradiul mSvidobamde”(2.274).

ufro konkretuli nabiji amgvari gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad iqneba, Tuki

85

armiis myoli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti ki ar aris, rogorc es

sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli dRes, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mudmivi

muqaris wyaro. b) Semdegi argumenti ufro moraluri xasiaTisaa. adamianebis

daqiraveba imisaTvis, rom maT an sxvebi daxocon, an Tavad iyvnen daxocilebi

sxvebis mier, SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebebTan.

omis Tavidan asacileblad arc erTma qveyana ar unda Caerios meore qveynis

Sida saqmeebSi, ar unda mimarTos iseT aqciebs, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida SemdegSi

mSvidobas. aseTia, magaliTad, daqiravebuli mkvlelebis gamoyeneba, kapitu-

laciis pirobebis darRveva da a.S. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi moqmedebebi mospobs

mowinaaRmdegeSi ndobas da Seqmnis safrTxes, rom omi gagrZeldes urTi-

erTamowyvetamde.

omi aris samwuxaro, iZlebiTi saSualeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (maSin,

ordesac ar arsebobs araviTari saSuamavlo instancia sasamarTlos saxiT,

romelic gamoitanda mxareebisaTvis savaldebulo ganaCens), raTa ZaliT

ganmtkicdes ama Tu im mxaris uflebebi maSin, romdesac arc erTi modave mxare ar

SeiZleba gamocxaddes mtyuanad. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi wyvets omi Tu romeli

mxarea uflebamosili (2.263). qveynebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sadamsjelo

omi — azustebs kanti — radgan qveynebs Soris ar arsebobs zemdgomis mimarTeba

qvemdgomTan.

kantis es msjelobebi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar arsebobas,

samarTlisa, romelic gaarCevda mtyuansa da marTals. swored amis gamo xdeba omi

aucilebeli saSualeba saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. mas

Semdeg rac Sedgeba saerTaSoriso samarTali rogorc erTaSorisi sakiTxebis

mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba, man unda gamoricxos Tavisi leqsikonidan omis

cneba, radgan saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba gamoricxavs omis uflebas.

adamianTa mSvidobiani cxovreba ar aris maTi yofis bunebrivi mdgomareoba

(status naturalis); bunebrivi mdgomareoba, piriqiT, oms gulisxmobs, oms Tu ara

mudmivad gagrZelebuls, yovel SemTxvevaSi, omis mudmiv muqaras mainc. aqedan

gamomdinare, mSvidoba mizandasaxulad unda Sedges.

mtrobas, kantis mixedviT, gansazRvravs ori viTareba: jer erTi, mtrulad

SegviZlia moveqceT mxolod imas, vinc saqmiT arRvevs Cems uflebebs da, meore,

is, visac vcnobT mtrad, unda imyofebodes samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa,

rom am mdgomareobaSi SesvliT, aRniSnuli sazogadoeba sxvas usafrTxoebis

garantias aZlevs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxi, romelic bunebiT mdgomareobaSi

imyofeba aseT garantias sxva xalxs ver miscems da mxolod imiT, rom is bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, arRvevs mezoblebis uflebebs. misi yofa xom

yovelgvari kanonis miRma imyofeba?

yvela xalxi, visac ki SeuZlia erTmaneTze zegavlena, romeliRac samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas miekuTvneba. masTan kavSirSi myof pirTa samarTlebrivi mowyoba

aseT saxes iRebs:

1. samarTali romelic vrceldeba pirovnebaze imdenad, ramdenadac is ama Tu

im saxelmwifos wevria (jus civitatis);

2. samarTali, romelic myardeba saxelmwifoebs Soris da romelic

vrceldeba rig SemTxvevebSi pirovnebaze da,

3. samarTali, romelic vrceldeba individze, imdenad, ramdenadac is aris

msoflio moqalaqe (jus cosmopoliticum). es ukanaskneli xalxebis da

adamianebis urTierTobis ufro maRali formaa, imdenad ramdenadac

saxelmwifoebi Sedian erTmaneTTan iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic saSualebas

iZleva TiToeuli maTgani ganxiluli iyos zogadkacobriuli saxelmwfos

moqalaqed.

kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

maradiuli mSvidobis saboloo, Semejamebeli statia adgens, rom samoqalaqo

mSvidoba yovel saxelmwifoSi unda iyos respublikuri. is unda emyarebodes :

a) sazogadoebis wevrTa Tavisuflebas;

84

RvTaebrivi codnis imgvari kombinireba, romelic xelsayreli iqneboda

musulmanuri sazogadoebisaTvis. am gzaze, Zveli platonuri Tezisi imis

Taobaze, rom filosofosebi (am SemTxvevaSi, RvTismetyvelebi) gamxdariyvnen

sazogadoebis warmarTveli Zala, mis srul mxardaWeras poulobs.

alfarabis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri kategoriaa bedniereba.

bedniereba miuRwevelia individualuri adamianebis mier. bedniereba miiRweva

mxolod adamianTa TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, koleqtivSi.

Toma aqvineli (1225-1274)

Toma aqvineli dRevandeli vatikanis oficialur filosofosad iTvleba,

romlis Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.

aqvinelis politikuri Sexedulebebi gabneulia mis mravalricxovan SromebSi.

aqvinelis ZiriTadi naSromia “Summa Theologiae”, romelic akumulirebuli saxiT

Seicavs im droindel codnas TiTqmis yvela sferoze, maT Soris adamiansa da

sazogadoebaze. maSindeli sqolaastikuri tradiciiT, samarTali gamoiyvaneboda

zneobrivi sawyisidan. amitom, samarTlis mTeli Teoria eqvemdebareba adamianis

zneobriv arss. aqvinelma zogadad gaiziara aristoteles ideebi saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebiT, Tumca is exeba rig sakiTxebs, romelTac aristotele ar Sexebia da

romelTa damuSavebaSi aqvineli aristoteles filosofiis farglebs gascda.

aqvineli iwyebs adamianis daniSnulebis kvleviT. adamianisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebelia dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba mis-

Tvis imdenad, ramdenadac is dajildovebulia gonebiT da nebiT. neba mimarTulia

mizanze. magram ramdenadac miznis fenomeni esoden did rols asrulebs adamianis

moqmedebebSi, arsebobs Tu ara saboloo mizani adamianuri cxovrebisa. aseTi

mizani arsebobs da is saboloo jamSi cxonebaSi mdgomareobs. am ukanasknelTan

ver movlen verc amqveyniuri pativi da dideba, verc sxeulebrivi siamovnebebi,

radgan yoveli qmnili da maSasadame amqveyniuri bedniereba cvalebadi da

warmavalia. netarebis formaluri gansazRvrebiT, is mdgomareobs sasurveli

sagnis flobaSi. am gzaze did mniSvneloba aqvs gonebas da gonebis mimarTulobas

saganze. Tavis mxriv goneba iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul aqtivobebad. netareba

ar SeiZleba iyos praqtikuli gonebis obieqti, radgan is ar arsebobs RmerTis

rogorc saboloo miznis gaazrebis gareSe, xolo amis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod

Teoriul gonebas ZaluZs. Teoriuli gonebis mier RmerTis Secnoba aris

adamianis saboloo moRvaweobis mizani da swored esaa netareba. magram amis

miRweva, avgustines mixedviT, adamians am cxovrebaSi ar SeuZlia, radgan sruli

netareba gamoricxavs yovelgvar borotebas, es ki miwieri cxovrebis manZilze,

Cveulebrivi gziT, adamianisaTvis miuRwevelia. arsebuli gamonaklisebi miuTi-

Teben RvTaebriv wyalobaze, rasac adamianis mxridan unda daxvdes Sesabamisi

mzaoba.

am msjelobebidan aqvineli gadadis kanonis cnebaze. kanoni aris im wesebis

erToblioba, romliTac gaikvaleba gza miznisaken. am wesebTan SeTanadebiT

dgindeba adamianis qcevaSi rogorc sikeTe, aseve codvac. kanoni arsebobs

yvelgan da yvelaferSi. bunebis movlenebSi is aris bunebis kanonebi, xolo

adamianis moqmedebebSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maradiuli moraluri

kanonebi. maradiuli kanonebi saboloo jamSi aris RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic

marTavs samyaros. mTeli samyaro, am azriT, warmoadgens srulyofil

sazogadoebas, romelic imarTeba RvTaebrivi kanoniT. ramdenadac RmerTs

yvelaferi maradiulobis niSniT esmis, es kanonebic maradiulia.

RvTaebrivi kanonebis asaxva adamianur gonebaSi, aris bunebrivi kanoni.

pirveli am bunebriv kanonTagan gveubneba, rom unda vakeToT sikeTe da Tavis

avaridoT borotebas. aqve unda viguloT TviTSenarCunebisaken mimarTuli

adamianis moqmedebebic. Semdeg, yvelaferi is rac saerTo gvaqvs cxovelur

samyarosTan.

adamianis cxovreba, aqvinelis mixdeviT, sulac ar aris gamiznuli amqveyniuri

bednierebisaTvis. yoveli adamiani, ra Tqma unda, miaRwevs imas, rasac imsaxurebs,

magram ara am qveynad. am qveynad adamianis mowodebaa icxovros WeSmaritad

Rirseuli cxovrebiT da icxovros imisaTvis, rom eziaros RmerTs. RmerTTan

ziareba ar SeiZleba mxolod swori politikuri yofiT, rasac mefeebi ganageben.

33

amisaTvis saWiroa kidev RvTaebrivi wyalobac. am miznisaken ki mivyavarT mxolod

RvTaebriv kanons da ara mxolod kacTa mondomebas. RvTaebrivi kanonis mcveli

amqveynad aris eklesia. eklesia maradiul provlemebze zrunavs, xolo

saxelmwifo ki amqveyniur problemebze mzrunvelia. magram eklesias SeuZlia

saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Carevac. samoqalaqo kanons

samoqalaqo xelisufleba amagrebs. papma, romelic samoqalaqo avtoritets

emyareba, SeiZleba angariSi ar gauwios mas, rodesac samoqalaqo xelisufleba

aWarbebs Tavis kompetencias. saqme isaa, rom politikuri samarTali nawilobriv

bunebiTia da nawilobriv konvencionaluradaa miRebuli. samarTlis konvenciuri

saxe damokidebulia sazogadoebaze, misi marTlSegnebaze da sxvadasxva

pirobebze, romlis drosac mas iReben. samarTali bunebiTia maSin, rodesac

yvelgan erTnairadaa gaziarebuli da damokidebuli ar aris adamianebis mier mis

aRiareba-araRiarebaze. aqedan Toma aqvinels gamoyavs mtkiceba, rom

konvencionaluri samarTali damokidebuli ar aris bunebiT samarTalze.

politikuri samarTlis bunebiTi nawili miekuTvneba RvTaebriv-bunebiT kanons

da ar warmoadgens pirdapiri saxiT “samoqalaqo fenomens”. is ar iqmneba imis

Sesabamisad, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi ama Tu im sakiTxze. bunebiTi samarTali

win uswrebs yovelgvar samoqalaqo samarTals. bunebiTi samarTlis zogadi

principebi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos yvela samoqalaqo xelisufalis mier.

eklesia, romelic RvTaebrivi kanonis mcvelia, kompetenturia gaarkvios

xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa marTlzomiereba RvTaebriv

mecnierebaTa Suqze. rwmenis da eresis sakiTxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac,

piriqiT, saxelmwifos daxmarebas sTxovs eklesia.

da bolos SevexoT pozitiuri samarTlis cnebas, romelic aqvinels

damuSavebuli aqvs aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelze. am fenomenze

SegviZlia visaubriT ori mimarTullebiT. erTi bunebiT samarTalze, rodesac

adamianis uflebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT isev saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare,

meore, rodesac vmsjelobT pozitiur samarTalze anu adamianTa

konvencionalurad dadgenil uflebebze. yoveli dawerili kanonmdebloba

orives elementebs Seicavs da ganamtkicebs, Tumca sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli

dawerili kanoni Seicavs bunebiT samarTals, magram ar aarsebs mas, radgan am

ukanasknelis Zala dadgenili kanonidan ki ar modis, aramed bunebidan. amsagan

gansxvavebiT, dawerili kanoni, romelic warmoadgens pozitiur samarTals Zalas

flobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis ukan dgas xelisufleba.

pozitiuri samarTali gamomdinareobs bunebrivi sanarTlidan ara rogorc

garkveuli daskvna pirveli orincipebidan, aramed cnebaTa zogadi determinaciis

gziT. amrigad, is, rac miiReba pozitiur smarTalSi, davuSvaT daskvnis saxiT, ar

SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebiTi samarTlis amosaval principebs.

dafuZnebis funqciis mixedviT, adamianuri kanoni aris praqtikuli gonebis

produqti da, amitom, misma principebma angariSi unda gauwios damokidebulebas

naturalur kanonze. aqvineli ar ganasxvavebs samarTlebriv normebsa da

moralur normebs. nebismieri kanonis mizani aris adamianis ukesesad gaxdoma,

Tumca saTnoeba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios adamianma mxolod adamianuri

saTnoeba iqneba. adamianebi mravalmxriv arasrulyofili arsebebi arian, amitom

saxelmwifos sikeTisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia moqalaqeebi ise mihyvebodnen

mmarTvelis zogad miTiTebebs, rom verc ki erkveodnen kanonebSi.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gageba Toma aqvinelis mier damokidebulia

”bunebis” cnebis mis gaazrebaze, raSic is aristoteles eyrdnoba. “buneba” aris

sagnebSi ganxorcielebuli RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic aris saganTa saboloo

miznisaken mimarTulebis mimcemi. kanoni, bunebiTi samarTali swored aseTi

Tvisebebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad gagebuli bunebrivi samyaro iseTsave

mimarTebaSia RmerTTan, rogorc subieqti mmarTvelTan. RvTaebrivi inteleqtis

mier adamianSi “Cadebuli”ltolva gamovlindeba racionaluri xasiaTis saxiT,

rogorc codna; adamianSi bunebrivi kanonis miswrafeba _ es aris adamianis

swrafva gonebis mier Secnobili sikeTisakan.

bunebrivi kanonis aRqma adamianis mier aris sakuTar Tavze zrunva,

TviTSenaxva. es aris adamianis bunebis pirveli saxe. meorea seqsualuri

ltolvebi, romelic adamians saerTo aqvs yvela cxovelur organizmTan. mesame

34

moqalaqeTa esTetiur da samecniero Sexedulebebs. TviT aseTi progresuli

xelisuflebis pozicia, ramdenadme ucnaurad gamoiyureba da daiyvaneba

formulaze: “imsjeleT da idaveT ramdenic geneboT, magram damemorCileT!”

aseTia ganaTlebuli absolutistis pozicia, romelsac sakuTari ganaTle-

bulobis wyalobiT, marTalia ar eSinia sakuTari aCrdilisa, magram mainc

gamzadebuli hyavs armia sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dasacavad. Sedegad iqmneba

viTareba, romelsac kanti paradoqsuls uwodebs. erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi

modian samoqalaqo Tavisufleba da xalxis sulis Tavisufleba, romelsac

pirveli gadaulaxav winaRobebs uyenebs. rac ufro didia samoqalaqo Tavi-

suflebis xvedriTi wili sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro mcirea xalxis sulis

Tavisuflebis gamovlena da piriqiT. xalxis suli CanasaxSive flobs did

saazrovno potencials, romelsac gasaSlelad ZiriTadad Tavisufali azrov-

nebisaken midrekileba da mowodeba da am tendenciis xelisSewyoba esaWiroeba.

kantis warmodgeniT, progresis gza, romelic, Cans, aris ganmanaTleblobis

magistraluri xazi, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad gamoiwvevs Tavisufali

azris gadasvlas adamianTa Tavisufal moqmedebaSi da saboloo jamSi,

zemoqmedebas moaxdens TviT mTavrobis principebze, romlisaTvisac ufro

sasargebloa saqme hqondes adamianTan, romelic ufro metia, videre manqana.

rogorc vxedavT, ganmanaTleblobis idealia ganaTlebis gziT sazo-

gadoebis modernizacia, rac Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad ayenebs

Tavisuflebas. am proeqtis meore arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli aris mSvidoba. rasac

kantma miuZRvna traqtati “maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis” (1795).

unda iTqvas, rom kanti ar yofila pirveli, vinc mSvidobis problemas Seexo.

evropuli Sidaomebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb

jer kidev reformaciis epoqaSi fiqrobdnen. am Temas miZuRvna erazm

roterdamelma naSromi “vedreba mSvidobisaTvis” (1517). sxva avtorebidan

gamoiyofa sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli wigni” (1539), amerikeli

penis “esse awmyo da momavali mSvidobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), sen pieris “werils

evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis” (1712) da missave samtomian

gamokvlevas ”evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”. da bolos kantamde

mSvidobis mosurne gamodga rusoc “evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”

(1782).

Cans, kanti cdilobda Tavisi naSromisaTvis dasawyisSi mainc mkacri

regulatoruli saxe mieca. Sromis pirveli debulebebi swored aseT saxes

atarebs. ase magaliTad, pirveli Tezisebi amboben imis Sesaxeb, rom arc erTi

samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseTad, Tu is Seicavs omis

gaCaRebis farul punqtebs. es msjeloba kants TviT maradiuli mSvidobis

cnebidan gamoyavs, radgan Tu maradiuli mSvidobis xelSekruleba arRvevs

aRniSnul punqts, is mxolod droebiTi sazavo xelSekruleba iqneba.

kantis Semdegi TezisiT, arc erTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba

SeiZinos meore saxelmwifom arc memkvidreobiT, arc gacvliT, arc yidviT da arc

saCuqaris saxiT. sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba upirispirdeba saxelmwifos cnebas.

saxelmwifo xom (im miwisagan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac is imyofeba) im adamianTa

Tanamegobrobaa, romlebic masze cxovroben, romelTa marTvis da gankargvis

ufleba aravisa aqvs, garda isev im xalxisa, romlebic am saxelmwifos Seadgenen.

saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifosaTvis mierTeba mospobs pirvels, rogorc

moralur pirs. kantis es msjelobebi vrceldeba memkvidreobiT monarqiazedac,

romelic ar SeiZleba memkvidreobis uflebiT gadavides sxva saxelmwifos xelSi.

romelime fizikur pirs SeiZleba memkvidreobiT ergos mxolod saxelmwifos

marTvis ufleba da aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli ki ar iZens qveyanas, aramed,

piriqiT, qveyana iZens mmarTvels.

omis Sesaxeb

kantamde monteskie wuwunebda evropaSi gavrcelebuli axali modis Sesaxeb —

mmarTvelebma srul mzadyofnaSi iyolion didi armiebi. aseTi armiebis arsebobiT

arc kanti ar aris moxibluli da gamoTqvams imeds, rom mudmivi armiebi

TandaTanobiT unda gaqrnen. saamisod mas ori argumenti aqvs: a) armia imdenad am

83

emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi

emanuil kantma saxeli sakmaod gvian gaiTqva mas Semdeg, rac hiumis

skeptikuri filosofiis zagavleniT, uari Tqva volfis mimdevrobaze da

kritikuli filosofiis Seqmna daiwyo. Tavisi erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromis,

“wminda gonebis kritikis” SesavalSi kanti wers, rom amasobaSi is sakmaod moxucda

da samoc wels miaRwia. yvelaferi Rirebuli kantma am asakis Semdeg Seqmna.

emanuel kantis politikur Sexedulebebs gavecnobiT misi ori naSromis, “ra

aris ganmanaTleblobis” da “maradiuli mSvidobis” mixedviT. am Sromebis garda,

politikuri Teoriis kuTxiT kantis Sromebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “zneobis

metafizikis safuZvlebi” (1785) da “zneobis metafizika” (1797), romelic, Tavis

mxriv, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: “samarTalmcodneobis metafizikuri sawyisebi”

da “saTnoebaze moZRvrebis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. kanti umeteswilad

cnobilia misi kritikuli filosofiiT, romelsac xan kopernikul revolucias

adarebdnen da xanac ptolemeurs. kantis. politikuri Teoria misi filosofiis

organul nawils warmoadgens kanti ganmanaTleblobis ukanaskneli soliduri

warmomadgenelia. rogor esmoda Tavad kants ganmanaTleblobis arsi? “ganma-

naTlebloba — ambobs kanti — aris adamianis gamosvla misi arasrulyofilebidan,

sadac is imyofeboda isev sakuTari braleulobiT. Tavis mxriv, arasrul-

yofileba sxva araferia, Tu ara uunaroba mavanma isargeblos sakuTari gansjiT,

xolo arasrulyofileba misive braleulobiT, aris gansjiT operirebis

uunaroba, aramed adamianis gaubedaoba gareSe vinmes Carevis gareSe gamoiyenos

sakuTari gansja. aqedan, ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi devizia — geyos

vaJkacoba gamoiyeno sakuTari Wkua” (1.27).

sizarmace da gaubedavoba adamianis gonebis zedamxedvelebad aqcevs

Semecnebis miRwevis iseT mniSvnelovan instrumentebs, rogoricaa mecnierebis

debulebebi da formulebi. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi saSualeba

TviTganaTlebaa, Tumca mis gzas rom adamiani daadges, mas saaamisod gambedaoba

da, rac mTavaria Tavisufleba esaWiroeba. Tuki adamiani Tavisi Tavisuflebis

Segnebidan amova da ganaTlebis gzas daadgeba, maSin “zedamxedvelebs” pozitiuri

rolis Sesrulebac ki SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavad moxsnian ra adamianis ara-

srulfasovnebis uRels, Tavs mouyrian adamianTa garkveul jgufebs da

mouwodeben maT iazrovnon damoukideblad.

kantis am citataSi, ganmanaTleblobis cnebis analizis konteqstSi, figu-

rirebs ramdenime fundamenturi termini. ganmanaTleblobis kantiseuli

gagebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gansjis gonismier

unars da personis pasuxismgeblobas imoqmedos sakuTari gansjis karnaxiT, sxva,

gareSe Zalebis dauxmareblad. “gareSe Zalebi” am SemTxvevaSi, Zalze farTe

moculobis terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc eklesiis, aseve xelisuflebis

avtoritets. es ki niSnavs, rom kantis ganmanaTleblobis cneba moicavs

individualizms, racionalizms, individis Tavisuflebas da gambedaobas

imoqmedos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.

am ramodenime mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels Soris, kantis Semdgom daxasi-

aTebebSi wina planze wamoiwevs Tavisufleba da goneba, romlebic

urTierTTanamSromlobas sajaro xasiaTs SesZenen da ganaTlebas saxalxo

xasiaTs mianiWeben.

ganaTlebisaken swrafva aris aRmavali epoqis moTxovna, progresis da mas

veravin, maT Soris verc qveynis umaRlesi xelisufleba ver SeaCerebs. kantis

SefasebiT, misi epoqa ar aris ganaTlebuli. is jer mxolod ganmanaTleblobis,

anu fridrixis epoqaa. prusiis mmarTveli kants warmoedgina Tavisebur laissez-faire-stad kulturis, aRmsareblobis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. igi ar ereva,

magaliTad, religiis sakiTxebSi. uars ambobs miiTvisos Semwynareblis tituli da

acxadebs, rom Tavad moqalaqeebis saqmea gadawyviton Tavisi rwmenis sakiTxebi.

sindisis sakiTxebSi adamianTa pozicia unda gamomuSavdes ara vinmes

zedamxedvelobiT, aramed sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT. aqcentireba religiis

sakiTxebze aq Segnebulia, radgan, rogorc kanti SeniSnavs, Cveulebriv

xelisufleba ar cdilobs Caerios iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gansazRvraven

82

aris mTlianad gonebiT nakarnaxebi swrafva sikeTisaken. aseTia, magaliTad,

adamianSi “Cadebuli” WeSmariti codna RmerTis Sesaxeb an misi sazogadoebaSi

cxovrebisaken miswrafeba.

adamiani aris Tavisufali buneba. bunebaSi ki arsebobs marTvis ori forma:

universaluri anu RvTaebrivi da partikularuli anu aRmoCenadi adamianTa

mikrosamyaroSi. am ukanasknelSi adamianis goneba asrulebs igive funqcias, rasac

RmerTi samyaroSi. aqedag gagebuli politikuri erToba TavisTavis mmarTveli

adamianebi arian. Tavisufal adamianTa erToba ganamtkicebs kanoni, konstitucia,

romelic homogenuria yvela individis mimarT. adamianTa am erTobaSi

gamoiricxeba individualuri sikeTis miRweva saerTo sikeTis miRwevis gareSe.

amitom, Tuki vinme moisurvebs saxelmwifos daarsebas, es moxdeba imdenad,

ramdenadac es miswrafeba gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs mTeli xalxis nebas. aqedan

ukve SeiZleba gamoyvanili iyos konvencionaluri (konstituciuri)

xelisuflebis ori mTavari principi:

a) Tanxmoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoba adamianTa moralur Tavi-

suflebas da

b) marTva, romelic eyrdnoba Tanxmobas. Tavad xelisuflebis saukeTeso formis garkvevis mcdelobisas, aqvineli

cdilobda aristoteles Sexedulebebi moergo Sua saukuneebis

sazogadoebisaTvis. igi laparakobs Sereul monarqiaze, rogorc mmarTvelobis

saukeTeso formaze. Sereuli monarqiis aqvineliseuli formis gasagebad unda

gavixsenoT inglisSi, XV saukuneSi henri VI karze umaRlesi mosamarTle,

swavluli, ser jon forteski (Fortescue), romelic naSromSi “inglisis

mmarTveloba” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda samefo xelisuflebis or formas:

sakuTriv samefo mmarTvelobas (dominium regale-sa) da politikur da samefo

mmarTvelobas (dominium politicum et regale-s). pirveli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi,

mefe xalxs marTavs Tavis mier dadgenili kanonebis Sesabamisad. meore

SemTxvevaSi mefe xalxs marTavs mxolod im kanonebiT, romlebic mowonebulia

Tavad xalxis mier. mmarTvelobis es ukanaskneli forma SemdgomSi ganviTarda

rogorc konstituciuri monarqia da, rodesac Toma aqvineli saubrobs Sereul

reJimze, samefo xelisuflebis qveS swored aseT mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. sxva

mxriv, Sereuli reJimi nawilobriv samefoa, radgan mas saTaveSi udgas erTi piri,

nawilobriv es aris aristokratia anu im pirTa mmarTveloba, vinc Sesabamisi

avtoritetiT aris mosili da, nawilobriv, ki es aris demokratia, radgan qveynis

mmarTvelebi arCeulni arian xalxis mier.

literatura

1.Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Augustine in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (176-205 pp.)

2.Muhsin Mahdi - Alfarabi in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).

3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).

4.А.Х. Касымжанов - Абу-Наср аль-Фараби. Изд. «Мысль», Москва, 1982 in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).

35

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)

XV-XV saukuneebis florencieli politikuri moRvawe da politikuri

filosofiis Teoretikosi, nikolo makiaveli mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad

iyo dakavSirebuli florenciis respublikasTan, sadac erTi periodi

mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi eWira. respublikis dacemis Semdeg,

makiavelis politikuri karierac dasrulda. mediCebis florenciaSi dabrunebis

Semdeg, 1512 wels, makiaveli kancleris postidan gadaayenes da sxva respub-

likelebis msgavsad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas Camoaciles. arcTu asakovanma

kacma, makiavelim darCenili cxovreba politkur Teorias miuZRvna da unda

iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiT is gacilebiT ufro iRbliani gamodga, vidre

praqtikosi politikosis rolSi. makiaveli dRemde iTvleba saetapo mniSvnelobis

avtorad, erTgvar Semobrunebis wertilad politikur TeoriaSi. makiavelis

politikuri ideebi gadmocemulia Semdeg cnobil SromebSi: “mTavari”, “flo-

renciis istoria”, “komentarebi titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”.

makiavelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT “mTavars”.

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wvlili, ris gamoc makiaveli dafasebulia poli-

tiuri Teoriis avtorTa Soris, aris politikuri Teoriis daniSnulebis

xelaxali gadaazreba aratradiciul konteqstSi. unda, amave dros, gaviT-

valiswinoT, rom makiaveli misi droisaTvis, zogjer specifikuri amoca-

nebisaTvis werda, rac cxadia, zegavlenas iqoniebda mis Semoqmedebaze. magram

miuxedavad aseTi lokaluri miznebisa, makiavelis gamoTqmuli aqvs araerTi

sayuradRebo mosazreba iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba yovelTvis Zalze

didi iyo kacobriobisaTvis.

klasikuri politikuri Teoria antikuri tradiciis kvalad amuSavebda

gansxvavebul interpretaciebs adamianis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

aqtiobis Sesaxeb da yuradRebas amaxvilebda iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo

samarTlianoba sazogadoebaSi, mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formebi, idealuri

saxelmwifo mowoba da a.S. makiaveli zogadad miuyveba iseT klasikur paradigmas

rogoricaa saerTo sikeTe, Tumca, sruliad miuReblad eCveneba is gzebi, romlis

daxmarebiTac klasikuri politkuri Teoria cdilobda mis miRwevas. es gzebi

umeteswilad utopiuri iyo. makiaveli bavSvur warmodgenebad miiCnevda iseTi

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebs rogoricaa, vTqvaT, platonis saxelmwifo,

romelic realurad aravis enaxa, Tumca bevrs ki msjelobdnen masze. mediCisadmi

miZRvnil winasityvaobaSi makiaveli wers mis mier gadmocemul codnaze: “...

romelic Tanadroul cxovrebaze xangrZlivi dkvirvebis da warsulis

gulmodgine Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZina ... (1.92) ... rac amdeni wlis mnZilze

uricxvi simZimilisa, Tu WirTaTmenis fasad Seviswavle da Sevimecne, da, rac ar

Semimkia, arc amivsia vrceli wiaRsvlebiT, arc maRalfardovani Tu mikibul-

mokibuli sityvebiT, anda rogoric gnebavT garegnuli samkaulebiT, romlebiTac

ara erTi da ori avtori kazmavs xolme Tavis Txzulebas. radgan me msurda

naSromis mTavari samkauli yofiliyo an Sinaarsis simarTle da Txrobis simkacre,

an — araferi” (1.93).

amgvari midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, klasikuri Teoriebis standartebi

naklovanni arian imis gamo, rom maTi realurad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. ra

Tqma unda, romelime mmarTvelma SeiZleba saxelmwifo mowyobis standartebad

zemaRali idealebi SearCios. man SeiZleba xalxs Tavic Seayvaros rogorc

sikeTisa da saTnoebis msaxurma da Semdeg Zalze swrafad daeces, radgan

Zalauflebas, rogorc wesi, inarCunebs ara is, visi gamorCeuli siyvarulic aqvs

xalxs, aramed is, visic ufro metad eSiniaT.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, makiaveli cdilobs warmosaxviT-sasurveli

politikidan kvleva realuri politikuri sinamdvilisaken Semoabrunos.

realuri politika ki imis irgvliv trialebs, rasac adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi

36

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas. maTi uari verafers avnebs

xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolod zRudavs xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa

raodenobas am pirebis saxiT. isini sxva qveynis moqalaqeebiviT iqnebian, radgan

rogorc ki Camoyalibdeba saxelmwifo, maSin xelSekrulebaSi monawileoba-

armonawileoba, praqtikulad sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevas utoldeba.

religiis sakiTxebSi ruso araTanmimdevrulia. cnobili faqtia, rom man

mrwamsi gamoicvala da protestantizmi kaTolicizmze gacvala. “aRsarebaSi”

rusos mier mxiarulad aRwerili es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruso seriozulad

ar aRiqvamda arc erTs da arc meores. ruso laparakobs rwmenis sazogadoebriv

aRmsareblobaze, romlis statiebsac suvereni unda adgendes. saxelmwifos

marTalia ar SeuZlia maTi rwmenis moqalaqeebisaTvis davaldebuleba, magram is

ki SeuZlia, rom qveynidan gaaZevos yvela, vinc am rwmenis gareT darCeba.

literatura:

1. Ж.Ж.Руссо Рассуждение о происхождении неравенства между людьми в кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

2. Ж.Ж.Руссо – О политической экономии. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

3. Ж.Ж.Руссо – Об общественном договоре или принцины политического права. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

4. J.J Rousseau. 3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).

81

unda iyos iseTi, rom miwa sakmarisi aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa

gamosakvebad, romlebic imdeni unda iyvnen, ramdenic SeiZleba gamoikvebos am

miwiT. ZalTa swored aseTi balansi qmnis mosaxleobis ZalTa maqsimums” (3.186).

kanonebis konkretuli struqtura ganisazRvreba im mimarTebebidan, romel-

sac saxelmwifo amyarebs Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan. suverenis saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebidan, mravali Sualeduri formis gavliT, gamoiyvaneba politikuri

kanonebi. isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad kanonebs.

mimarTebaTa meore formas warmoadgenen organizmis calkeuli wevrebis

mimarTeba erTmaneTTan, anu mimarTeba mTal organizmTan. am kanonebis buneba

iseTia, rom yoveli moqalaqe marTalia sruliad damoukidebelia meore

moqalaqisagan, magram samagierod damokidebulia samoqalaqo Temze. am

mimarTebidan warmoiSveba samoqalaqo kanonebi.

mesame tipis mimarTeba myardeba adamiansa da kanons Soris, daumor-

Cileblobasa da sasjels Soris. am mimarTebidan gamoiyvaneba sisxlis samarTlis

kanonebi. Tumca es kanonebi gansakuTrebuli saxis kanonebs ki ar warmoadgenen,

aramed sxva kanonebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul saxes.

da bolos, kanonebis meoTxe tipi, romelic yvela moqalaqes gulSi unda iyos

Cadebuli da, romlebic CamoTvlilTa Soris, rusos azriT, yvelaze ufro

miSvnelovania, aris kanonebi, romlebic gamoxataven saxelmwifos WeSmarit arss,

aris zneoba, Cveulebani, sazogadoebrivi azri (3.190-191).

politikur organizmSi mamoZravebel Zalad ganasxvaveben Zalas da nebas. es

ori termini rusos asocirebuli aqvs pirveli aRmasrelebel, xolo meore

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs

da mxolod xalxs. rusos es msjeloba aris erTgvari preludia mmarTvelobis

formebis dasaxasiaTeblad. suverens SeuZlia, jer erTi, mmarTveloba gadasces

mTel xalxs an mis nawils da aseT SemTxveveSi saqme gveqneba demokratiasTan. unda

iTqvas, rom ruso mainc da mainc didi mowonebiT ar egebeba demokratiul

mmarTvelobas. is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratia, am terminis sruli

mniSvnelobiT, arasdros arsebula da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. namdvili

demokratia ufro RmerTebis kuTvnilebaa, vidre adamianebis. rusos ara mxolod

WeSmariti demokratiis miRweva miaCnia SeuZleblad, aramed ar moswons arc

warmomadgenlobiTi forma demokratiisa. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli moqalaqis

valia uSualod iyos CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. am moTxovnis Teoriuli

safuZveli rusos argumentaciaSi ase JRers: “suvereniteti ar SeiZleba vinmes

mier iyos warmodgenili iseve, rogorc is ar SeiZleba iyos gaucxoebuli. is

arsebiTad mdgomareobs saerTo nebaSi, xolo nebas ki ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes

sxva” (3.221-222). aqedan ruso askvnis, rom e.w. “xalxis deputatebi” sulac ar arian

xalxis warmomadgenlebi. ruso ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kanoni,

romelic ar aris damtkicebuli xalxis mier, ar SeiZleba realurad CaiTvalos

kanonad.

im SemTxveveSi, rodesac suvereni mmarTvelobas miandobs mcire raodenobis

adamianebs da maSin saqme gvaqvs aristokratiul mmarTvelobasTan. arsebobs

aristokratiis ramdenime saxe: bunebrivi, arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi. pirveli

maTgani damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxTa istoriis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. am

formebs Soris mesame forma rusos yvelaze ufro uvargisad miaCnia, xolo meore

yvelaze ukeTesad, radgan, sakuTrivi azriT, swored isaa aristokratia.

Tu mmarTveloba koncentrirebulia erTaderTi mmarTvelis xelSi, maSin

qveyanaSi monarqiuli mmarTvelobaa. monarqi rusosaTvis aris krebiTi arseba,

romelic warmodgenilia fizikuri piris saxiT.

mTavrobis daniSvna ar aris xelSekruleba. mTavrobis daniSvna kanonia (3.226).

mTavrobis daniSvnis aqti Sedgeba ori qvemdebare aqtisagan. es gaxlavT a)kanonis

dadgena da b)kanonis Sesrulebisagan. pirveliT suvereni adgens samTavrobo

korpusis arsebobas, xolo meoreTi xalxi asaxelebs mTavrobas. erTaderTi

kanoni, romelic mosaxleobis erTsulovan Tanxmobas saWiroebs, aris

sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. am asociaciaSi Sesvla mopqalaqis Tavisufali

nebis aqtia da mas veravin aiZulebs SeuerTdes asociacias. magram ra moxdeba, Tu

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRmoCndeban adamianebi, vinc am

xelSekrulebis winaaRmdegia? es, fiqrobs ruso, sulac ar uSlis xels

80

akeTebs da ara imis irgvliv, rasac is unda akeTebdes. makiaveli xSirad msjelobs

imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTa mavanma da rac man gaakeTa, aris Tu ara is, rac mas

unda gaekeTebina. amasTan, makiaveli ar erideba pirdapir saTqmels. epoqis

politikuri samyaro mkacria da daundobeli, xolo adamiani Tavisi bunebiT,

borotebasTanaa naziarebi (1. 219). am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Zalze sainteresod JRers, magaliTad, “mTavaris” pirveli Tavis saTauri: “ram-

dennairia samTavro da ra gziT SeiZleba maTi dapyroba”. am saTaurSi sain-

teresod JRers ara imdenad eqstremizmi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, isic ipyrobs

yuradRebas, aramed mTlianad am Tavis pragmatuli xasiaTi. makiaveli ubralod ki

ar aRwers movlenebs, aramed aRwers savsebiT konkretuli praqtikuli

rCevisaTvis.

kvlevis mimarTulebis aseT Semobrunebas realobisaken gambedaoba esaWiro-

eboda, radgan makiavelis epoqa gamoirCeoda erTgvari keklucobiT antikuri

epoqisadmi. iqmneboda paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac avtorebi antikuri

politikuri kategoriebiT operirebdnen, xolo realuri politikuri praqtika

ki sruliad sapirispiro iyo msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqciebisa. misi kvlevis

zogdmeTodologiuri paradigmis da am ukanasknelis klasikuri Teoriebisgan

gansxvavebis Taobaze, makiaveli wers: “da raki vici, rom Cemamdec bevrs uweria am

sakiTxze, vSiSob, rom TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTvan, Tuki TviTonac davapireb

davwero rame, miT umetes, rom yvelaze mkveTrad swored am sakiTxis ganxilvisas

vemijnebi sxvebis Tvalsazriss. magram, raki Cemi ganzraxva gaxldaT, raRac

sasargeblo mimeca misTvis, vinc isurvebda Caswvdomoda zemoaRnisnuli sakiTxis

arss, amitom ufro marTebulad miviCnie warmomeCina sagnis namdvili buneba da

ara moCvenebiTi garsi, romliTac mas mosaven sxvebi. bevrs Seuqmnia Tavisi

warmosaxviT respublikebi, Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc

smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi. magram erTia rogor

cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni da maT Soris imxela

sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla

xdeba — umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavis dRegrZelobas” (1.170-171).

klasikuri filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, rogorc gvaxsovs, imis

garkvevis mcdeloba iyo, Tu rogori reJimia yvelaze samarTliani. avtorebi

eZebdnen erTaderT swor reJims, romelSic gaSlili iqneboda erTaderTi swori

cxovrebis wesi. avtorebis umravlesoba saukeTeso mmarTvelebad filosofosebs

asaxelebda (filosofosis sxvadasxva gagebis variaciebiT), romlebic saxel-

mwifo cxovrebas Rrma inteleqtualur spekulaciebs unda uqvemdebarebdnen.

sxvagvarad es imas niSnavda, rom saukeTeso politikuri reJimis gamarTleba

sruliad arapolitikuri kategoriebis moxmobiT xorcieldeboda. pirveli, rac

makiavelma gaakeTa, is gaxlavT, rom politika sakuTar niadagze daayena da uari

Tqva mis daqvemdebarebaze arapolitikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. gansakuTrebiT es

Seexeba politikuri fenomenis da moralis gaTavisuflebas maSindeli gaba-

tonebuli Teologiisagan, romelsac hqonda pretenzia, rom universalurad

gamoyenebadi WeSmaritebebis mflobeli iyo. amgvari programis ganxorcielebas

makiaveli Seecada ori mimarTulebiT: mis epoqaSi arsebuli politikuri

reJimebis legitimurobis uzrunvelyofiT da, meore, konvencionalurobis

fenomenis Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeniT. es ukanaskneli wamowyeba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan, marTalia klasikuri politikuri Teoria pirdapir,

uxeSad ar uaryofda konvencionalurobas, magram samagierod, imiT, rom cdi-

lobda politikuri mravalferovnebis erT universalur naturaluri xasiaTis

standartze reducirebas, saqmiT sapirispiros akeTebda. ase, magaliTad,

adamianis qcevis interpretirebisas, klasikuri Teoria, bibliur WeSmaritebebze

dayrdnobiT, misaRebad Tvlida srulyofilebisaken mimarTul qcevas, romelic

amave dros gagebuli iyo universalur nimuSad yvela adamianis, yvela xalxisa da

yvela epoqisaTvis. msgavs standartebSi makiavels ar moswons swored misi

universaluri xasiaTi, romelic damangrevlad miaCnia rogorc sazogadoebis,

aseve eklesiisaTvis, radgan maTi sazRvrebis uzomod gafarToebis gamo, erTsac

da meoresac gaurkvevlobas sZens.

37

2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis da

maTi marTvis teqnologiebi

makiavelis Sromebis kiTxvisas kargad igrZnoba epoqis xasiaTi. aq mxed-

velobaSi mxolod is ki ar gvaqvs, rom politikuri movlenebi fasdeba antikuri

xanis zneobriv politikuri kategoriebis an qristianobis eklesiis swavlebis

safuZvlis gareSe, aramed TviT politikuri institutebi da politikis subiq-

tebi. karolingebis epoqis Semdeg evropaSi mtkiced moikida fexi memkvid-

reobiTma mmarTvelobam. Seiqmna dinastiebi, romelTac mTeli samTavroebi, rig

SemTxvevebSi samefoebi ekuTvnodaT. omis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis

italiaze, profesiad iqca. amitom, umravles SemTxevaSi, saxalxo laSqars

daqiravebuli kondoterebi cvlian. zogierTi avantiuristis kariera, rogorc

sforcebis SemTxvevaSi milanSi, Zalze warmatebuli gamodis da isini mTavris

savarZels ikaveben. sxvebi, magaliTad, mediCebi florenciaSi, xelisuflebisaken

gzas TavianTi finansuri Zlierebis safuZvelze ikafaven.

saxelmwifoebi ki am dros arsebobs ori saxisa, respublikebi da samTavroebi.

Tavad samTavroebi ramdenimenairia: saeklesio samTvro, romlis nimuSsac papis

sabrZanebli warmoadgenda, meore, dapyrobiT mopovebuli da Semdeg,

memkvidreobiT miRebuli. arsebobs samTavros kidev erTi tipi, romelsac

makiaveli “samoqalaqo samTavros” uwodebs. aseTi saxelmwifos mmarTvelic erTi

pirovnebaa, magram is mTavari arc memkvidreobiT gamxdara da arc teritoriis

dapyrobiT. rodesac kerZo piri borotmoqmedebisa, Tu sxva ram autaneli

Zaladobis gziT ki ara, aramed Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis keTilganwyobis Sedegad

xdeba mTavari, aseT mmarTvelobas SeiZleba samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ewodos

(1.139).

respublikuri mmarTvelobaze makiaveli msjelobs “komentarebSi titus

liviusis pirvel dekadaze” da “florenciis istoriaSi”. am ukanasknelSi, itali-

uri respublikebidan makiaveli ganixilavs genius, veneciis da gansakuTrebiT,

florenciis mowyobas da mmarTvelobas. qalaqi florencia dayofili iyo 6

nawilad. qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda or moqalaqes.

ase, rom mTeli mmarTveloba anu senati Sedgeboda 12 wevrisagan, romelTac

uxucesebs (anziani) uwodebdnen. uxucesebi marTavdnen qalaqis popolanur

nawils. xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: qalaqis moqalaqeebi, xelosnebi,

vaWrebi. uxucesebis sakrebulos Semadgenloba ganaxlebadi iyo yovelwliurad.

1250 wels florenciaSi ganxorcielda saqalaqo mmarTvelobis reforma da

qalaqis popolanuri nawilis xelmZRvaneloba daevala kapitans. mTel qalaqs, e.i.

rogorc plebeur nawils aseve nobilitets marTavda podesta. kapitani da

podesta florenciaSi iyo ori samoxeleo Tanamdeboba, romelTa ZiriTadi saqme

moqalaqeTa Soris arsebuli davebis aRmofxvra iyo. marTlwesrigs respublikaSi

ganaxorcielebda soflis raionebSi 76, xolo uSualod qalaqSi 20 SeiaraRebuli

razmi. am razmebSi ganTavsebuli iyo mTeli florenciis brZolisunariani

axalgazrdoba, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen pirveli daZaxebisTanave iaraR-

asxmulni gamocxadebuliyvnen winaswarmiTiTebul razmSi (2.56).

italiis memkvidreobiTi samTavros tipur nimuSs warmoadgenda milani.

milanis aRzeveba daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac is SeuerTda fridrix barbarosas

winaaRmdeg Seqmnil italiuri qalaqebis kavSirs. XIII saukunidan milanSi

pirvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dela toresis da viskontis gvarebi. brZola am

ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. viskontebis bolo STamomavali iyo filipo

viskonti, romelsac vaJi ar hyavda da Sedegad samTavros marTva gadavida

sforcas gvarze. memkvidreobiTi samTavro, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis ufro

myar reJims warmoadgens. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba misi mmarTvelisaTvis imas

aqvs, rom man ar daarRvios winaprebis mier SemoRebuli marTvis wesi da rigi.

arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac samTavro memkvidreobiT ki ekuTvnis mmarTvels,

magram mas mainc ZaliT uwevs misi SemoerTeba. aseT samTavroSi reJimis

ganmtkiceba yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre misi mopoveba. makiaveli

aq miuTiTebs xalxis ucvlel iluziaze, romlis mixedviTac yoveli axali

mmarTveli Zvelze ukeTesia. daswyisSi is mxars uWers axal mmarTvels, magram mas

Semdeg, rac xalxi Tavis Secdomas gaacnobierebs, reJimis SenarCuneba Zneldeba.

38

dadebiTia. aseTi ram arsebobs da sworad is qmnis sazogadoebrivi kavSiris

safuZvels. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi erTiandebian saerTo interesebis

safuZvelze, romelTa mizansac saerTo sikeTe warmoadgens. Tu davsvamT kiTxvas,

raSi mdgomareobs xalxisaTvis saerTo sikeTe, ruso miuTiTebs or ZiriTad

fenomenze _ Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze. Tavisuflebaze, radgan

yovelgvari damokideuleba, kerZo pirze, amcirebs saxelmwifos Zalas da

Tanasworobaze imitom, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebs mis gareSe (3.188). swored

mis misaRwevad iqmneba saerTo neba, romlis realizaciasac warmoadgens suvereni.

“suvereniteti, romelic mxolod saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa, arasdros ar

SeiZleba gaucxovdes. suvereni sxva araferia, Tu ara koleqtiuri arseba.,

romelic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos mxolod sakuTari TaviT. SavsebiT

SesaZlebelia vinmesTvis Zalauflebis gadacema, magram ara nebisa” (3.168).

Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom rusos Tvalsazrisi suverenis Sesaxeb

TandaTanobiT iseTi SinaarsiT ivseba, romelic ufro hobsis absolutisturi

TeoriisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom

suvereni rusosaTvis aris xalxi. rusos mtkiceba adamianis individualuri

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, ar flobs did damarwmunebel Zalas im totalobis fonze,

rasac Seadgens xalxi, rogorc suvereni. individis bedi rusos saxelmwifoSi

kargad Cans erT aseT fragmentSi: “visac sakuTari sicocxlis SenerCuneba surs

sxvis xarjze, mzad unda iyos maTTvis sakuTari sicocxlis gasaRebad, Tu es

saWiri Seiqna. ... rodesac mas eubnebian ‘saxelmwifos sWirdeba rom Sen mokvde’ —

maSin is unda mokvdes, radgan mxolod am pirobiT cxovrobda is aqamde

usafrTxod da imitomac, rom misi cxovreba mxolod bunebis wyaloba ki ar aris,

aramed saCuqaria, romelic garkveuli pirobebis fasad man miiRo

saxelmwifosagan” (3.175).

suverenis yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba kidev ufro mZimdeba mas Semdeg, rac

ruso uars ambobs imaze, rac monteskiesaTvis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa erT-

erTi mTavari piroba iyo - xelisuflebis danawilebis principze. ruso

akritikebs “Cvens politikosebs”, romelTac ar esmiT suverenis arsi da mijnaven

mis iseT gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa Zala da neba. anu mijnaven sakanonmdeblo,

aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amis Sedegad erTmaneTSia

aRreuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis gamovlenis formebi da umaRlesi

xelisuflebis nawilebi. suvereni — rogorc xalxis nebis gamovlena, rogorc

umaRlesi xelisufleba, daunawevrebelia. amisda miuxedavad, ruso mainc

ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs. sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba ekuTvnis mxolod xalxs. rac Seexeba mTavrobas, is aris

gamaSualebeli organizmi, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobas xalxsa da

suverens Soris, axorcielebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve politikur

Tavisuflebebs.

4. saxelmwifo

saxelmwifos rangSi ruso ganixilavs respublikis cnebas. “respublika” ru-

sos enaze ewodeba nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic imarTeba depersonalizebuli

xelisuflebiT, anu kanonebiT. amitom respublka SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos ara

mxolod demokratiiTa da aristokratiiT, aramed nebismieri mmarTvelobis

formiT, romelsac saerTo neba ganagebs, romelis faqtiurad aris kidec kanoni.

es ki niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia mmarTvelis mier sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba

suverenTan. Tavis mxriv, kanonebi mxolod moqalaqeTa asociaciis pirobebia.

yvela organizmi ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis da maT Soris saxelmwifoc.

saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur organizms, sxva organizmebis msgavsad,

arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamis sivrce. rusos msjelobebis mTeli wyeba

mimarTulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos optimaluri

zoma. am zomis gasarkvevad rusos Semoaqvs ori kriteriumi _ teritoria da

mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos zoma gamoiyvaneba am ori elementis

kombinaciidan, romelic sakmaod martivi msjelobiT dgindeba: “saxelmwifos

Seadgenen adamianebi, xolo adamianebs kvebavs miwa. amrigad, mimarTeba maT Soris

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3.suverenis cneba.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, yoveli individi Sedis ra sakuTar TavTan

xelSekrulebaSi, Tavis Tavze iRebs, ase vTqvaT, ormag valdebulebas a) rogorc

suverenis wevri kerZo pirebis mimarT da b) rogorc sxelmwifos wevri suverenis

mimarT. Tu individi ormag mimarTebaSi imyofeba amiT suverenTan, Tavad

suverenis mimarTeba mxolod erTadgiliania. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusos

mixedviT suvereni Tavad xalxia, SegviZlia aqedan gamomdinare gaviazroT mis

kompetencia, romelic avtoris mier aRiwereba ase: “ramdenadac suverens

sakuTari Tavis ganxilva mxolod erTi mimarTebiT SeuZlia, is aRmoCndeba kerZo

piris mdgomareobaSi da radganac es asea, maSin ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba

arsebobdes araviTari ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic savaldebulo iqneboda

xalxisaTvis mTlianobSi. savaldebulo misTvis ar aris arc sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba”(3.162-163). Tumca xalxs SeuZlia aiRos valdebuleba ucxos

mimarT, sakuTari Tvis mimarT raime valdebulebis aRebas xalxis mier ruso

gamoricxavs. suvereni, ra Tqma unda, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT,

magram am xelSekrulebas misTvis ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. de jure mas SeuZlia

xelSekrulebis darRveva, de facto ar daarRvevs mas, radgan im aqtis darRveva,

romlis wyalobiTac is arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebas niSnavs. suverens

ar gaaCnia arc sakuTari Tavis, arc misi Semadgeneli individebis interesebis

sawinaaRmdego ganzraxva. is aris erTaderTi politikuri subieqti, romelSiac

xorciekdeba de facto- de jure mxareebis sruli Taxvedra. mxolod imis gamo, rom

arsebobs, suvereni yovelTvis aris is, rac unda iyos (3.163).

niSnavs Tu ara aRwerili viTareba individis srul daqvemdebarebas

sazogadoebisadmi? ruso sapirispiroSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. individs, misi

azriT, mainc rCeba Tavisufali qmedebis veli. “yovel individs — wers is —

rogorc adamians, SeiZleba hqondes Tavisufali neba, romelic sapirispiroa, ar

emTxveva saerTo nebas, romelic aqvs mas rogorc moqalaqes. misma kerZo

interesebma mas SeiZleba STaunergon gansxvavebuli azri imisagan, rasac saerTo

interesebi moiTxovs” (3.163). niSnavs Tu ara es, rom individs SeuZlia ganudges,

ar daeTanxmos saerTo nebas? ra moxdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi? rusos azriT,

xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseT SemTxvevebsac. Tu vinme uars ityvis dae-

morCilos serTo nebas, mas sapirispiros aiZulebs mTeli organizmi, rac imas

niSvans, rom mas aiZuleben iyos Tavisufali. es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSek-

rulebis pirobiT. yovel moqalaqes, xelSekruleba uqvemdebarebs ra samSoblos,

imavdroulad aTavisuflebs yovelgvari piradi damokidebulebisagan. es

viTareba warmoadgens politikuri manqanis saidumlos da mis ZiriTad

mamoZravebel Zalas.

aseT Sedegebamde midis ruso yovel individSi orgvari nebis fenomenis

daSvebis Sedegad, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. rogorc moqalaqe, individi

emorCileba saerTo nebas, magram amave dros, mas rogorc adamians Tavisufali

moqmedebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi, rasac aq aRvniSnavT “ori nebiT”,

aris oradgiliani relacia — erTi individisa sakuTar TavTan, meore ki

saxelmwifosTan, anu sxvebTan. aRniSnuli relaciis buneba, romelic mTlad

naTeli rodia rusos msjelobebSi, iZens Semdgom dakonkretebas samoqalaqo

samarTlis konteqstSi. am normebis mixedviT, aravis evaleba Seasrulos is

valdebulebani, romelic man aiRo sakuTari Tavis winaSe, radgan erTia

valdebuleba sakuTar TavTan da meore valdebuleba mTelTan romlis wevrebic

Cven varT. igive viTarebis eqstrapolacia individualuri adamianidan suverevze,

STambeWdav Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, Tu mTeli xalxi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas,

mas Zala eqneba yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis suverenTan mimarTebiT, magram igive

gadawyvetileba veraviTar valdebulebas ver daadebs Tavad suverens. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmneboda situacia raRac msgavsi imisa, roca suverens SeuZlia

SemoiRos kanoni, romlisaganac is ver gaaTavisuflebda sakuTar Tavs, rac

ewinaaRmdegeba politikuri organizmis bunebas (3.162).

ra qmnis xelSekrulebis sazrisismier safuZvels? arsebobs Tu ara raRac

iseTi, riskenac mimarTulia yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmeva? rusos pasuxi

78

am zogadi daxasiaTebebis gverdiT, makiaveli iZleva ufro konkretul

rekomendaciebs da miTiTebebs. ase magaliTad, saokupacio eqspedicia ucxo

qveyanaSi warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu mTavari moaxerxebs kargi

urTierTobis damyarebas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. mosaxleobis keTil-

ganwyobis mosapoveblad ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba iq arsebuli

Cvevebis, yofis da gadasaxadebis akrefis wesis ucvlelad SenarCunebaa. Semdeg,

gacilebiT ufro iolia erTenovani an moanTesave enaze mosaubre samTavros

xelSi Cagdeba. magram Tu moxerxda gansxvavebuli eTnosiT dasxlebuli qveynis

xelSi Cagdeba, aq mravalricxovani siZneleebi iCenen Tavs da yvela maT dsaZleva

erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesi xerxi, dampyrobis axal dakavebul teritoriebze

gadasaxleba iqneba, rogorc es ganaxorciela TurqeTis sulTanma konstan-

tinepolis dakavebis Semdeg. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi gadasaxleba ar

xerxdeba, saukeTeso gza iqneba dakavebul teritoriebze koloniebis daarseba.

ucxo eTnosiT dakompleqtebuli axalSenebi dampyrobTa mcvelebis rols

Seasruleben da mis reJims moemsaxurebian. es gza gacilebiT ufro iafia, vidre am

qveyanaSi mobiluri samxedro korpusis SenarCuneba, romelic mudmiv mzad-

yofnaSi unda iyos swrafad gadaadgildes konfliqtis zonaSi. makiavelis es

rekomendacia gasagebs xdis Zveli imperiebis, magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis

calkeuli regionebis eTniur siWreles da xalxTa gansaxlebis arabunebriv

formebs.

warmatebuli samxedro kampania ucxo qveyanaSi mxolod saokupacio razmebis

xelmZRvanelis moxerxebulobasa da SorsmWvretelobaze ki ar aris damokid-

ebuli, aramed im reJimis bunebaze, romelic arsebobs dasakavebel teritoriaze.

arsebobs uzomod centralizebuli da SedarebiT Tavisufali regionebis

Semcveli smTavroebi. maT yvelaze ufro karg nimuSebs, makiavelisaTvis, TurqeTi

da safrangeTi warmoadgenda. TurqeTSi arsebobda erTaderTi mbrZanebeli,

sulTani, xolo yvela danarCeni misi ymebi iyvnen. rodesac TurqeTis romelime

warCinebuli ama Tu im sanjayis samarTavad midioda, mosaxleoba mis brZanebebs

asrulebda mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi sulTanis

nebas ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTSi xelisufleba aRweilisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli iyo. mefes aq uamravi patara mbrZanebeli exvia Tavs, romelTac

Tavad hyavdaT sxva mravali qveSevrdomi. xelisuflebis organizaciis aseTi

gansxvavebuli formebis gamo, gacilebiT ufro Znelia iseTi qveynis dapyroba,

rogorc ki TurqeTia, magram Tu am mimarTulebiT vinmes bedma gauRima, ukve

dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro ioli gaxdeba, vidre

safrangeTisnair qveyanaSi, sadac regionebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi da

mmarTvelTa damoukidebloba centraluri xelisuflebisagan gacilebiT ufro

didia da, amitom, yovel maTganTan praqtikulad calke samxedro-politikuri

urTierTobebi iqneba gasabmeli.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTveli, samxedro konfliqtis, Sendgomi

mosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis motiviT, gaumarTlebel

daTmobebze midis. aseTi daTmobebi, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis uaRresd

wamgebiania, radgan am gziT verc oms ver avicilebT, da teritoriebsac

davkargavT.

3.samxedro saqme

damoukidebeli gansjis Temaa makiavelisaTvis samxedro saqmis organizacia

samTavroSi. omi da samxedro saqme am epoqis saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes mxares

warmoadgenda, romelic ganapirobebda mis Zlierebas. saxelmwifos Zalas

makiaveli am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politiuri praqtikidan gamomdinare,

gansazRvravs, bunebrivia, ara mrewvelobis potencialiT an omis saWiroebisaTvis

gadanaxuli finansebis maragiT, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobiT da samxedro

ZaliT. Tuki davsvamdiT kiTxvas _ “riT SeiZleba gaizomos ama Tu im saxelmwifos

Zliereba”? _ makiavelis pasuxi masze aseTia: Tu samTavros hyavs

mravalricxovani laSqari (risTvisac aucilebelia rogorc mravalricxovani

mosaxleoba, aseve didZali simdidre), romelic skadris pasuxs gascemda yvela

39

momxvdurs ise, rom dasaxmereblad ar mimarTavda aravis sxvas, aseTi samTavro

Zlieria (1.145).

samxedro saqmis mniSvneloba makiavelisaTvis gadauWarbebladaa Sefasebuli

da is politikis warmarTvis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad gvevlineba. “am xelovnebis

Zala - wers makiaveli — imdenad didia, rom ara marto Zalauflebas unarCunebs

mas, vinc mTavrad Sobila, aramed kerZo pirsac aRazevebs xolme mTavris

simaRlemde. ... am xelovnebis ugulvebelyofa samTavros dakargvis ZiriTad

iaraRad gvevlineba, xolo misi zedmiwevniT floba — samTavros dauflebis

saSualebad” (1.166). mTavari, politikuri moRvawe, imavdroulad meomaricaa.

Tundac Sidapolitikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, makiavelis epoqidan jer

kidev Zalze Sors aris im dromde, rodesac gaimijneba samxedro da politikuri

sakiTxebi. piriqiT, makiavelisaTvis sruliad auxsnelia SemTxveva, Tuki mas vime

aRmoaCenda, rodesac SeiaraRebuli xalxi (samxedroebi) emorCilebian

uiaraRoebs (politikosebs) da uiaraRo ki uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs iaraRasxmulTa

garemocvaSi (1.166-167). Tumca, es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar

gansxvavdeba politikosi meomrisagan. arsebobs meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis

mizezic, romeliz amozrdilia adamianis naklovani, mxecuri bunebidan. “unda

gvaxsovdes, wers makiaveli, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe — erTia brZola

kanonebis, xolo meore brZola Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamia-

nebisaTvis, meore ki mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,

Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia,

rom Tanabrad warmatebiT ibrZodes rogrc mxeci da rogorc kaci” (1.182).

yoveli saxelmwifos safuZveli makiavelisaTvis kargad gawvrTnili laSqari

da kargi saxelmwifo kanonebia. es ori ram erTmaneTs avsebs, radgan kargad

gawvrTnili laSqari warmoudgenelia kargi kanonebis gareSe, xolo kargi laSqari

Tavad uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi kargi kanonebis Seuferxebel dacvas.

samxedro Zalebi rogorc wesi organizebulia Semdegi saxiT:

1. upirveles yovlisa igi Sedgeba mTavris sakuTri SeiaraRebuli

nawilebisagan. Semdeg,

2. daqiravebuli profesionali meomrebisagan;

3. maSveli jarisagan da bolos,

4. Sereuli Zalebisagan.

makiavelis miaCnda, rom maSveli da daqiravebuli jari qveynisaTvis Zalze

wamgebiania. italiis misi periodis mZime mdgomareobas, avtori swored

daqiravebulTa ukontrolo parpaSiT xsnis qveyanaSi, romelic aseT viTarebaSi,

dacvis gareSea darCenili. daqiravebulebi pirvelad italiaSi papebma d

Tavisufali qalaqebis mcxovreblebma Semoiyvanes imis gamo, rom araferi

gaegebodaT omis xelovnebisa da iZulebulebi iyvnen ucxoeli profesionalebi

moewviaT.

aranakleb dazaralda qveyana maSveli jarisagan. “maSvel Zalas” makiaveli

uwodebs mezobeli Zlieri qveynis (am periodSi italielebisaTvis aseTi iyo

safrangeTi) samxedro Zalas, romelic Txovnis safuZvelze Semovida qveyanaSi. am

samxedro Zalis problema isaa, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlis Semdeg, mas metad

eZneleba qveynis datoveba da axal dampyroblad gadaiqceva xolme.

oms aristotele igive rigis movelenebSi aTavsebda, rogorc nadirobas.

cnebaTa aseTi daaxloebis gamamarTlebel sabuTad is gvTavazobda ideas, rom

nadirobac da omic, orive Semosavalze orientirebuli saqmianobaa.

aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni oms yovelgvari ubedurebis wyarod

miiCnevvda da mas mtrobisa da megobrobis terminebSi aRwerda. makiavelis

mosazrebebi omis Sesaxeb, rogorRac iTavsebs irive avtoris Tvalsazriss. omi —

fiqrobs igi _ or mtrul mxarse Soris CaRdeba, magram is ar aris TviTmizani.

omis mizani imdenad mtris ganadgureba ki ar aris, ramdenadac sakuTari

keTildReobis uzrunveyofa. amrigad, oms praqtikuli sazrisi gaaCnia. “yvela

imis mizani, visac ki odesme omi dauwyia, yovelTvis imaSi mdgomareobda _ rac

savsebiT gonivrulia _ rom Tavad gamdidrebuliyvnen, xolo mteri ufro

gaeRaribebinaT. sxva arafrisTvis ar sWirdebaT gamarjveba, xolo mosaxveWeli ki

imitom unaT, rom kidev ufro gazardon Tavisi Zala da daasuston mowinaaRmdege.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelTvis, roca gamarjvebam ufro Raribi gagxada,

40

2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba

“emilSi” (wigni II, $35) ruso laparakobs daqvemdebarebis or wesze: erTi aris

adamianis damokidebuleba sagnebze, xolo meore sxva adamianebze (rac

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi iqmneba). pirveli damokidebuleba arafer

naklovans ar aCens adamianebSi. rac Seexeba meores, Tu is mouwesrigebel

mdgomareobaSi iqna, aucileblad ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. adamianTa Soris

urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba

samarTals, romelic mTlianad konvencionalur safuZvelazea amozrdili.

imisaTvis, rom konvencia Sedges, adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos. Tavisufleba

adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTebelia da masze uaris Tqma adamianur bunebaze uaris

Tqmas utoldeba. marTalia, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT axali Zalebis Seqmna, magram

maT SeuZliaT ukve arsebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da erTi mimarTulebiT wayvana.

es SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, romlis mizania asociaciis

iseTi formis povna, romelic SemosazRvravs da icavs saerTo ZaliT asociaciis

TiToeul wevris pirovnebas, da qonebas da romlis wyalobiTac, yoveli adamiani,

sxvebTan gaerTianebiT, amave dros, emorCileba mxolod sakuTar Tavs da iseTive

Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric manamde iyo (3.160). ruso aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa,

aseTi sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, Ria saxiT, ar dafiqsirebula arsad. magram

misi punqtebi identuria yvela droSi yvela xalxisaTvis da isini miRebulia xmis

amouReblad. Tu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas ganveyenebiT yvela im punqtSi,

romelic ar Seadgens mis arsebas, aRmovaCenT, rom is daiyvaneba Semdeg

debulebebamde: yoveli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTrebaSi gadascems da umorCilebs

Tavis pirovnebas da mTel Tavis Zalebs erTiani nebis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,

ris Sedegedac, yvela CvenTagani gadaiqceva mTelis mouwyvetel nawilad” (3.161).

ase iqmneba pirobiTi koleqtiuri mTeli, romelic imdeni pirisagan Sedgeba,

ramdenic erTiandeba masSi. aRniSnuli aqtis ZaliT, es mTeli iZens Tavis

erTianobas, Tavis saerTo me-s, sicocxles, da nebas. is aris iuridiuli piri, sxva

pirTa gaerTianebiT Seqmnili, romelic amieridan iwodeba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebad, respublikad an politikur organizmad. am gaerTianebis wevrebi

pasiur mdgomareobaSi myofs, mas uwodeben saxelmwifos, xolo aqtiur

mdgomareobaSi ganxiluls ki suverens. erTianobaSi ganxiluli Tavad asociaciis

wevrebi xalxad iwodeba, xolo Tu maT cal-calke aviRebT, isini Seadgenen

moqalaqeebs. maTve SeiZleba qveSevrdomebi ewodoT imdenad, ramdenadac isini am

saxelmwifos kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. ruso sazogedoebrivi xelSekrulebis

konstituciaSi ganasxvavebs “yvelas nebas” da “saerTo nebas”. mxolod am

ukamasknels kravs saerTo interesebi da mxolod es uakanaskneli qmnis erTian

subieqts maSin, rodesac pirveli aris kerZo interesebis krebuli. swored

saerTo neba qmnis rusos Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan elements, rogoricaa

suvereni.

ra saxis cvlilebebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT bunebrivi mdgomareobidan

sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi? adamianSi samarTlianobis

grZnoba Seenacvleba instinqts da amiT adamianis qcevas eniWeba iseTi zneobrivi

xasiaTi, romelsac is aqamde sruliad moklebuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac samarTlis

grZniba Sescvlis midrekilebebs, vnebebze amaRldeba valdebulebis grZnoba.

aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, adamiani dakargavs bevr Tvisebas, romelic manamde,

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi hqonda. Tumca, amasTanave SeiZens bevr axal niSans,

romeli mas ufro keTilSobils da ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofs gaxdis.

praqtikulad, samoqalaqo xelSekruleba adamians gamogleijs cxovelur yofas

da SezRuduli arsebidan, gonier arsebad aqcevs. adamiani kargavs bunebiT

Tavisuflebas, romlis sazRvarsac individis fizikuri Zala warmoadgenda da

iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, romelic sarTo nebiTaa SezRuduli. davurToT

am samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas moraluri Tavisufleba da maSin ufro meti

safuZvlianobiT SegveZleba ganvsazRvroT Tavisuflebis zogadi cneba, radgan

moraluri Tvisufleba aris is, rac adamians aqcevs Tavis Tavis uflad. mxolod

sakuTari survilebis da vnebebis karnaxiT moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara

monoba maSin, rodesac im kanonis mixedviT moqmedeba, romelic Tavad daudgine

sakuTar Tavs, aris WeSmariti Tavisufleba.

77

kanoni aq ar muSaobs.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris.

erTia bunebrivi, anu fizikuri uTanasworoba, rodesac adamianebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa asaki,

janmrTeloba, sxeulebrivi, Tu gonebrivi Zalebi da, a.S. meorea pirobiTi, anu

politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli konvenciis

safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs

aiZulebs morCilebas.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da

Tqva _ “es Cemia”! (1.72). vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo, fiqrobs ruso,

romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasTvis saerToa, is

gadaarCenda kacobriobas. miT ufro, rom aseT xanaSi “sakuTrebaze” saubari jer

naadrevia, radgan unda gasuliyo sakmao xani, raTa adamians Sesabamisi idea

gasCenoda. sinamdvileSi, veluri adamianis pirveli grZnoba sakuTari arsebobis

SegrZneba iyo, xolo misi pirveli sazrunavi TviTSenarCuneba. SimSilma da sxva

grZnobebma adamiani aiZula eZebna TviTSenarCunebis gzebi. pirvelyofil jogad

adamianebi gaerTiandnen ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevis moTxovnilebiT. aqedan

gaCnda saerTo interesebis gacnobiereba, rasac mosdevs urTierTvaldebu-

lebebis idea da enis, komunikaciis saWiroeba. ase movdivarT ojaxis ideamde,

xolo ojaxi ukve Tavad aris sakuTrebis pirveli, Taviseburi forma, radgan

ojaxi aris patara sazoagdoeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “sazogadoebriv

xelSekrulebaSi” ruso ojaxs sazogadoebis gareT ayenebs, radgan dRevandel

konvencionalur sazogadoebaSic ojaxi rCeba erTaderT bunebiT formad. magram

mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizrdebian, maT SeuZliaT bunebiTi TavisuflebiT

isargeblon, magram Tu isini gaagrZeleben mSoblebTan cxovrebas, aseTi ojaxi

ukve konvencionaluria (3.153).

swored aq Cndeba pirvelad sakuTreba: “im wuTidan, rogorc ki erT adamians

gauCndeba meoris saWiroeba, rogorc ki adamianebma SeamCnies, rom Zalze

sasargebloa or kacze meatad sakuTrebis momoarageba _ gaqreba Tanasworoba.

Sroma aucileblobad iqceva. sazogadoebis am mimaTulebiT ganviTarebas xeli

Seuwyo metalis aRmoCenam da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam. miwis ganviTrebas

Tan axlavs misi danawileba. rogorc ki gaaCnda sakuTreba miwaze, maSinve gaCnda

samarTalic, romelsac unda daekanonebina es sakuTreba. ruso aq imeorebs lokis

debulebas, rom sakuTreba Sromis safuZvelze warmoiSveba, radgan adamians

araferi hqonda Sromis garda nivTisaTvis rom miematebina.

sakuTrebis ufleba, rogorc ruso fiqrobs, gansxvavebulia im uflebaTagan,

romlebic bunebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinareoben. mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda

sakuTreba, avtomaturadve ar gaCenila uTanasworoba. es ukanaskneli gaCnda mas

Semdeg, sakuTrebas daemata bunebiTi uTanasworobac. swored am ori elementis

erTianobam Seadgina politikuri anu samoqalaqo uTanasworoba.

sazogadoebbis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzas ruso ase warmogvidgens: simdidris

sawyisi wyaroebis miwa da saqoneli. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebam memekvidreobiTi

xasiaTi miiRo, man Zalze swrafad daiwyo zrda. adamianTa samflobeloebis

SexebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, Semdgomi zrda mxolod erTmaneTis xarjze iyo

SesaZlebeli. aqedan, warmoiSva Zaladoba, Zarcva, mezoblebis damoneba da maTi

qonebis miTviseba. adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas mohyva Sexla-

Semoxla. damkvidrda Zlieris ufleba, ris Semdegac viTarebis Semdgomi svla

hobsis, mudmivi omis scenariT mimdinareobs. omi sruldeba adamianTa

gaerTianebiT, romlis iniciatori mdidaria. gaerTianebis Sedgi aris

politikuri organizmi. Cndebian mmarTvelebi da marTulebi, romelTa

urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba. am ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba

politikuri mmarTveloba, romelic isev xalxis arCeulia, Tumca xelSekrulebis

orive mxarea valdebuli daicvas misiT gaTvaliswinebuli kanonebi. adamianebma

xom mmarTveli airCies ara imisaTvis, rom damonebodnen, aramed imisaTvis,

TavianTi Tavisuflebis dasacavad.

76

vidre manamde iyavi, xolo dapyrobebma dagasusta, maSin Sen an gascdi im miznis

sazRvrebs, risTvisac omi daiwye, an ver miaRwie mas” (2.225).

4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi

calke ganxilvis sagania mTavris, rogorc politikosis persona. ganixileba

misi damokidebuleba rogorc xalxis farTo masebTan, aseve garemocvis mimarT.

rogori unda iyos politikosi, rogori unda iyos mTavri, unda eSinodeT misi, Tu

sayovelTao saxalxo siyvaruliT unda iyos garemoculi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

makiavelis azrs xalxis meryevi guneba-ganwyobis Taobaze, pasuxi am kiTxvaze

Zneli ar unda iyos. am Tvalsazriss makiaveli kidev ufro amZimebs xakxis

Tvisebebis iseTi kategoriebiT daxasaTebisas, rogoricaa adamianTa biwieri

buneba, umaduroba, orguleba da a.S. rac Seexeba mTavris garemocvas, is Zalze

frTxilad unda SirCes. arsebobs erTi utyuari wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu

ramdenad vargisia qveSevrdomi. Tu is sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro metad

zrunavs, vidre mTavrisa da saxelmwifos saqmeebze, aseTi msaxuri ndobas ar

imsaxurebs. Tumca, garemocvasTan mimarTebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas,

Tu ra individualuri TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli politiuri lideri.

makiavelisTvis es Tvisebebi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mmarTvelis konceptidan ki ar

gamoiyvaneba analitikurad, aramed aiReba reluri politikuri politikuri

praqtikidan. swored am praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT ambobs avtori, rom zogi

mTavari guluxvad iwodeba, zogic Zunwad, wuwkad, qalaCunad da a.S. msgavs

kvliafikaciebSi mniSvnelovania is, rom mTavari, ramdenadac is rogorc

politikuri lideri sxvebisagan amaRlebulia, sazogadoebis TvalSi erTi

romelime gamorCeuli TvisebiTaa daxasiaTebuli da sxva misi Tvisebebi

SeumCneveli rCeba. ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnavi iqneboda, rom moiZebnebodes yvela

RirsebiT Semkuli mTavari, romelic arasodes ar SebRalavda am Rirsebebs,

magram sinamdvileSi aseTi pirovneba iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, ramdenadac mTavari

upirveles yovlisa politikuri lideria, misi ZiriTadi safiqrali politikuri

warmatebaa da ara zneobriv srulyofaze dReniadag zrunva. swored amitom,

mTavari pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac

SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos. yvela SemTxvevaSi makiavelis mixedviT,

politiuri amocanebi lideris pirveli rigis orientirs Seadgens. sazRvriT

situaciebSi, rodesac warmovidgenT an marTlac arsebobs realuri konfliqti

politikuri moRvawis moralur kredosa da realur politikur praqtikas Soris,

politikoss SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios sazogadoebriv azrs an sakuTar sulier

miswrafebebs. miT ufro, “Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, aris zogi ram, rac SeiZleba

siqveled mogveCvenos, magram gardauval daRupvas uqadis mTavars, romelic

miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas, da aris zogic iseTi rame, rac

biwierad gamoiyureba, magram simSvides da keTildReobas uqadis mas” (1.172).

am Tvalsazrisis, romelic saboloo dafuZnebas politikuri moralis cnebaSi

poulobs, gagrZelebad unda miviCnioT mTavris xelgaSlilobis aRwera mwerlis

mier. ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobisaTvis xelgaSlili xelisufali wuwuraqsa da

Zunwze umjobesia. magram makiaveli iolad gvixatavs sapirispiro suraTs,

rodesac xelgaSlili da qveli xelisufalis saxelis SeZenis msurveli

politikuri lideri rogor TandaTanobiT gadadis gadasaxadebis zrdaze da

gamocarielebuli xazinis Sevsebaze. Sesabamisad, is, vinc erT dros qvelis

saxels atarebda, axla xalxis Semaviwroveblad da myvlefavis saxelis mqone

xdeba. aviRoT axla im mTavris mier xalxisaTvis gaRebuli daxmareba, vinc aqamde

Zunwad iyo cnobili. makiaveli gvarwmunebs, rom mis mier gaRebuli wyaloba

orjer ufro faseuli iqneba sazogadoebis TvalSi. saerTod araferia

gulixvobaze swrafad milevadi ram. rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi

Sansi grCeba momavalSic aseTive darCe. amitom, mTavars ar unda aRelvebdes

Zunwis saxeli, miT ufro, Tu momavalSi is iZulebuli ar gaxdeba tyavi gaaZros

Tavis qveSevrdomebs da autaneli mmarTvelis reputacia moipovos. Tu mxolod

Zunwis saxels moixveWavs, mTavari iZulebuli gaxdeba Seurigdes erT im

samarcxvino biwierebaTagans, romelic isev mis taxts ganamtkiceben, maSin,

41

rodesac, Tu gaRaribdeba, da mosaxleobis yvlefas daiwyebs, maSin is ver ascdeba

verc sircxvils da verc siZulvils.

politikosis moRvaweoba erTgvari TamaSia, rolia Sesasrulebeli. yvela

xedavs imas, radac gvaCveneben Tavs da Zalze cota Tu grZnobs ra aris mavani

sinamdvileSi. mTavari yovelTvis unda iyos frTxili warmoTqmuli sityvis

mimarT. is mudam unda cdilobdes, rom mis bages ar dascdes raime iseTi, romelic

beWeddasmuli ar iqneba iseTi sityvebiT rogoricaa siyvaruli, patiosneba,

adamianuroba da morwmunoeba. Sedegad, msmenels igi yovelive amis xorcSesxmul

xatebad warmoudgeba.

sxva mxriv, keTilgonierebis karnaxiT, mTavari ar unda gadaegos erTxel

micemul sityvas, Tu erTguleba misTvis saziano aRmoCndeba. Tu aRar arseboben

mizezebi, romelTac mTavrs aRTqma daadebines, igi Tavisufalia Tavis

gadawyvetilebaSi. SeiZleba uamravi magaliTis moyvana, Tu ramdeni xelSekruleba

darCenila uqmad da mizans aRwevda is, vinc melas rols asrulebda.

am daxasiaTebam, agreTve iman, rom “mTavars” is mediCebis memkvidres uZRvnis,

ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom makiaveli aSkara, faruli, Tu ra gnebavT formiT

monarqiuli diqtaturis an tiraniis momxrea. saTanado RirsebebiT Semkul

erTmmarTvelSi, is ufro kanonierebis aRmsrulebels xedavs. visac waukiTxavs

florenciis gauTavebeli SidaaSlilobebis makiaveliseuli aRwerebi, is gagebiT

moekideba makiavelis simpaTias erTmmarTvelisadmi, Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom ZiriTad Rirebulebas am SemTxvevaSi mwerlisaTvis kanoni da kanonierebis

dacva warmoadgens: “saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cudad mowyobil

respublikebs, xSirad icvlian mTavrobebs da marTvelobis wess, rasac isini,

rogorc SecdomiT fiqroben, Tavisufalidan monur mdgomareobaSi ki ar

gadayavT, aramed monuridan uwesrigi TviTnebobis mdgomareobaSi. ... da Tuki

moxdeba, arada es xdeba Zalze iSviaTad, rom bedis wyalobiT, romelime

saxelmwifoSi gamoCndeba sakmarisad brZeni, wesieri da Zalmosili moqalaqe,

romelic SesZlebda yvelnisaTvis iseTi kanonebis micemas, rom an

daakmayofilebda popolanebis da nobilitetis miswrafebebs, an daTrgunavda da

borotebis qmnis saSualebas mouspobda maT _ maSin am saxelmwifos ufleba

eqneba sakuTar Tavs Tavisufali, xolo mis mTavrobas myari da Zlieri uwodos.

samarTlian kanonebze da swor weswyobilebaze damyarebuli aseTi sxelmwifo,

sxvebis msgavsad SemdegSi aRar saWiroebs usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis romelime

erTi kacis saTnoebas” (2.143).

mixedavad imisa, rom yoveli politikosisaTvis aucilebelia amdeni

wvrilmanis gaTvaliswineba da gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva, raTa man warmatebas

miaRwios, arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba yvelafers win arudges da

individualurad Zlieri politikosi savsebiT xelmocarul adamianad

warmogvidginos. es raRac, makiavelis rwmeniT, aris bediswera. mTavars marTebs

gaiTvaliswinos isic, rom amqveyniur movlenebze bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet

zegvlenas iqoniebs RmerTi da bediswera. saerTod am movlenaze fiqrma bevr

avtorSi warmoSva qvietizmis idea, romelic, rakiRa amqveynad yvelaferi RvTis

nebiTa da bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli, srul uazrobad miiCnevs wamatebisaTvis

brZolas da mondomebas. makiavelis, swams bedisweris, da, ra Tqma unda, swams

RmerTis, magram mainc ar iziarebs absolutur determinizms. ZiriTadi misi

argumenti Tavisufali nebis fenomens emyareba, romlis arsebobaSi makiavelis

eWvi ar epareba. “rakiRa dauSvebelia Cveni Tavisufali nebis ugulvebelyofa, me

mzad var WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba, rom bediswera ganapirobebs

Cveni moqmedebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars, mTlianad Tu ara odnav nakleb

mainc Cven gvandobs. ... asevea bediswerac, romelic Tavis Zalmosilebas avlens iq,

sadac aravis uzrunia imaze, rom sapirispiro Zala daexvedrebina misTvis, da

romelic mZvinvarebas mimarTavs im mxares, sadac ar eguleba misi damaokebeli

jebirebi Tu simagreebi” (1.223).

42

uswreben goniT aqtivobas.. erTi maTgani adamians ubiZgebs izrunos sakuTar

TviTSenarCunebaze, meore ki zizRis grZnobiT aRgvavsebs, rodesac vxedavT sxva

mgrZnobiare arsebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Cveni msgavsi arsebis daRupvas. Tu am or

sawyiss, fiqrobs ruso, mesames, Tanacxovrebis princips davumatebT, SegveZleba

gamoviyvanoT bunebiTi samarTlis yvela danarCeni kanoni. ase magaliTad, maTi

gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom vidre adamians ar gauCndeba

TanagrZnobisadmi bunebrivi Semakavebeli impulsebi, manamde is vnebas ar

miayenebs sxvas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca iZulebulia Tavi daicvas.

gamokvlevam adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, unda “daiWiros” is

momenti, rodesac bunebisa da Zaladobis adgili uflebam daikava da pirveli ori

dauqvemdebara kanons ise, rom amas mohyva saswauli da ufro Ronieri daemorCila

ufro susts, xolo xalxma iyida warmosaxviTi simSvidis bedniereba. amrigad,

meTodi, romlis gamoyenebasac ruso problemis analizisaTvis cdilobs,

gulisxmobs: a) ganyenebas faqtiuri masalidan da b) ara imdenad istoriaze

dayrdnobas, aramed daSvebebs da da maTgan gamomdinare pirobebis kvlevas,

romlebic saganTa bunebas ufroSeesabameba, vidre namdvil warmoSobas.

am gafrTxilebis fonze, ruso cdilobs gakvriT mainc Seexos im avtorebis

Tvalsazriss, romlebic bunebiT mdgomareobas ikvlevdnen. adamianis bunebiTi

yofa maT mier sxvadasxvanairadaa daxatuli. Tu hobsi mas warmoidgenda

Zalmomreobis sferod, grociusi da pufendorfi, piriqiT, Tvlidnen, rom

adamiani bunebiT iseTi mfrTxali arsebaa, rom SeuZlebelia is Zaladobis momxre

iyos. adamianis pirveli niSani, romliTac ruso interesdeba, aris ena. am sakiTxze

rusos calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom ruso adamianis

“bunebiT mdgomareobaze” msjelobisas, mxedvelobaSi iqoniebs pirvelyofili

adamianis yofas, romelic imTaviTve mWernetyveli rodia. ena, rogorc amaSi

kondiliakis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, SeZenilia da Tanac xangrZlivi gamocdilebis

safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, enaze msjeloba rusos esaWiroeba daskvnas — bunebam

Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom adamianebi erTmaneTTan

daaxloebuliyvnen da egrZnoT urTierTsaWiroeba. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT

— wers ruso — Tu risTvis SeiZleba dasWirdes adamians meore adamiani ufro

metad, vidre maimuns an mgels Wirdeba Tavisi msgavsi” (1.62). Tuki romelime erT

adamians marTlac hqond amgvari saWiroeba, auxsneli rCeba, ram ubiZga kavSirze

wasasvlelad meores. da bolos, gadaulaxav problemad rCeba is, Tu rogor

moaxerxes maT molaparakeba. bolos, ruso Semdegnairad ajamebs Tavis

mosazrebebs adamianis pirvelyofili arsebobis Taobaze: tyeSi mawanwala veluri

adamiani, sulac ar gamoirCeoda SromismoyvareobiT. mas ar hqonda sacxovrebeli,

ar hqonda ena da ar saWiroebda Tavis msgavsebTan kontaqts Tavis gasatanad. ar

arsebobda arc ganaTleba da arc progresi. unayofod mravldebodnen Taobebi,

radgan TiToeuli maTgani igive wertilidan iwyebda, saidanac winamorbedi.

mTeli saukuneebi miedineboda pirvelyofil velurobaSi: modgma ukve beberi iyo,

roca adamiani bavSvad rCeboda. ruso wers: “me gamudmebiT mimtkiceben, rom ufro

Zlieri aucileblad daCagravda am dros ufro susts. magram minda amixsnan, Tu

ras gulisxmoben “CagvraSi”. imas, rom erTni ibatoneben Zalis gamoyenebiT da

meoreni daemorCilebian maT yvela survils. magram es xom igive viTarebaa,

romelsac Cvens irgvliv myofTa Soris vamCnev, Tumca ver gamigia, rogor

SeiZleba igive viTareba velurTa Soris arsebuliyo, romelTaTvisac bolomde

gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ras niSnavs damoneba da batonoba” (1.70). SegviZlia

davuSvaT, rom erTma velurma meores waarTva gamoqvabuli, nanadirevi, magram

gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia man aiZulos vinme mis sasargeblod imuSaos,

radgan amis mcdelobiT is Tavs ufro mZime dReSi Caigdebs, vidre manamde iyo. is

xom mudmivad Cemi yarauli unda gaxdes, rom ar gaviqce, an raime ar movparo, an

sulac ar movkla. riskenac rusos msjelobis wayvana surs is gaxlavT, rom

bunebiT situaciaSi ar arsebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizmebi.

ruso akeTebs daskvnas, rom monoba SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndes, rac

adamianebs gauCndebaT urTierTsaWiroeba. imisaTvis, rom adamiani daimono, is

unda Caayeno jer iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom arseboba gauZneldes meore adamianis

gareSe. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes.

adamiani Tavisufalia yvelafrisagan, maT Soris kanonisaganac, xolo Zalis

75

Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria

warmoSobiT Sveicarelma, Jenevis moqalaqem, rusom yvelaze didi zegavlena

iqonia mis Tanamedrove frangul sazogadoebaze im avtorebs Soris, romelTa

kvlevis mTavari obieqti politikuri da socialuri problemebi iyo.

Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis principebis radikaluri formiT dacvam, rogorc

savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavda berki, ara mxolod moamzada franguli

revolucia, aramed gansazRvra misi odiozuri mxareebic. ruso sruliad sxva

poziciebze idga, vidre monteskie. Tavisufleba, romelic misi pirveli ZiriTadi

sakvlevi kategoriaa, man warmogvidgina rogorc adamianis mouwyveteli da

bunebrivi ufleba, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeboda mTeli maSindeli sazogadoebrivi

wyoba da Sesabamisad, mis Teorias, romelic Tavisuflebis fenomenis

relizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, misi sazogadoebisaTvis damangreveli Zala

hqonda.

rusom pirvelad saxeli mas Semdeg gaiTqva, rac diJonis mecnierebaTa

akademiam 1750 wels gamoacxada konkursi Sromaze “Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebis

ganviTarebam sazogadoebis zneobis progress xeli”? rusos Txzuleba, romelmac

umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleoda. SromaSi

gamoxatuli ideologia Znelad egueboda ganmanaTleblobis progresistul xazs

da, SesaZloa, met saerTos gviandeli leikistebis moZraobasTan poulobda.

miuxedavad amisa, rusos Semdegi Sromebi politikur Temebze, meti optimizmiT

gamoirCeoda. zogierTi maT franguli revoluciis bibliadac ki aRiqvamda.

marTlac da rusomde aravis moucia ubiri xalxis politikuri uflebamosilebis

aseTi damajerebeli dafuZneba. xalxi mis TxzulebebSi gamoyvanilia politikuri

movlenebis ZiriTad subieqtad da piruTvnel msajulad. uflebamosilebebis

aseTi dasabuTebis fonze, ra gasakviria safrangeTSi exilaT demosis iseTi

arnaxuli aRzeveba, rogoric manamde ar hqonia arc erT xalxs arc erT qveyanaSi.

rusos politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi Semdegi Sromebis

mixedviT: “gaazrebani adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis gaCenis Sesaxeb” (1754);

“politikuri ekonomia” (1755); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1752).

1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tema, romelic aqtiurad ganixileboda

rusos winamorbed iseT avtorebTan, rogoric iyo hobsi, loki monteskie,

Sesabamis gagrZelebas da gamoyenebas povebs rusos doqtrinaSi. ganaTlebis

problemebze Seqmnil naSromSi, “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, pirveli, rasac

bavSvze dakvirvebisas aRmoaCens ruso bavSvze dakvirvebisas, aris misi bunebiTi

Tavisufleba, romelic SemdgomSi SezRuduli unda gaxdes mravali sazo-

gadoebrivi pirobiTobiT da aTasgvari politikuri meqanizmebiT. pirveli

mniSvnelovani Tezisi, romelsac ruso wamoayenebs “gaazrebebSi adamianTa Soris

uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”, Seexeba, erTi mxriv, im uTanasworobis

bunebiTad rom arsebobs adamianebs Soris da meore mxriv, im uTanasworobas

Soris gamijvnas, romelic gaCenilia Tavad adamianTa ZalisxmeviT (1.31). kvlevis

gavrcelebuli modelis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis Sesaswavlad, jer unda ganvi-

xiloT adamiani pirvelSobili, daumaxinjebeli saxiT da, mxolod amis safuZ-

velze unda vcadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor Seiqmna

uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi.

adamianTa yofas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aregulirebs bunebiTi samarTali.

ras warmoadgens is konkretulad ioli aRmosaCeni rodia, radgan sxvadasxva

avtorTan mis sxvadasxva interpretacias vpoulobT. Seswavlis erTi gza

gulisxmobs dakvirvebas pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maTi cxovrebis wesis da

valdebulebebis analizs. meore gza iqneba, Tu am Temaze Seqmnil politikur

literaturas gverdiT gadavdebT da davakvirdebiT Tavad adamianis sulis

umartives impulsebs. am gziT aRmovaCenT or umTavres sawyiss, romlebic win

74

5.politikuri moralis cneba

makiaveli gamorCeuli figuraa politikuri azris istoriaSi ara mxolod

zogadmeTodologiuri novaciebisaTvis, ara mxolod imitom, misi Sromebi

warmoadgenen erTgvar Semobrunebis punqts klasikuri Teoriidan kvlevis

sruliad axali paradigmebisaken, aramed imitomac, rom daamkvidra politikuri

moralis kategoria, rogorc sakuTriv politikuri mecnierebebis kategoria da

gamijna is Cveulebrivi adamianuri moralis cnebisagan. am viTarebis

gauTvaliswinebloba orgvar problemas Segviqmnis. jer erTi, gaugebari

dagvrCeba “mTavarSi” gadmocemuli makiavelis ZiriTadi ideebis safuZveli da

Sesabamisad gaugebari dagvrCeba makiavelis politikuri filosofiac da meore,

araferi gveqneba sapirispirod saTqmeli gavrcelebul, ukve veRar vityviT

banalobaze, aramed yalb mosazrebaze, TiTqos yovelgvari politika amoraluris

da siyalbis sferoa. SevexoT jer meore sakiTxs ufro farTod.

CvenSi didi gavrceleba moipova Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac, politika

zogadad amoraluri saqmianobaa, xolo politikosebi zneobasTan mwyralad

myofi xalxi. SesaZloa, bolo TxuTmeti wlis qarTuli sinamdvile amgvari

SefasebebisaTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens, magram msgavs msjelobebs

safuZvlad udevs erTi sakamaTo dispozicia. kerZod, politikosebis ama Tu im

qcevis moralurobaze msjeloben ara politiuri moralis sferodan gamomdinare

(dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disputSi Cabmuli qarTveli inteleqtuale-

bis naxevrisTvis mainc sruliad ucnobia amgvari kategoria), aramed Cveulebrivi

adamianuri zneobrivi kodeqsis safuZvelze, rac ontiuri sferoebis aRrevas

iwvevs. ra Tqma unda, adamiani zneobrivi arsebaa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs misi

yoveldRiuri yofa zneobrivi kategoriebiT SevafasoT. amaSi miuRebeli

araferia. sakamaToa, mxolod, marTlzomiereba imisa, igive Sefasebis wesi rom

gavavrceloT adamianis moRvaweobis sxva iseT sferoebze, romelTac moralis

Tanaswori suverenuloba gaaCniaT. garda imisa, rom adamiani moraluri arsebaa,

is aris socialuri, esTeturi, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.

arseba. SegviZlia Tu ara igive movimoqmedoT TiToeuli am sferos mimarT da

vTqvaT, rom ama da am qveynis ekonomika amoraluria, amoraluria medicina da

eqimebi (romelTa mizani, Tu aristoteles davujerebT adamianis absoluturi

janmrTeloba unda iyos, magram sinamdvileSi absoluturi qonebis mopovebaa) da

a.S. ? ar vapirebT vTqvaT, rom am da msgavs kiTxvebze martivi da calsaxa pasuxebi

arsebobs. risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs, is gaxlavT rom dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlo

pasuxi didadaa damokidebuli ufro zogad poziciaze. miuxedavad sxva poziciis

arsebobisa, is, vinc icavs ontiuri sferoebis suverenulobas da momxre ar aris

maTi erTmaneTSi aRrevisa (makiavelis erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia ki swored am

poziciis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs), winaaRmdegi iqneba Sesabamisi sferoebis

kategoriebis aRrevisac. moralur da amoralur politikaze saubari, am azriT,

msgavsi iqneba “rentabeluri ekonomikuri dargebis mSvenierebaze” an “respi-

ratoruli daavadebebis devianturobaze” diskusiebisa. amrigad, politika, am

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis specifikuri moRvaweobis suverenui sferoa da

Tu Cven gvsurs misi wminda saxiT warmodgena, Tavi unda SevikavoT politikaze

arapolitikuri kategoriebiT saubrisagan.

magram ra aris politikuri morali? ra gansxvavebaa massa da Cveulebriv

adamianur morals Soris? Cveulebrivi qcevis moraluroba-amoralurobis

kriteriumi qcevis motivaciaa. Tuki vinmem ixsna wyalwaRebuli, es kidev ar

niSnavs, rom Cveni gmiri saTnoebis gansaxierebaa. marTlac, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom

dazaralebuli soliduri qonebis patronia da misi gadarCeniT sakuTari

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba hqondaT miznad, qceva keTilad

namdvilad ver CaiTvleba.

yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT, moraluroba politikaSi ganisazRvreba ara

qcevis motividan, aramed, rogorc makiaveli gvaswavlis, miRebuli Sedegidan. Tu

Sedegi damRupvelia, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra motivebi amoZravebda politikoss.

jer erTi, aseTi motivaciis dasadgenad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs da

meore, dabejiTebiTac rom vicodeT sawyisi keTili ganzraxvebis Taobaze, Znelia

moralurad CavTvaloT didi ubedurebis momtani saqcieli (anu cnobili

43

gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT, “mSvenieri grZnobebiT iqmneba cudi literatura”).

politikuri moralis swored aseTi gagebaa SemoTavazebuli makiavelis mier

“mTavarSi”, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, es naSromi gaugebari dagvrCeba da

iZulebulni gavxdebiT SevuerTdeT yalb interpretatorTa im jgufs, romelic

makiavelis politikaSi amoralizmis Semotanis iniciatorad gvisaxavs.

Cveulebrivi zneobriobisagan gansxvavebuli, politikuri moralis reversuli

buneba, romelic orientirs Sedegebze iRebs, erTi SexedviT paradoqsul

Sefasebebs gamoaTqmevinebs makiavelis, rodesac is sisastikiT ganTqmul

moRvawes saTnoebis gansaxierebad gvixasiaTebs, xolo mSvidobismoyvare

sazogadoebas qveynis damRupvel xalxad. “Cezare borjas sastik kacad Tvlidnen,

magram swored am sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi romaniaSi, gaaerTiana,

daaSoSmina da Semoiriga igi. Tu kargad avwon-davwoniT yovelive amas, im

daskvnemde mivalT, rom is ufro gulmowyale iyo, vidre florencieli xalxi,

romelsac surda sastikis saxeli aecilebina Tavidan da pistoiis daqcevas ki

Seuwyo xeli “(1.177) da, Semdeg: “egec ar iyos, yvela kacisa da, miT umetes,

mTavarTa moqmedebas, romelTac gansasjelad ver warudgen sasamarTlos, misi

saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT afaseben. amitom, mTavarma dae, mxolod

gamarjvebisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis izrunos da saSualebebs,

romliTac am mizans aRweven, yovelTvis patiosnad da qeba-didebis Rirsad

Seracxaven, vinaidan brbos mxolod saqmis garegnuli mxare da saboloo Sedegi

xiblavs” (1.185).

literatura

1.nikolo makiaveli — mTavari. gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi. 1984.

(gv.92-233)

2.Николло Макиавелли – История флоренции. Изд. «Наука», 1987

44

saxis gansazRvreba: esaa aucilebeli, kanonieri da sabediswero ufleba, romelic

uzarmazar vals adebs gadasaxdelad dampyrobs, raTa man SesZlos iyos

pirnaTeli adamianuri bunebis winaSe (1.168).

5.geografiuli determiizmi

erT-erTi damsaxureba socialuri Teoriis winaSe, romelsac sxvadasxva saxis

literaturaSi aucileblad vipovniT monteskies aqtivSi, gaxlavT misi e.w.

geografiuli determinizmi. marTalia, SeniSvnebs saxelmwifos mdebareobaze

dedamiwis ama Tu im adgilas da am mdebareobis zegavlenaze Sesabamisi

saxelmwifos politikaze, vkiTxulobT Zvel avtorebTanac (aristotele,

ciceroni), magram monteskie uTuod pirveli iyo, romelmac cada saxelmwifoTa

kanonmdebloba da politikuri struqtura misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, haviT

da sxva faqtorebiT aexsna.

Zalze mokled monteskies Sexedulebebi am mimarTulebiT ase SeiZleba

gadmoices: CrdiloeTis hava mkacria da cxovrebisaTvis mzime pirobebs qmnis.

samxreTisa ki piriqiT; rbili hava aiolebs sakvebis mopovebas da Sesabamisad, aq

adamians arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumis mosapoveblad mciredic ki yofnis.

didi xnis manZilze, aseT pirobebSi cxovrebam adamianebSi gamoimuSava Sesabamisi

xasiaTebi da Sesabamisi cxobrebis wesi, ramac zegavlena iqonia maT politikur da

socialur yofaze. ase magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebi gamoirCevian gonebrivi da

misi zegavleniT sxeulis sizantiT, teqnikis da teqnologiebis dabali doniT.

igive viTareba gansazRvravs despotiebis moZalebas am regionSi da Tavisuflebis

did deficits. aqedanve SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi religiuri kanonic. ase

magaliTad, mahmadis kanoni, romelic krZalavs Rvinis smas, TviT arabeTis cxeli

havis kanonia. amaze mogviTiTebs msgavs klimatSi mcxovreb karTagenelTa kanoni,

romelic aseve krZalavda Rvinis smas. samxreTis xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,

evropelTa winaprebi, germanelebi iseT pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom maT

saarsebod mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad vnebebi aq

gacilebiT mSvidi iyo, xolo Sromismoyvareoba gacilebiT didi. da a.S.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavis geografiul determinizmSi

monteskie ar wasula ise Sors, rom adamianTa monoba an Tavisufleba am

faqtoridan gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mis nawerebSi vxvdebiT dRevandeli

mkiTxvelisaTvis daujerebel msjelobebs SavkanianTa Sesaxeb. misi azriT,

SavkanianTa monad qcevis praqtika savsebiT misaRebia, radgan:

• Saqari Zalze gaZvirdeboda, lerwami rom monebs ar daemuSavebinaT samxreT

amerikaSi;

• isini Tavidan fexebamde savkanianebi arian da imdenad miWyletili cxviri

aqvT, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi Sebraleba;

• SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom RmerTma — uaRresad brZenma arsebam — suli

da miT ufro keTili suli Cado mTlianad Sav sxeulebSi;

• SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom isini adamianebi arian, radgan Tu maT

adamianebad miviCnevT, maSin saeWvo gaxdeba Cven Tavad varT Tu ara

qristianebi (1.270).

literatura:

1.Sarl lui monteskie — kanonTa goni.

2. David Lowenthal – Ch. L. Montesquieu, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .

73

monteskies gansazRvrebiT, kanoni moqalaqis qcevas aregulirebs, xolo zne ki

adamianisa (1.332). am gamijvniT dafiqsirebulia antikuri tradiciisagan

gansxvavebuli, albaT ufro makiavelisturi pozicia. monteskie ar miiCnevs, rom

morali da politika erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. piriqiT, saqme ufro

TiToeuli maTganis sferos avtonomiurobas exeba.

4. omis Sesaxeb

avtori ganixilavs aristoteles droidan xSiard ganxilul sakiTxs saxel-

mwifos zomebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba igive saxelmwifos

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. ara mxolod sakiTxis dasmaSi, aramed misi gaazrebaSiac

avtori aristoteles miyveba: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos arc Zalian mcire, magram

arc Zalian didi. saukeTeso teritoriis mqone saxelmwifoebad miCneulia

safrangeTi da espaneTi. gansakuTrebiT momgebiani pozicia aqvs safrangeTs,

romlis dedaqalaqi qveynis SuaSia ganlagebuli. es mas saSualebas aZlevs

Tanabrad gaanawilos Tavisi Zalebi qveynis nebismier sazRvramde.

arsebul respublikebs Soris Siangani konstituciiT, gare TavdasxmisaTvis

yvelaze mouxerxebelia Sveicariis an holandiis msgavsi federaciuli

gaerTianeba. Tu federaciis wevrebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba da tamnamSromloba

sufevs is zalze mouxerxebeli dasapyrobia rogorc gare mtrisaTvis

(centraluri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Semadgeneli subeqtebi isev

gaagrZeleben brZolas), aseve SidaaSlilobis SemTxvevaSiac (ajanyeba erT

romelime provinciaSi SeiZleba warmatebiT SeCerebuli iyos danarCen

provinciebSi). respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebi safrTxis moaxloebisas

cdiloben erTmaneTs daexmaron da saamisod politikur da samxedro kavSirebs

deben. amisagan gansxvavebiT despotia sapirispirod iqceva _ is msxverplad

gaiRebs qveynis romelime erT nawils, gaaukacrielebs sasazRvro raionebs raTa

SeinarCunon xeluxleblad saxelmwifos birTvi. aseTi samxedro praqtika ufro

misaRebia did teritoriis mqone despotiebisaTvis, vidre patarebisaTvis. Tu

despotiebi erTmaneTs Seesevian xolme, monarqiaSi omebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa.

monarqiebi Cveulebriv cixe-simagreebis mTeli sistemiT arian daculebi (amgvar

gamagrebul punqtebs ufrTxian despotiaSi), rac mters Zalze urTulebs yoveli

gojis dakavebas.

TiToeuli reJimis TavdacviTi potencialis am daxasiaTebis Semdeg,

monteskie exeba ufro zogadi xasiaTis sakiTxs da saubrobs saxelmwifoebis

TavdasxmiT da TavdacviT Zalebze. es ori ram ki erTidaigove ar aris. arseboben

saxelmwifoebi, romelTa TavdasxmiTi potenciali gacilebiT sWarbobs

TavdacviTs. aseTia, magaliTad inglisi. saxelmwifos WeSmariti Zala imiT ki ar

ganisazRvreba, rom mas uadviledeba sxvebis dapyroba, aramed imiT, rom masze

Tavdasxmaa Zneli (1.160-161).

avtori saxelmwifoTa cxovrebas adamianebis cxovrebas adarebs. rogorc

adamians aqvs Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ufleba moklas Tavdamsxmeli, aseve erT

saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba omi awarmoos meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da es omi

monteskies mie samartlianad iTvleba. is amarTlebs omis dawyebasac, Tu

saxelmwifo xedavs, rom mSvidobis gagrZeleba misTvis daRupvis tolfasi

iqneboda. omis uflebidan gamomdinareobs dapyrobis uflebac. rodesac erTi

qveyana daipyrobs meores, igi mas oTxi SesaZlo wesiT eqceva:

• Tavis Tavze iRebs mis marTvas igive kanonebiT, rac am dapyrobil qveyanas

manamde hqonda da TavisTvis itovebs mxolod zogad politikur mmar-

Tvelobas;

• cvlis dapyrobili qveynis kanonebs;

• angrevs sazogadoebas da fantavs mas sxvadasxva regionebSi;

• amoJlets yvela moqalaqes.

avtori ganmartavs, rom yvela “moqalaqis amoJleta” ar niSnavs dapyrobil

qveyanaSi adamianebis gawyvetas. moqalaqe SeiZleba daiRupos ise, rom adamiani

gadarCes (1.165). monteskies am mosazrebis ukan dgas “dapyrobis uflebis” Semdegi

72

Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia

Tomas mori daibada ingliseli sasamarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo

oqsfordis universitetSi da henri VIII samsaxuSi ekava sakmaod maRali Tanam-

debobebi. iyo jer lankasteris sahercogos, xolo Semdeg inglisis kancleri.

megobrobda holandiel humanistTan, erazm roterdamelTan. naSromma “utopiam”

mas saqveyno saxeli moupova. mors gadulaxavi problemebi Seeqmna mas Semdeg, rac

henri VIII Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada. mori ar iziarebda

protestantul Tvalsazriss da erTgulebda romis paps. protestantizmis

gavrceleba inglisSi mas qristianobis sawinaarmdego aqciad, qristianuli

eklesiis gaxleCvis dasawyisad miaCnda. am motivaciiT, man fici ar misca henri VIII,

rogorc inglisis eklesiis meTaurs. Sedegad, Tomas mori saxelmwifo Ralatis

braldebiT jer tauerSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo Semdeg wels sikvdiliT dasajes.

1886 wels kaTolikurma eklesiam mori wmindanad Seracxa.

“utopia” gamoica 1516 wels levenSi (belgia). is aris ori nawilisagan

Semdgari nawarmoebi, romelic ararsebuli kunZulis, utopiis politikur da

socialur wyobas. naSromis berZnuli sityvebisagan nawarmoebi saxelwodeba “u-

topia”, rac daaxloebiT SeiZleba “uadgilod” an “adgilis armqoned” iTargmnos,

mkiTxvels mianiSnebda, rom wignSi laparaki iyo realurad ararsebul

saxelmwifoze. wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba inglisis politikuri da

socialuri wyobis mZafr kritikas, xolo meore nawilSi gadmocemulia utopiuri

saxelmwifos pozitiuri Sinaarsi. wignis kompozicia imgvarad aris Sekruli, rom

kritikulad Sefasebuli inglisis saxelmwifo mowyoba utopielTa saxelmwifos

srul antipods warmoadgens.

platonis saxelmwifoze saubrisas, avRniSneT gansxvaveba platonis idealur

saxelmwifosa da moris utopias Soris. axla kvlav gavimeorebT ra azrs maT Soris

arsebiTi gansxvavebis Taobaze, gvinda mivuTiToT saerTo momentebzedac. mori,

ra Tqma unda, icnobs platonios saxelmwifos Teorias da iziarebs bevr mis ideas.

es exeba rogorc qonebriv sakiTxebs, aseve utopiuri saxelmwifos yofis

calkeul detalebs.

kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea

mori albaT erT-erTi pirvelia maT Soris, vinc Tavisi Sromis kritikul

nawilSi Zalze mZafrad ayenebda socialuri uTanasworobis problemas da saxavda

gzebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. xalxis mZime mdgomareoba, romlis aRwerasac is

dauzareblad ubrundeba xolme sxvadasxva gverdebze, Cans erT-erTi mZlavri

impulsi iyo “utopiis” Sesaqmnelad.

mori asaxelebs or mTavar mizezs qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis

asaxsnelad: erTi gaxlavT gauTavebeli konfliqturi urTierTobebi mezobel

qveynebTan, rac xelisuflebas aiZulebda mudmiv sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi yoloda

soliduri samxedro Zala. misi Senaxva ki Zalze Zviri ujdeboda gadasaxadebis

gadamxdelebs.

meore, mizezad mori imas asaxelebs, rom am dros inglisSi “cxvarma SeWama

adamiani”. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma, romelic SemdgomSi qveyanaSi kapitalizmis

ganviTarebiT gamowveuli socialuri kataklizmebis formula gaxda, xatovnad

asaxavs inglisSi mimdinare realur procesebs. kerZod, inglisis msxvil

qalaqebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis rentabelobam mZlavri biZgi misca soflis

raionebSi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSlas. cvlilebas saTaveSi memamuleebi

Caudgnen, romelTaTvis sasoflo sameurneo produqciis moyvanaze ufro

momgebiani, matylis warmoeba gaxda. daiwyo cxvris intensiuri moSeneba da

maTTvis aucilebeli saZovrebisaTvis sivrcis uzrunvelsayofad glexobis

masiuri ayra sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. daingra soflebi, daingra meurneobis

tradiciuli wesi. gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala srulad ver Seisruta

ganviTarebadma qalaqebma. darCa uamravi usaxlkaro mawanwala, romelTac

maTxovrobiT da qurdbacacobiT gahqonda Tavi. Seqmnili diskomfortis

45

aRmosafxvrelad, xelisuflebam Zalze mkacri kanonebi miiRo maT winaaRmdeg.

viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tomas mori aRniSnavda, rom qurdobisaTvis

sikvdiliT dasja yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan jer erTi, is adekvaturia —

fulis warTmevisaTvis ar SeiZleba kacs wavarTvaT sicocxle — da meorec, is

sulac ar spobs qurdobas. aranakleb uvargisi Cans es kanoni im TvalsazrisiTac,

rom erTi da igive sasjelia dawesebuli qurdobisa da mkvlelobisaTvis. vinc

aqamde mxolod Zarcvas dasjerdeboda, axla SeiZleba mowmis mosaspobad

mkvlelobazedac ki wavides. amitom kanoni boritebas ki ar aRmofxvravs, piriqiT,

amravlebs mas.

mori gvTavazobs konkretul RonisZiebebs viTarebis gamosasworelad:

• fermerebis, soflebis gamanadgureblebma an aRadginon soflebi, an miscen

amis saSualeba imaT, visac Sesabamisi survili d mondomeba gaaCnia;

• mdidrebs SeezRudoT sasoflo savargulebis Sesyidvis ganusazRvreli

ufleba, SeizRudos monopoliebi da aikrZalos muqTaxorebis rCena;

• aRdges soflebSi matylis damuSaveba da miwaTmoqmedeba.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi mainc konkretuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad

mimarTuli nabijebia. arsebobs socialur ubedurebaTa ufro zogadi mizezi —

kerZo sakuTreba. sadac batonobs kerZo sakuTreba, sadac yvelaferi fuliT

izomeba — wers avtori — TiTqmis SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saqmeTa sworad da

warmatebiT marTva. sxvagvarad aseT sazogadoebaSi gamarTlebulad unda

CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso yvelaze ufro uRirsebs

xvdeba, an is, rom yvelaferi xalxis mxolod Zalze mcire nawils aqvs

ganawilebuli da, warmoidgine, rom isinic ver cxovroben rogorc saWiroa,

danarCenebs ki srul siRatakeSi ZvrebaT suli (1. 64-65).

qonebrivi gaTanasworebis ideas mori platonis analogiuri ideis

avtoritetiT mosavs. qonebrivi Tanasworoba, iseve rogorc platonisaTvis,

misTvisac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wyaroa da piriqiT, kerZo sakuTreba

sazogadoebrivi erTianobis rRvevis ZiriTad mizezad saxeldeba. ramdenadac

kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia, mori moiTxovs miwis nakveTebis

moculobis an fulis odenobisaTvis garkveuli zRvaris dawesebas. amasTan,

avtoris mier qonebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad Semotanilia Tanabari

da samarTliani ganawilebis meqanizmi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom SezRudvebi qonebis

moxveWaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod nobilitetze, aramed mefezedac. masac

uwesdeba garkveuli zRvari, romelic aregulirebs mis qonebas.

qonebrivi sakiTxis mogvareba qmnis aseT suraTs: utopiaSi araferi piradi ar

arsebobs, yvela sazogado saqmes emsaxureba. ... aq ki, sadac qoneba serToa,

gaWirvebaSi Cavardnis aravis eSinia, Tuki saxelmwifo beRlis gavsebaze izrunebs.

radgan dovlaTs isini Tanabrad inawileban da ar zunwoben, iq ar arsebobs Raribi

da upovari. da, Tumc ki TiToeuls piradi qoneba ar gaaCnia, mainc yvela

mdidaria” (1. 136).

safiqrebelia, mSromeli xalis duxWiri cxovrebis TanagrZnobiT, mors

gamoumuSavda Sromisadmi Zalze specifiuri damokidebuleba, romelic gamoixata

totaluri Sromis moTxovnasa da muqTaxorebis kritika-SeviwrovebaSi.

muqTaxorebis rigebs Seadgenen: qalebi, mRvdlebi, berebi, keTilSobilebi da maTi

ojaxebi, maTxovrebi. muqTaxorobis sawinaaRmdegod mors SemoRebuli aqvs raRac

savaldebulo SromiTi begaris msgavsi. “utopiaSi” xSirad waawydebiT imis msgavs

frazebs, rogoricaa - “yvela qals da kacs erTi saqme aqvs — miwaTmoqmedeba —

romlisganac aravin Tavisufldeba”. ... “aravin ijdes uqmad” da a.S. aseTi “SromiTi

begara”, romelic mxolod fizikur saqmianobas gulisxmobs, vrceldeba

jariskacebzec da mecnierebzedac, radgan arc erTi maTganis saqmianoba Sromad

ar iTvleba.

moqalaqeebis SromiTi valdebuleba SemdgomSi utopiuri sazogadoebis sxva

SezRudvebis wyarod iqceva. kerZod, izRudeba moqalaqeTa gadaadgileba qveynis

SigniT. es ki xdeba ara adamianTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis surviliT, aramed isev

muSaxelis deficitis gaCenis safrTxidan gamomdinare. moris rekomendaciiT,

46

daxasiaTebiT cdilobs, Tumca aqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: “Cemi saqme araa Seviswavlo,

marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT.

vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva

araferi mainteresebs” (1.192).

rasac ingliselebis politikuri mowyoba sakuTar moqalaqeebs aZlevs, es

gaxlavT samoqalaqo simSvide da qveynis Sida stabiluroba. “moqalaqis

politikuri Tavisufleba aris is sulieri simSvide, romelic TiToeulis

usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs; imisaTvis, rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba,

saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba (1.182).

amisaTvis ki xelisuflebis sam Stod danawileba erTi upirvelesi pirobaTagania.

xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovnas cxadad vafiqsirebT ukve lokis

TeoriaSi. manamde, hobsisaTvis es idea Tumca ucnobi ar yofila, magram

revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis ubedurebTa gaTvaliswinebiT, hobsma araTu

uari Tqva am principze, aramed dagmo is da saxelmwifosaTvis Zalze mavned

miiCnia. monteskie lokze ufro Sors wavida, radgan savsebiT garkveviT mianiSna

sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze, rogorc xelisuflebis iseT damoukidebel

damoukidebel Stoze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos politiuri Tavisufleba. is

wers: “Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba

gancalkevebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi

SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba

moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan

mosamarTle TviTon iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli

gaxdes. yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi

korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas ... ” (1.182). amasTan meti

obieqturobisaTvis, monteskie moiTxovs mosamarTleebis xalxis farTo

wreebidan arCevas.

meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac unda uzrnvelyos politiuri

Tavisufleba, aris xalxis monawileoba qveynis marTvaSi. “vinaidan, Tavisufal

saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba,

TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs

unda ekuTvnodes” (1.184). saxalxo mmarTveloba, romelsac monteskie moiTxovs,

ar aris berZnuli demokratiis ubralo gadamRereba. berZnuli demokratiis

uSualo formisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskie laparakobs warmomadgenlobiT

demokratiaze. misi azriT, uSualo demokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomadgen-

lobiTi forma saWiroa jer erTi imitom, rom did saxelmwifoebSi mosaxleobis

simravlis gamo sxva gza ar arsebobs, meore imitom, rom “warmomadgenlebi”

monteskiesaTvis profesionalebi arian (“... SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa.

xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa demokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba”

(1.185) ). ufro metic, Zveli demokratiebis nakls is swored imaSi xedavs, rom

qveynis marTvas uSualod cdilobda xalxi, risi unaric mas ar hqonda.

warmomadgenlobis instituti Semoitanes ara Zvelma berZnebma an romaelebma,

aramed germanelma tomebma, romlebic, evropis sxvadasxva regiunebSi

gabneulebi, saerTo yrilobaze warmomadgenlebs agzavnidnen.

da bolos mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori politikuri Tavisuflebis

uzrunvelsayofad aris armiis swori organizacia. ramdenadac armia aRmas-

rulebel xelisufelbas eqvemdebareba, saWiroa armiis xalxis warmomadgenlebiT

dakompleqteba da misi ganmsWvalva saxalxo suliskveTebiT. amisaTvis ki

saukeTeso saSualebaa jariskacebis ufleba flobdnen sakmao qonebas da meore,

iyvnen pasuxismgebelni TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.

Tu politikuri Tavisulebis ZiriTadi garantori xelisuflebis ganawilebaa,

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi marTebul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobazea

damokidebuli, radgan sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis qcevis Tavisufleba

ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad daculad grZnobs is Tavs (1.212; 213). garda

amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebulisazogadoebaSi

gabatonebul zneobaze da Cvevebze. zneobas, rogorc vxedavT, aq TiTqmis

kanonTan gaTanabrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli, rac savsebiT esadageba

avtoris Tvalsazriss kanonsa da znes Soris arsebui gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.

71

3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba

“Tavisufleba” zogadad mravalmniSvnelovnebiT gamoirCeva. erT SemTxvevaSi

is SeiZleba niSnavdes, vTqvaT tiranis damxobis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi

xelisuflebis arCevis uflebas, sxvagan SeiaraRebis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas da a.S. Tu yuradRebiT gadavavlebT Tvals am

daxasiaTebebs, maTSi ufro politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba Cans, vidre

“Tavisuflebis” romelime sxvamniSvneloba. arada, “Tavisuflebaze” SegviZlia

visaubriT rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis azriT, aseve socialuri da ufro

zogadi, metefizikuri Tavisuflebis azriT. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT anu,

rogorc monteskie uwodebs “filosofiuri” mniSvnelobiT, Tavisufleba

SeiZleba ganisazRvros ase: “filosofiuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis

mier Tavisi nebis ganxorcielebaSi ... imSexedulebaSi, rom moqalaqes SeuZlia

sakuTari nebis ganxorcieleba” (1.213).

qveyana, romelSiac kanonebi uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebas, monteskies azriT,

aris inglisi. inglisis politikur yofaze dakvirvebam monteskie miiyvana

Tvalsazrisamde, romelis saWirod sTvlis xelisuflebis samad dayofas.

monteskies mier xelisuflebis danawilebis modeli gansxvavdeba lokiseuli

modelisagan. loki calke gamoyofda sagareo politikis warmaTvis funqcias da

mas uwodebda “federaciuls”. amasTan, loks erTad hqonda mocemuli Sida

kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo kanonmmdebloba da maT aerTianebda erTi saxel-

wodebis, “aRmasrulebelis” qveS. imiT, rom saSinao da sagareo kanonmdebloba

erT korpusSi gaaerTiana da maTgan gamijna sasamarTlo kanonmdebloba,

monteskiem moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis meti garantia Seqmna. monteskie adarebda

ra ingliselTa politikur Tavisuflebas antikuri periodis demokratiis

Tavisuflebebs, upiratesobas pirvels aniWebda. ingliselebma, misi azriT,

gamoaRviZes xalxis masiuri energia da erTmaneTi SeazRudvines nobilitets da

Tems. magram ingliselebis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba Cans umTavresad

kriminallur samarTalSi. arsebobs oTxi saxis kriminali: religiis

sawinaaRmdego, moralis sawinaaRmdego, simSvidis sawinaRmdego da, bolos,

uSiSroebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. monteskies azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos

Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo devna moraluri an religiuri

SecodebisaTvis, garda zogoerTi aRviraxsnilobisa.

amas mosdevs inglisis saxelmwifos Tavisufal moqalaqeTa yofis Sefaseba,

raSiac monteskie ufro dadebiT elementebs xedavs. aq erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli

monarqiis da respublikis saukeTeso formebis Tvisebebi. saxelmwifos

Zalauflebis siZliere uzrunvelyofilia masSi xalxis masiuri monawileobiT,

Tumca es ise xdeba, rom amiT ar izRudeba individualizmi — yoveli konkretuli

piris moqmedebis areali Tavisufalia. es yvelaze kargad Cans religiis

sakiTxebSi; religia individebis privatuli saqmea da masTan dakavSirebiT

araviTari maiZulebeli instanciebi ar erevian saqmeSi.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom monteskie mijnavs politikuri Tavisuflebis

cnebas samoqalaqo Tvisuflebis cnebisagan. msgavsi gamijvna safuZvlad uZevs

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bunebis da principebis gaazrebas dasavlur

azrovnebaSi. monteskie asxvavebs kanonebs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, rac

uzrunvelyofs politikur Tavisuflebas da kanonebs moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT

(1.179). politikuri Tavisufleba, avtoris azriT, aris imis gakeTeba, risi

gakeTebac SegviZlia rom gvsurdes da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, risi

gakeTebis survili SeiZleba rom ar gvqondes. erTi sityviT, Tavisufleba aris

kanoniT dasaSvebis keTebis ufleba (1.180).

monteskies miaCnia, rom politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis swrafva

aisaxeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos bunebasa da struqturaze. Tu gadavxedavT

zogierTi saxelmwifos wyobas da kanonebs, cxadi gaxdeba, am saxelmwifos

mizanic. ase magaliTad, romaelTa mizani teritoriebis gafarToeba iyo,

lakedemonelebisa — omi, iudevelebis — religia, CineTis — simSvide da a.S.

arsebobs erTi saxelmwifo, romlis mizani, moqalaqeta politikuri

TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofaa da es saxelmwifo, avtoris azriT, aris inglisi.

amitom igi Tavisuflebis Temis analizs am saxemwifos institutebis da kanonebis

70

mezobel raionSi aucilebel saqmeze wasuli moqalaqe unda iRebdes specialur

nebarTvas da iq asrulebdes savaldebulo samuSaos. Cans mors imedi hqonda, rom

qveyanaSi, sadac yvela gamwarebiT muSaobs da produqti Tanabrad nawildeba,

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis maRali done.

utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. monebad aqceven ara omSi datyvevebulebs an

monebis Svilebs, aramed im Tanamoqalaqeebs, visac sikvdili aqvT misjili an

utopiaSi, an sxva qveyanaSi. sainteresoa, rom SromiTi valdebulebebis

TvalsazrisiT, Tu monis borkilebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, gansxvaveba

moqalaqesa da monas Soris mxolod raodenobrivia. moqalaqe Sromobs 6 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi, mona “maradJams”.

sxva sakiTxebi

sxva sakiTxebdan, romelTa gadmocemas mori nakleb dros rodi uTmobs Tavis

naSromSi aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, morma

SeinarCuna ojaxis fenomeni. saerTo colebsa da Svilebze is arsad laparakobs.

Tumca qorwinebas Camocilebuli aqvs sakraluri Sinaarsi da is qceulia

samoqalaqo aqtad. samagierod, swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi TiTqmis platonur

stilSia gadawyvetili. yoveli bavSvi 5 wlis asakamde, ojaxis gareT, ZiZaTa

TavSesafarSi izrdeba. aRiarebs ra swavlis did rols moqalaqeebis aRzrdis

saqmeSi, mors saWirod miaCnia ganaTlebis mkacri regulireba xelisuflebis mier.

sagangebod miCenilma moxeleebma unda uzrunvelyon sajaro kiTxva. ganaTleba,

rogorc sulieri siamovnebis miniWebis saSualeba, cxovrebis bednierebis wyarod

cxaddeba.

moqalaqeTa tansacmeli utopiaSi uniformasaviTaa da is gansxvavdeba mxolod

imis mixedviT,Tu ra asakis adamians mosavs. qveynis SigniT ar funqcionirebs

fuli. marTalia arsebobs bankebis msgavsi dawesebulebebi, magram maT sagareo

vaWrobis da omis SemTvevaSi saxsrebis gaRebis amocana ekisrebaT.

qveynis nameti mosaxleoba Tanabrad gansaxldeba qveynis teritoriaze sxva da

sxva raionebSi. mosaxleobis Sida migracias gegmazomierad axorcielebs

saxelmwifos xelisufleba. utopielebi ar eridebian kooniebis daarsebas ucxo

teritoriebze da arc omze amboben uars sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.

omis mizezia an samSoblos dacva da momxvduris gandevna, an tiraniiT

Seviwrovebuli xalxebis daxmareba. omisaTvis samzadisi Tanabrad vrceldeba

rogorc qalze, aseve mamakacze. orive gadis samxedro wvrTnas. utopielTa armia

moxaliseebisagan Sedgeba. omis warmoebisas, SeiaraRebul Setakebas mxolod

ukiduresi niSvneloba aqvs. Tanac, am dros utopielebi Zalze ufrTxildebian

sakuTar mosaxleobas da cdiloben brZolebSi pirvel rigSi daqiravebulebi

gaoiyenon. Tumca, isini warmatebis misaRwevad amjobineben sxva mravalferovan

gzebs mimarTon, maT Sorisaa: mtris meTauris mokvla, mtris mosyidva, gaTiSvis

politika, mtrebis winaaRmdeg mezobeli xalxebis waqezeba da a.S.

qveynis politikuri institutebis aRweras mori SedarebiT nakleb dros

uTmobs. naxsenebia senati, saxalxo kreba da rigi Tanamdebobis pirebis

arCeviTobac, magram mTlianobaSi aRwera Zunwia da mraval kiTxvas tovebs.

mTlianobaSi, qveynis politikur institutebze STabeWdilebas gviqmnis moris

mier aRwerili socialuri struqturebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro metadaa

moris interesis sagani.

literatura

1. Tomas mori — utopia. Tsu gamomc., 1983.

2. Алберто Петручани – Вымысел и поучение. «Утопия» Томаса Мора как исходная модель. В кн. «Утопия и утопическое мышление». Изд. «Прогресс», Москва 1991. (стр. 98-113).

47

Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani”

liberaluri filosofiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi xelSek-

rulebis daxasiaTeba SegviZlia daviwyoT Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebis gad-

mocemiT. mis politikur SromebSi warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani

debuleba, romelic SemdgomSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba liberalizmisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom hobss ar Ralatobs arc gadmocemis stili da arc siTamame,

mis nawerebSi mainc SeiniSneba erTgvari araTanmimdevruloba, rac, upirveles

yovlisa, im epoqis sirTuliT unda avxsnaT, romelSiac hobss mouwia cxovreba da

moRvaweoba. mwerlis araTanmimdevruloba, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, ufro

konkretulad, Cans gamowveulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: jer erTi, revoluciis

epoqis Tavad politikuri movlenebis uaRresad rTuli da bundovani xasiaTiT,

rac mkvlevars problemas uqmnida maT Sesaxeb martivi da calsaxad gasagebi

msjelobebis da daskvnebis gadmosacemad; meore, mwerlis mdgomareobiT, rome-

lic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia dapirispirebuli politikuri ZalebisaTvis.

grZeli parlamentis xanaSi, 1640 wlidan, manamde mefisadmi loialuri hobsi

ingliss gaerida. frangul emigraciaSi myofi, hobsi gadaurCa revoluciis qaoss

da samoqalaqo oms. samSobloSi hobso mxolod 1651 wels kromvelis nebarTviT

dabrunda. diqtatori, Cans kmayofili iyo met-naklebad neitralur inglisel

inteleqtualebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobiT. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom

hobss jer saxelmwifo mdivnis posti SesTavazes, xolo Semdeg, daavales

moemzadebina britanuli universitetebis reformis proeqti.

igive 1651 wels, londonSi gamoica hobsis naSromi “leviaTani”, romelmac mis

avtors msoflio saxelTan erTad emigracieSi myofi klerikalebis da

roialistebis risxva moutana. kritikosebis mier “leviaTani” aRqmuli iqna iseT

naSromad, romelic revolucionerebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. hobss

revoluciisadmi simpaTiis garda, aTeistoba dabralda. traqtatis Sinaarss rom

Tavi davaneboT, mat gasaRizianeblad sakmarisi iqneboda mxolod naSromis

gamoce,is garekani, romelzedac gamosaxul Zlevamosili saxelmwifos simbolos,

leviaTans, kromvelis saxe hqonda.

samefo xelisuflebis restavraciam mZime mdgomareobaSi Cayena hobsi. misi

“leviaTani” akrZaluli literaturis siaSi moxvda.. damatebiT, mas mefem

aukrZala religiur da politikur Temebze Sromebis gamoqveyneba. albaT, swored

es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac misi Semdegi mniSvnelovani politikuri

xasiaTis naSromi, “behemoti, anu grZeli parlamenti” ar gamoqveynda. am SromaSi

hobsi ganixilavda samoqalaqo omis mizezebs imgvarad, rom samefo xelisuflebis

TvalSi reabilitacias cdilobda.

rebilitaciis ufro aSkara mcdelobas warmoadgenda 1668 wels laTinur

enaze gamocemuli “leviaTani”. is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda inglisuri

variantisagan, radgan hobsma axal gamocemas sakmaod ucvala saxe. ase magaliTad,

termin “saxelmwifos” aRmniSvnelad inglisur variantSi gamoiyeneboda

revolucionerebisaTvis saTuTi sityva “Commonwelth” maSin, rodesac laTinur

oreulSi mis adekvatur terminad aRebuli iqna “civitas”, xolo umravles

SemTxvevaSi ki “monarchia”. laTinur “leviaTanSi” avtorma amoiRo inglisuri

gamocemis araerTi paragrafi da Caanacvla iseTi TavebiT, romlebic, Tu

xelisuflebis mimarT loialobis nimuSad ar gamodgeboda, neitraluri pozicia

mainc unda daefiqsirebina. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom garekanze leviaTanis

gamosaxulebaSi kromvelis saxes mefis saxe Caenacvla.

am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, sruli reabilitacia samefo karze hobsma ver

SesZlo. yvelas esmoda, rom mTavarma saTqmelma ukve gaiJRera. esec ar iyos,

gadamuSavebuli “leviaTanic” Seicavda araerT iseT mtkicebas, romelic savsebiT

sakmarisi iyo Tavisuflebisa da sxva arsebiTi liberaluri Rirebulebebis

dasafuZneblad.

48

2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris

monteskiesaTvis kanonebi mimarTebebia. isini arseboben obieqturad da

aucileblobiT. monteskie upirispirdeba Tomistur tradicias, romelic

pozitiur samarTals gaigebda maradiul, naturalur da gamocxadebul

kanonebTan kvaSirSi. kanonis saboloo wyaro, Tomistiuri tradiciiT, RmerTia.

saerTo sikeTis gaTvaliswinebiT kanons adgenda mmarTveli. amgvari Tval-

sazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies mier kanonis gansazRvreba jer erTi

adgils aRar tovebda saswaulebisaTvis da meorec kanons gaigebs maradiul

aucileblobad, romelsac gamokveTili racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. RvTaebrivi da

naturalisturi teleologiis Tavidan mocilebiT, monteskie imedovnebda

mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb aeyvana kartezianuli da niutonianuri fizikis

doneze. kanonebis Sesabamisobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi moyavs

mmarTvelobis yvela elementi da amdenad maTi Tanmimdevruli analizi

monteskies Wirdeba saxelmwifos meqanizmis funqcionirebis sruli suraTis

dasadgenad.

SevexoT jer respublikas. respublikaSi siqvele sxva araferia, Tu ara

respublikis siyvaruli. respublikis siyvaruli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis

Jams, igive TviT demokratiis siyvarulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanasworobis

(romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs ufro demokratiisaTvis) da zomierebis (rac

ganmsazRvreli xdeba aristokratiisaTvis) siyvarulze daiyvaneba. gaTanabrebis

principis moqmedeba demokratiis pirobebSi, pirvel rigSi Tanaswor qveynis

samsaxurs gulisxmobs. Tu am mimarTebiT gansxvavebebi arseboben, es isev

Tanasworobis principis zeobis gamo, radgan marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,

margam SeZlebiT ki gansxvavebulad axerxeben qveynis samsaxurs. respub-

likisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo adamianebis fenis Seqmna. saSualo fena

zomierebiT da gonivrulobiT gamoirCeva da ganuxrelad ukavSirebs sakuTar

keTildReobas saxelmwifos keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siqvele

Sesabamis emociur ganwyobas gulisxmobs, monteskie savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis

saWirod mis ganmtkicebas kanoniT. “imisaTvis, rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba

giyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni”.

rogor SeuZlia kanons Tanasworobis da zomierebis uzrunvelyofa?

istoriulad amis sxvadasxva gza iyo napovni. erTi maTgani moiTxovda miwis

Tanabrad ganawilebas. sxva gza areguilrebda memkvidreobis kanonebs da a.S. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanasworobis damyareba Tundac demokratiaSi, sadac

Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, Zalze Znelia da bevr riskebTanaa

dakavSirebuli, yvelaze gonivrulad unda CavTvaloT am mimarTebiT Semotanili

is kanonebi, romlebic uTanasworobis SesazRudad qobenriv cenzs awesebs da

amcirebs gansxvavebebs. amis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleba socialuri fenebis

regulireba gadasaxadebiT, Tu mdidrebi daibegrebian ufro metad, vidre

naklebad SeZlebuli ojaxebi.

Tu respublikuri mmarTvelobidan monarqiaze gadavinacvlebT, orien-

tirebulni unda viyoT Rirsebaze, romelic am tipis mmarTvelobis principia.

kanonebic, cxadia, misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos. kanonebma aq ar unda imoqmedon

keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad. es wodeba Tavad daicavs sakuTar Tavs.

kanonebis didi nawili unda mimarTuli iyos memkvidreobiTobis gasarkvevad,

radgan Rirseba aq mibmulia gvarze, mamulze da memkvidreobaze. monarqia ufro

myari saxelmwifoa, vidre despotia, radgan masSi ramdenime fena arsebobs,

romlebic morgebulni arian saxelmwifosTan da mmarTvelobis wesTan.

rac Seexeba despotias, ramdenadac aq mmarTvelobis mTavari principi SiSia,

dabeCavebuli xalxi bevr kanonebs ar saWiroebs. sakmarisia ori-sami martivi wesi,

romlebic uyoymanod aRsruldeba. despotoaSi saxelmwifos usafTxoeba igive

despotis dacvaa. rac mis gareT xdeba despots naklebad aRelvebs. misi ZiriTadi

mizani siwynarea, Tumca siwynare aq mSvidobis macne sulac ar aris. yvelaferi

damyarebulia Zaladobaze, magram Zalis patroni saxelmwifo ki ar aris, aramed

armia, romelic marTalia saxelmwifos dasacavad ki Seiqmna, magram

despotisaTvis isic safrTxes warmoadgens. despoturi saxelmwifoebis tipur

nimuSebad monteskie islamur qveynebs da moskovitias ganixilavs.

69

monteskies interpretaciiT, principSi marTvaze uaris Tqmis kanons emyareba.

sabuTebad mas moaqvs misi epoqis TurqeTis sasulTno d papis marTveloba. orive

politikuri reJimis ZiriTadi knoni gulisxmobs umaRlesi xelisuflis mier

marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davidarabis Tavidan acileba da mis gadabarebas

pirveli vezirisaTvis.

mmarTveobis samive formas Sesabamisi principebi aqvs. ra aris principi?

principis cnebs monteskie bunebis cnebasTan SepirispirebaSi gansazRvravs:

“mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom misi buneba

aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi moyavs.

pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia,

romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben” (1.48).

am gansazRvrebaSi, uTuod aris garkveuli filosofiuri xasiaTis problema,

romelsac Cven aq ar ganvixilavT, Tumca, davafiqsirebT. kerZod, gansazRvrebaSi

aSkarad igrZnoba antkiuri politikuri filosofiis kvali. Zveli berZnebic,

msgavsadve “bunebas” gansazRvravdnen, rogorc imgvar raimes, rac sagans aqcevs

imad, rac is aris saboloo jamSi. monteskiec raRac msgavss ambobs, magram

principis saxiT bunebas umatebs kidev mis amamoZravebel moments. amgvari

mamoZravebeli berZnuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad zedmeti iyo, radgan

buneba ara mxolod sagnis saxe iyo, aramed am saxis mimcemic. aqedan, aSkaraa, rom

Tumca terminologiis mniSvnelovani nawili monteskiesTan klasikuria, misi

xasiaTi arsebiTadaa Secvlili da Cvenc sakvlev Temad SegviZlia viguloT am

cvlilebis mizezebi, xasiaTi da sazRvrebi.

aqamde aRiwera mmarTvelobis formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli kanonebi, Tumca

aRiniSna TiToeuli mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli buneabc. kerZod,

respublikis buneba xalxis mmarTvelobaSia, monarqiisa kanonebiT mmarTvel

xelmwifeSi, xolo despotiisa ki erTmarTvelis nebasurvilebSi.

rac Seexeba TiToeuli maTganis mamoZravebel principebs, demokratiis

principad avtori miiCnevs siqveles (SeiZl. saTnoebas), monarqiisa — Rirsebas,

xolo despotiis principad — SiSs. monarqiaSi, wers monteskie, yvelafers

gansazRvreavs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotiaSi ki mmarTvelis mudam SemarTuli

xeli.. rac Seexeba respublikur mmarTvelobas, sulerTia is warmodgenili iqneba

demokratiiT, Tu aristokratiiT, igi saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels da es

damatebiTi mamoZravebeli aris siqvele. siqvelis moSla moqalaqeebis cxovrebis

wesis degradaciis sawindaria. Tu, magaliTad, adre Tavisufleba surdaT kanonis

Sesabamisad, siqvelis dacemis Semdeg, moqalaqeebi Tavisuflebas kanonis

sawinaaRmdegod moiTxoven. respublikuri marTvelobis pirobebSi standartul

siqveleTa Soris SegviZlia vixiloT: samSoblos siyvaruli, ltolva WeSmariti

didebisaken, Tavdadeba, sakuTari interesebis Sewirva da a.S. siqveleze

msjelobisas abtors mxedvelobaSi politikuri siqvele aqvs, Tumca, aRniSnavs,

rom is moraluri siqvelecaa, radgan misi mizani sayovelTao keTildReobaa.

respublikuri mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba

axasiaTebdes calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs (1.53). amitom

monarqiuli reJimis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli aris Rirseba. misi damaxasiaTebeli

qcevis gansakuTrebuli kodeqsiTa da preferenciebiT. Rirsebis kodeqsi

moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi, ris gareSe is Tavs

Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs.

da bolos, despotiis mTavari principi, rogorc iTqva, SiSia. despotiaSi

xelmwifis garda yvela monaa da gasagebia, rom mona mudmiv SiSSi unda gyavdes,

raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. amasTan monis SiSi ar aris carieli warmosaxvis

TamaSiT Seqmnili safrTxobela. monis SiSi aRmocenebulia realur niadagze da

gulisxmobs despotis mudam SemarTul xels, romelic, rogorc ki modundeba, im

donemde, rom aRar ZaluZs saxelmwifos Tundac pirvel waCinebulTa TavisTvis

sasurvel dros dasja,, despotiis simyares maSinve niadagi ecleba.

ganxiluli sami principi marTvis TiToeuli formis ideidan gamomdinareobs.

monteskie aRniSnavs, rom es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos ar arsebobs gamonaklisebi.

magram rac ueWvelia, is gaxlavT, rom am principebis ganuxorcielebloba

TiToeul marTvelobis formas naklovans xdis.

68

1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi

aristoteluri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac miaCnda, rom aris ra

politikuri arseba, adamiani arsebobs mxolod politikur mdgomareobaSi,

hobsis azriT, adamianTa politikur yofas, win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomareoba.

bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRweriT hobsi cdilobs ukeT aCvenos, Tu ra

xdomilebebi ganapirobebs saxelmwifos warmoSobas.

pirveli Tezisi, romelsac hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis gasacnobad

gvTavazobs, liberalizmis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gvaxsovs, rom

platonma sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo imis mtkicebas, rom adamianebi bunebiT

araTanasworni arian. hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwerisas amis sapirispiro

postulatidan amodis. is wers: “bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi

unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT,

rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri an Wkviania, magram Tu maT yvelas

erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arcTu ise

didia, rom romelime adamians mis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis

raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis

analogiuri ufleba” (1.149).

hobsis am citataSi sayuradReboa Semdegi kontraversia: a) hobsi, rogorc

vxedavT, sulac ar laparakobs imaze, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan seriuli

warmoebis produqtebiviT ganusxvavebelni arian. is mxolod imas ambobs, rom maT

Soris umniSvnelo sxvaobidan ar gamomdinareobs romelime maTganis gamorCeuli

ufleba akeTebdes an flobdes raimes. b) Tuki romelime adamians aqvs

samarTlebrivi safuZveli sxvisgan gansxvavebiT moiTxovos an flobdes raimes, es

safuZveli ar momdinareobs misi bunebrivi Tvisebebidan.

es ukanaskneli debuleba hobsis amocanadac ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT, radgan

vxedavT ra sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-politikur diferenciacias da

amave dros viziarebT Teziss bunebiTi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, albaT, (am

SemTxvevaSi hobsis) politikur Teorias unda movTxovoT agvixsnas, ra qmnis aseT

gansxvavebas.

hobsi gvTavazobs Semdeg amxsnel nabijebs: adamianebs Soris unarebis

erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis wyaro. bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluti konfliqtis viTareba — yvelas omi yvelas

winaaRmdeg. mas aRvivebs adamianis Tandayolili iseTi mankierebani, rogoricaa

undobloba, metoqeoba, didebis wyurvili. pirvelis mizeziT adamianebi ibrZvian

usafrTxoebisaTvis, meoris — nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad, xolo mesamis gamo ki

Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad.

imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor unda gavigoT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,

hobsi aseT ganmartebas aZlevs oms: omi ar aris mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.

konfliqtebs Soris arsebobs Sualedebi, romlis drosac metoqeebi avlenen

aSkara samzadiss an mzaobas SetakebisaTvis. rogorc “cud amindSi” igulisxmeba

dro wvimasa da wvimas Soris, aseve omi aris periodi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebisa da

maT Soris arsebuli droiTi Sualedebis. mTeli danarCeni dro mSvidobad

iwodeba.

mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre xorcieldeba totaluri urTierT-

mtroba, da undobloba, rodesac ZalaSia principi — “adamiani adamianisaTvis

mgelia” — aravin grZnobs Tavs daculad. fizikurad gacilebiT sust adamians

Zalze iolad SeuZlia sicocxle mouswrafos masze ufro Zliers. aRniSnul

viTarebas didad ganapirobebs saerTo xelisuflebis ararseboba. sadac ar

arsebobs xelisufleba, iq ar asrsebobs arc samarTali da kanoni da, Sesabamisad,

verc erT qmedebaze ver vityviT samarTliania is, Tu usamarTlo. rasakvirvelia,

rom amgvar viTarebaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs daucvelad grZnobs (1.154).

hobss Zalze surs, rom mis mier adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwera ar

daemsgavsos fiqcias, ar miiRos miTiuri gamonagonis xasiaTi. amitom kiTxvaze,

sad SeiZleba viguloT aseTi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, is gvapasuxobs, rom amgvar

mdgomareobaSi arian amerikaSi mcxobrebi tomebi da ara mxolod isini. aseTive

situaciaSi arian adamianebi revoluciebisa da didi socialuri areulobebis

dros. magram, sdac ar unda xdebodes msgavsi ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamians

49

surs gamovides situaciidan. aseT dros mas vnebebi (sikvdilis SiSi, miswrafeba

usafrTxo da komfortuli cxobrebisaken) da goneba. lorens bernsi, Tavis

hobsis politikuri filosofiisadmi miZRvnil SromaSi imgvarad aRwers

viTarebas, TiTqos hobsis TeoriaSi gonebis roli bunebiTi samarTlis

principebis dadgenaSi umniSvnelo iyos. is wers: “bunebiTi mdgomareoba

gamoiyvaneba adamianis vnebebidan; es ki niSnavs, rom Cven mogviwevs gavigoT, Tu

rogoria adamianis bunebrivi midrekilebebi, raTa CamovayaliboT swori

politikuri wesrigi. ... Sedegad, TviTSegadarCena, SiSis, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis

SiSis gamo, Zalze mniSvnelovan, ganmsazRvrel vnebad iqceva” (2.357). Cven

vfiqrobT, rom miuxedavad adamianis emociuri samyaros didi mniSvnelobisa,

Tundac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ganmsazRvreli mainc gonebaa, radgan swored

goneba axdens adamianis bunebiTi uflebebidan bunebiTi kanonebis gamoyvanas da

amiT dasabams aZlevs politikur da socialur wesrigs. ra gansxvavebaa bunebiT

uflebasa da bunebiT kanons Soris?

aristotele ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan saxemlwifo kanonmdeblobis

bunebiT da konvencionalur wyaros (ix. “nikomaqes eTika” 1134 b 18-20). mis

msgavsad, hobsi saubrobs bunebiTi uflebis (jus naturale) da bunebiTi kanonis (lex naturalis) Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli aris adaminis

Tavisufleba sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenos yvela is

saSualeba, romelsac saWirod CaTvlis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebiTi kanoni

aris gonebis proskripcia, mocemuli zogadi samoqmedo wesis saxiT, romelic

adamians ukrZalavs imis keTebas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa iseve,

rogorc imis ugulvebelyofas, rac igivesaTvis sasargebloa (1.155). amrigad,

gansxvaveba jus-sa da lex-s Soris emsgavseba gansxvavebas Tavisuflebasa da

valdebulebas Soris erTi da igive xdomilebis mimarT. Tu pirveli afiqsirebs

adamianis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas akeTos misTvis saWiro ram, meore ayalibebs

amis gakeTebis valdebulebas. amasTan, ukanasknelis bunebiTobaze SegviZlia

visaubroT imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis bunebiT moniWebuli gonebrivi uarebiT

dgindeba da gamoiyvaneba bunebiTi uflebebisagan.

am gamijvnis Semdeg, gasagebia, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani

mTlianad jus naturale-s moqmedebis zonaSi imyofeba, radgan araferi

avaldebulebs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr uari sTqvas nebismier aqciaze,

romelsac ki misTvis saWirod CaTvlis. es viTareba bunebiTi samarTlis enaze,

SeiZleba dafiqsirdes formuliT — “yvelas bunebiTi ufleba yvelaferze”.

magram, ramdenadac arsebul viTarebaSi aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis elementaruli

garantia da arseboba momravlebul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saqmeSi ereva

goneba, romelic ayalibebs ramdenime bunebiT kanons. maT Soris: 1. an unda

ganvamtkicoT mSvidoba, an unda yvela SesaZlo xerxiT uzrunvelyoT sakuTari

usafrTxoeba. Semdeg, 2. Tu mSvidobaze Tanaxmaa erTi mxare, maSin meore

valdebulia uari sTqvas Tavis uflebaze yvela sagnis mimarT im xarisxiT, ra

xarisxiTac sxva ityvis uars igiveze da a.S. am wesiT sul gamoyvanilia cxrameti

kanoni da rigi damatebiTi principebi, romelTac unda uzrunvelyon niadagi

bunebiTi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze gadasasvlelad. am gziT

midian adamianebi sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamde, romelic sxva araferia, Tu

ara bunebiTi uflebebis urTierTze gadatana, anu uflebaTa gacvla (1.159; 161.).

hobsi miuTiTebs, rom bunebiTi kanonebi maradiulia. magram amave dros ar

unda dagvaviwydes arc is, rom isini geometriuli wesiT deducirebulia

bunebiTi uflebidan. aq adgili ar aris e.w. geometriuli meTodis deskrip-

ciisaTvis. masze damakmayofilebel warmodgena eqneba imas, vinc icnobs am

meTodiT agebul spinozas “eTikas”. magram, im viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

kanonad wodebuli Tezisebi swored asea deducirebuli avtoris Tavis miwuruls

akeTebs Semdeg SeniSvnas: “gonebis am ganCinebeba adamianebi Cveulebriv kanonebs

uwodeben, rac sinamdvileSi ar Seesatyviseba maT arsebas. es preskripciebi

mxolod daskvnebi an Teoremebia imis Taobaze, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa

SenarCunebas da dacvas maSin, romdesac kanoni, sakuTrivi zriT, gulisxmobs imis

mer gaxorcielebul ganCinebas, visac sxvisi mbrZaneblobis ufleba aqvs. Tumca,

Tu Cven am Teoremebs RvTisagan boZebulebad ganvixilavT, maSin isini

50

dayofas arCeviTobis principTan mimarTebiT. ase magaliTad, romaelebma mTeli

TavianTi mosaxleoba qonebrivi diferenciaciaze dayrdnobiT, eqvs klasad,

romlebic Tavis mxriv centuriebad iyofodnen, (igulisxmeba servius tuliusis

kanonmdebloba) dayves. rac ufro maRali iyo fena, miT ufro naklebi moqalaqe

Sedioda masSi. bolo centuriebi moicavda RaribTa yvelaze did masas. mas Semdeg,

rac TiTo centurias TiTo xma mieniWa, mTelma sazogadoebrivma wyobam

gamokveTili aristokratiuli ieri miiRo.

gansxvavebuli organizacia misca solonma aTnis respublikas, romlis fenebi

dlagda ara imis mixedviT vis SeeZlo aerCia, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vin

SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli.

am magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monteskie askvnis, rom respublikis pirveli

kanonia xmis micemis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa garkveva da danawileba-

organizacia.

respublikuri mmarTvelobis meore umniSvnelovanesi kanoni ukve arCeviT

procedurebs Seexeba. ZvelTaganve aq uamravi sakiTxi arsebobs wilisyrasa da

arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, xmis micemi Ria da farul saxeebs da a.S. monteskies

miaCnia, rom demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari kanoni gulisxmobs, rom Tu xalxi xmas

aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos.

Tu respublikas mmarTvelobis aristokratiuli formisaken aqvs gadaxra,

maSin saukeTeso iqneba is mmarTveloba, romelSiac Raribebi mosaxleobis

umciresobas Seadgenen da piriqiT. es ki imitom, rom aristokratiuli

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, wers monteskie, xalxi araraobaa (1.42).

amrigad, rom SvajamoT, respublikuri mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli

kanonebi, SegviZlia maTi aseTi saxiT dalageba:

• xmis mqone moqalaqeTa ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;

• saarCevno xmis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;

• moqalaqeTa stratifikacia;

• moqalaqeTa balotirebis wesis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da, bolos,

• xmis micemis forma da wesi.

respublikisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs ara

xalxs, aramed erT, umaRles mmarTvels. aq yovelgvari politikuri da

samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea, romelic qveyanas ganagebs

ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebi

aucileblobiT iTvaliswineben Zalauflebis Sualedur rgolebs, romliTac

unda ganxorcieldes monarqis xelisufleba. uZiriTadesi kanoni aseT funqcias

Tavadaznaurobas aniWebs: “Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar

aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa” —gveubneba es kanoni. am Sualeduri

saxelisuflebo korpusis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, monarqias aqvs didi Sansi

gadaiqces despotiad.

Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monarqiaSi SeiZleba

gamoiyos Semdegi saxis subordinaciuli elementebi:

• xelmwife;

• didebulebi (nobiliteti);

• Tavadaznauroba.

ramdenadac monarqias despoturi mmarTvelobisagan kanonebis mocemuloba

ganasxvavebs, amdenad Sualeduri, Tavadaznaurobis garda, monarqias sWirdeba

kanonebis “Semnaxavi” korpusi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs ra, Tavadaznaurobis

tradiciul agdebul damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT, Tvali eWireba maT

arsrulebaze. aq monteskie sakmaod bundovnas saubrobs, Tumca gasagebia, rom

mas, dawunebuli monarqis sabWosagan gansxvavebiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sadeputato

korpusi da parlamenti.

da bolos, despotia, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi forma,

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hobsisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies omis mdgomareobad aqvs gaazrebuli.

sazogadoebaSi adamianebs uqrebaT SiSi iseve, rogorc Tanasworoba grZnoba. maT

nacvlad yalibdeba sakuTari Zalis SegrZneba, rac saomar Setakebebs uZevs

safuZvlad. sazogadoebaSi gaCaRebuli omi orgvaria: omi sazogadoebebs Soris

da omi adamianebs Soris. am orgvari omis Sedegad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi saxis

kanoni:

• kanonebi, romlebic arsegulireben urTierTobas sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris;

saerTaSoriso samarTali.

• kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben urTierTobas erT sazogadoebaSi mmar-

Tvelebs da marTulebs Soris. es kanonebi Seadgenen politikuri samarTlis

masalas, rasac unda davumatoT,

• kanonebi igive sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (moqalaqeTa Soris) urTi-

erTobebs rom aregulirebs da Seadgens samoqalaqo samarTals.

aRniSnuli kanonebis TiToeul jgufs, moqmedebis Sesabamisi mimarTuleba

aqvs. saerTaSoriso, anu xalxTa samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebs Sorisi

urTierTobis, omis da mSvidobis, savaWro kavSirebis da a.S. sakiTxebs. amgvar

problemebs erTmaneTs Soris mTavrobebi wyveten da, gasagebia, amitom, rom maTi

arseboba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis da, politikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas.

politikuri sazogadoeba an politikuri mdgomareoba, romlis SigniTac

politikuri kanonebi moqmedeben, monteskies mixedviT, iqmneba yvela calkeuli

Zalauflebis (mamisa Svilebze, qmrisa colze batonisa msaxurze) gaerTianebis

Sedegad. da bolos, politikuri sazogadoebis Sesqmnelad gaerTianebuli

Zalauflebebi gulisxmoben moqalaqeTa nebis gaerTianebas, rac ukve iZleva

samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. monteskie kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom es sxvadasxva

kanonebi gonebis gansxvavebuli relaciebis Sedegebia da ar aRniSnaven sxvadasxva,

Tundac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferoebs. amitom SemdgomSi cal-

calke aRar ganixileba politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi. mimarTebebs Soris

did zegavlenas axdens rogorc qveynebis fizikuri monacemebi, aseve am

faqtorebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli xalxTa gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi.

Sesabamiad, Cven viRebT xalxebis gansxvavebul kanonebs, Tumca, maT safuZvlad

SesaZloa gonebis erTi da igive relacia idos.

2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi

monteskie ganasxvavebs sul sami tipis mmarTvlobas: respublikas (saxalxo

mmarTvelobas mTeli xalxis an misi nawilis saSualebiT), monarqias (erTmarTveobas

kanonis Sesabamisad) da despotias (aseve erTmarTvelobas yovelgvari kanonis gareSe,

mmarTvelis survilebis mixedviT). TiToeul maTganze avtori cal-calke ayalibebs

marTvis ganmsazRvrel kanonebsa da principebs. Tu mmarTvelobis am formebs

SevadarebT antikuri avtorebis mier ganxilul formebs, TvasaCino gaxdeba Tavad

formebis mwiro raodenoba. es ar aris SemTxveviTi ori TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,

minteskie makiavelis Semdeg, naklebad interesdeba saxelmwifos idealuri

proeqtebiT da cdilobs aRweros arsebuli viTareba. swored am midgomis Sedegia mis

mier naSromSi moyvanili mdidari empiriul-istoriuli masala. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,

meore, rac unda davafiqsiroT, is gaxlavT, rom am periodis evropuli politikuri

wyoba met-naklebad homogenuria. principSi, makiavelis kvalad, monteskiec saubrobs

respublikaze da samTavroze, cxadia maTi sxvadasxva variaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

respublikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori, demokratiis

(mTeli xalxis marTvelobis) an aristokratiis (misi nawilis) formiT.

demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom

xalxma SesZlos mmarTvelTa dasaxeleba-arCeva. xalxs Tavad ar SeiZlia kargi

marTva, magram mas SeuZlia kargi mmarTvelebis arCeva. SeiZleba uamravi

magaliTis moxmoba Zveli istoriidan, romelic daadasturebda xalxis bunebriv

unars gaarCios Rirseuli xelmZRvaneli uRirsosagan. ramdenadac demokratiaSi

Zalze mniSvnelovania arCevnebi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xalxis fenebad

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samarTlianad iwodebian kanonebad” (1.185). bunebiTi kanonebi, Sinaarsis mixdeviT,

emTxvevian samoqalaqo kanonebs. bunebiTi kanonebi, ityvis ufro gvian hobsi,

sulac ar arian kanonebi am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro

sxvadasxva saxis principebs warmoadgenen, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianebis

ganwyoba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo wesrigisaken. mxolod saxelmwifos

xeldasmiT, misi umaRlesi warmomadgenlis gansakuTrebuli brZanebulebiT

iqcevian isini samoqalaqo kanonebad (1. 283).

2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba

pirovnebis (personis) cneba saWiroa saxelmwifos hobsiseuli koncefciis

srulyofilad gasaazreblad. uzenaesi persona, rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gaxdeba

naTeli aris saxelmwifo. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ra konkretuli Sinaarsi

ideba am cnebaSi, unda gavarkvioT jer “personis” ra mxareebze akeTebs aqcents

hobsi.

pirovneba aris is, visi sityvebi an moqmedebebi ganixileba, an rogorc misi

sakuTari, an rogorc sxva adamianis sityvebi da moqmedebebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,

pirovneba bunebrivia, meore SemTxvevaSi — xelovnuri. sityva pirovnebis,

laTinuri “person”-is Sesatyvisad berZnebi iyenebdnen “προσωπον”-s, romelic

aRniSnavda saxes, gamometyvelebas msgavsad imisa, rogorc laTinuri persona gamoxatavda morTulobas, adamianis gare Sesaxedaobas. am mniSvnelobiT

gamoixateboda es termini Teatris moqmed pirTa morTulobis mimarT da

umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda morTulobis swored im nawils, romelic

faravda saxes, anu aRniSnavda niRabs. Teatris sferodan am terminma Semdeg

gadainacvla sasamarTlosaken da aRniSnavda yvela sityvis warmomTqmel am

momqmed pirs. amitom, pirovneba (persona) aris momqmedi (Tu sityviT gamosvlas

moqmedebis nairsaxeobad gavigebT), piri. sul erTia sasamarTloSi, scenaze, Tu

yofiT viTarebebSi. aqve igulisxmeba, rom es piri Tavis moqmedebebSi an Tavis

Tavs warmoadgens, an sxvas.

3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba

finaluri mizezi imisa, ratomac amjobineben saxelmwifos saxiT lagams

Tavisuflebismoyvare adamianebi, aris zrunva TviTgadarCenaze da cxovrebis

ukeTes pirobebze.saxelmwifos daarsebiT adamianebi cdiloben daarwion Tavi

omis ubadruk yofas, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi vnebebs rom mouxvevia

Tavs. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xom ar arsebobs aSkara Zalaufleba, romelic

dasjis muqariT aiZulebda adamianebs SeesrulebinaT bunebiTi kanonebi.

xelSekruleba maxvilis gareSe — fiqrobs hobsi — mxolod carieli sityvaa,

romelic adamians ver miscems usafrTxoebis garantias.

maSin, ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo Sedga? SegviZlia Tu

ara, vTqvaT, aristoteles kvalad CavTvaloT, rom erTad Tavmoyrili soflebis

garkveuli raodenoba Seadgens saxelmwifos? Tu saxelmwifos erT-erTi

ZiriTadi funqcia adamianTa usafrTxoebaa, erTi mizniT Tavmoyrili adamianebis

didi masa xom sakmarisi unda iyos amisaTvis? hobss mravlad moyavs aseTi SesaZlo

kiTxvebis sxvadasxva variaciebi imisaTvis, rom negatiuri pasuxis marTebulobaSi

dagvarwmunos. marTlac, Tuki adamianTa mxolod didi raodenobaa saknarisi

imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari sajaro xelisuflebis gaeSe daculi iyos bunebiTi

uflebebi da TiToeulma Tavi usafrTxod igrZnos, ratom ar SeiZleba igive

gavrceldes mTel kacobriobaze? magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris.

imisaTvis, rom adamianTa xelSekrulebas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi da

xangrZlivad, ara raRac mokle periodiT, aregulirebdes sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebs, garda adamianTa masisa da Tavad SiSveli xelSekrulebisa,

saWiroa kidev raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs am xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas. es raRac

aris sajaro xelisufleba, romelis sasjelis SiSis qveS amyofebda adamianebs da

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mimarTavda maT saerTo miznebis Sesasruleblad.

rogor, ris safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas sajaro xelisufleba? hobsi wers:

“aseTi sajaro xelisufleba ... SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi gziT,

kerZod, mTeli Zalauflebis, adamianTa Zalis erT adamianSi an adamianTa

sakrebuloSi TavmoyriT” (1.196). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba

xalxis warmomadgeneli unda iyos da TiTueulma moqalaqem sakuTari neba unda

dauqvemdebaros saerTo nebis matarebel personas. aseTi erTianoba — hobsis

azriT — ufro metia, vidre ubralo Tanxmoba an, gnebavT erTsulovneba. es aris

realuri erTianoba xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli erT personaSi imgvarad,

rom xelSekrulebis TiToeul monawile yovel sxva monawilesTan erTad, am erT

personas an sakrebulos Tvlis sakuTari Tavis marTvis uflebis matareblad.

“Tuki aseT raimes adgili eqna — wers hobsi — maSin am wesiT erT personaSi

gaerTianebuli adamianTa erTianoba, iwodeba saxelmwifod, laTinurad — civitas.

aseTia didi leviaTanis, an ufro meti pativis migebiT rom vTqvaT — im mokvdavi

RmerTis dbadeba, romelsac ukvdavi RmerTis safarqveS myofni unda

vumadlodeT mSvidobas da dacvas” (1.196). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos

yoveli wevri Tavis ufllebamosilebas gadaabarebs erT an ramdenime pirs, am

ukanasknelTa xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelic sruliad

sakmarisia saxelmwifos yoveli wevris, mTeli xalxis nebis misamarTad gare mtris

winaaRmdeg an SidaaSlilobis aRsakveTad. am SeniSvnebisa da dazustebebis Semdeg,

saxelmwifos gansazRvreba sabolood ase JRers: “saelmwifo aris erTiani

persona, romlis moqmedebaze pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis dadebiT aiRo

didi raodenobis xalxma, imisTvis, rom am erT personas SesZleboda yvela maTi

Zalis da saxsaris gamoyeneba imgvarad, rogorc is saWirod CaTvlida maTive

mSvidobisa da dacvisaTvis” (1.197). am erTiani personis matarebels ewodeba

suvereni, anu is, vinc aris umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebeli da, vinc

xelSekrilebis ZaliT wamoadgens yvelas. yvela danarCens ewodeba qveSevrdomi.

am umaRlesi postis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an unda gamoyenebuli iyos

fizikuri Zala da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba moxveWiT miRebuli saxelmwifo,

an moqalaqeebma unda dadon nebayoflobiTi xelSekruleba da maSin Cven miviRebT

politikur saxelmwifos.

saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teoria Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs

liberaluri frTis sxva warmomadgenlebTan. is gansakuTrebiT sruladaa

damuSavebuli rusosTan. rusosagan gansxvavebiT, hobsis xelSekrulebis Teoriis

specifika isaa, rom xelSekruleba ideba mxolod qveSevrdomebs Soris da ara

qveSevrdomebs da suverens Soris. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, hobsi uaryofs

suverenis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis marTlzomierebas. hobsi pirdapir

wers, rom am wesiT saxelmwifos Semdgenlebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT axali

xelisuflebis dadeba, romlis ZaliTac isini morCilebas axal pirs gamouc-

xadebdnen. amitom, aravis aqvs monarqis damxobis, qveynis qaosSi Cagdebis da axali

suverenis arCevis ufleba. es wesi, ramdenadme paradoqsulad, ar icvleba arc

maSin, rodesac suvereni daarRvevs raime valdebulebas (1.199). SegviZlia

aRvniSnoT, rom rusos xelSekrulebis Teoriam, romelic subieqtebad mzolod

moqalaqeebs ki ara, aramed TiToeul moqalaqesTan suverenis mier dadebul

garigebasac gulisxmobda, savsebiT logikurad CaTvala SesaZleblad, am

ukanaskneli pasuxismgebloba xedSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis dar-

Rvevis SemTxvevaSi. aman ki revoluciis Teoriuli dasabuTebas gauxsna gza.

3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi

hobsi calke aRar ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos xelSek-

rulebiTi dafuZneba mxolod monarqiul saxelmwifoze vrceldeba, Tu yvela

danarCen formazedac, radgan dadebiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod naTlad

gamosWvivis mis msjelobebSi. aseTi pozicia SesaZloa gaugebrobis wyaro gaxdes,

Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT misi zogierTi SeniSvna. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba

saxelmwifo mowyobis iseT formas, rogoricaa tirania. ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,

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Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni”

“kanonTa goni” cnobili frangi ganmanaTleblis, monteskies ZiriTadi naS-

romia, romliTac man msoflio saxeli moipova. naSromi or tomad gamovida 1748

wels. “kanonTa goni” ar yofila monteskies pirveli nawarmoebi socialur-

politikur sakiTxebze. sazogadoebis yuradReba monteskiem jer kidev 1721 wels

miipyro, rodesac “sparsuli werilebi” gamoaqveyna, rasac 1734 wels mohyva misi

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba — “gaazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis

Sesaxeb”. miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli nawarmoebebi originalobiTa da azris

siTamamiT gamoirCeoda, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedrebian “kanonTa gons”,

romelzedac monteskiem oci weli imuSava da unda iTqvas savsebiT gamar-

Tlebuladac, radgan ortomiani gamokvleva warmoadgenda imdroindeli

politikuri mecnierebis erTgvar enciklopedias, an iqneb umjobesia vTqvaT,

Semajamebel naSroms. gamokvlevaSi Tavi moiyara istoriis, politikuri Teoriis,

filosofiis, sociologiis, samarTlisa da saxlemwifoTmcodneobis sakiTxebis

mTelma wyebam. TiToeul maTganSi monteskiem ara mxolod SesaniSnavi gan-

swavluloba gamoavlina, aramed Rrmaazrovain da damajerebeli pasuxebi gasca

mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. monteskies politikuri Sexedulebebis

gadmocemisas, Cven swored am naSromis ZiriTad momentebs ganvixilavT.

1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi

monteskies naSromi im kanonebis bunebis, suliskveTebis Sesaxebaa

saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas rom uZevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, upirveles

yovlisa, saWiroa gavecnoT Tavad kanonis cnebas. kanonis erTi gansazRvreba

identobis niSans svams adamianis gonebas da kanons Soris. kanoni, am azriT, igive

adamianis gonebaa, romlis sxvadasxva mimarTebebi iZleva politikuri da

samoqalaqo kanoonebis saxiT gonebis mimarTebaTa kerZo SemTxvevebs. kanonis

monteskies meore definicia ar gansxvavdeba am cnebis standartuli,

filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebisagan. kerZod, “kanonebi, am sityvis

yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT — aRniSnavs monteskie — aucilebeli mimarTebebia,

romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan” (1.30). es gansazRvreba, cxadia

yvela saganze, da maT Soris, Tu mas azrovnebis sagnad ganvixilavT, adamianzec

vrceldeba. rogorc fizikuri arseba, adamiani, mTlianad bunebis kanonebis

gavlenis qveS imyofeba. magram misi fizikuri mxare ar aris erTaderTi, romelic

bunebis zegavlenas eqvemdebareba. bunebis principebi vrceldeba adamianis

yofazedac da amitom, vidre adamianis sazogadoebriv yofis kanonebs

SevexebodeT, is unda ganvixiloT im mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs

sazogadoebrivs. bunebrivi mdgomareobis Temis analiziT, montekie exmaureba

hobsis Semdeg damkvidrebul tradicias, Tumca, gansxvavebas bunebiT samarTalsa

da sazogadoebriv samarTals Soris, jer kidev aristotele atarebda.

ra daxasiaTebas aZlevs monteskie adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi? mis mier

SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTeba hobsis poziciis sruliad sapirispiroa. kerZod,

ganxilvis nimuSad aRebuli “tyeebSi mokankale velurebi”, misi azriT, Zalze

Sors dganan hobsis mier aRwerili mebrZoli suliskveTebis mqone

adamianebisagan, romlebasc gaCaRebuli hqondaT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.

piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis uZlurebis grZnoba da

SiSis gancdaa pirveli. amitom, bunebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia ara

omis mdgomareoba, aramed mSvidoba. meore, rac adamianebs ubiZgebs moq-

medebisaken, SimSili da sakvebis Ziebis moTxovnilebaa. mesame, sapirispiro

sqesebs Soris urTierTltolva, rac adamianTa pirveli daaxloebis wyaroa. da

bolos, meoTxe da saboloo damakavSirebeli momenti, aris cnobierebis, Semec-

nebis aqtiurobis Sedegi, rac adamianebs Soris aCens im saxis kavSirebs, rac ar

gaaCniaT cxovelebs. sazogadoebrivad cxovrebis survili, ambobs monteskie,

meoTxe, bunebrivi kanonia (1.34).

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis specifika, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis sawyis etapze,

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mareglirebeli kanonebis miReba, magram ara misi mospoba an miTviseba. da bolos,

d) sakanonmdeblo organos ar SeuZlia sxvis xelSi gadasces kanonis gamocemis

ufleba. “mxolod xalxs SeuZlia saxelmwifos formis gansazRvra da amas is

akeTebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeqmniT da maTi daniSvniT, vis xelSiac

iqneba es xelisufleba” (1.345). am SezRudvebis garda, gasaTvaliswunebelia isic,

rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens sakrebulos, romlis Semadgen-

loba mTlianad icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am sakrebulos wevrebis

daSlis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian da sxva moqalaqeebis msgavsad

emorCilebian sxelmwifos kanonebs. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sxva prin-

cipebze mowyobis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, Tu sakrebulos Semadgenloba mudmivia

an erTi adamianis xelSia), arsebobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe.

ramdenadac kanonebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, magram gamiznulebi arian

xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis, saxelmwifo saWiroebs myar Zalas, romelic

uzrunvelyofs maT ganxorcielebas, an ganxorcielebis kontrols. xelisuflebis am

gansxvavebuli funqciidan gamomdinare, loki moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebisagan gaimijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi piriT, romelic umaRlesi

aRmasrulebeli iqneba. Tu es piri an monawileobs amave dros sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebaSi, is mTlianad angariSvaldebulia mis mimarT. aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani niSania misi mudmiv samuSao mdgomareobaSi yofna.

marTlac, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,Tuki is Seikribeba drodadro, uproblemod

gaarTmevs Tavs dakisrebl amocanas, rasac ver vityviT aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, agreTve

axali arCevnebis daniSvna sakanonmdeblo sakrebuloSi. es SeiZleba orgvarad

ganxorcieldes: an amgvari arCevnebis pirobebi gawerilia konstituciaSi da maSin

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas isRa darCenia, rom zogado xelmZRvaneloba gauwios am

arCevnebs, an aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs da aRmasrulebeli Tavad gansazRvravs mis

vadebs da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs.

loki saubrobs xelisuflebis kidev erT Stoze, romelic Tanamedrove

politikur praqikasa da TeoriaSi ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxiT.

Tumca Tavad lokic SeniSnavs paragrafis bolos, rom xelisufleis am Stos

aRmasrulebelisagan damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, SesaZloa wamgebianic ki

iyos saxelmwfosaTvis. es aris, e.w. federaluri xelisufleba. federaluri

xelisufleba igive aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa misi im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu

Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dkavebulia sazogedoebis municipa-

luri kanonebis aRsrulebiT Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, federaluri

xelisuflebis sazrunavia sazogadoebis sagareo interesebis dacva da qveynis

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am federalur xelisuflebas, rig SemTxvevebSi,

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, magram misi specifikidan

gamomdinare, Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xalisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, is

naklebad uwevs angariSs qveyanaSi momqmed mdgrad kanonmdeblobas. aq gacilebiT

metia damokidebuli im pasuxismgebeli pirebis gonierebasa da ostatobaze, visac

saxelmwifom politikis es sfero miando.

marTalia saxlemwifoSi realurad arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela sxva, saboloo jamSi masze maRali

instanciac arsebobs. saboloo Zalauflebis wyaro mainc xalxia, romelsac, Tu

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba uvargisia, SeuZlia gadaaayenos an Sescvalos

sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis Semadgenloba (1.349). Tu aseTi ram moxda, es niSnavs,

rom xelisufleba daubrunda pirvelwyaros, radgan sazogadoeba, xalxi yovelTvis

inarCunebs uflebas sakuTari Tavis xsnisaTvis warmoadgendes uzenaes

saxelisuflebo Zalas saxelmwifoSi, romelic misi miznebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.

literatura:

1. 1. Джон Локк – «Два трактата о правлении», в кн. Джон Локк, Избранные произведения в трех томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1988., том 3 (c. 263-290; 306-356).

2. Laurence Berns – John Locke, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .

64

rom moZalade suverenis xelisufleba (gnebavT, Zaladobis principuli forma

rom aviRoT saxelmwifos formirebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac saxelmwifo

dapyrobebis Sedegad iqmneba) xelSekrulebis Sedegia? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis

SegviZlia mivakiTxoT hobsis mier berZnuli terminis “ δεσποτηζ“ (batoni,

patroni) analizs.

rodis xdeba mavani ama Tu im piris batoni? pasuxisaTvis hobsi laparakobs

damonebis erT formaze — omSi mopovebul monebze. mavani batoni xdeba ara maSin,

rodesac is daamarcxebs, miwaze dascems metoqes, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg,

rodesac es ukanaskneli sakuTari sicocxlis fasad gamarjvebulis sakuTreba

xdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom TviT am sazRvriT SemTxvevaSiac urTierTobas batonsa da

monas Soris xelSekruleba adgens. aqedan, Znelia ar aris igive principebis

gavrceleba ZaladobiT mopovebul saxelmwifo suverenobis im formaze, romelic

Zaladobrivi gziT Camoyalibda. es ki niSnavs, rom moZalade xelisufalze

zustad igive principebi xorcieldeba, romelic vrceldeba Cveulebrivi

xelSekrulebiT warmoSobil xelisuflebis sxva formaze (1.226).

saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ras

warmoadgens am saxelmwifoSi is, vinc warmoadgens yvelas da TiToeuls, anu ras

warmoadgens suvereni. (1.209). am principis Sesabamisad, hobsisaTvis arsebobs

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sul sami ZiriTadi forma: monarqia, aristokratia da

demokratia. rac Seexeba tiraniasa da oligarqias, isini mxolod monarqiis da

aristokratiis uaryofiTi nairsaxeobebia. ufro zustad, “tirania” da

“oligarqia” aris negatiuri daxasiaTebebi monarqiisa da aristokratiisaTvis. es

sami ZiriTadi forma imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, Tu romeli maTgani ufro

gamosadegia ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebaSi — qveSevrdomebis usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofaSi. hobsi miuTiTebs, rom kriteriumad aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia

aviRoT interesebis Tanxvedra. sadac sazogadoebis interesebi yvelaze metad

emTxveva xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomTa interesebs, iq ufro ukeT realizdeba

saxelmwifos funqciebi da amocanebi. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, monarqiaSi xdeba,

radgan monarqis saxels, didebas da simdidres gansazRvravs misi qveSevrdomebis

saxeli, dideba da simdidre. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gvarwmunebs, hobsi,

demokratiasa da aristokratiaSi, isini, vinc suverens ganaxorcieleben, maTi

piradi interesebi gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos interesebisagan.

4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi

Cven ukve viciT, rom “suvereniT”, hobsis TeoriaSi, aRiniSneba xelisuflebis

uzenaesi piri, sul erTia am pirs warmoadgens erTi adamiani, Tu adamianTa jgufi.

rogorc vnaxeT, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT fuZndeba aseTi

saxelmwifo posti, romelsac ikavebs esa Tu is adamiani, Semdeg kontraqtis

gauqmeba masTan da axali kontraqtis dadeba sxva pirTan aRar SeiZleba. suverenis

xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi formaa misi sakuTari nebiT postidan

gadadgoma. ramdenadme paradoqsulad es niSani vrceldeba ara mxolod im tipis

suverenze, romelic warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aramed

imazedac, vinc suverenuli uflebebi moipova Zalis gamoyenebiT da Cven ukve

viciT, rom hobsi am or saxes Soris principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs. maT Soris

msgavsebaa SiSis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tu suverenis posti politikurad

myardeba, amisaken adamianebs ubiZgebs erTmaneTis SiSi, xolo Tu saxelmwifo

yalibdeba dapyrobiT, maSin SiSis sagani dampyroblis Zalmomreobaa. TviT aseT

SemTxvevaSic, mxolod sakuTari nebiT gadadgoma iqneba suverenis xelisuf-

lebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi forma.

amis garda, suverens aqvs sxva niSnebic, romelic SemosazRvravs mis Zala-

uflebasa da kompetencias. SevexoT ramdenime maTgans. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes,

rom suverenis yvela ufleba momdinareobs misi, rogorc qveSevrdomebis

usafrTxoebis garantorobidan. Sesabamisad, pirveli misi uflebaa iyos saboloo

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic exeba misi qveSevrdomebis

mSvidobas da dacvas.

53

• igive mosazrebebiT igi uflebamosilia gansajos saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli

literaturis avkargianoba. daadginos principebi imisa, Tu ra saxis

literaturaa saWiro da romeli avtorebi unda iyvnen rekomendirebulni;

• suverens ekuTvnis, agreTve gansakuTrebuli aqtis ufleba, romelic adgens

sakuTrebis uflebas (da sakuTreba ki arsebobs mxolod adamianTa

politikur mdgomareobaSi, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas

yvelaferze aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba), mis sazRvrebs da kanonebs sakuTrebis

irgvliv arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mosagvareblad;

• suvereni iTavsebs umaRlesi mosamarTlis funqciasac, rodesac sadavo

xdeba Tavad kanoni, sulerTia, es kanoni aris bunebiTi, Tu samoqalaqo;

• suverenis kompetenciaSi Sedis omis da mSvidobis sakiTxebi. is aris

umaRlesi mTavarsardali da marTavs qveynis SeiaraRebul Zalebs;

• suvereni Tavad irCevs yvela samoqalaqo pirs, rogorc samxedro, aseve

samoqalaqo Tanamdebobaze. mas SeuZlia warCinebis niSnebiT daajildovos

yvela piri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. daRildoebaSi

Sedis rogorc Rirsebis sxvadasxva ordeniT, aseve titulebiT da qonebiT

dajildoeba.

am ZiriTadi uflebebis garda, ra Tqma unda, kidev arsebobs sxva uflebebic,

romelTa CamoTvlas aq aRar gavagrZelebT. ufro mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze,

rom suverens am funqciebis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. amave dros, arsebobs sruliad

sxva saxis sakiTxebis rigi, romelTa gadawyveta suverens SeuZlia sruliad

usafrTxod miandos romelime Tavis qveSevrdoms. aseTia, magaliTad, fulis

moWra, mcirewlovanTa memkvidreobis sakiTxebi, bazris regulirebis problemebi

da sxva. magram mas ar SeuZlia gaasxvisos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia,

radgan Tu is mTavarsardlobas sxvas Caabarebs, maSin, realur Zalas moklebuli,

veRarc umaRles mosamarTleobas ganaxorcielebs. Tu is uars ityvis qveynis

finansebis gankargvaze, maSin ver gamokvebavs jars da a.S.

hobsis es da yvela sxva msgavsi msjelobebi garkveul komentarebs saWiroebs.

jer erTi, isini metyveleben imaze, rom arsebobs suverenis kompetenciis

ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi da araarsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da rom arsebiTi

maxasiaTeblebis suverenis cnebis gareT gatana angrevs mis kompetencias. garda

amisa, hobsis kvalifikaciebidan sakmaod naTlad Cans, rom igi mowinaaRmdegea

xelisuflebis danawilebisa. suvereni aris rogorc umarlesi kanonmdebeli,

aseve umaRlesi aRmasuflebeli moxele da mosamarTle. avtori arc malavs, rom

aq laparakia arsebiT ZalTa danawilebaze. mizezi misi aseTi poziciisa, aris

samoqalaqo omi, rac hobsis azriT, ori xelisuflebis, ori armiis logikuri

Sedegi iyo. formula “gaxleCili samefo ar SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos” (1.206) -

swored am viTarebas afiqsirebs.

umaRlesi xelisufalis xelSi aseTi Zlauflebis koncentracia bunebrivad

warmoSobs eWvs qveSevrdomTa saerTo mdgomareobis Taobaze. isini SeiZleba

ukmayofiloni gaxdnen monarqiiT da TavianTi uuflebobiT. hobsi SeniSnavs, rom

sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebiT raRac ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs da rpm is

araferia im sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, rac politikur cxovrebas moaqvs bunebiTi

mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu vityviT, rom mmarTvelobis monarqiuli

formaa qveSevrdomTaTvis mZime, avtors amazedac aqvs pasuxi (sxva sakiTxia, ra

Tqma unda, gaviziarebT Tu ara Cven mas), rom viTareba didiad gansxvavebuli ar

aris arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, radgan, rogorc gamocdileba

gviCvenebs, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi vela TavianT ubedurebas,

mmarTvelobis am wess miaweren. “xelisufleba ki — SeniSnavs hobsi — rodesac is

miaRwevs Tavis srlyofil formas, erTgvaria yvela mis formaSi” (1.208).

54

mier yovel sxva wevrTan d TiToeuli iRebs valdebulebas daemorCilos da mihyves

umravlesobis nebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis romelime wevrs rCeba Tavisi

Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebis Tavisufleba, maSin xelSekruleba Semdgarad ar

CaiTvleba (1.318).

rodesac svaven kiTxvas bunebrivi mdgomareobis realurobis Taobaze, loki

marTalia aRiarebs istoriuli cnobebis ar arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

ganxorcielda es gadasvla, magram miaCnia, rom aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT TiTqos

gadasvlas saerTod ar hqonda adgili. realur nimuSad, loki asaxelebs romis da

venecis istorias (1.320). amrigad — askvnis magaliTebis mimoxilvis Semdeg loki —

maTi politikuri szogadoebebi yvela daiwyo nebayoflobiTi kavSirebiT da

urTierTTanxmobiT adamianebisa, romlebic mmarTvelebis arCevisas da

mmarTvelobis formebis SerCevaSi moqmdebdnen Tavisuflad (1.321). lokis es

mosazreba sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac aq SegviZlia davafiqsiroT

“sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ufro da ufro didi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.

marTlac, jer laparaki iyo iseT gaerTianebaze, romelSiac ikveTeba adamianTa

saerTo neba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTrebis dacva. Semdeg koncefciaSi, mis

aucilebel pirobad, Semovida sasamarTlo, Semdeg xelisuflebis danawileba,

umravlesobis mmarTveloba da axla, bolos vigebT, rom sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mmarTvelis da mmarTvelobis formebis arCeviTobas.

ganvixiloT axla calke saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi.

5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa

mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebidan, loki detalurad ganixilavs mxolod

demokratias, oligarqias da monarqias. monarqiaSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv,

memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo meore mxriv ki, arCeviTi monarqia. rac Seexeba

ara mmarTvelobis romelime konkretul formas, aramed zogadad saxelmwifos,

rogorc aseTs, loki mas aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs: “saxelmwifos qveS me

yovelTvis vgulisxmob ara demokratias, an mmarTvelobis sxva romelime formas,

aramed nebismier damoukidebel sazogadoebas, romelsac laTinebi ‘civitas’-s

uwodebdnen, rasac Cven enaze ukeT Seesabameba “commonwelth” (1.338)

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma — wers loki — irkveva imis mixedviT, Tu vis

xelSia umaRlesi xelisufleba. amasTan, umaRles xelisuflebaze saubrisas,

loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba. arc erTi

ganCineba, romelic sanqcionirebuli ar aris xalxis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebis mier, ar SeiZleba Sevides ZalaSi, radgan swored aseTi

sanqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs es ganCineba saxalxo Tanxmobis Zalas. zogadad

ki “sakanonmdebloa xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs ufleba miuTiTos, Tu rogor

unda iyos gamoyenebuli saxelmwifos Zala imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iyos

Tanamegobroba da misi wevrebi” (1.346). sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis

ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, lokis mixedviT, mas gaaCnia

mniSvnelovani SezRudvebi. kerZod, a) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesi

xelisuflebis formaa, magram is Zalze Sors aris misi moqalaqeebisadmi

absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebis flobisagan. es mtkiceba avtors

gamoyavs im Tezisisgan, rom aravis aqvs absoluturi, despoturi Zalaufleba

sakuTar Tavze da Tu aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT individebs, gasagebia, rom maT ar

SuZliaT gadascen es xelisufleba sxvas. bunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia

kacobriobis SenarCuneba; b) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes despoturi myisieri ganCinebebis saSualebiT. piriqiT, misi

mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes winaswar cnobil, mdgrad kanonmdeblobas, rasac

ganaxorcieleben specialurad amisaTvis arsebuli pirebi; g)umaRlesi

xelisufleba uflebamosili ar aris sakuTreba CamoarTvas romelime adamians

misi Tanxmobis gareSe. es gasagebia, radgan rogorc araerTxel iTqva,

xelisufleba iqmneba sakuTrebis dasacavad, risTviac adamianebi erTiandebian

sazogadoebd. aqedan, saxelmwifos da, maSasadame, xelisuflebis arsebobis

winapiroba sakuTrebis flobaa; xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis

63

4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

RmerTma adamiani iseTi Seqmna, rom is yovelTvis eswrafvis sazogadoebaSi

yofnas. pirveli sazogadoeba Sedgeboda qmrisa da colisagan, ramac biZgi misca

sazogadoebis warmoSobas — mSoblebi da Svilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, amas

daemata batons da msaxuris asociaciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mmarTvelic

aris da marTulic, aseTi sazogadoeba, rac ar unda didi iyos is, araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar aris politikuri sazogadoeba. loki araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari mizania sakuTrebis SenarCuneba (1.310).

politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma TiToeulma

wevrma nebayoflobiT uari Tqva sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari qonebis dacvis

bunebiT uflebaze da es ufleba gadasca sazogadoebas, romelsac nebismier dros

SeuZlia mimarTos dxmarebisaTvis, im SemTxvevebis garda, romelic gamoricxulia

am sazogadoebis kanonebiT. es ki gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris kerZo sasa-

marTloebs da maT adgils, rogorc Suamavali, ikavebs saxelmwifo. amrigad, Tu

adamianebi garTianebulni arian erT mTlianobad ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da

sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic

uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebi da dasajos

damnaSaveebi — maSin vaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadeba (1.311). Tu adamianebs aseTi

kanoni da sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT da yoveli individi Tavadaa rogorc

mosmarTle, aseve jalaTi, maSin es xalxi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.

politikuri sazogadoebis da mmarTvelobis mTavri mizani sakuTrebis

SenarCunebaa imitom, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia

ramdenime mizezis gamo, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa: a) dadgenili kanonis

ararseboba, romelic iqneboda samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis sazomi; b) kanonebSi

ganswavluli, mcodne da miukerZoebebli mosamarTlis ar arseboba; da bolos, g)

ar arsebobs Zala, romelic kanonebs moiyvanda moqmedebaSi.

loki bevrs laparakobs sasamarTlos mniSvnelobasa da funqciebze, Tumca

sasamarTlo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelisuflebo Sto, mis SromaSi ar figu-

rirebs. loki calke gamoyofs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, calke aRmas-

rulebel xelisuflebas. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze

gadasasvlelad, orive saWirod miaCnia (1.312). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, is

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawiladaa warmodgenili: da amas gadavyavarT

bunebrivi mdgomareobidan saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac Cndeba mosamarTle,

romelsc aqvs ufleba gadaWras yvela sadavo sakiTxi da aunazRauros zarali,

romelic SeiZleba miadges saxelmwifos nebismier wevrs.

es mosamarTle warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an mis mier daniSnul

Tanamdebobis pirs. am mosazrebidan loks gamoyavs mtkiceba, monarqiuli

mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sazoagdoebasTan SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. marTlac,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania Tavidan aicilos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is niSani,

romlis drosac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavis saqmeSi mosamarTle. es ki

xorcieldeba imgvari saxelisuflebo organizaciis SeqmniT, romelsac miakiTxavda

yovel wuTs adamiani. Tu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piri, romelsac araviTari

saWiroeba ara aqvs aseT dawesebulebas mimarTos, maSin es piri (gasagebia, rom aq

laparakia monarqze) bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. marTlac, monarqad yofna

gulisxmobs, rom am pirs abaria rogorc sakanonmdeblo, asve aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba da ar arsebobs mosamarTle, romelsac is mimarTavda saqmis gasarCevad.

Cven ukve viciT, rom politikuri sazogadoeba Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi uars

amboben ra bunebiT Tavisuflebaze (adamianebi ki bunebiT Tavisuflebi, Tanasworebi da

damoukideblebi ibadebian da amitom erTaedrTi gza sxvis Zalauflebas

daqvemdebarebisa aris am adamianebis sakuTari uari Tavis Tavisuflebaze) im mizniT,

rom sxva adamianebTan erTad uzrunvelyon usafrTxo da bednieri cxovreba. rogorc ki

adamianebi amgvarad gaerTiandebian politikur organizmad, im droidan umravlesobas

eZleva ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba da imoqmedos sxvebis saxeliTac (1.317). rac

Seexeba umciresobas, is rogorc erTiani organizmis nawili, valdebulia daemorCilos

umravelesobis mosazrebas da imoqmedos maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. swored

amitom aris xolme rom sakanonmdeblo organizaciebSi umravlesobis azri mTelis

azradaa miCneuli. amrigad, xelSekruleba organizebulia sazogadoebis yoveli wevris

62

5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba

Zalze zogadad Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas subieqtma

ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli qceva. am qcevis mTavari moqmedi agenti, yvela

SemTxvevaSi adamiania da ara misi calkeuli mxare. ase magaliTad, rodesac

saubaria metyvelebis Tu Tu nebis Tavisuflebaze, aq yovelTvis adamianis

Tvisufleba igulisxmeba. igulisxmeba, rom mas araferi uwevs winaaRmdegobas

gaakeTos is, saiTac misi neba, survili, Tu midrekileba ubiZgebs. Tavisufleba

savsebiT Seesatyviseba SiSs. Tu adamiani kanonis SiSiT asrulebs saxelmwifo

valdebulebebs, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom is ar aris Tavisufali. igive

mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tavisuflebis RvTaebriv aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT.

RmerTs rom ar surdes adamianis Tavisufleba, maSin Tavisufeli nebis arseboba

winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda RvTaebriv wesrigTan.

magram arsebobs sul sxva saxis SemzRudveli garemoebebi, romelTac ufro

xelovnuri xasiaTi aqvT da momdinareoben im xelSekrulebidan, romlis ZaliTac

adamianebma Seqmnes samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba. am mimarTulebiT uzrun-

velyofili adamianis Tavisufleba iqneba samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, anu rogorc

hobsi uwodebs, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba

vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela im sferoze, romelsac suverenma

mdumared auara gverdi. maT Sorisaa yidva-gayidvis Tavisufleba, sacxovrebeli

adgilis SerCevis Tavisufleba, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisuf-

leba, sakvebi, cxovrebis wesi bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrdis

Tavisufleba da, mravali, mravali sxva, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris

kanonmdeblobaSi. sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSiac yvela

msgavsi detali gaTvaliswinebuli da reglamentirebuli iqneboda. igulisxmeba,

rom qveSevrdomebs am mimarTulebiT sruli Tavisufleba aqvT. es Tavisufleba,

amasTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudvel ZalauflebasTan. qalaq

lukas mcxovreblebs iseve aqvT valdebulebebi xelisuflebis mimarT, rogorc

konstantinepolis mcxovreblebs. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba erTgvaria rogorc

monarqiaSi, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi (1.237).

garda im Tavisuflebebisa, romlebic qveSevrdomebs gaaCniaT yofiT situ-

aciebis umetes nawilSi, rig SemTxvevebSi maT rCebaT Tavisufleba TviT

suverenTan mimarTebiTac ki. aseTia, magaliTad, viTareba, rodesac suvereni qve-

Sevrdoms mosakvdineblad miuCens vinmes (mniSvneloba ara aqvs, am dros,

qveSevrdomi msjavrdadebulia Tu ara), yvela SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdoms rCeba

Tavdacvis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba. meorea viTareba, rodesac vinme da-

kiTxvaze imyofeba. adamiani valdebuli ar aris aRiaros danaSauli, radgan arc

erT xelSekrulebas ar SeuZlia daavaldebulos adamiani daidanaSaulos Tavi da

a.S.

6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi

saxelmwifos finansuri keTildReoba damokidebulia produqtis siWarbeze,

momzadebaze, gagzavnaze daniSnulebis adgilze da mis ganawilebaze moqalaqeTa

Soris. produqtis siWarbe ganisazRvreba Sromaze da adamianis gulmodginebaze.

adamianis Sroma, hobsis azriT, aris saqoneli, rac yvelaze ufro cxadad imaSi

vlindeba, rom igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos nebismier sxva saqonelze.

sakuTrebis ganawilebis problema yvela mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umaRles

xelisuflebas miekuTvneba. sakuTrebis Semotana saxelmwifos arsebobis piro-

bebSi, xorcieldeba suverenis mier. hobsis es mtkiceba ufro wonadi gaxdeba mas

Semdeg, rac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq laparakia ara imdenad calkeuli nivTebis

flobaze, aramed sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrel saxeebze. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma

am periodSi aris sakuTreba miwaze, romlis ganawilebisa da SenarCunebis

sakiTxebSi, cxadia, ereva suvereni.

calke exeba hobsi fulis arss, mis bunebas da funqciebs saxelmwifoSi.

Tavidan is laparakobs oqro-vercxlis Sesaxeb, romelTac igi yvela sagnis

Rirebulebis xelsayrel sazoms uwodebs. am sazomis saSualebiT, adamians

55

SeuZlia Tan waiyolos Tavisi qoneba, sadac ki wava. Rirebulebis am sazomisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelsac saerTaSoriso mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro valutis

funqcias ufro asrulebs, hobsi saubrobs kidev adgilobriv monetazedac, anu

fulis imgvar erTeulze, romelsac ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mxolod adgilobriv

bazarze aqvs gamoyeneba.

saxelmwifosac hyavs STamomavloba, Svilebi. saxelmwifos Svilebi misi

koloniebia. kolonistebs hobsi gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: “es aris adamianTa

jgufebi, meTauris, gubernatoris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic gagzavnilia

saxelmwifos mier im mizniT, rom daasaxlos sxva qveyana, romelsac an adreve ar

hyavda mosaxleoba, an es mosaxleoba dakarga omebis gamo” (1.271). arsebobs

koloniis sul mcire ori saxe. erT SemTxvevaSi, kolonia, Tavisi axal-

mosaxleebiT, Tavisufldeba suverenis qveSevrdomobidan da misTvis gadasaxadis

gadaxdis valdebulebisagan. igi ayalibebs damoukidebel saxelmwifos. aseTi iyo

Zveli samyaros koloniebis umravlesoba. saxelmwifo, saidanac es koloniebi

gamovidnen metropoliad, deda saxelmwifod iwodeba da masTan koloniebs

SesaniSnavi ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSrebi hqondaT. rac Seexeba

kolonialobis meore formas, mis yvelze gavrcelebul formad hobsi romis

kolonializms miiCnevs, romlisaTvis, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba uqonda

koloniis samarTlebriv da politikur daqvemdebarebas metropoliisadmi, rac,

rogorc varaudoben, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis sazRvrebis zrdis wyaro Seiqmna,

magram, meore mxriv, warmoSobda mudmiv daZabulobas romsa da mii calkeul

provinciebs Soris.

sayuradReboa, rom kolonializmis swored am or formaze aCerebs

yuradRebas adam smiTi Tavis “erebis simdidris mizezebSi”, oRond sakiTxs

gacilebiT ufro detalurad exeba mas rogorc zogadpolitikuri kuTxiT, aseve

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis TalsazrisiTac. axla, ramdenadac am sakiTxis ufro

detaluri gadmocemis arc droa da arc adgili, Cven ubralod SegviZlia

davafiqsiroT, rom koloniebis problemis kvlevis prioriteti Tomas hobss

ekuTvnis

literatura

1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1965., том 2 (c. 149-169; 192-244; 265-272).

2. Laurence Berns – Thomas Hobbes., in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (?-? pp.).

56

mSromeli adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Semovida (1.277).

aRniSnuli msjelobebi kidev erTi implikaciis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod,

Sroma qmnis gansxvavebas saganTa RirebulebebSi. ueWvelia, rom damuSavebul da

daumuSavebel miwis nakveTebs sxvadasxva fasi eqnebaT iseve, rogorc arsebobs

gansxvaveba dakrefil da bazarze gamotanil nayofs da igive xis nayofs Soris

xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi.

nivTis vinmes sakuTrebaSi gadasvlas ar sWirdeba danarCeni adamianebis

Tanxmoba, raime konvencia. nivTi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi jer bunebam, xolo

Semdeg sazogadoebrivma xelSekrulebam moaTavsa da mis iqedan gamoyvana

SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis safuZvelze. Sroma ganamtkicebs adamianis

sakuTrebas nivTze gonebis kanonebis karnaxiT. is gveubneba, rom indielis mier

monadirebuli iremi misi sakuTrebaa. es igive bunebis kanonia. bunebis kanoni

gangvisazRvravs ara mxolod sakuTrebis arsebas, aramed mis zomasac, anu imas, Tu

ramdenis sakuTrebaze SeuZlia adamians hqondes pretenzia saerTo

mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebidan. sakuTari Sromis fasad adamians SeuZlia

imdenis miTviseba, ramdenic saWiroa misTvis, vidre nivTi ar daiwyebs gafuWebas.

rac zomis am kanons scildeba, is ukve sxvisi sakuTrebis sferoSia.

mocemul istoriul momentSi - ambobs loki — sakuTrebad iqceva ara imdenad

is, rac modis miwaze, aramed Tavad miwa. miwac SeiZleba zomis farglebSi

ganisazRvros. kerZod, miwis is nakveTi, romelic SeuZlia daamuSaos erTma

adamianma da sakmarisad moixmaros masze moyvanili produqti, aris am adamianis

sakuTreba. erT dros miwis nakveTis amgvarad miTviseba ar uqmnida problemebs

sxva adamianebs, radgan miwa sakmaod iyo. sakuTrebis wesi ambobs — yovel adamians

unda hqondes imdeni, ramdenis miTvisebasac is SesZlebs. ufro metisadmi

miswrafeba, vidre es Wirdeba adamians, Secvala saganTa Sinagani Rirebuleba. aq

loki ise msjelobs, rom Cndeba azri, TiTqos Tavdapirveli miTviseba da

sakuTreba iyo samarTliani, rac mas Semdeg dairRva, rac gaCnda fuli da oqrom

SeiZina is Rirebuleba, romelic mas dRes gaaCnia. miwis nakveTis miTvisebiT xom

sulac ar dazaralebula sxva. am miwaze axla gacielebiT meti modis, vidre mis

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas.

is, rac dasawyisSi sakuTrebad iqca Sromis saSualebiT, SemdgomSi, sazo-

gadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ZaliT iqna aseTad nacnobi. oqros vercxls da

briliants Rirebuleba mianiWa TviTnebobam an xelSekrulebam, Torem maT

TavisTavad araviTari sargebeli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da uzrun-

velyofisavis ar moaqvs. lokis mier fuli ganisazRvreba rogorc grZelvadiani

nivTi, romelic SeiZleba gaufuWeblad iyos adamianis sakuTrebaSi didi xnis

manZilze da romelic konvencionalurad gaxdeba sxva saWiro nivTebze gacvlis

saSualeba. is gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis Rirebulebis sazomi. Tumca, loki

SeniSnavs, rom is aseTia mxolod konvencionalurad da, rom realuri sazomi

mainc Sromaa. qonebrivi Tanasworobis balansi irRveva mas Semdeg, rac Cndeba

fuli rogorc dagrovebis saSualeba. magram Tavad qonebrivi uTanasworobis

gaCena, lokis azriT, xorcieldeba sazogadoebis xelSekrulebis gareT, mas

Semdeg, rac Cumi SeTanxmebiT, oqrosa da vercxls miaweres Rirebuleba da misi

fulad gamoyeneba daiwyes. saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi sakuTrebas da miwis

mflobelobas gansazRvravs arsebuli konstituciebi.

magram, ras warmoadgens “Cumi SeTanxmeba”? am terminTan dakavSirebiT rigi

siZneleebi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba Tavad terminis Sinaarss. garda

amisa, gaurkvevelia, Cumi Tanxmoba avaldebulebs Tu ara adamians moiqces iseve,

rogorc Cveulebrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT Cumi

Tanxmoba da ra saxis funqcionireba gaaCnia mas, loki ambobs Semdegs: “yoveli

adamiani, romelic flobs an iyenebs romelime saxelmwifos teritorias, iZleva

Cum Tanxmobas. aq laparakia ara mxolod sakuTrebis flobaze, aramed saboloo

jamSi, adamianis Tavad arsebobaze mocemuli teritoriis farglebSi” (1.332). Tu

romelime pirovneba SeTanxmebaSi Sedis saxelmwifosTan, es niSnavs, rom

SeTanxmebis sagani xdeba am pirovnebis sakuTrebac. Tu piri SexebaSi modis

saxelmwifos teritoriaSi Semaval miwasTan (an mflobelobis, an masze moyvanil

produqtze sakuTrebis azriT) is imyofeba Cumi Tanxmobis mdgomareobaSi.

61

ki. amitom, bunebiT Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma, sicocxleze uaris Tqmis

tolfasia. loks aq mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba aqvs, rom, adamiani flobs

absolutur Zalauflebas Tavis Tavze, romlis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. yvelaze

ufro mZime monobis pirobebSiac ki mas yovelTvis rCeba Sansi uari Tqvas

sicocxelze da am SesaZleblobas is verafriT gaasxvisebs. magram igive msjeloba

imasac aRniSnavs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani ar flobs absolutur

Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze (winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi ra daudgeboda am

Tavisufleis gasxvisebas) da amitom Tuki monoba Tavisuflebis dakargvad

gaviazreT, is realurad ar arsebobs, radgan rogor SeuZlia vinmes gasces is

rasac Tavad ar flobs (1.275). Tuki vinme moindimebda waerTmia CvenTvis

Tavisufleba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi _ ambobs loki — maSin is amiT moindemebda

waerTmia CvenTvis yvelaferi danarCeni, rdgan Tavisufleba yvelaferi

danarCenis safuZvelia (1.271). danarCenSi aq SeviZlia vigulisxmoT mravali ram

da maT Soris adamianis Sansi Sevides sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi sxva

adamianebTan. es ki niSnavs, rom bunebiTi Tavisufleba, rogorc es principi

saerToa klasikuri liberaluri doqtrinebis umravlesobisaTvis, aris

saxelmwifos arsebobis winapiroba.

bunebiTi Tavisuflebis garda, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi

Tavisuflebac. adamiani Tavisufalia sazogadoebaSi maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba

araviTar sxva kanons, garda imisa, rac dadgenilia sazogadoebrivi xelSekru-

lebiT. loki akritikebs Tavisuflebis gavrcelebul gagebas, romlis mixedviTac

Tavisufalia is, vinc akeTebs imas, rac surs rom gaakeTos da am dros ar aris

SezRuduli araviTari kanoniT. am Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, loki fiqrobs,

rom mmarTvelobis politikuri sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin,

Tu is cxovrobs kanonis Sesabamisad. loki aRniSnavs, rom kanoni, misi sakuTrivi

azriT, imdenad Sezudvas ki ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac saxelmZRvanelo wesebs

Tavisufali da gonieri adamianisaTvis da adgens mxolod imas, rac mxolod

sikeTis momtania kanonmorCilTaTvis. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapiris-

pirod, kanonis mizani sulac ar aris Tavisuflebis mospoba da adamianis

SezRudva, aramed misi Tavisuflebis Senaxva da gafarToeba.Tavisuflebis

ganxorcieleba xom mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac aravin gaviwrovebs, es ki mxolod

maSin gveqneba, rodesac arsebobs da funqcionirebs kanoni. adamiani ibadeba

Tavisufal gonier arsebad, magram saWiroa gavides garkveuli dro, imisaTvis,

rom man gonebis gamoyeneba SesZlos da misiT ixelmZRvanelos. xolo gonebis

principebiT cxovreba igive Tavisuflebis tolfasia.

amrigad, Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebloba misdio Sens survils da

imoqmedo misi karnaxiT yvela im sferoSi, romelic ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. Tu

amisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani damokidebulia sxva adamianis araprognozirebad,

bundovan da cvalebad nebaze, is, cxadia, Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba.

3.sakuTreba

sakuTreba ar arsebobs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. RmerTma dedamiwa da

yvelaferi is, rac masze izrdeba adamianebs uboZa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom is

yvelas sakuTrebaa da ara romelime erTi maTganis. sakuTreba — rogorc loki

gvarwmunebs — aris pirovnebis nawili da am piris garda ravisa aqvs masze ufleba.

ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi avtors? udavoa, rom adamianis Sroma da misi xeliT

gakeTebuli saqme mSromels ekuTvnis. Tu adamiani raRacas ukeTebs imas, rac

bunebrivad arsebobs; daTess, moimkis, erTi sityviT, saxes, arsebobis formas

ucvlis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofs, es niSnavs, rom am dros, Tavisi

saqmianobiT iseT rames uerTebs bunebrivs, rac mas ekuTvnis da rac am sagans mis

sakuTrebad aqcevs. es raRac aris Sroma. swored Sromis saSualebiT gamoyavs

adamians esa Tu is nivTi im saerTo sakuTrebidan, romelSiac is bunebam moaTavsa.

ramdenadac Sroma mSromelis bunebrivi sakuTrebaa, amdenad sxvas aravisa aqvs

ufleba pretenzia ganacxados am nivTze, romelsac erTxel mainc miekara

mSromeli. Sromas Seaqvs gansxvaveba sazogados da kerZos Soris, radgan man iseTi

ram miumata nivTs, rac am saganSi ar Caudevs bunebas. yovelive amiT, nivTi

60

jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb

jon loki cnobilia rogorc empirizmis, asociaciuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli. loki aris Zalze mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtori tolerantizmis

da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. politikur problemebze lokis ZiriTadi Sromaa “ori

traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelsiac man daicva da ganaviTara hobsis

liberalizmi. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelsiac jer mocemulia ser

robert filmeris doqtrinis sarkastuli kritika, xolo meore nawilSi

dalagebulia lokis sakuTari liberalistuli doqtrina. ser robert filmeri,

romelsac loki ase daundoblad akritikebs Tavis naSromSi, gaxlavT is avtori,

romelmac Tavs ido hobsis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli

saxelmwifos Teoriis kritika da am mizniT gamoaqveyna sakuTari nawarmoebi _

“patriarqi” — romelSiac is monarqiuli politikuri sistemis (konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, laparaki iyo stiuartebis samefo gvarze) RvTaebrivi warmoSobis

doqtrinis ganviTarebas cdilobda. filmeris es mcdeloba ar yofila

restavrirebuli samefo karis mxolod gulismosagebi maamebluri aqcia. aseT

SemTxvevaSi namdvilad ar Rirda masze yuradRebis SeCereba. filmeris mizans,

“levaTanSi” warmodgenili saxelmwifos konvencionaluri Teoriis uaryofa

warmoadgenda, risTvisac is aviTarebda moanarqiuli xelisuflebis sul

sxvagvari warmoSobis Tvalsazriss. “leviaTanSi” wamoyenebul Teorias dam-

cvelad loki moevlina. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar iyo filmeris

doqtrinis ususurobis demonstarcia. lokma, Cans, gaiTvaliswina hobsis Teoriis

susti mxareebi da scada gaeSala konvencionalizmis pozitiuri Sinaarsi.

lokis meore traqtati iwyeba erTgvari zogadi poziciis moniSvniT, romelic

lokTan saerTo unda hqondes yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Zaladoba ar aris da, rom arsebobs sul sxva

sawyisebi, gansxvavebuli mxecebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “Zalismieri samarT-

lisagan”. amitom, am poziciis sapirispirod warmodgenili unda iyos politikuri

xelisuflebis alternaliuli dafuZneba.

filmeris Teoria emyareboda ojaxis mamis Zalauflebis eqstrapolacias

monarqiaze. es sakiTxi axali ar aris. igi cnobilia jer kidev antikuri

politikuri Teoriidan. gavixsenoT, misi analizi aristotelesTan. lokic

arsitoteles kvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT saxelmwifo moxelis

Zalaufleba kerZo pirze, mamisa — Svilze, batonis Zalaufleba Tavis msaxurebze,

qmrisa — colze da, bolos monaTmflobelisa — monebze. yvela aRniSnuli

mimarTeba aris ZalauflebiTia, margam ara yvela maTgania politikuri. am

ukanasknels mxolod pirveli wyvili warmoadgens da mis bunebaSi gasarkvevad,

unda jer politikuri Zalauflebis fenomeni gaviazroT. politikuri

Zalaufleba — gansazRvravs loki — aris sakuTrebis da adamianTa dacvisaTvis

aucilebeli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba, im kanonebis gamocemis ufleba,

romlebic, damatebiT, saSualebas mogvcemda gamogveyenebina saerTo Zalisxmeva,

raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos aRniSnuli kanonebis Sesruleba da saxelmwifos

usafrTxoeba gare Tavdasxmebis SemTxvevaSi (1.263). vnaxoT axla, Tu ra principebs

emyareba politikuri Zalaufleba, ra unda vigulisxmoT mis fundamentSi.

vidre uSualod lokis argumentacias SevexebodeT, gvinda oriode sityviT

SevCerdeT lokis mier masalis gadmocemis maneraze, romelic Camohgavs wlebis

Semdeg, hegelis mier gamoyenebul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobda sakvlevi

obieqtis carieli cnebis aRebas dasawyisSi, romelic TandaTan unda Sevsebuliyo

pozitiuri SinaarsiT. amis msgavsad, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRmovaCenT, rom

naSromSi loki araerTxel ubrundeba Tundac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis

fenomens, magram Temis yoveli xelaxali garCevis dros ueWveli xdeba, rom

gacilebiT meti viciT sakiTxze, vidre wina gverdebze vicodiT.

57

1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba lokis interpretaciiT, gulisxmobs

adamianTa srul Tavisuflebas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. adamiani akeTebs

yvelafers, rac misTvis sasargeblod uCans bunebis kanonis sazRvrebSi.

Tavisuflebis garda, igive mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanasworobis

mdgomareobac, rodesac mTel samarTlebriv sivrceze aravis aqvs sxvaze metis

ufleba. mosazrebaTa simtkicisaTvis, loki aq axsenebs, cnobil inglisel

Teologs da samarTalmcodnes, riCard hukers (1554-1600) rvatomiani naSromis —

“The Laws of Eclesiastical Polity” — avtors, romelic Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda

gaetarebina azri saxelwifos xelSekrulebiT safuZvelze warmoSobis da samefo

xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb).

Tumca, am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, axlave SegviZlia davafiqsiroT

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. hobsTan adamianTa

bunebrivi mdgomareoba ZiriTadad negatiur terminebSia aRwerili. is aris raRac

velurTa, winaciviluri cxovrebis msgavsi ram, saidanac unda moxdes gadasvla

samoqalaqo, anu politikur mdgomareobaze. rac Seexeva loks, bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan mas ori fenomeni ainteresebs — Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba.

lokisaTvis gadamwyveti azri aqvs imas, rom erTic da meorec, adamianis bunebiTi

maxasiaTebelia da ara SeZenili.

adamianis Tavisufleba unda gavmijnoT TviTnebobisagan. bunebiTad adamians

aqvs Tavisufleba, magram ara TviTneboba ganaxorcielos Tudac bunebis

sawinaaRmdego ram. vTqvaT mas ar aqvs ufleba moiklas Tavi an moklas sxva, Tuki

es moesurveba. bunebiT mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebic wvdomadi da

interpretirebadia adamianis gonebisaTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi kanonia.

bunebis kanoni da gonebis kanoni erTgvaria, radgan, is vinc bunebis kanonebs

gadaabijebs, dadgeba gonebis kanonebs miRma. bunebiTis da gonebrivis aseT

daaxloeba SemdgomSi Zalze Sors mimaval Sedegebs moitans. jerjerobiT, iqedan

rasac, lokis azriT, goneba gvkarnaxobs, SegviZlia davafiqsiroT pirveli

bunebiTi kanoni, romelic adamians meore adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs da

zogadad mowinaaRmdegea Zaladobisa. meore kanoni, pirvels exmianeba da miiCnevs,

rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos TiToeuli maTgani, vinc ki pirvel

bunebis kanons daarRvevs.

bunebiTi samarTali lokisaTvis raRac realuria da ara mkvlevris xelT

arsebuli xelsayreli konstruqcia, romelic gagviiolebs movlenebis axsnas.

sabuTad gamodgeba romelime saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis gamamtyunebeli

sasamarTlo ganaCeni. bunebiTis garda romeli samarTali unda edos am ganaCens

safuZvlad, Tu aRniSnuli piri mocemuli qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT dgas?

pasuxi aq erTia — mas bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze sjian. mocemul

SemTxvevaSi, sasjels igive funqcia aqvs, rac sxva standartul SemTxvevebSi _ es

aris samagieros migeba danaSaulisaTvis da momaval SesaZlo borotqmedebaTa

prevencia. loks kidev moyavs sxva magaliTebi, romlebSiac Cans, rogorc

bunebiTi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTali. maTi cal-calke fenomenebad dafiqsireba,

warmoSobs kiTxvas maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis Taobaze, rasac loki Semdeg

axsnas aZlevs: “... yoveli qveynis samoqalaqo kanonebi, samarTlianebi arian

imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis kanonebs emyarebian, regulirdebian da

interpretirdebian mis safuZvelze” (1.268).

axla vfiqrobT met-naklebad gasagebia gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis

poziciebidan bunebiTi samarTlis mimarT. magram aseTive sicxade rodi gvaqvs

saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis mimarT. piriqiT, Tu bunebiTi samarTali da

ufro zogadad samarTlianoba iseTi TavSekavebulia da zomieri, rogorc amas

loki gvixatavs, maSin gaugebaria saxelmwifos Seqmnis saWiroeba. lokis pasuxi am

kiTxvaze, romelsac axla gadmovcemT, mTlad damajereblad ver JRers.

im faqtidan, rom bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze adamianebi gana-

xorcieleben aRmasrulebel xelisufelbas, maTi vnebebisa da miswrafebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, advili dasaSvebia, rom isini ver SeinarCuneben obieqturobas,

rac areulobis da ukmayofilebis wyaro gaxdeba. amitom, agrZelebs loki, ra

58

gasakviria, rom RmerTma daawesa samoqalaqo mmarTveloba adamianTa TviTnebobis

SesazRudaT (1.269). es pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia ara imitom, rom RmerTi

dainteresebuli ar iqnebod adamianebs moewyoT samarTliani cxovreba da, Tu

aseTi ram mxolod saxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli, maSasadame saxelmwifoc, aramed

imitom, rom RmerTi yvela arsebuli movlenisa saboloo mizezia da amitom masze

dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos warmoSobis axsna, Zalian bundovania, radgan Cven

gvainteresebs ara saboloo, aramed uaxloesi mizezi. loki rogorRac

iTvaliswinebs am viTarebas da kidev erTxel emyareba hukeris Sromas, romlis

citirebiTac migvaniSnebs ukve antikurobaSi cnobil saxelmwifos warmoSobis

erT-erT mizezze — miswrafeba Rirseuli da uzrunvelyofili arsebobisaken

adamianebs Tanacxovrebisaken ubiZgebs. ase iqmneba saxelmwifo (1.270).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom lokis midgoma adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobisadmi,

hobsisgan gansxvavebulia. amaSi kidev erTxel SegviZlia davrwmundeT, lokis

aseTi pasuxiT kiTxvaze — “sad arsebobs an sad arsebobdnen aseT bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi”? — yvela damoukidebeli Temis mmarTveli bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi myofad unda miviCnioT imitom, rom ara yoveli xelSekruleba

daasrulebs adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobas (adamianebma SeiZleba erTmaneTTan

mravali xelSekruleba dadon da mainc darCnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi), aramed

mxolod is, romelSiac adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seadginon erTi sazogadoeba, erTi

politiuri sxeuli. magram asaxsneli xom swored es aris — Tu bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi mraval xelSekrulebas deben rTmaneTTan, da avad Tu

kargad rogorRac Tavsac icaven, cxovroben Temebad da a.S. maSin ra iwvevs

saxelmwifos warmoSobas? pasuxi romelic lokma warmoadgina, aradamakma-

yofilebelia.

loki kidev bevrjer Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad

adamianTa saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas. erTi pasuxis mixedviT, aseT safuZvels

mSvidobisaker swrafva warmoadgens. marTlac, gonebis principebis Sesabamisad

cxovreba gamoricxavs mudmivi omis warmoebas adamianTa Soris. arsebobs mniS-

vnelovani gansxvaveba omis mdgomereobas da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris.

bunebrivia mdgomareoba, rodesac ar arsebobs saerTo mosamarTle, romelic

miukerZoeblad gaarCevda modave mxareebs Soris da aRasrulebda ganaCens. Zala

gamoyenebis uflebis garaSe, imisda miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo mo-

samarTle, qmnis omis mdgomareobas. omisagan Tavis daRweva, ai mTavari mizezi imi-

sa, ratomac ayalibeben adamianebi sazogadoebas da amboben uars bunebriv mdgo-

mareobaze (1.173). omi Sewydeba maSin, Tu iarsebebs iseTi Zala, romelsac SegiZlia

mimarTo gaWirvebis dros daxmarebisaTvis da es daxmareba realuri iqneba.

2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi

lokis liberalizmis erT-erTi amosavali Tezisi gulisxmobs, rom yvela

adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia (1.292). es Tanasworoba ar unda gaviogoT

absoluturad. loks SesaniSnavad esmis, rom adamianebi mravali niSniT arian

gansxvavebulni da, amitom maT Soris Tanasworobis arsebobis mtkiceba am

gansxvavebulobaTa srul nivelirebaSi ar gamoixateba. adamianebi gansxvavdebian

asakiT, saTnoebiT warmomavlobiT, nacnob-megobrebis wriT, gavleniT da a.S.

uamravi sxva niSniT. magram es gansxvevebani ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom yvela

adamiani Tanaswori iyos iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebiT, anu laparakia adamianTa

Tanabar uflebaze iyvnen bunebiTi Tavisuflebis mqoneni. aseT axsnas

Tavisuflebis problemis analizisaken gadavyavarT.

loki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs bunebiT Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas

sazogadoebaSi. adamiani bunebiT Tavisufalia maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba

amqveynad masze maRla mdgom araviTar Zalauflebas, ar emorCileba sxva adamianis

arc kanonebs da arc nebas, aramed xelmZRvanelobs mxolod bunebis kanoniT. aseT

dros bunebis kanoni erTaderTi SemzRudveli barieria sakuTari survilebis

aRsrulebis gzaze. es bunebrivi Tavisufleba adamianis mouwyveteli

kuTvnilebaa. adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas bunebiT Tavisuflebaze ise, rom

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadges misi pirovnuli usafrTxoeba da TviT sicocxlec

59

1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba lokis interpretaciiT, gulisxmobs

adamianTa srul Tavisuflebas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. adamiani akeTebs

yvelafers, rac misTvis sasargeblod uCans bunebis kanonis sazRvrebSi.

Tavisuflebis garda, igive mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanasworobis

mdgomareobac, rodesac mTel samarTlebriv sivrceze aravis aqvs sxvaze metis

ufleba. mosazrebaTa simtkicisaTvis, loki aq axsenebs, cnobil inglisel

Teologs da samarTalmcodnes, riCard hukers (1554-1600) rvatomiani naSromis —

“The Laws of Eclesiastical Polity” — avtors, romelic Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda

gaetarebina azri saxelwifos xelSekrulebiT safuZvelze warmoSobis da samefo

xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb).

Tumca, am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, axlave SegviZlia davafiqsiroT

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. hobsTan adamianTa

bunebrivi mdgomareoba ZiriTadad negatiur terminebSia aRwerili. is aris raRac

velurTa, winaciviluri cxovrebis msgavsi ram, saidanac unda moxdes gadasvla

samoqalaqo, anu politikur mdgomareobaze. rac Seexeva loks, bunebrivi

mdgomareobidan mas ori fenomeni ainteresebs — Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba.

lokisaTvis gadamwyveti azri aqvs imas, rom erTic da meorec, adamianis bunebiTi

maxasiaTebelia da ara SeZenili.

adamianis Tavisufleba unda gavmijnoT TviTnebobisagan. bunebiTad adamians

aqvs Tavisufleba, magram ara TviTneboba ganaxorcielos Tudac bunebis

sawinaaRmdego ram. vTqvaT mas ar aqvs ufleba moiklas Tavi an moklas sxva, Tuki

es moesurveba. bunebiT mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebic wvdomadi da

interpretirebadia adamianis gonebisaTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi kanonia.

bunebis kanoni da gonebis kanoni erTgvaria, radgan, is vinc bunebis kanonebs

gadaabijebs, dadgeba gonebis kanonebs miRma. bunebiTis da gonebrivis aseT

daaxloeba SemdgomSi Zalze Sors mimaval Sedegebs moitans. jerjerobiT, iqedan

rasac, lokis azriT, goneba gvkarnaxobs, SegviZlia davafiqsiroT pirveli

bunebiTi kanoni, romelic adamians meore adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs da

zogadad mowinaaRmdegea Zaladobisa. meore kanoni, pirvels exmianeba da miiCnevs,

rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos TiToeuli maTgani, vinc ki pirvel

bunebis kanons daarRvevs.

bunebiTi samarTali lokisaTvis raRac realuria da ara mkvlevris xelT

arsebuli xelsayreli konstruqcia, romelic gagviiolebs movlenebis axsnas.

sabuTad gamodgeba romelime saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis gamamtyunebeli

sasamarTlo ganaCeni. bunebiTis garda romeli samarTali unda edos am ganaCens

safuZvlad, Tu aRniSnuli piri mocemuli qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT dgas?

pasuxi aq erTia — mas bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze sjian. mocemul

SemTxvevaSi, sasjels igive funqcia aqvs, rac sxva standartul SemTxvevebSi _ es

aris samagieros migeba danaSaulisaTvis da momaval SesaZlo borotqmedebaTa

prevencia. loks kidev moyavs sxva magaliTebi, romlebSiac Cans, rogorc

bunebiTi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTali. maTi cal-calke fenomenebad dafiqsireba,

warmoSobs kiTxvas maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis Taobaze, rasac loki Semdeg

axsnas aZlevs: “... yoveli qveynis samoqalaqo kanonebi, samarTlianebi arian

imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis kanonebs emyarebian, regulirdebian da

interpretirdebian mis safuZvelze” (1.268).

axla vfiqrobT met-naklebad gasagebia gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis

poziciebidan bunebiTi samarTlis mimarT. magram aseTive sicxade rodi gvaqvs

saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis mimarT. piriqiT, Tu bunebiTi samarTali da

ufro zogadad samarTlianoba iseTi TavSekavebulia da zomieri, rogorc amas

loki gvixatavs, maSin gaugebaria saxelmwifos Seqmnis saWiroeba. lokis pasuxi am

kiTxvaze, romelsac axla gadmovcemT, mTlad damajereblad ver JRers.

im faqtidan, rom bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze adamianebi gana-

xorcieleben aRmasrulebel xelisufelbas, maTi vnebebisa da miswrafebebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, advili dasaSvebia, rom isini ver SeinarCuneben obieqturobas,

rac areulobis da ukmayofilebis wyaro gaxdeba. amitom, agrZelebs loki, ra

58

gasakviria, rom RmerTma daawesa samoqalaqo mmarTveloba adamianTa TviTnebobis

SesazRudaT (1.269). es pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia ara imitom, rom RmerTi

dainteresebuli ar iqnebod adamianebs moewyoT samarTliani cxovreba da, Tu

aseTi ram mxolod saxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli, maSasadame saxelmwifoc, aramed

imitom, rom RmerTi yvela arsebuli movlenisa saboloo mizezia da amitom masze

dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos warmoSobis axsna, Zalian bundovania, radgan Cven

gvainteresebs ara saboloo, aramed uaxloesi mizezi. loki rogorRac

iTvaliswinebs am viTarebas da kidev erTxel emyareba hukeris Sromas, romlis

citirebiTac migvaniSnebs ukve antikurobaSi cnobil saxelmwifos warmoSobis

erT-erT mizezze — miswrafeba Rirseuli da uzrunvelyofili arsebobisaken

adamianebs Tanacxovrebisaken ubiZgebs. ase iqmneba saxelmwifo (1.270).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom lokis midgoma adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobisadmi,

hobsisgan gansxvavebulia. amaSi kidev erTxel SegviZlia davrwmundeT, lokis

aseTi pasuxiT kiTxvaze — “sad arsebobs an sad arsebobdnen aseT bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi”? — yvela damoukidebeli Temis mmarTveli bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi myofad unda miviCnioT imitom, rom ara yoveli xelSekruleba

daasrulebs adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobas (adamianebma SeiZleba erTmaneTTan

mravali xelSekruleba dadon da mainc darCnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi), aramed

mxolod is, romelSiac adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seadginon erTi sazogadoeba, erTi

politiuri sxeuli. magram asaxsneli xom swored es aris — Tu bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi adamianebi mraval xelSekrulebas deben rTmaneTTan, da avad Tu

kargad rogorRac Tavsac icaven, cxovroben Temebad da a.S. maSin ra iwvevs

saxelmwifos warmoSobas? pasuxi romelic lokma warmoadgina, aradamakma-

yofilebelia.

loki kidev bevrjer Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad

adamianTa saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas. erTi pasuxis mixedviT, aseT safuZvels

mSvidobisaker swrafva warmoadgens. marTlac, gonebis principebis Sesabamisad

cxovreba gamoricxavs mudmivi omis warmoebas adamianTa Soris. arsebobs mniS-

vnelovani gansxvaveba omis mdgomereobas da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris.

bunebrivia mdgomareoba, rodesac ar arsebobs saerTo mosamarTle, romelic

miukerZoeblad gaarCevda modave mxareebs Soris da aRasrulebda ganaCens. Zala

gamoyenebis uflebis garaSe, imisda miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo mo-

samarTle, qmnis omis mdgomareobas. omisagan Tavis daRweva, ai mTavari mizezi imi-

sa, ratomac ayalibeben adamianebi sazogadoebas da amboben uars bunebriv mdgo-

mareobaze (1.173). omi Sewydeba maSin, Tu iarsebebs iseTi Zala, romelsac SegiZlia

mimarTo gaWirvebis dros daxmarebisaTvis da es daxmareba realuri iqneba.

2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi

lokis liberalizmis erT-erTi amosavali Tezisi gulisxmobs, rom yvela

adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia (1.292). es Tanasworoba ar unda gaviogoT

absoluturad. loks SesaniSnavad esmis, rom adamianebi mravali niSniT arian

gansxvavebulni da, amitom maT Soris Tanasworobis arsebobis mtkiceba am

gansxvavebulobaTa srul nivelirebaSi ar gamoixateba. adamianebi gansxvavdebian

asakiT, saTnoebiT warmomavlobiT, nacnob-megobrebis wriT, gavleniT da a.S.

uamravi sxva niSniT. magram es gansxvevebani ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom yvela

adamiani Tanaswori iyos iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebiT, anu laparakia adamianTa

Tanabar uflebaze iyvnen bunebiTi Tavisuflebis mqoneni. aseT axsnas

Tavisuflebis problemis analizisaken gadavyavarT.

loki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs bunebiT Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas

sazogadoebaSi. adamiani bunebiT Tavisufalia maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba

amqveynad masze maRla mdgom araviTar Zalauflebas, ar emorCileba sxva adamianis

arc kanonebs da arc nebas, aramed xelmZRvanelobs mxolod bunebis kanoniT. aseT

dros bunebis kanoni erTaderTi SemzRudveli barieria sakuTari survilebis

aRsrulebis gzaze. es bunebrivi Tavisufleba adamianis mouwyveteli

kuTvnilebaa. adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas bunebiT Tavisuflebaze ise, rom

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadges misi pirovnuli usafrTxoeba da TviT sicocxlec

59

ki. amitom, bunebiT Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma, sicocxleze uaris Tqmis

tolfasia. loks aq mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba aqvs, rom, adamiani flobs

absolutur Zalauflebas Tavis Tavze, romlis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. yvelaze

ufro mZime monobis pirobebSiac ki mas yovelTvis rCeba Sansi uari Tqvas

sicocxelze da am SesaZleblobas is verafriT gaasxvisebs. magram igive msjeloba

imasac aRniSnavs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani ar flobs absolutur

Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze (winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi ra daudgeboda am

Tavisufleis gasxvisebas) da amitom Tuki monoba Tavisuflebis dakargvad

gaviazreT, is realurad ar arsebobs, radgan rogor SeuZlia vinmes gasces is

rasac Tavad ar flobs (1.275). Tuki vinme moindimebda waerTmia CvenTvis

Tavisufleba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi _ ambobs loki — maSin is amiT moindemebda

waerTmia CvenTvis yvelaferi danarCeni, rdgan Tavisufleba yvelaferi

danarCenis safuZvelia (1.271). danarCenSi aq SeviZlia vigulisxmoT mravali ram

da maT Soris adamianis Sansi Sevides sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi sxva

adamianebTan. es ki niSnavs, rom bunebiTi Tavisufleba, rogorc es principi

saerToa klasikuri liberaluri doqtrinebis umravlesobisaTvis, aris

saxelmwifos arsebobis winapiroba.

bunebiTi Tavisuflebis garda, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi

Tavisuflebac. adamiani Tavisufalia sazogadoebaSi maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba

araviTar sxva kanons, garda imisa, rac dadgenilia sazogadoebrivi xelSekru-

lebiT. loki akritikebs Tavisuflebis gavrcelebul gagebas, romlis mixedviTac

Tavisufalia is, vinc akeTebs imas, rac surs rom gaakeTos da am dros ar aris

SezRuduli araviTari kanoniT. am Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, loki fiqrobs,

rom mmarTvelobis politikuri sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin,

Tu is cxovrobs kanonis Sesabamisad. loki aRniSnavs, rom kanoni, misi sakuTrivi

azriT, imdenad Sezudvas ki ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac saxelmZRvanelo wesebs

Tavisufali da gonieri adamianisaTvis da adgens mxolod imas, rac mxolod

sikeTis momtania kanonmorCilTaTvis. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapiris-

pirod, kanonis mizani sulac ar aris Tavisuflebis mospoba da adamianis

SezRudva, aramed misi Tavisuflebis Senaxva da gafarToeba.Tavisuflebis

ganxorcieleba xom mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac aravin gaviwrovebs, es ki mxolod

maSin gveqneba, rodesac arsebobs da funqcionirebs kanoni. adamiani ibadeba

Tavisufal gonier arsebad, magram saWiroa gavides garkveuli dro, imisaTvis,

rom man gonebis gamoyeneba SesZlos da misiT ixelmZRvanelos. xolo gonebis

principebiT cxovreba igive Tavisuflebis tolfasia.

amrigad, Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebloba misdio Sens survils da

imoqmedo misi karnaxiT yvela im sferoSi, romelic ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. Tu

amisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani damokidebulia sxva adamianis araprognozirebad,

bundovan da cvalebad nebaze, is, cxadia, Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba.

3.sakuTreba

sakuTreba ar arsebobs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. RmerTma dedamiwa da

yvelaferi is, rac masze izrdeba adamianebs uboZa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom is

yvelas sakuTrebaa da ara romelime erTi maTganis. sakuTreba — rogorc loki

gvarwmunebs — aris pirovnebis nawili da am piris garda ravisa aqvs masze ufleba.

ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi avtors? udavoa, rom adamianis Sroma da misi xeliT

gakeTebuli saqme mSromels ekuTvnis. Tu adamiani raRacas ukeTebs imas, rac

bunebrivad arsebobs; daTess, moimkis, erTi sityviT, saxes, arsebobis formas

ucvlis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofs, es niSnavs, rom am dros, Tavisi

saqmianobiT iseT rames uerTebs bunebrivs, rac mas ekuTvnis da rac am sagans mis

sakuTrebad aqcevs. es raRac aris Sroma. swored Sromis saSualebiT gamoyavs

adamians esa Tu is nivTi im saerTo sakuTrebidan, romelSiac is bunebam moaTavsa.

ramdenadac Sroma mSromelis bunebrivi sakuTrebaa, amdenad sxvas aravisa aqvs

ufleba pretenzia ganacxados am nivTze, romelsac erTxel mainc miekara

mSromeli. Sromas Seaqvs gansxvaveba sazogados da kerZos Soris, radgan man iseTi

ram miumata nivTs, rac am saganSi ar Caudevs bunebas. yovelive amiT, nivTi

60

jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb

jon loki cnobilia rogorc empirizmis, asociaciuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi

fuZemdebeli. loki aris Zalze mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtori tolerantizmis

da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. politikur problemebze lokis ZiriTadi Sromaa “ori

traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelsiac man daicva da ganaviTara hobsis

liberalizmi. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelsiac jer mocemulia ser

robert filmeris doqtrinis sarkastuli kritika, xolo meore nawilSi

dalagebulia lokis sakuTari liberalistuli doqtrina. ser robert filmeri,

romelsac loki ase daundoblad akritikebs Tavis naSromSi, gaxlavT is avtori,

romelmac Tavs ido hobsis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli

saxelmwifos Teoriis kritika da am mizniT gamoaqveyna sakuTari nawarmoebi _

“patriarqi” — romelSiac is monarqiuli politikuri sistemis (konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, laparaki iyo stiuartebis samefo gvarze) RvTaebrivi warmoSobis

doqtrinis ganviTarebas cdilobda. filmeris es mcdeloba ar yofila

restavrirebuli samefo karis mxolod gulismosagebi maamebluri aqcia. aseT

SemTxvevaSi namdvilad ar Rirda masze yuradRebis SeCereba. filmeris mizans,

“levaTanSi” warmodgenili saxelmwifos konvencionaluri Teoriis uaryofa

warmoadgenda, risTvisac is aviTarebda moanarqiuli xelisuflebis sul

sxvagvari warmoSobis Tvalsazriss. “leviaTanSi” wamoyenebul Teorias dam-

cvelad loki moevlina. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar iyo filmeris

doqtrinis ususurobis demonstarcia. lokma, Cans, gaiTvaliswina hobsis Teoriis

susti mxareebi da scada gaeSala konvencionalizmis pozitiuri Sinaarsi.

lokis meore traqtati iwyeba erTgvari zogadi poziciis moniSvniT, romelic

lokTan saerTo unda hqondes yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Zaladoba ar aris da, rom arsebobs sul sxva

sawyisebi, gansxvavebuli mxecebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “Zalismieri samarT-

lisagan”. amitom, am poziciis sapirispirod warmodgenili unda iyos politikuri

xelisuflebis alternaliuli dafuZneba.

filmeris Teoria emyareboda ojaxis mamis Zalauflebis eqstrapolacias

monarqiaze. es sakiTxi axali ar aris. igi cnobilia jer kidev antikuri

politikuri Teoriidan. gavixsenoT, misi analizi aristotelesTan. lokic

arsitoteles kvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT saxelmwifo moxelis

Zalaufleba kerZo pirze, mamisa — Svilze, batonis Zalaufleba Tavis msaxurebze,

qmrisa — colze da, bolos monaTmflobelisa — monebze. yvela aRniSnuli

mimarTeba aris ZalauflebiTia, margam ara yvela maTgania politikuri. am

ukanasknels mxolod pirveli wyvili warmoadgens da mis bunebaSi gasarkvevad,

unda jer politikuri Zalauflebis fenomeni gaviazroT. politikuri

Zalaufleba — gansazRvravs loki — aris sakuTrebis da adamianTa dacvisaTvis

aucilebeli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba, im kanonebis gamocemis ufleba,

romlebic, damatebiT, saSualebas mogvcemda gamogveyenebina saerTo Zalisxmeva,

raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos aRniSnuli kanonebis Sesruleba da saxelmwifos

usafrTxoeba gare Tavdasxmebis SemTxvevaSi (1.263). vnaxoT axla, Tu ra principebs

emyareba politikuri Zalaufleba, ra unda vigulisxmoT mis fundamentSi.

vidre uSualod lokis argumentacias SevexebodeT, gvinda oriode sityviT

SevCerdeT lokis mier masalis gadmocemis maneraze, romelic Camohgavs wlebis

Semdeg, hegelis mier gamoyenebul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobda sakvlevi

obieqtis carieli cnebis aRebas dasawyisSi, romelic TandaTan unda Sevsebuliyo

pozitiuri SinaarsiT. amis msgavsad, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRmovaCenT, rom

naSromSi loki araerTxel ubrundeba Tundac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis

fenomens, magram Temis yoveli xelaxali garCevis dros ueWveli xdeba, rom

gacilebiT meti viciT sakiTxze, vidre wina gverdebze vicodiT.

57

SeuZlia Tan waiyolos Tavisi qoneba, sadac ki wava. Rirebulebis am sazomisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelsac saerTaSoriso mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro valutis

funqcias ufro asrulebs, hobsi saubrobs kidev adgilobriv monetazedac, anu

fulis imgvar erTeulze, romelsac ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mxolod adgilobriv

bazarze aqvs gamoyeneba.

saxelmwifosac hyavs STamomavloba, Svilebi. saxelmwifos Svilebi misi

koloniebia. kolonistebs hobsi gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: “es aris adamianTa

jgufebi, meTauris, gubernatoris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic gagzavnilia

saxelmwifos mier im mizniT, rom daasaxlos sxva qveyana, romelsac an adreve ar

hyavda mosaxleoba, an es mosaxleoba dakarga omebis gamo” (1.271). arsebobs

koloniis sul mcire ori saxe. erT SemTxvevaSi, kolonia, Tavisi axal-

mosaxleebiT, Tavisufldeba suverenis qveSevrdomobidan da misTvis gadasaxadis

gadaxdis valdebulebisagan. igi ayalibebs damoukidebel saxelmwifos. aseTi iyo

Zveli samyaros koloniebis umravlesoba. saxelmwifo, saidanac es koloniebi

gamovidnen metropoliad, deda saxelmwifod iwodeba da masTan koloniebs

SesaniSnavi ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSrebi hqondaT. rac Seexeba

kolonialobis meore formas, mis yvelze gavrcelebul formad hobsi romis

kolonializms miiCnevs, romlisaTvis, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba uqonda

koloniis samarTlebriv da politikur daqvemdebarebas metropoliisadmi, rac,

rogorc varaudoben, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis sazRvrebis zrdis wyaro Seiqmna,

magram, meore mxriv, warmoSobda mudmiv daZabulobas romsa da mii calkeul

provinciebs Soris.

sayuradReboa, rom kolonializmis swored am or formaze aCerebs

yuradRebas adam smiTi Tavis “erebis simdidris mizezebSi”, oRond sakiTxs

gacilebiT ufro detalurad exeba mas rogorc zogadpolitikuri kuTxiT, aseve

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis TalsazrisiTac. axla, ramdenadac am sakiTxis ufro

detaluri gadmocemis arc droa da arc adgili, Cven ubralod SegviZlia

davafiqsiroT, rom koloniebis problemis kvlevis prioriteti Tomas hobss

ekuTvnis

literatura

1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1965., том 2 (c. 149-169; 192-244; 265-272).

2. Laurence Berns – Thomas Hobbes., in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (?-? pp.).

56

mSromeli adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Semovida (1.277).

aRniSnuli msjelobebi kidev erTi implikaciis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod,

Sroma qmnis gansxvavebas saganTa RirebulebebSi. ueWvelia, rom damuSavebul da

daumuSavebel miwis nakveTebs sxvadasxva fasi eqnebaT iseve, rogorc arsebobs

gansxvaveba dakrefil da bazarze gamotanil nayofs da igive xis nayofs Soris

xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi.

nivTis vinmes sakuTrebaSi gadasvlas ar sWirdeba danarCeni adamianebis

Tanxmoba, raime konvencia. nivTi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi jer bunebam, xolo

Semdeg sazogadoebrivma xelSekrulebam moaTavsa da mis iqedan gamoyvana

SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis safuZvelze. Sroma ganamtkicebs adamianis

sakuTrebas nivTze gonebis kanonebis karnaxiT. is gveubneba, rom indielis mier

monadirebuli iremi misi sakuTrebaa. es igive bunebis kanonia. bunebis kanoni

gangvisazRvravs ara mxolod sakuTrebis arsebas, aramed mis zomasac, anu imas, Tu

ramdenis sakuTrebaze SeuZlia adamians hqondes pretenzia saerTo

mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebidan. sakuTari Sromis fasad adamians SeuZlia

imdenis miTviseba, ramdenic saWiroa misTvis, vidre nivTi ar daiwyebs gafuWebas.

rac zomis am kanons scildeba, is ukve sxvisi sakuTrebis sferoSia.

mocemul istoriul momentSi - ambobs loki — sakuTrebad iqceva ara imdenad

is, rac modis miwaze, aramed Tavad miwa. miwac SeiZleba zomis farglebSi

ganisazRvros. kerZod, miwis is nakveTi, romelic SeuZlia daamuSaos erTma

adamianma da sakmarisad moixmaros masze moyvanili produqti, aris am adamianis

sakuTreba. erT dros miwis nakveTis amgvarad miTviseba ar uqmnida problemebs

sxva adamianebs, radgan miwa sakmaod iyo. sakuTrebis wesi ambobs — yovel adamians

unda hqondes imdeni, ramdenis miTvisebasac is SesZlebs. ufro metisadmi

miswrafeba, vidre es Wirdeba adamians, Secvala saganTa Sinagani Rirebuleba. aq

loki ise msjelobs, rom Cndeba azri, TiTqos Tavdapirveli miTviseba da

sakuTreba iyo samarTliani, rac mas Semdeg dairRva, rac gaCnda fuli da oqrom

SeiZina is Rirebuleba, romelic mas dRes gaaCnia. miwis nakveTis miTvisebiT xom

sulac ar dazaralebula sxva. am miwaze axla gacielebiT meti modis, vidre mis

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas.

is, rac dasawyisSi sakuTrebad iqca Sromis saSualebiT, SemdgomSi, sazo-

gadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ZaliT iqna aseTad nacnobi. oqros vercxls da

briliants Rirebuleba mianiWa TviTnebobam an xelSekrulebam, Torem maT

TavisTavad araviTari sargebeli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da uzrun-

velyofisavis ar moaqvs. lokis mier fuli ganisazRvreba rogorc grZelvadiani

nivTi, romelic SeiZleba gaufuWeblad iyos adamianis sakuTrebaSi didi xnis

manZilze da romelic konvencionalurad gaxdeba sxva saWiro nivTebze gacvlis

saSualeba. is gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis Rirebulebis sazomi. Tumca, loki

SeniSnavs, rom is aseTia mxolod konvencionalurad da, rom realuri sazomi

mainc Sromaa. qonebrivi Tanasworobis balansi irRveva mas Semdeg, rac Cndeba

fuli rogorc dagrovebis saSualeba. magram Tavad qonebrivi uTanasworobis

gaCena, lokis azriT, xorcieldeba sazogadoebis xelSekrulebis gareT, mas

Semdeg, rac Cumi SeTanxmebiT, oqrosa da vercxls miaweres Rirebuleba da misi

fulad gamoyeneba daiwyes. saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi sakuTrebas da miwis

mflobelobas gansazRvravs arsebuli konstituciebi.

magram, ras warmoadgens “Cumi SeTanxmeba”? am terminTan dakavSirebiT rigi

siZneleebi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba Tavad terminis Sinaarss. garda

amisa, gaurkvevelia, Cumi Tanxmoba avaldebulebs Tu ara adamians moiqces iseve,

rogorc Cveulebrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT Cumi

Tanxmoba da ra saxis funqcionireba gaaCnia mas, loki ambobs Semdegs: “yoveli

adamiani, romelic flobs an iyenebs romelime saxelmwifos teritorias, iZleva

Cum Tanxmobas. aq laparakia ara mxolod sakuTrebis flobaze, aramed saboloo

jamSi, adamianis Tavad arsebobaze mocemuli teritoriis farglebSi” (1.332). Tu

romelime pirovneba SeTanxmebaSi Sedis saxelmwifosTan, es niSnavs, rom

SeTanxmebis sagani xdeba am pirovnebis sakuTrebac. Tu piri SexebaSi modis

saxelmwifos teritoriaSi Semaval miwasTan (an mflobelobis, an masze moyvanil

produqtze sakuTrebis azriT) is imyofeba Cumi Tanxmobis mdgomareobaSi.

61

4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba

RmerTma adamiani iseTi Seqmna, rom is yovelTvis eswrafvis sazogadoebaSi

yofnas. pirveli sazogadoeba Sedgeboda qmrisa da colisagan, ramac biZgi misca

sazogadoebis warmoSobas — mSoblebi da Svilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, amas

daemata batons da msaxuris asociaciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mmarTvelic

aris da marTulic, aseTi sazogadoeba, rac ar unda didi iyos is, araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar aris politikuri sazogadoeba. loki araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari mizania sakuTrebis SenarCuneba (1.310).

politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma TiToeulma

wevrma nebayoflobiT uari Tqva sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari qonebis dacvis

bunebiT uflebaze da es ufleba gadasca sazogadoebas, romelsac nebismier dros

SeuZlia mimarTos dxmarebisaTvis, im SemTxvevebis garda, romelic gamoricxulia

am sazogadoebis kanonebiT. es ki gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris kerZo sasa-

marTloebs da maT adgils, rogorc Suamavali, ikavebs saxelmwifo. amrigad, Tu

adamianebi garTianebulni arian erT mTlianobad ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da

sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic

uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebi da dasajos

damnaSaveebi — maSin vaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadeba (1.311). Tu adamianebs aseTi

kanoni da sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT da yoveli individi Tavadaa rogorc

mosmarTle, aseve jalaTi, maSin es xalxi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.

politikuri sazogadoebis da mmarTvelobis mTavri mizani sakuTrebis

SenarCunebaa imitom, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia

ramdenime mizezis gamo, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa: a) dadgenili kanonis

ararseboba, romelic iqneboda samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis sazomi; b) kanonebSi

ganswavluli, mcodne da miukerZoebebli mosamarTlis ar arseboba; da bolos, g)

ar arsebobs Zala, romelic kanonebs moiyvanda moqmedebaSi.

loki bevrs laparakobs sasamarTlos mniSvnelobasa da funqciebze, Tumca

sasamarTlo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelisuflebo Sto, mis SromaSi ar figu-

rirebs. loki calke gamoyofs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, calke aRmas-

rulebel xelisuflebas. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze

gadasasvlelad, orive saWirod miaCnia (1.312). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, is

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawiladaa warmodgenili: da amas gadavyavarT

bunebrivi mdgomareobidan saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac Cndeba mosamarTle,

romelsc aqvs ufleba gadaWras yvela sadavo sakiTxi da aunazRauros zarali,

romelic SeiZleba miadges saxelmwifos nebismier wevrs.

es mosamarTle warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an mis mier daniSnul

Tanamdebobis pirs. am mosazrebidan loks gamoyavs mtkiceba, monarqiuli

mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sazoagdoebasTan SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. marTlac,

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania Tavidan aicilos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is niSani,

romlis drosac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavis saqmeSi mosamarTle. es ki

xorcieldeba imgvari saxelisuflebo organizaciis SeqmniT, romelsac miakiTxavda

yovel wuTs adamiani. Tu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piri, romelsac araviTari

saWiroeba ara aqvs aseT dawesebulebas mimarTos, maSin es piri (gasagebia, rom aq

laparakia monarqze) bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. marTlac, monarqad yofna

gulisxmobs, rom am pirs abaria rogorc sakanonmdeblo, asve aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba da ar arsebobs mosamarTle, romelsac is mimarTavda saqmis gasarCevad.

Cven ukve viciT, rom politikuri sazogadoeba Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi uars

amboben ra bunebiT Tavisuflebaze (adamianebi ki bunebiT Tavisuflebi, Tanasworebi da

damoukideblebi ibadebian da amitom erTaedrTi gza sxvis Zalauflebas

daqvemdebarebisa aris am adamianebis sakuTari uari Tavis Tavisuflebaze) im mizniT,

rom sxva adamianebTan erTad uzrunvelyon usafrTxo da bednieri cxovreba. rogorc ki

adamianebi amgvarad gaerTiandebian politikur organizmad, im droidan umravlesobas

eZleva ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba da imoqmedos sxvebis saxeliTac (1.317). rac

Seexeba umciresobas, is rogorc erTiani organizmis nawili, valdebulia daemorCilos

umravelesobis mosazrebas da imoqmedos maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. swored

amitom aris xolme rom sakanonmdeblo organizaciebSi umravlesobis azri mTelis

azradaa miCneuli. amrigad, xelSekruleba organizebulia sazogadoebis yoveli wevris

62

5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba

Zalze zogadad Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas subieqtma

ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli qceva. am qcevis mTavari moqmedi agenti, yvela

SemTxvevaSi adamiania da ara misi calkeuli mxare. ase magaliTad, rodesac

saubaria metyvelebis Tu Tu nebis Tavisuflebaze, aq yovelTvis adamianis

Tvisufleba igulisxmeba. igulisxmeba, rom mas araferi uwevs winaaRmdegobas

gaakeTos is, saiTac misi neba, survili, Tu midrekileba ubiZgebs. Tavisufleba

savsebiT Seesatyviseba SiSs. Tu adamiani kanonis SiSiT asrulebs saxelmwifo

valdebulebebs, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom is ar aris Tavisufali. igive

mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tavisuflebis RvTaebriv aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT.

RmerTs rom ar surdes adamianis Tavisufleba, maSin Tavisufeli nebis arseboba

winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda RvTaebriv wesrigTan.

magram arsebobs sul sxva saxis SemzRudveli garemoebebi, romelTac ufro

xelovnuri xasiaTi aqvT da momdinareoben im xelSekrulebidan, romlis ZaliTac

adamianebma Seqmnes samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba. am mimarTulebiT uzrun-

velyofili adamianis Tavisufleba iqneba samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, anu rogorc

hobsi uwodebs, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba

vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela im sferoze, romelsac suverenma

mdumared auara gverdi. maT Sorisaa yidva-gayidvis Tavisufleba, sacxovrebeli

adgilis SerCevis Tavisufleba, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisuf-

leba, sakvebi, cxovrebis wesi bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrdis

Tavisufleba da, mravali, mravali sxva, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris

kanonmdeblobaSi. sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSiac yvela

msgavsi detali gaTvaliswinebuli da reglamentirebuli iqneboda. igulisxmeba,

rom qveSevrdomebs am mimarTulebiT sruli Tavisufleba aqvT. es Tavisufleba,

amasTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudvel ZalauflebasTan. qalaq

lukas mcxovreblebs iseve aqvT valdebulebebi xelisuflebis mimarT, rogorc

konstantinepolis mcxovreblebs. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba erTgvaria rogorc

monarqiaSi, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi (1.237).

garda im Tavisuflebebisa, romlebic qveSevrdomebs gaaCniaT yofiT situ-

aciebis umetes nawilSi, rig SemTxvevebSi maT rCebaT Tavisufleba TviT

suverenTan mimarTebiTac ki. aseTia, magaliTad, viTareba, rodesac suvereni qve-

Sevrdoms mosakvdineblad miuCens vinmes (mniSvneloba ara aqvs, am dros,

qveSevrdomi msjavrdadebulia Tu ara), yvela SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdoms rCeba

Tavdacvis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba. meorea viTareba, rodesac vinme da-

kiTxvaze imyofeba. adamiani valdebuli ar aris aRiaros danaSauli, radgan arc

erT xelSekrulebas ar SeuZlia daavaldebulos adamiani daidanaSaulos Tavi da

a.S.

6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi

saxelmwifos finansuri keTildReoba damokidebulia produqtis siWarbeze,

momzadebaze, gagzavnaze daniSnulebis adgilze da mis ganawilebaze moqalaqeTa

Soris. produqtis siWarbe ganisazRvreba Sromaze da adamianis gulmodginebaze.

adamianis Sroma, hobsis azriT, aris saqoneli, rac yvelaze ufro cxadad imaSi

vlindeba, rom igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos nebismier sxva saqonelze.

sakuTrebis ganawilebis problema yvela mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umaRles

xelisuflebas miekuTvneba. sakuTrebis Semotana saxelmwifos arsebobis piro-

bebSi, xorcieldeba suverenis mier. hobsis es mtkiceba ufro wonadi gaxdeba mas

Semdeg, rac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq laparakia ara imdenad calkeuli nivTebis

flobaze, aramed sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrel saxeebze. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma

am periodSi aris sakuTreba miwaze, romlis ganawilebisa da SenarCunebis

sakiTxebSi, cxadia, ereva suvereni.

calke exeba hobsi fulis arss, mis bunebas da funqciebs saxelmwifoSi.

Tavidan is laparakobs oqro-vercxlis Sesaxeb, romelTac igi yvela sagnis

Rirebulebis xelsayrel sazoms uwodebs. am sazomis saSualebiT, adamians

55

• igive mosazrebebiT igi uflebamosilia gansajos saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli

literaturis avkargianoba. daadginos principebi imisa, Tu ra saxis

literaturaa saWiro da romeli avtorebi unda iyvnen rekomendirebulni;

• suverens ekuTvnis, agreTve gansakuTrebuli aqtis ufleba, romelic adgens

sakuTrebis uflebas (da sakuTreba ki arsebobs mxolod adamianTa

politikur mdgomareobaSi, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas

yvelaferze aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba), mis sazRvrebs da kanonebs sakuTrebis

irgvliv arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mosagvareblad;

• suvereni iTavsebs umaRlesi mosamarTlis funqciasac, rodesac sadavo

xdeba Tavad kanoni, sulerTia, es kanoni aris bunebiTi, Tu samoqalaqo;

• suverenis kompetenciaSi Sedis omis da mSvidobis sakiTxebi. is aris

umaRlesi mTavarsardali da marTavs qveynis SeiaraRebul Zalebs;

• suvereni Tavad irCevs yvela samoqalaqo pirs, rogorc samxedro, aseve

samoqalaqo Tanamdebobaze. mas SeuZlia warCinebis niSnebiT daajildovos

yvela piri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. daRildoebaSi

Sedis rogorc Rirsebis sxvadasxva ordeniT, aseve titulebiT da qonebiT

dajildoeba.

am ZiriTadi uflebebis garda, ra Tqma unda, kidev arsebobs sxva uflebebic,

romelTa CamoTvlas aq aRar gavagrZelebT. ufro mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze,

rom suverens am funqciebis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. amave dros, arsebobs sruliad

sxva saxis sakiTxebis rigi, romelTa gadawyveta suverens SeuZlia sruliad

usafrTxod miandos romelime Tavis qveSevrdoms. aseTia, magaliTad, fulis

moWra, mcirewlovanTa memkvidreobis sakiTxebi, bazris regulirebis problemebi

da sxva. magram mas ar SeuZlia gaasxvisos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia,

radgan Tu is mTavarsardlobas sxvas Caabarebs, maSin, realur Zalas moklebuli,

veRarc umaRles mosamarTleobas ganaxorcielebs. Tu is uars ityvis qveynis

finansebis gankargvaze, maSin ver gamokvebavs jars da a.S.

hobsis es da yvela sxva msgavsi msjelobebi garkveul komentarebs saWiroebs.

jer erTi, isini metyveleben imaze, rom arsebobs suverenis kompetenciis

ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi da araarsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da rom arsebiTi

maxasiaTeblebis suverenis cnebis gareT gatana angrevs mis kompetencias. garda

amisa, hobsis kvalifikaciebidan sakmaod naTlad Cans, rom igi mowinaaRmdegea

xelisuflebis danawilebisa. suvereni aris rogorc umarlesi kanonmdebeli,

aseve umaRlesi aRmasuflebeli moxele da mosamarTle. avtori arc malavs, rom

aq laparakia arsebiT ZalTa danawilebaze. mizezi misi aseTi poziciisa, aris

samoqalaqo omi, rac hobsis azriT, ori xelisuflebis, ori armiis logikuri

Sedegi iyo. formula “gaxleCili samefo ar SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos” (1.206) -

swored am viTarebas afiqsirebs.

umaRlesi xelisufalis xelSi aseTi Zlauflebis koncentracia bunebrivad

warmoSobs eWvs qveSevrdomTa saerTo mdgomareobis Taobaze. isini SeiZleba

ukmayofiloni gaxdnen monarqiiT da TavianTi uuflebobiT. hobsi SeniSnavs, rom

sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebiT raRac ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs da rpm is

araferia im sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, rac politikur cxovrebas moaqvs bunebiTi

mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu vityviT, rom mmarTvelobis monarqiuli

formaa qveSevrdomTaTvis mZime, avtors amazedac aqvs pasuxi (sxva sakiTxia, ra

Tqma unda, gaviziarebT Tu ara Cven mas), rom viTareba didiad gansxvavebuli ar

aris arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, radgan, rogorc gamocdileba

gviCvenebs, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi vela TavianT ubedurebas,

mmarTvelobis am wess miaweren. “xelisufleba ki — SeniSnavs hobsi — rodesac is

miaRwevs Tavis srlyofil formas, erTgvaria yvela mis formaSi” (1.208).

54

mier yovel sxva wevrTan d TiToeuli iRebs valdebulebas daemorCilos da mihyves

umravlesobis nebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis romelime wevrs rCeba Tavisi

Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebis Tavisufleba, maSin xelSekruleba Semdgarad ar

CaiTvleba (1.318).

rodesac svaven kiTxvas bunebrivi mdgomareobis realurobis Taobaze, loki

marTalia aRiarebs istoriuli cnobebis ar arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor

ganxorcielda es gadasvla, magram miaCnia, rom aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT TiTqos

gadasvlas saerTod ar hqonda adgili. realur nimuSad, loki asaxelebs romis da

venecis istorias (1.320). amrigad — askvnis magaliTebis mimoxilvis Semdeg loki —

maTi politikuri szogadoebebi yvela daiwyo nebayoflobiTi kavSirebiT da

urTierTTanxmobiT adamianebisa, romlebic mmarTvelebis arCevisas da

mmarTvelobis formebis SerCevaSi moqmdebdnen Tavisuflad (1.321). lokis es

mosazreba sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac aq SegviZlia davafiqsiroT

“sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ufro da ufro didi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.

marTlac, jer laparaki iyo iseT gaerTianebaze, romelSiac ikveTeba adamianTa

saerTo neba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTrebis dacva. Semdeg koncefciaSi, mis

aucilebel pirobad, Semovida sasamarTlo, Semdeg xelisuflebis danawileba,

umravlesobis mmarTveloba da axla, bolos vigebT, rom sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mmarTvelis da mmarTvelobis formebis arCeviTobas.

ganvixiloT axla calke saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi.

5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa

mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebidan, loki detalurad ganixilavs mxolod

demokratias, oligarqias da monarqias. monarqiaSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv,

memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo meore mxriv ki, arCeviTi monarqia. rac Seexeba

ara mmarTvelobis romelime konkretul formas, aramed zogadad saxelmwifos,

rogorc aseTs, loki mas aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs: “saxelmwifos qveS me

yovelTvis vgulisxmob ara demokratias, an mmarTvelobis sxva romelime formas,

aramed nebismier damoukidebel sazogadoebas, romelsac laTinebi ‘civitas’-s

uwodebdnen, rasac Cven enaze ukeT Seesabameba “commonwelth” (1.338)

saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis forma — wers loki — irkveva imis mixedviT, Tu vis

xelSia umaRlesi xelisufleba. amasTan, umaRles xelisuflebaze saubrisas,

loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba. arc erTi

ganCineba, romelic sanqcionirebuli ar aris xalxis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebis mier, ar SeiZleba Sevides ZalaSi, radgan swored aseTi

sanqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs es ganCineba saxalxo Tanxmobis Zalas. zogadad

ki “sakanonmdebloa xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs ufleba miuTiTos, Tu rogor

unda iyos gamoyenebuli saxelmwifos Zala imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iyos

Tanamegobroba da misi wevrebi” (1.346). sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis

ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, lokis mixedviT, mas gaaCnia

mniSvnelovani SezRudvebi. kerZod, a) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesi

xelisuflebis formaa, magram is Zalze Sors aris misi moqalaqeebisadmi

absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebis flobisagan. es mtkiceba avtors

gamoyavs im Tezisisgan, rom aravis aqvs absoluturi, despoturi Zalaufleba

sakuTar Tavze da Tu aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT individebs, gasagebia, rom maT ar

SuZliaT gadascen es xelisufleba sxvas. bunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia

kacobriobis SenarCuneba; b) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes despoturi myisieri ganCinebebis saSualebiT. piriqiT, misi

mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes winaswar cnobil, mdgrad kanonmdeblobas, rasac

ganaxorcieleben specialurad amisaTvis arsebuli pirebi; g)umaRlesi

xelisufleba uflebamosili ar aris sakuTreba CamoarTvas romelime adamians

misi Tanxmobis gareSe. es gasagebia, radgan rogorc araerTxel iTqva,

xelisufleba iqmneba sakuTrebis dasacavad, risTviac adamianebi erTiandebian

sazogadoebd. aqedan, saxelmwifos da, maSasadame, xelisuflebis arsebobis

winapiroba sakuTrebis flobaa; xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis

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mareglirebeli kanonebis miReba, magram ara misi mospoba an miTviseba. da bolos,

d) sakanonmdeblo organos ar SeuZlia sxvis xelSi gadasces kanonis gamocemis

ufleba. “mxolod xalxs SeuZlia saxelmwifos formis gansazRvra da amas is

akeTebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeqmniT da maTi daniSvniT, vis xelSiac

iqneba es xelisufleba” (1.345). am SezRudvebis garda, gasaTvaliswunebelia isic,

rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens sakrebulos, romlis Semadgen-

loba mTlianad icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am sakrebulos wevrebis

daSlis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian da sxva moqalaqeebis msgavsad

emorCilebian sxelmwifos kanonebs. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sxva prin-

cipebze mowyobis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, Tu sakrebulos Semadgenloba mudmivia

an erTi adamianis xelSia), arsebobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe.

ramdenadac kanonebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, magram gamiznulebi arian

xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis, saxelmwifo saWiroebs myar Zalas, romelic

uzrunvelyofs maT ganxorcielebas, an ganxorcielebis kontrols. xelisuflebis am

gansxvavebuli funqciidan gamomdinare, loki moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebisagan gaimijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRmasrulebeli

xelisufleba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi piriT, romelic umaRlesi

aRmasrulebeli iqneba. Tu es piri an monawileobs amave dros sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebaSi, is mTlianad angariSvaldebulia mis mimarT. aRmasrulebeli

xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani niSania misi mudmiv samuSao mdgomareobaSi yofna.

marTlac, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,Tuki is Seikribeba drodadro, uproblemod

gaarTmevs Tavs dakisrebl amocanas, rasac ver vityviT aRmasrulebel

xelisuflebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, agreTve

axali arCevnebis daniSvna sakanonmdeblo sakrebuloSi. es SeiZleba orgvarad

ganxorcieldes: an amgvari arCevnebis pirobebi gawerilia konstituciaSi da maSin

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas isRa darCenia, rom zogado xelmZRvaneloba gauwios am

arCevnebs, an aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs da aRmasrulebeli Tavad gansazRvravs mis

vadebs da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs.

loki saubrobs xelisuflebis kidev erT Stoze, romelic Tanamedrove

politikur praqikasa da TeoriaSi ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxiT.

Tumca Tavad lokic SeniSnavs paragrafis bolos, rom xelisufleis am Stos

aRmasrulebelisagan damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, SesaZloa wamgebianic ki

iyos saxelmwfosaTvis. es aris, e.w. federaluri xelisufleba. federaluri

xelisufleba igive aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa misi im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu

Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dkavebulia sazogedoebis municipa-

luri kanonebis aRsrulebiT Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, federaluri

xelisuflebis sazrunavia sazogadoebis sagareo interesebis dacva da qveynis

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am federalur xelisuflebas, rig SemTxvevebSi,

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, magram misi specifikidan

gamomdinare, Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xalisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, is

naklebad uwevs angariSs qveyanaSi momqmed mdgrad kanonmdeblobas. aq gacilebiT

metia damokidebuli im pasuxismgebeli pirebis gonierebasa da ostatobaze, visac

saxelmwifom politikis es sfero miando.

marTalia saxlemwifoSi realurad arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela sxva, saboloo jamSi masze maRali

instanciac arsebobs. saboloo Zalauflebis wyaro mainc xalxia, romelsac, Tu

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba uvargisia, SeuZlia gadaaayenos an Sescvalos

sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis Semadgenloba (1.349). Tu aseTi ram moxda, es niSnavs,

rom xelisufleba daubrunda pirvelwyaros, radgan sazogadoeba, xalxi yovelTvis

inarCunebs uflebas sakuTari Tavis xsnisaTvis warmoadgendes uzenaes

saxelisuflebo Zalas saxelmwifoSi, romelic misi miznebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.

literatura:

1. 1. Джон Локк – «Два трактата о правлении», в кн. Джон Локк, Избранные произведения в трех томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1988., том 3 (c. 263-290; 306-356).

2. Laurence Berns – John Locke, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .

64

rom moZalade suverenis xelisufleba (gnebavT, Zaladobis principuli forma

rom aviRoT saxelmwifos formirebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac saxelmwifo

dapyrobebis Sedegad iqmneba) xelSekrulebis Sedegia? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis

SegviZlia mivakiTxoT hobsis mier berZnuli terminis “ δεσποτηζ“ (batoni,

patroni) analizs.

rodis xdeba mavani ama Tu im piris batoni? pasuxisaTvis hobsi laparakobs

damonebis erT formaze — omSi mopovebul monebze. mavani batoni xdeba ara maSin,

rodesac is daamarcxebs, miwaze dascems metoqes, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg,

rodesac es ukanaskneli sakuTari sicocxlis fasad gamarjvebulis sakuTreba

xdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom TviT am sazRvriT SemTxvevaSiac urTierTobas batonsa da

monas Soris xelSekruleba adgens. aqedan, Znelia ar aris igive principebis

gavrceleba ZaladobiT mopovebul saxelmwifo suverenobis im formaze, romelic

Zaladobrivi gziT Camoyalibda. es ki niSnavs, rom moZalade xelisufalze

zustad igive principebi xorcieldeba, romelic vrceldeba Cveulebrivi

xelSekrulebiT warmoSobil xelisuflebis sxva formaze (1.226).

saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ras

warmoadgens am saxelmwifoSi is, vinc warmoadgens yvelas da TiToeuls, anu ras

warmoadgens suvereni. (1.209). am principis Sesabamisad, hobsisaTvis arsebobs

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sul sami ZiriTadi forma: monarqia, aristokratia da

demokratia. rac Seexeba tiraniasa da oligarqias, isini mxolod monarqiis da

aristokratiis uaryofiTi nairsaxeobebia. ufro zustad, “tirania” da

“oligarqia” aris negatiuri daxasiaTebebi monarqiisa da aristokratiisaTvis. es

sami ZiriTadi forma imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, Tu romeli maTgani ufro

gamosadegia ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebaSi — qveSevrdomebis usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofaSi. hobsi miuTiTebs, rom kriteriumad aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia

aviRoT interesebis Tanxvedra. sadac sazogadoebis interesebi yvelaze metad

emTxveva xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomTa interesebs, iq ufro ukeT realizdeba

saxelmwifos funqciebi da amocanebi. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, monarqiaSi xdeba,

radgan monarqis saxels, didebas da simdidres gansazRvravs misi qveSevrdomebis

saxeli, dideba da simdidre. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gvarwmunebs, hobsi,

demokratiasa da aristokratiaSi, isini, vinc suverens ganaxorcieleben, maTi

piradi interesebi gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos interesebisagan.

4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi

Cven ukve viciT, rom “suvereniT”, hobsis TeoriaSi, aRiniSneba xelisuflebis

uzenaesi piri, sul erTia am pirs warmoadgens erTi adamiani, Tu adamianTa jgufi.

rogorc vnaxeT, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT fuZndeba aseTi

saxelmwifo posti, romelsac ikavebs esa Tu is adamiani, Semdeg kontraqtis

gauqmeba masTan da axali kontraqtis dadeba sxva pirTan aRar SeiZleba. suverenis

xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi formaa misi sakuTari nebiT postidan

gadadgoma. ramdenadme paradoqsulad es niSani vrceldeba ara mxolod im tipis

suverenze, romelic warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aramed

imazedac, vinc suverenuli uflebebi moipova Zalis gamoyenebiT da Cven ukve

viciT, rom hobsi am or saxes Soris principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs. maT Soris

msgavsebaa SiSis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tu suverenis posti politikurad

myardeba, amisaken adamianebs ubiZgebs erTmaneTis SiSi, xolo Tu saxelmwifo

yalibdeba dapyrobiT, maSin SiSis sagani dampyroblis Zalmomreobaa. TviT aseT

SemTxvevaSic, mxolod sakuTari nebiT gadadgoma iqneba suverenis xelisuf-

lebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi forma.

amis garda, suverens aqvs sxva niSnebic, romelic SemosazRvravs mis Zala-

uflebasa da kompetencias. SevexoT ramdenime maTgans. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes,

rom suverenis yvela ufleba momdinareobs misi, rogorc qveSevrdomebis

usafrTxoebis garantorobidan. Sesabamisad, pirveli misi uflebaa iyos saboloo

gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic exeba misi qveSevrdomebis

mSvidobas da dacvas.

53

mimarTavda maT saerTo miznebis Sesasruleblad.

rogor, ris safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas sajaro xelisufleba? hobsi wers:

“aseTi sajaro xelisufleba ... SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi gziT,

kerZod, mTeli Zalauflebis, adamianTa Zalis erT adamianSi an adamianTa

sakrebuloSi TavmoyriT” (1.196). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba

xalxis warmomadgeneli unda iyos da TiTueulma moqalaqem sakuTari neba unda

dauqvemdebaros saerTo nebis matarebel personas. aseTi erTianoba — hobsis

azriT — ufro metia, vidre ubralo Tanxmoba an, gnebavT erTsulovneba. es aris

realuri erTianoba xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli erT personaSi imgvarad,

rom xelSekrulebis TiToeul monawile yovel sxva monawilesTan erTad, am erT

personas an sakrebulos Tvlis sakuTari Tavis marTvis uflebis matareblad.

“Tuki aseT raimes adgili eqna — wers hobsi — maSin am wesiT erT personaSi

gaerTianebuli adamianTa erTianoba, iwodeba saxelmwifod, laTinurad — civitas.

aseTia didi leviaTanis, an ufro meti pativis migebiT rom vTqvaT — im mokvdavi

RmerTis dbadeba, romelsac ukvdavi RmerTis safarqveS myofni unda

vumadlodeT mSvidobas da dacvas” (1.196). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos

yoveli wevri Tavis ufllebamosilebas gadaabarebs erT an ramdenime pirs, am

ukanasknelTa xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelic sruliad

sakmarisia saxelmwifos yoveli wevris, mTeli xalxis nebis misamarTad gare mtris

winaaRmdeg an SidaaSlilobis aRsakveTad. am SeniSvnebisa da dazustebebis Semdeg,

saxelmwifos gansazRvreba sabolood ase JRers: “saelmwifo aris erTiani

persona, romlis moqmedebaze pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis dadebiT aiRo

didi raodenobis xalxma, imisTvis, rom am erT personas SesZleboda yvela maTi

Zalis da saxsaris gamoyeneba imgvarad, rogorc is saWirod CaTvlida maTive

mSvidobisa da dacvisaTvis” (1.197). am erTiani personis matarebels ewodeba

suvereni, anu is, vinc aris umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebeli da, vinc

xelSekrilebis ZaliT wamoadgens yvelas. yvela danarCens ewodeba qveSevrdomi.

am umaRlesi postis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an unda gamoyenebuli iyos

fizikuri Zala da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba moxveWiT miRebuli saxelmwifo,

an moqalaqeebma unda dadon nebayoflobiTi xelSekruleba da maSin Cven miviRebT

politikur saxelmwifos.

saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teoria Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs

liberaluri frTis sxva warmomadgenlebTan. is gansakuTrebiT sruladaa

damuSavebuli rusosTan. rusosagan gansxvavebiT, hobsis xelSekrulebis Teoriis

specifika isaa, rom xelSekruleba ideba mxolod qveSevrdomebs Soris da ara

qveSevrdomebs da suverens Soris. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, hobsi uaryofs

suverenis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis marTlzomierebas. hobsi pirdapir

wers, rom am wesiT saxelmwifos Semdgenlebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT axali

xelisuflebis dadeba, romlis ZaliTac isini morCilebas axal pirs gamouc-

xadebdnen. amitom, aravis aqvs monarqis damxobis, qveynis qaosSi Cagdebis da axali

suverenis arCevis ufleba. es wesi, ramdenadme paradoqsulad, ar icvleba arc

maSin, rodesac suvereni daarRvevs raime valdebulebas (1.199). SegviZlia

aRvniSnoT, rom rusos xelSekrulebis Teoriam, romelic subieqtebad mzolod

moqalaqeebs ki ara, aramed TiToeul moqalaqesTan suverenis mier dadebul

garigebasac gulisxmobda, savsebiT logikurad CaTvala SesaZleblad, am

ukanaskneli pasuxismgebloba xedSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis dar-

Rvevis SemTxvevaSi. aman ki revoluciis Teoriuli dasabuTebas gauxsna gza.

3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi

hobsi calke aRar ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos xelSek-

rulebiTi dafuZneba mxolod monarqiul saxelmwifoze vrceldeba, Tu yvela

danarCen formazedac, radgan dadebiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod naTlad

gamosWvivis mis msjelobebSi. aseTi pozicia SesaZloa gaugebrobis wyaro gaxdes,

Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT misi zogierTi SeniSvna. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba

saxelmwifo mowyobis iseT formas, rogoricaa tirania. ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,

52

Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni”

“kanonTa goni” cnobili frangi ganmanaTleblis, monteskies ZiriTadi naS-

romia, romliTac man msoflio saxeli moipova. naSromi or tomad gamovida 1748

wels. “kanonTa goni” ar yofila monteskies pirveli nawarmoebi socialur-

politikur sakiTxebze. sazogadoebis yuradReba monteskiem jer kidev 1721 wels

miipyro, rodesac “sparsuli werilebi” gamoaqveyna, rasac 1734 wels mohyva misi

kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba — “gaazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis

Sesaxeb”. miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli nawarmoebebi originalobiTa da azris

siTamamiT gamoirCeoda, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedrebian “kanonTa gons”,

romelzedac monteskiem oci weli imuSava da unda iTqvas savsebiT gamar-

Tlebuladac, radgan ortomiani gamokvleva warmoadgenda imdroindeli

politikuri mecnierebis erTgvar enciklopedias, an iqneb umjobesia vTqvaT,

Semajamebel naSroms. gamokvlevaSi Tavi moiyara istoriis, politikuri Teoriis,

filosofiis, sociologiis, samarTlisa da saxlemwifoTmcodneobis sakiTxebis

mTelma wyebam. TiToeul maTganSi monteskiem ara mxolod SesaniSnavi gan-

swavluloba gamoavlina, aramed Rrmaazrovain da damajerebeli pasuxebi gasca

mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. monteskies politikuri Sexedulebebis

gadmocemisas, Cven swored am naSromis ZiriTad momentebs ganvixilavT.

1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi

monteskies naSromi im kanonebis bunebis, suliskveTebis Sesaxebaa

saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas rom uZevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, upirveles

yovlisa, saWiroa gavecnoT Tavad kanonis cnebas. kanonis erTi gansazRvreba

identobis niSans svams adamianis gonebas da kanons Soris. kanoni, am azriT, igive

adamianis gonebaa, romlis sxvadasxva mimarTebebi iZleva politikuri da

samoqalaqo kanoonebis saxiT gonebis mimarTebaTa kerZo SemTxvevebs. kanonis

monteskies meore definicia ar gansxvavdeba am cnebis standartuli,

filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebisagan. kerZod, “kanonebi, am sityvis

yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT — aRniSnavs monteskie — aucilebeli mimarTebebia,

romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan” (1.30). es gansazRvreba, cxadia

yvela saganze, da maT Soris, Tu mas azrovnebis sagnad ganvixilavT, adamianzec

vrceldeba. rogorc fizikuri arseba, adamiani, mTlianad bunebis kanonebis

gavlenis qveS imyofeba. magram misi fizikuri mxare ar aris erTaderTi, romelic

bunebis zegavlenas eqvemdebareba. bunebis principebi vrceldeba adamianis

yofazedac da amitom, vidre adamianis sazogadoebriv yofis kanonebs

SevexebodeT, is unda ganvixiloT im mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs

sazogadoebrivs. bunebrivi mdgomareobis Temis analiziT, montekie exmaureba

hobsis Semdeg damkvidrebul tradicias, Tumca, gansxvavebas bunebiT samarTalsa

da sazogadoebriv samarTals Soris, jer kidev aristotele atarebda.

ra daxasiaTebas aZlevs monteskie adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi? mis mier

SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTeba hobsis poziciis sruliad sapirispiroa. kerZod,

ganxilvis nimuSad aRebuli “tyeebSi mokankale velurebi”, misi azriT, Zalze

Sors dganan hobsis mier aRwerili mebrZoli suliskveTebis mqone

adamianebisagan, romlebasc gaCaRebuli hqondaT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.

piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis uZlurebis grZnoba da

SiSis gancdaa pirveli. amitom, bunebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia ara

omis mdgomareoba, aramed mSvidoba. meore, rac adamianebs ubiZgebs moq-

medebisaken, SimSili da sakvebis Ziebis moTxovnilebaa. mesame, sapirispiro

sqesebs Soris urTierTltolva, rac adamianTa pirveli daaxloebis wyaroa. da

bolos, meoTxe da saboloo damakavSirebeli momenti, aris cnobierebis, Semec-

nebis aqtiurobis Sedegi, rac adamianebs Soris aCens im saxis kavSirebs, rac ar

gaaCniaT cxovelebs. sazogadoebrivad cxovrebis survili, ambobs monteskie,

meoTxe, bunebrivi kanonia (1.34).

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis specifika, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis sawyis etapze,

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hobsisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies omis mdgomareobad aqvs gaazrebuli.

sazogadoebaSi adamianebs uqrebaT SiSi iseve, rogorc Tanasworoba grZnoba. maT

nacvlad yalibdeba sakuTari Zalis SegrZneba, rac saomar Setakebebs uZevs

safuZvlad. sazogadoebaSi gaCaRebuli omi orgvaria: omi sazogadoebebs Soris

da omi adamianebs Soris. am orgvari omis Sedegad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi saxis

kanoni:

• kanonebi, romlebic arsegulireben urTierTobas sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris;

saerTaSoriso samarTali.

• kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben urTierTobas erT sazogadoebaSi mmar-

Tvelebs da marTulebs Soris. es kanonebi Seadgenen politikuri samarTlis

masalas, rasac unda davumatoT,

• kanonebi igive sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (moqalaqeTa Soris) urTi-

erTobebs rom aregulirebs da Seadgens samoqalaqo samarTals.

aRniSnuli kanonebis TiToeul jgufs, moqmedebis Sesabamisi mimarTuleba

aqvs. saerTaSoriso, anu xalxTa samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebs Sorisi

urTierTobis, omis da mSvidobis, savaWro kavSirebis da a.S. sakiTxebs. amgvar

problemebs erTmaneTs Soris mTavrobebi wyveten da, gasagebia, amitom, rom maTi

arseboba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis da, politikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas.

politikuri sazogadoeba an politikuri mdgomareoba, romlis SigniTac

politikuri kanonebi moqmedeben, monteskies mixedviT, iqmneba yvela calkeuli

Zalauflebis (mamisa Svilebze, qmrisa colze batonisa msaxurze) gaerTianebis

Sedegad. da bolos, politikuri sazogadoebis Sesqmnelad gaerTianebuli

Zalauflebebi gulisxmoben moqalaqeTa nebis gaerTianebas, rac ukve iZleva

samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. monteskie kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom es sxvadasxva

kanonebi gonebis gansxvavebuli relaciebis Sedegebia da ar aRniSnaven sxvadasxva,

Tundac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferoebs. amitom SemdgomSi cal-

calke aRar ganixileba politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi. mimarTebebs Soris

did zegavlenas axdens rogorc qveynebis fizikuri monacemebi, aseve am

faqtorebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli xalxTa gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi.

Sesabamiad, Cven viRebT xalxebis gansxvavebul kanonebs, Tumca, maT safuZvlad

SesaZloa gonebis erTi da igive relacia idos.

2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi

monteskie ganasxvavebs sul sami tipis mmarTvlobas: respublikas (saxalxo

mmarTvelobas mTeli xalxis an misi nawilis saSualebiT), monarqias (erTmarTveobas

kanonis Sesabamisad) da despotias (aseve erTmarTvelobas yovelgvari kanonis gareSe,

mmarTvelis survilebis mixedviT). TiToeul maTganze avtori cal-calke ayalibebs

marTvis ganmsazRvrel kanonebsa da principebs. Tu mmarTvelobis am formebs

SevadarebT antikuri avtorebis mier ganxilul formebs, TvasaCino gaxdeba Tavad

formebis mwiro raodenoba. es ar aris SemTxveviTi ori TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,

minteskie makiavelis Semdeg, naklebad interesdeba saxelmwifos idealuri

proeqtebiT da cdilobs aRweros arsebuli viTareba. swored am midgomis Sedegia mis

mier naSromSi moyvanili mdidari empiriul-istoriuli masala. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,

meore, rac unda davafiqsiroT, is gaxlavT, rom am periodis evropuli politikuri

wyoba met-naklebad homogenuria. principSi, makiavelis kvalad, monteskiec saubrobs

respublikaze da samTavroze, cxadia maTi sxvadasxva variaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

respublikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori, demokratiis

(mTeli xalxis marTvelobis) an aristokratiis (misi nawilis) formiT.

demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom

xalxma SesZlos mmarTvelTa dasaxeleba-arCeva. xalxs Tavad ar SeiZlia kargi

marTva, magram mas SeuZlia kargi mmarTvelebis arCeva. SeiZleba uamravi

magaliTis moxmoba Zveli istoriidan, romelic daadasturebda xalxis bunebriv

unars gaarCios Rirseuli xelmZRvaneli uRirsosagan. ramdenadac demokratiaSi

Zalze mniSvnelovania arCevnebi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xalxis fenebad

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samarTlianad iwodebian kanonebad” (1.185). bunebiTi kanonebi, Sinaarsis mixdeviT,

emTxvevian samoqalaqo kanonebs. bunebiTi kanonebi, ityvis ufro gvian hobsi,

sulac ar arian kanonebi am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro

sxvadasxva saxis principebs warmoadgenen, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianebis

ganwyoba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo wesrigisaken. mxolod saxelmwifos

xeldasmiT, misi umaRlesi warmomadgenlis gansakuTrebuli brZanebulebiT

iqcevian isini samoqalaqo kanonebad (1. 283).

2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba

pirovnebis (personis) cneba saWiroa saxelmwifos hobsiseuli koncefciis

srulyofilad gasaazreblad. uzenaesi persona, rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gaxdeba

naTeli aris saxelmwifo. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ra konkretuli Sinaarsi

ideba am cnebaSi, unda gavarkvioT jer “personis” ra mxareebze akeTebs aqcents

hobsi.

pirovneba aris is, visi sityvebi an moqmedebebi ganixileba, an rogorc misi

sakuTari, an rogorc sxva adamianis sityvebi da moqmedebebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,

pirovneba bunebrivia, meore SemTxvevaSi — xelovnuri. sityva pirovnebis,

laTinuri “person”-is Sesatyvisad berZnebi iyenebdnen “προσωπον”-s, romelic

aRniSnavda saxes, gamometyvelebas msgavsad imisa, rogorc laTinuri persona gamoxatavda morTulobas, adamianis gare Sesaxedaobas. am mniSvnelobiT

gamoixateboda es termini Teatris moqmed pirTa morTulobis mimarT da

umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda morTulobis swored im nawils, romelic

faravda saxes, anu aRniSnavda niRabs. Teatris sferodan am terminma Semdeg

gadainacvla sasamarTlosaken da aRniSnavda yvela sityvis warmomTqmel am

momqmed pirs. amitom, pirovneba (persona) aris momqmedi (Tu sityviT gamosvlas

moqmedebis nairsaxeobad gavigebT), piri. sul erTia sasamarTloSi, scenaze, Tu

yofiT viTarebebSi. aqve igulisxmeba, rom es piri Tavis moqmedebebSi an Tavis

Tavs warmoadgens, an sxvas.

3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba

finaluri mizezi imisa, ratomac amjobineben saxelmwifos saxiT lagams

Tavisuflebismoyvare adamianebi, aris zrunva TviTgadarCenaze da cxovrebis

ukeTes pirobebze.saxelmwifos daarsebiT adamianebi cdiloben daarwion Tavi

omis ubadruk yofas, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi vnebebs rom mouxvevia

Tavs. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xom ar arsebobs aSkara Zalaufleba, romelic

dasjis muqariT aiZulebda adamianebs SeesrulebinaT bunebiTi kanonebi.

xelSekruleba maxvilis gareSe — fiqrobs hobsi — mxolod carieli sityvaa,

romelic adamians ver miscems usafrTxoebis garantias.

maSin, ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo Sedga? SegviZlia Tu

ara, vTqvaT, aristoteles kvalad CavTvaloT, rom erTad Tavmoyrili soflebis

garkveuli raodenoba Seadgens saxelmwifos? Tu saxelmwifos erT-erTi

ZiriTadi funqcia adamianTa usafrTxoebaa, erTi mizniT Tavmoyrili adamianebis

didi masa xom sakmarisi unda iyos amisaTvis? hobss mravlad moyavs aseTi SesaZlo

kiTxvebis sxvadasxva variaciebi imisaTvis, rom negatiuri pasuxis marTebulobaSi

dagvarwmunos. marTlac, Tuki adamianTa mxolod didi raodenobaa saknarisi

imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari sajaro xelisuflebis gaeSe daculi iyos bunebiTi

uflebebi da TiToeulma Tavi usafrTxod igrZnos, ratom ar SeiZleba igive

gavrceldes mTel kacobriobaze? magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris.

imisaTvis, rom adamianTa xelSekrulebas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi da

xangrZlivad, ara raRac mokle periodiT, aregulirebdes sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebs, garda adamianTa masisa da Tavad SiSveli xelSekrulebisa,

saWiroa kidev raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs am xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas. es raRac

aris sajaro xelisufleba, romelis sasjelis SiSis qveS amyofebda adamianebs da

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surs gamovides situaciidan. aseT dros mas vnebebi (sikvdilis SiSi, miswrafeba

usafrTxo da komfortuli cxobrebisaken) da goneba. lorens bernsi, Tavis

hobsis politikuri filosofiisadmi miZRvnil SromaSi imgvarad aRwers

viTarebas, TiTqos hobsis TeoriaSi gonebis roli bunebiTi samarTlis

principebis dadgenaSi umniSvnelo iyos. is wers: “bunebiTi mdgomareoba

gamoiyvaneba adamianis vnebebidan; es ki niSnavs, rom Cven mogviwevs gavigoT, Tu

rogoria adamianis bunebrivi midrekilebebi, raTa CamovayaliboT swori

politikuri wesrigi. ... Sedegad, TviTSegadarCena, SiSis, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis

SiSis gamo, Zalze mniSvnelovan, ganmsazRvrel vnebad iqceva” (2.357). Cven

vfiqrobT, rom miuxedavad adamianis emociuri samyaros didi mniSvnelobisa,

Tundac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ganmsazRvreli mainc gonebaa, radgan swored

goneba axdens adamianis bunebiTi uflebebidan bunebiTi kanonebis gamoyvanas da

amiT dasabams aZlevs politikur da socialur wesrigs. ra gansxvavebaa bunebiT

uflebasa da bunebiT kanons Soris?

aristotele ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan saxemlwifo kanonmdeblobis

bunebiT da konvencionalur wyaros (ix. “nikomaqes eTika” 1134 b 18-20). mis

msgavsad, hobsi saubrobs bunebiTi uflebis (jus naturale) da bunebiTi kanonis (lex naturalis) Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli aris adaminis

Tavisufleba sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenos yvela is

saSualeba, romelsac saWirod CaTvlis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebiTi kanoni

aris gonebis proskripcia, mocemuli zogadi samoqmedo wesis saxiT, romelic

adamians ukrZalavs imis keTebas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa iseve,

rogorc imis ugulvebelyofas, rac igivesaTvis sasargebloa (1.155). amrigad,

gansxvaveba jus-sa da lex-s Soris emsgavseba gansxvavebas Tavisuflebasa da

valdebulebas Soris erTi da igive xdomilebis mimarT. Tu pirveli afiqsirebs

adamianis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas akeTos misTvis saWiro ram, meore ayalibebs

amis gakeTebis valdebulebas. amasTan, ukanasknelis bunebiTobaze SegviZlia

visaubroT imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis bunebiT moniWebuli gonebrivi uarebiT

dgindeba da gamoiyvaneba bunebiTi uflebebisagan.

am gamijvnis Semdeg, gasagebia, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani

mTlianad jus naturale-s moqmedebis zonaSi imyofeba, radgan araferi

avaldebulebs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr uari sTqvas nebismier aqciaze,

romelsac ki misTvis saWirod CaTvlis. es viTareba bunebiTi samarTlis enaze,

SeiZleba dafiqsirdes formuliT — “yvelas bunebiTi ufleba yvelaferze”.

magram, ramdenadac arsebul viTarebaSi aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis elementaruli

garantia da arseboba momravlebul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saqmeSi ereva

goneba, romelic ayalibebs ramdenime bunebiT kanons. maT Soris: 1. an unda

ganvamtkicoT mSvidoba, an unda yvela SesaZlo xerxiT uzrunvelyoT sakuTari

usafrTxoeba. Semdeg, 2. Tu mSvidobaze Tanaxmaa erTi mxare, maSin meore

valdebulia uari sTqvas Tavis uflebaze yvela sagnis mimarT im xarisxiT, ra

xarisxiTac sxva ityvis uars igiveze da a.S. am wesiT sul gamoyvanilia cxrameti

kanoni da rigi damatebiTi principebi, romelTac unda uzrunvelyon niadagi

bunebiTi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze gadasasvlelad. am gziT

midian adamianebi sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamde, romelic sxva araferia, Tu

ara bunebiTi uflebebis urTierTze gadatana, anu uflebaTa gacvla (1.159; 161.).

hobsi miuTiTebs, rom bunebiTi kanonebi maradiulia. magram amave dros ar

unda dagvaviwydes arc is, rom isini geometriuli wesiT deducirebulia

bunebiTi uflebidan. aq adgili ar aris e.w. geometriuli meTodis deskrip-

ciisaTvis. masze damakmayofilebel warmodgena eqneba imas, vinc icnobs am

meTodiT agebul spinozas “eTikas”. magram, im viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

kanonad wodebuli Tezisebi swored asea deducirebuli avtoris Tavis miwuruls

akeTebs Semdeg SeniSvnas: “gonebis am ganCinebeba adamianebi Cveulebriv kanonebs

uwodeben, rac sinamdvileSi ar Seesatyviseba maT arsebas. es preskripciebi

mxolod daskvnebi an Teoremebia imis Taobaze, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa

SenarCunebas da dacvas maSin, romdesac kanoni, sakuTrivi zriT, gulisxmobs imis

mer gaxorcielebul ganCinebas, visac sxvisi mbrZaneblobis ufleba aqvs. Tumca,

Tu Cven am Teoremebs RvTisagan boZebulebad ganvixilavT, maSin isini

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dayofas arCeviTobis principTan mimarTebiT. ase magaliTad, romaelebma mTeli

TavianTi mosaxleoba qonebrivi diferenciaciaze dayrdnobiT, eqvs klasad,

romlebic Tavis mxriv centuriebad iyofodnen, (igulisxmeba servius tuliusis

kanonmdebloba) dayves. rac ufro maRali iyo fena, miT ufro naklebi moqalaqe

Sedioda masSi. bolo centuriebi moicavda RaribTa yvelaze did masas. mas Semdeg,

rac TiTo centurias TiTo xma mieniWa, mTelma sazogadoebrivma wyobam

gamokveTili aristokratiuli ieri miiRo.

gansxvavebuli organizacia misca solonma aTnis respublikas, romlis fenebi

dlagda ara imis mixedviT vis SeeZlo aerCia, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vin

SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli.

am magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monteskie askvnis, rom respublikis pirveli

kanonia xmis micemis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa garkveva da danawileba-

organizacia.

respublikuri mmarTvelobis meore umniSvnelovanesi kanoni ukve arCeviT

procedurebs Seexeba. ZvelTaganve aq uamravi sakiTxi arsebobs wilisyrasa da

arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, xmis micemi Ria da farul saxeebs da a.S. monteskies

miaCnia, rom demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari kanoni gulisxmobs, rom Tu xalxi xmas

aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos.

Tu respublikas mmarTvelobis aristokratiuli formisaken aqvs gadaxra,

maSin saukeTeso iqneba is mmarTveloba, romelSiac Raribebi mosaxleobis

umciresobas Seadgenen da piriqiT. es ki imitom, rom aristokratiuli

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, wers monteskie, xalxi araraobaa (1.42).

amrigad, rom SvajamoT, respublikuri mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli

kanonebi, SegviZlia maTi aseTi saxiT dalageba:

• xmis mqone moqalaqeTa ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;

• saarCevno xmis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;

• moqalaqeTa stratifikacia;

• moqalaqeTa balotirebis wesis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da, bolos,

• xmis micemis forma da wesi.

respublikisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs ara

xalxs, aramed erT, umaRles mmarTvels. aq yovelgvari politikuri da

samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea, romelic qveyanas ganagebs

ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebi

aucileblobiT iTvaliswineben Zalauflebis Sualedur rgolebs, romliTac

unda ganxorcieldes monarqis xelisufleba. uZiriTadesi kanoni aseT funqcias

Tavadaznaurobas aniWebs: “Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar

aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa” —gveubneba es kanoni. am Sualeduri

saxelisuflebo korpusis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, monarqias aqvs didi Sansi

gadaiqces despotiad.

Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monarqiaSi SeiZleba

gamoiyos Semdegi saxis subordinaciuli elementebi:

• xelmwife;

• didebulebi (nobiliteti);

• Tavadaznauroba.

ramdenadac monarqias despoturi mmarTvelobisagan kanonebis mocemuloba

ganasxvavebs, amdenad Sualeduri, Tavadaznaurobis garda, monarqias sWirdeba

kanonebis “Semnaxavi” korpusi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs ra, Tavadaznaurobis

tradiciul agdebul damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT, Tvali eWireba maT

arsrulebaze. aq monteskie sakmaod bundovnas saubrobs, Tumca gasagebia, rom

mas, dawunebuli monarqis sabWosagan gansxvavebiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sadeputato

korpusi da parlamenti.

da bolos, despotia, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi forma,

67

monteskies interpretaciiT, principSi marTvaze uaris Tqmis kanons emyareba.

sabuTebad mas moaqvs misi epoqis TurqeTis sasulTno d papis marTveloba. orive

politikuri reJimis ZiriTadi knoni gulisxmobs umaRlesi xelisuflis mier

marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davidarabis Tavidan acileba da mis gadabarebas

pirveli vezirisaTvis.

mmarTveobis samive formas Sesabamisi principebi aqvs. ra aris principi?

principis cnebs monteskie bunebis cnebasTan SepirispirebaSi gansazRvravs:

“mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom misi buneba

aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi moyavs.

pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia,

romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben” (1.48).

am gansazRvrebaSi, uTuod aris garkveuli filosofiuri xasiaTis problema,

romelsac Cven aq ar ganvixilavT, Tumca, davafiqsirebT. kerZod, gansazRvrebaSi

aSkarad igrZnoba antkiuri politikuri filosofiis kvali. Zveli berZnebic,

msgavsadve “bunebas” gansazRvravdnen, rogorc imgvar raimes, rac sagans aqcevs

imad, rac is aris saboloo jamSi. monteskiec raRac msgavss ambobs, magram

principis saxiT bunebas umatebs kidev mis amamoZravebel moments. amgvari

mamoZravebeli berZnuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad zedmeti iyo, radgan

buneba ara mxolod sagnis saxe iyo, aramed am saxis mimcemic. aqedan, aSkaraa, rom

Tumca terminologiis mniSvnelovani nawili monteskiesTan klasikuria, misi

xasiaTi arsebiTadaa Secvlili da Cvenc sakvlev Temad SegviZlia viguloT am

cvlilebis mizezebi, xasiaTi da sazRvrebi.

aqamde aRiwera mmarTvelobis formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli kanonebi, Tumca

aRiniSna TiToeuli mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli buneabc. kerZod,

respublikis buneba xalxis mmarTvelobaSia, monarqiisa kanonebiT mmarTvel

xelmwifeSi, xolo despotiisa ki erTmarTvelis nebasurvilebSi.

rac Seexeba TiToeuli maTganis mamoZravebel principebs, demokratiis

principad avtori miiCnevs siqveles (SeiZl. saTnoebas), monarqiisa — Rirsebas,

xolo despotiis principad — SiSs. monarqiaSi, wers monteskie, yvelafers

gansazRvreavs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotiaSi ki mmarTvelis mudam SemarTuli

xeli.. rac Seexeba respublikur mmarTvelobas, sulerTia is warmodgenili iqneba

demokratiiT, Tu aristokratiiT, igi saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels da es

damatebiTi mamoZravebeli aris siqvele. siqvelis moSla moqalaqeebis cxovrebis

wesis degradaciis sawindaria. Tu, magaliTad, adre Tavisufleba surdaT kanonis

Sesabamisad, siqvelis dacemis Semdeg, moqalaqeebi Tavisuflebas kanonis

sawinaaRmdegod moiTxoven. respublikuri marTvelobis pirobebSi standartul

siqveleTa Soris SegviZlia vixiloT: samSoblos siyvaruli, ltolva WeSmariti

didebisaken, Tavdadeba, sakuTari interesebis Sewirva da a.S. siqveleze

msjelobisas abtors mxedvelobaSi politikuri siqvele aqvs, Tumca, aRniSnavs,

rom is moraluri siqvelecaa, radgan misi mizani sayovelTao keTildReobaa.

respublikuri mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba

axasiaTebdes calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs (1.53). amitom

monarqiuli reJimis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli aris Rirseba. misi damaxasiaTebeli

qcevis gansakuTrebuli kodeqsiTa da preferenciebiT. Rirsebis kodeqsi

moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi, ris gareSe is Tavs

Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs.

da bolos, despotiis mTavari principi, rogorc iTqva, SiSia. despotiaSi

xelmwifis garda yvela monaa da gasagebia, rom mona mudmiv SiSSi unda gyavdes,

raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. amasTan monis SiSi ar aris carieli warmosaxvis

TamaSiT Seqmnili safrTxobela. monis SiSi aRmocenebulia realur niadagze da

gulisxmobs despotis mudam SemarTul xels, romelic, rogorc ki modundeba, im

donemde, rom aRar ZaluZs saxelmwifos Tundac pirvel waCinebulTa TavisTvis

sasurvel dros dasja,, despotiis simyares maSinve niadagi ecleba.

ganxiluli sami principi marTvis TiToeuli formis ideidan gamomdinareobs.

monteskie aRniSnavs, rom es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos ar arsebobs gamonaklisebi.

magram rac ueWvelia, is gaxlavT, rom am principebis ganuxorcielebloba

TiToeul marTvelobis formas naklovans xdis.

68

1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi

aristoteluri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac miaCnda, rom aris ra

politikuri arseba, adamiani arsebobs mxolod politikur mdgomareobaSi,

hobsis azriT, adamianTa politikur yofas, win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomareoba.

bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRweriT hobsi cdilobs ukeT aCvenos, Tu ra

xdomilebebi ganapirobebs saxelmwifos warmoSobas.

pirveli Tezisi, romelsac hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis gasacnobad

gvTavazobs, liberalizmis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gvaxsovs, rom

platonma sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo imis mtkicebas, rom adamianebi bunebiT

araTanasworni arian. hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwerisas amis sapirispiro

postulatidan amodis. is wers: “bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi

unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT,

rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri an Wkviania, magram Tu maT yvelas

erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arcTu ise

didia, rom romelime adamians mis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis

raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis

analogiuri ufleba” (1.149).

hobsis am citataSi sayuradReboa Semdegi kontraversia: a) hobsi, rogorc

vxedavT, sulac ar laparakobs imaze, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan seriuli

warmoebis produqtebiviT ganusxvavebelni arian. is mxolod imas ambobs, rom maT

Soris umniSvnelo sxvaobidan ar gamomdinareobs romelime maTganis gamorCeuli

ufleba akeTebdes an flobdes raimes. b) Tuki romelime adamians aqvs

samarTlebrivi safuZveli sxvisgan gansxvavebiT moiTxovos an flobdes raimes, es

safuZveli ar momdinareobs misi bunebrivi Tvisebebidan.

es ukanaskneli debuleba hobsis amocanadac ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT, radgan

vxedavT ra sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-politikur diferenciacias da

amave dros viziarebT Teziss bunebiTi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, albaT, (am

SemTxvevaSi hobsis) politikur Teorias unda movTxovoT agvixsnas, ra qmnis aseT

gansxvavebas.

hobsi gvTavazobs Semdeg amxsnel nabijebs: adamianebs Soris unarebis

erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis wyaro. bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluti konfliqtis viTareba — yvelas omi yvelas

winaaRmdeg. mas aRvivebs adamianis Tandayolili iseTi mankierebani, rogoricaa

undobloba, metoqeoba, didebis wyurvili. pirvelis mizeziT adamianebi ibrZvian

usafrTxoebisaTvis, meoris — nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad, xolo mesamis gamo ki

Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad.

imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor unda gavigoT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,

hobsi aseT ganmartebas aZlevs oms: omi ar aris mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.

konfliqtebs Soris arsebobs Sualedebi, romlis drosac metoqeebi avlenen

aSkara samzadiss an mzaobas SetakebisaTvis. rogorc “cud amindSi” igulisxmeba

dro wvimasa da wvimas Soris, aseve omi aris periodi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebisa da

maT Soris arsebuli droiTi Sualedebis. mTeli danarCeni dro mSvidobad

iwodeba.

mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre xorcieldeba totaluri urTierT-

mtroba, da undobloba, rodesac ZalaSia principi — “adamiani adamianisaTvis

mgelia” — aravin grZnobs Tavs daculad. fizikurad gacilebiT sust adamians

Zalze iolad SeuZlia sicocxle mouswrafos masze ufro Zliers. aRniSnul

viTarebas didad ganapirobebs saerTo xelisuflebis ararseboba. sadac ar

arsebobs xelisufleba, iq ar asrsebobs arc samarTali da kanoni da, Sesabamisad,

verc erT qmedebaze ver vityviT samarTliania is, Tu usamarTlo. rasakvirvelia,

rom amgvar viTarebaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs daucvelad grZnobs (1.154).

hobss Zalze surs, rom mis mier adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwera ar

daemsgavsos fiqcias, ar miiRos miTiuri gamonagonis xasiaTi. amitom kiTxvaze,

sad SeiZleba viguloT aseTi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, is gvapasuxobs, rom amgvar

mdgomareobaSi arian amerikaSi mcxobrebi tomebi da ara mxolod isini. aseTive

situaciaSi arian adamianebi revoluciebisa da didi socialuri areulobebis

dros. magram, sdac ar unda xdebodes msgavsi ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamians

49

Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani”

liberaluri filosofiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi xelSek-

rulebis daxasiaTeba SegviZlia daviwyoT Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebis gad-

mocemiT. mis politikur SromebSi warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani

debuleba, romelic SemdgomSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba liberalizmisaTvis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom hobss ar Ralatobs arc gadmocemis stili da arc siTamame,

mis nawerebSi mainc SeiniSneba erTgvari araTanmimdevruloba, rac, upirveles

yovlisa, im epoqis sirTuliT unda avxsnaT, romelSiac hobss mouwia cxovreba da

moRvaweoba. mwerlis araTanmimdevruloba, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, ufro

konkretulad, Cans gamowveulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: jer erTi, revoluciis

epoqis Tavad politikuri movlenebis uaRresad rTuli da bundovani xasiaTiT,

rac mkvlevars problemas uqmnida maT Sesaxeb martivi da calsaxad gasagebi

msjelobebis da daskvnebis gadmosacemad; meore, mwerlis mdgomareobiT, rome-

lic iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia dapirispirebuli politikuri ZalebisaTvis.

grZeli parlamentis xanaSi, 1640 wlidan, manamde mefisadmi loialuri hobsi

ingliss gaerida. frangul emigraciaSi myofi, hobsi gadaurCa revoluciis qaoss

da samoqalaqo oms. samSobloSi hobso mxolod 1651 wels kromvelis nebarTviT

dabrunda. diqtatori, Cans kmayofili iyo met-naklebad neitralur inglisel

inteleqtualebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobiT. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom

hobss jer saxelmwifo mdivnis posti SesTavazes, xolo Semdeg, daavales

moemzadebina britanuli universitetebis reformis proeqti.

igive 1651 wels, londonSi gamoica hobsis naSromi “leviaTani”, romelmac mis

avtors msoflio saxelTan erTad emigracieSi myofi klerikalebis da

roialistebis risxva moutana. kritikosebis mier “leviaTani” aRqmuli iqna iseT

naSromad, romelic revolucionerebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. hobss

revoluciisadmi simpaTiis garda, aTeistoba dabralda. traqtatis Sinaarss rom

Tavi davaneboT, mat gasaRizianeblad sakmarisi iqneboda mxolod naSromis

gamoce,is garekani, romelzedac gamosaxul Zlevamosili saxelmwifos simbolos,

leviaTans, kromvelis saxe hqonda.

samefo xelisuflebis restavraciam mZime mdgomareobaSi Cayena hobsi. misi

“leviaTani” akrZaluli literaturis siaSi moxvda.. damatebiT, mas mefem

aukrZala religiur da politikur Temebze Sromebis gamoqveyneba. albaT, swored

es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac misi Semdegi mniSvnelovani politikuri

xasiaTis naSromi, “behemoti, anu grZeli parlamenti” ar gamoqveynda. am SromaSi

hobsi ganixilavda samoqalaqo omis mizezebs imgvarad, rom samefo xelisuflebis

TvalSi reabilitacias cdilobda.

rebilitaciis ufro aSkara mcdelobas warmoadgenda 1668 wels laTinur

enaze gamocemuli “leviaTani”. is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda inglisuri

variantisagan, radgan hobsma axal gamocemas sakmaod ucvala saxe. ase magaliTad,

termin “saxelmwifos” aRmniSvnelad inglisur variantSi gamoiyeneboda

revolucionerebisaTvis saTuTi sityva “Commonwelth” maSin, rodesac laTinur

oreulSi mis adekvatur terminad aRebuli iqna “civitas”, xolo umravles

SemTxvevaSi ki “monarchia”. laTinur “leviaTanSi” avtorma amoiRo inglisuri

gamocemis araerTi paragrafi da Caanacvla iseTi TavebiT, romlebic, Tu

xelisuflebis mimarT loialobis nimuSad ar gamodgeboda, neitraluri pozicia

mainc unda daefiqsirebina. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom garekanze leviaTanis

gamosaxulebaSi kromvelis saxes mefis saxe Caenacvla.

am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, sruli reabilitacia samefo karze hobsma ver

SesZlo. yvelas esmoda, rom mTavarma saTqmelma ukve gaiJRera. esec ar iyos,

gadamuSavebuli “leviaTanic” Seicavda araerT iseT mtkicebas, romelic savsebiT

sakmarisi iyo Tavisuflebisa da sxva arsebiTi liberaluri Rirebulebebis

dasafuZneblad.

48

2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris

monteskiesaTvis kanonebi mimarTebebia. isini arseboben obieqturad da

aucileblobiT. monteskie upirispirdeba Tomistur tradicias, romelic

pozitiur samarTals gaigebda maradiul, naturalur da gamocxadebul

kanonebTan kvaSirSi. kanonis saboloo wyaro, Tomistiuri tradiciiT, RmerTia.

saerTo sikeTis gaTvaliswinebiT kanons adgenda mmarTveli. amgvari Tval-

sazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies mier kanonis gansazRvreba jer erTi

adgils aRar tovebda saswaulebisaTvis da meorec kanons gaigebs maradiul

aucileblobad, romelsac gamokveTili racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. RvTaebrivi da

naturalisturi teleologiis Tavidan mocilebiT, monteskie imedovnebda

mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb aeyvana kartezianuli da niutonianuri fizikis

doneze. kanonebis Sesabamisobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi moyavs

mmarTvelobis yvela elementi da amdenad maTi Tanmimdevruli analizi

monteskies Wirdeba saxelmwifos meqanizmis funqcionirebis sruli suraTis

dasadgenad.

SevexoT jer respublikas. respublikaSi siqvele sxva araferia, Tu ara

respublikis siyvaruli. respublikis siyvaruli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis

Jams, igive TviT demokratiis siyvarulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanasworobis

(romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs ufro demokratiisaTvis) da zomierebis (rac

ganmsazRvreli xdeba aristokratiisaTvis) siyvarulze daiyvaneba. gaTanabrebis

principis moqmedeba demokratiis pirobebSi, pirvel rigSi Tanaswor qveynis

samsaxurs gulisxmobs. Tu am mimarTebiT gansxvavebebi arseboben, es isev

Tanasworobis principis zeobis gamo, radgan marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,

margam SeZlebiT ki gansxvavebulad axerxeben qveynis samsaxurs. respub-

likisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo adamianebis fenis Seqmna. saSualo fena

zomierebiT da gonivrulobiT gamoirCeva da ganuxrelad ukavSirebs sakuTar

keTildReobas saxelmwifos keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siqvele

Sesabamis emociur ganwyobas gulisxmobs, monteskie savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis

saWirod mis ganmtkicebas kanoniT. “imisaTvis, rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba

giyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni”.

rogor SeuZlia kanons Tanasworobis da zomierebis uzrunvelyofa?

istoriulad amis sxvadasxva gza iyo napovni. erTi maTgani moiTxovda miwis

Tanabrad ganawilebas. sxva gza areguilrebda memkvidreobis kanonebs da a.S. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanasworobis damyareba Tundac demokratiaSi, sadac

Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, Zalze Znelia da bevr riskebTanaa

dakavSirebuli, yvelaze gonivrulad unda CavTvaloT am mimarTebiT Semotanili

is kanonebi, romlebic uTanasworobis SesazRudad qobenriv cenzs awesebs da

amcirebs gansxvavebebs. amis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleba socialuri fenebis

regulireba gadasaxadebiT, Tu mdidrebi daibegrebian ufro metad, vidre

naklebad SeZlebuli ojaxebi.

Tu respublikuri mmarTvelobidan monarqiaze gadavinacvlebT, orien-

tirebulni unda viyoT Rirsebaze, romelic am tipis mmarTvelobis principia.

kanonebic, cxadia, misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos. kanonebma aq ar unda imoqmedon

keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad. es wodeba Tavad daicavs sakuTar Tavs.

kanonebis didi nawili unda mimarTuli iyos memkvidreobiTobis gasarkvevad,

radgan Rirseba aq mibmulia gvarze, mamulze da memkvidreobaze. monarqia ufro

myari saxelmwifoa, vidre despotia, radgan masSi ramdenime fena arsebobs,

romlebic morgebulni arian saxelmwifosTan da mmarTvelobis wesTan.

rac Seexeba despotias, ramdenadac aq mmarTvelobis mTavari principi SiSia,

dabeCavebuli xalxi bevr kanonebs ar saWiroebs. sakmarisia ori-sami martivi wesi,

romlebic uyoymanod aRsruldeba. despotoaSi saxelmwifos usafTxoeba igive

despotis dacvaa. rac mis gareT xdeba despots naklebad aRelvebs. misi ZiriTadi

mizani siwynarea, Tumca siwynare aq mSvidobis macne sulac ar aris. yvelaferi

damyarebulia Zaladobaze, magram Zalis patroni saxelmwifo ki ar aris, aramed

armia, romelic marTalia saxelmwifos dasacavad ki Seiqmna, magram

despotisaTvis isic safrTxes warmoadgens. despoturi saxelmwifoebis tipur

nimuSebad monteskie islamur qveynebs da moskovitias ganixilavs.

69

3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba

“Tavisufleba” zogadad mravalmniSvnelovnebiT gamoirCeva. erT SemTxvevaSi

is SeiZleba niSnavdes, vTqvaT tiranis damxobis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi

xelisuflebis arCevis uflebas, sxvagan SeiaraRebis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas da a.S. Tu yuradRebiT gadavavlebT Tvals am

daxasiaTebebs, maTSi ufro politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba Cans, vidre

“Tavisuflebis” romelime sxvamniSvneloba. arada, “Tavisuflebaze” SegviZlia

visaubriT rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis azriT, aseve socialuri da ufro

zogadi, metefizikuri Tavisuflebis azriT. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT anu,

rogorc monteskie uwodebs “filosofiuri” mniSvnelobiT, Tavisufleba

SeiZleba ganisazRvros ase: “filosofiuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis

mier Tavisi nebis ganxorcielebaSi ... imSexedulebaSi, rom moqalaqes SeuZlia

sakuTari nebis ganxorcieleba” (1.213).

qveyana, romelSiac kanonebi uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebas, monteskies azriT,

aris inglisi. inglisis politikur yofaze dakvirvebam monteskie miiyvana

Tvalsazrisamde, romelis saWirod sTvlis xelisuflebis samad dayofas.

monteskies mier xelisuflebis danawilebis modeli gansxvavdeba lokiseuli

modelisagan. loki calke gamoyofda sagareo politikis warmaTvis funqcias da

mas uwodebda “federaciuls”. amasTan, loks erTad hqonda mocemuli Sida

kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo kanonmmdebloba da maT aerTianebda erTi saxel-

wodebis, “aRmasrulebelis” qveS. imiT, rom saSinao da sagareo kanonmdebloba

erT korpusSi gaaerTiana da maTgan gamijna sasamarTlo kanonmdebloba,

monteskiem moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis meti garantia Seqmna. monteskie adarebda

ra ingliselTa politikur Tavisuflebas antikuri periodis demokratiis

Tavisuflebebs, upiratesobas pirvels aniWebda. ingliselebma, misi azriT,

gamoaRviZes xalxis masiuri energia da erTmaneTi SeazRudvines nobilitets da

Tems. magram ingliselebis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba Cans umTavresad

kriminallur samarTalSi. arsebobs oTxi saxis kriminali: religiis

sawinaaRmdego, moralis sawinaaRmdego, simSvidis sawinaRmdego da, bolos,

uSiSroebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. monteskies azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos

Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo devna moraluri an religiuri

SecodebisaTvis, garda zogoerTi aRviraxsnilobisa.

amas mosdevs inglisis saxelmwifos Tavisufal moqalaqeTa yofis Sefaseba,

raSiac monteskie ufro dadebiT elementebs xedavs. aq erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli

monarqiis da respublikis saukeTeso formebis Tvisebebi. saxelmwifos

Zalauflebis siZliere uzrunvelyofilia masSi xalxis masiuri monawileobiT,

Tumca es ise xdeba, rom amiT ar izRudeba individualizmi — yoveli konkretuli

piris moqmedebis areali Tavisufalia. es yvelaze kargad Cans religiis

sakiTxebSi; religia individebis privatuli saqmea da masTan dakavSirebiT

araviTari maiZulebeli instanciebi ar erevian saqmeSi.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom monteskie mijnavs politikuri Tavisuflebis

cnebas samoqalaqo Tvisuflebis cnebisagan. msgavsi gamijvna safuZvlad uZevs

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bunebis da principebis gaazrebas dasavlur

azrovnebaSi. monteskie asxvavebs kanonebs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, rac

uzrunvelyofs politikur Tavisuflebas da kanonebs moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT

(1.179). politikuri Tavisufleba, avtoris azriT, aris imis gakeTeba, risi

gakeTebac SegviZlia rom gvsurdes da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, risi

gakeTebis survili SeiZleba rom ar gvqondes. erTi sityviT, Tavisufleba aris

kanoniT dasaSvebis keTebis ufleba (1.180).

monteskies miaCnia, rom politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis swrafva

aisaxeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos bunebasa da struqturaze. Tu gadavxedavT

zogierTi saxelmwifos wyobas da kanonebs, cxadi gaxdeba, am saxelmwifos

mizanic. ase magaliTad, romaelTa mizani teritoriebis gafarToeba iyo,

lakedemonelebisa — omi, iudevelebis — religia, CineTis — simSvide da a.S.

arsebobs erTi saxelmwifo, romlis mizani, moqalaqeta politikuri

TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofaa da es saxelmwifo, avtoris azriT, aris inglisi.

amitom igi Tavisuflebis Temis analizs am saxemwifos institutebis da kanonebis

70

mezobel raionSi aucilebel saqmeze wasuli moqalaqe unda iRebdes specialur

nebarTvas da iq asrulebdes savaldebulo samuSaos. Cans mors imedi hqonda, rom

qveyanaSi, sadac yvela gamwarebiT muSaobs da produqti Tanabrad nawildeba,

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis maRali done.

utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. monebad aqceven ara omSi datyvevebulebs an

monebis Svilebs, aramed im Tanamoqalaqeebs, visac sikvdili aqvT misjili an

utopiaSi, an sxva qveyanaSi. sainteresoa, rom SromiTi valdebulebebis

TvalsazrisiT, Tu monis borkilebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, gansxvaveba

moqalaqesa da monas Soris mxolod raodenobrivia. moqalaqe Sromobs 6 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi, mona “maradJams”.

sxva sakiTxebi

sxva sakiTxebdan, romelTa gadmocemas mori nakleb dros rodi uTmobs Tavis

naSromSi aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, morma

SeinarCuna ojaxis fenomeni. saerTo colebsa da Svilebze is arsad laparakobs.

Tumca qorwinebas Camocilebuli aqvs sakraluri Sinaarsi da is qceulia

samoqalaqo aqtad. samagierod, swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi TiTqmis platonur

stilSia gadawyvetili. yoveli bavSvi 5 wlis asakamde, ojaxis gareT, ZiZaTa

TavSesafarSi izrdeba. aRiarebs ra swavlis did rols moqalaqeebis aRzrdis

saqmeSi, mors saWirod miaCnia ganaTlebis mkacri regulireba xelisuflebis mier.

sagangebod miCenilma moxeleebma unda uzrunvelyon sajaro kiTxva. ganaTleba,

rogorc sulieri siamovnebis miniWebis saSualeba, cxovrebis bednierebis wyarod

cxaddeba.

moqalaqeTa tansacmeli utopiaSi uniformasaviTaa da is gansxvavdeba mxolod

imis mixedviT,Tu ra asakis adamians mosavs. qveynis SigniT ar funqcionirebs

fuli. marTalia arsebobs bankebis msgavsi dawesebulebebi, magram maT sagareo

vaWrobis da omis SemTvevaSi saxsrebis gaRebis amocana ekisrebaT.

qveynis nameti mosaxleoba Tanabrad gansaxldeba qveynis teritoriaze sxva da

sxva raionebSi. mosaxleobis Sida migracias gegmazomierad axorcielebs

saxelmwifos xelisufleba. utopielebi ar eridebian kooniebis daarsebas ucxo

teritoriebze da arc omze amboben uars sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.

omis mizezia an samSoblos dacva da momxvduris gandevna, an tiraniiT

Seviwrovebuli xalxebis daxmareba. omisaTvis samzadisi Tanabrad vrceldeba

rogorc qalze, aseve mamakacze. orive gadis samxedro wvrTnas. utopielTa armia

moxaliseebisagan Sedgeba. omis warmoebisas, SeiaraRebul Setakebas mxolod

ukiduresi niSvneloba aqvs. Tanac, am dros utopielebi Zalze ufrTxildebian

sakuTar mosaxleobas da cdiloben brZolebSi pirvel rigSi daqiravebulebi

gaoiyenon. Tumca, isini warmatebis misaRwevad amjobineben sxva mravalferovan

gzebs mimarTon, maT Sorisaa: mtris meTauris mokvla, mtris mosyidva, gaTiSvis

politika, mtrebis winaaRmdeg mezobeli xalxebis waqezeba da a.S.

qveynis politikuri institutebis aRweras mori SedarebiT nakleb dros

uTmobs. naxsenebia senati, saxalxo kreba da rigi Tanamdebobis pirebis

arCeviTobac, magram mTlianobaSi aRwera Zunwia da mraval kiTxvas tovebs.

mTlianobaSi, qveynis politikur institutebze STabeWdilebas gviqmnis moris

mier aRwerili socialuri struqturebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro metadaa

moris interesis sagani.

literatura

1. Tomas mori — utopia. Tsu gamomc., 1983.

2. Алберто Петручани – Вымысел и поучение. «Утопия» Томаса Мора как исходная модель. В кн. «Утопия и утопическое мышление». Изд. «Прогресс», Москва 1991. (стр. 98-113).

47

aRmosafxvrelad, xelisuflebam Zalze mkacri kanonebi miiRo maT winaaRmdeg.

viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tomas mori aRniSnavda, rom qurdobisaTvis

sikvdiliT dasja yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan jer erTi, is adekvaturia —

fulis warTmevisaTvis ar SeiZleba kacs wavarTvaT sicocxle — da meorec, is

sulac ar spobs qurdobas. aranakleb uvargisi Cans es kanoni im TvalsazrisiTac,

rom erTi da igive sasjelia dawesebuli qurdobisa da mkvlelobisaTvis. vinc

aqamde mxolod Zarcvas dasjerdeboda, axla SeiZleba mowmis mosaspobad

mkvlelobazedac ki wavides. amitom kanoni boritebas ki ar aRmofxvravs, piriqiT,

amravlebs mas.

mori gvTavazobs konkretul RonisZiebebs viTarebis gamosasworelad:

• fermerebis, soflebis gamanadgureblebma an aRadginon soflebi, an miscen

amis saSualeba imaT, visac Sesabamisi survili d mondomeba gaaCnia;

• mdidrebs SeezRudoT sasoflo savargulebis Sesyidvis ganusazRvreli

ufleba, SeizRudos monopoliebi da aikrZalos muqTaxorebis rCena;

• aRdges soflebSi matylis damuSaveba da miwaTmoqmedeba.

aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi mainc konkretuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad

mimarTuli nabijebia. arsebobs socialur ubedurebaTa ufro zogadi mizezi —

kerZo sakuTreba. sadac batonobs kerZo sakuTreba, sadac yvelaferi fuliT

izomeba — wers avtori — TiTqmis SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saqmeTa sworad da

warmatebiT marTva. sxvagvarad aseT sazogadoebaSi gamarTlebulad unda

CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso yvelaze ufro uRirsebs

xvdeba, an is, rom yvelaferi xalxis mxolod Zalze mcire nawils aqvs

ganawilebuli da, warmoidgine, rom isinic ver cxovroben rogorc saWiroa,

danarCenebs ki srul siRatakeSi ZvrebaT suli (1. 64-65).

qonebrivi gaTanasworebis ideas mori platonis analogiuri ideis

avtoritetiT mosavs. qonebrivi Tanasworoba, iseve rogorc platonisaTvis,

misTvisac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wyaroa da piriqiT, kerZo sakuTreba

sazogadoebrivi erTianobis rRvevis ZiriTad mizezad saxeldeba. ramdenadac

kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia, mori moiTxovs miwis nakveTebis

moculobis an fulis odenobisaTvis garkveuli zRvaris dawesebas. amasTan,

avtoris mier qonebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad Semotanilia Tanabari

da samarTliani ganawilebis meqanizmi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom SezRudvebi qonebis

moxveWaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod nobilitetze, aramed mefezedac. masac

uwesdeba garkveuli zRvari, romelic aregulirebs mis qonebas.

qonebrivi sakiTxis mogvareba qmnis aseT suraTs: utopiaSi araferi piradi ar

arsebobs, yvela sazogado saqmes emsaxureba. ... aq ki, sadac qoneba serToa,

gaWirvebaSi Cavardnis aravis eSinia, Tuki saxelmwifo beRlis gavsebaze izrunebs.

radgan dovlaTs isini Tanabrad inawileban da ar zunwoben, iq ar arsebobs Raribi

da upovari. da, Tumc ki TiToeuls piradi qoneba ar gaaCnia, mainc yvela

mdidaria” (1. 136).

safiqrebelia, mSromeli xalis duxWiri cxovrebis TanagrZnobiT, mors

gamoumuSavda Sromisadmi Zalze specifiuri damokidebuleba, romelic gamoixata

totaluri Sromis moTxovnasa da muqTaxorebis kritika-SeviwrovebaSi.

muqTaxorebis rigebs Seadgenen: qalebi, mRvdlebi, berebi, keTilSobilebi da maTi

ojaxebi, maTxovrebi. muqTaxorobis sawinaaRmdegod mors SemoRebuli aqvs raRac

savaldebulo SromiTi begaris msgavsi. “utopiaSi” xSirad waawydebiT imis msgavs

frazebs, rogoricaa - “yvela qals da kacs erTi saqme aqvs — miwaTmoqmedeba —

romlisganac aravin Tavisufldeba”. ... “aravin ijdes uqmad” da a.S. aseTi “SromiTi

begara”, romelic mxolod fizikur saqmianobas gulisxmobs, vrceldeba

jariskacebzec da mecnierebzedac, radgan arc erTi maTganis saqmianoba Sromad

ar iTvleba.

moqalaqeebis SromiTi valdebuleba SemdgomSi utopiuri sazogadoebis sxva

SezRudvebis wyarod iqceva. kerZod, izRudeba moqalaqeTa gadaadgileba qveynis

SigniT. es ki xdeba ara adamianTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis surviliT, aramed isev

muSaxelis deficitis gaCenis safrTxidan gamomdinare. moris rekomendaciiT,

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daxasiaTebiT cdilobs, Tumca aqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: “Cemi saqme araa Seviswavlo,

marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT.

vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva

araferi mainteresebs” (1.192).

rasac ingliselebis politikuri mowyoba sakuTar moqalaqeebs aZlevs, es

gaxlavT samoqalaqo simSvide da qveynis Sida stabiluroba. “moqalaqis

politikuri Tavisufleba aris is sulieri simSvide, romelic TiToeulis

usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs; imisaTvis, rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba,

saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba (1.182).

amisaTvis ki xelisuflebis sam Stod danawileba erTi upirvelesi pirobaTagania.

xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovnas cxadad vafiqsirebT ukve lokis

TeoriaSi. manamde, hobsisaTvis es idea Tumca ucnobi ar yofila, magram

revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis ubedurebTa gaTvaliswinebiT, hobsma araTu

uari Tqva am principze, aramed dagmo is da saxelmwifosaTvis Zalze mavned

miiCnia. monteskie lokze ufro Sors wavida, radgan savsebiT garkveviT mianiSna

sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze, rogorc xelisuflebis iseT damoukidebel

damoukidebel Stoze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos politiuri Tavisufleba. is

wers: “Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba

gancalkevebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi

SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba

moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan

mosamarTle TviTon iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba

aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli

gaxdes. yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi

korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas ... ” (1.182). amasTan meti

obieqturobisaTvis, monteskie moiTxovs mosamarTleebis xalxis farTo

wreebidan arCevas.

meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac unda uzrnvelyos politiuri

Tavisufleba, aris xalxis monawileoba qveynis marTvaSi. “vinaidan, Tavisufal

saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba,

TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs

unda ekuTvnodes” (1.184). saxalxo mmarTveloba, romelsac monteskie moiTxovs,

ar aris berZnuli demokratiis ubralo gadamRereba. berZnuli demokratiis

uSualo formisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskie laparakobs warmomadgenlobiT

demokratiaze. misi azriT, uSualo demokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomadgen-

lobiTi forma saWiroa jer erTi imitom, rom did saxelmwifoebSi mosaxleobis

simravlis gamo sxva gza ar arsebobs, meore imitom, rom “warmomadgenlebi”

monteskiesaTvis profesionalebi arian (“... SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa.

xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa demokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba”

(1.185) ). ufro metic, Zveli demokratiebis nakls is swored imaSi xedavs, rom

qveynis marTvas uSualod cdilobda xalxi, risi unaric mas ar hqonda.

warmomadgenlobis instituti Semoitanes ara Zvelma berZnebma an romaelebma,

aramed germanelma tomebma, romlebic, evropis sxvadasxva regiunebSi

gabneulebi, saerTo yrilobaze warmomadgenlebs agzavnidnen.

da bolos mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori politikuri Tavisuflebis

uzrunvelsayofad aris armiis swori organizacia. ramdenadac armia aRmas-

rulebel xelisufelbas eqvemdebareba, saWiroa armiis xalxis warmomadgenlebiT

dakompleqteba da misi ganmsWvalva saxalxo suliskveTebiT. amisaTvis ki

saukeTeso saSualebaa jariskacebis ufleba flobdnen sakmao qonebas da meore,

iyvnen pasuxismgebelni TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.

Tu politikuri Tavisulebis ZiriTadi garantori xelisuflebis ganawilebaa,

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi marTebul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobazea

damokidebuli, radgan sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis qcevis Tavisufleba

ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad daculad grZnobs is Tavs (1.212; 213). garda

amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebulisazogadoebaSi

gabatonebul zneobaze da Cvevebze. zneobas, rogorc vxedavT, aq TiTqmis

kanonTan gaTanabrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli, rac savsebiT esadageba

avtoris Tvalsazriss kanonsa da znes Soris arsebui gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.

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monteskies gansazRvrebiT, kanoni moqalaqis qcevas aregulirebs, xolo zne ki

adamianisa (1.332). am gamijvniT dafiqsirebulia antikuri tradiciisagan

gansxvavebuli, albaT ufro makiavelisturi pozicia. monteskie ar miiCnevs, rom

morali da politika erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. piriqiT, saqme ufro

TiToeuli maTganis sferos avtonomiurobas exeba.

4. omis Sesaxeb

avtori ganixilavs aristoteles droidan xSiard ganxilul sakiTxs saxel-

mwifos zomebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba igive saxelmwifos

usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. ara mxolod sakiTxis dasmaSi, aramed misi gaazrebaSiac

avtori aristoteles miyveba: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos arc Zalian mcire, magram

arc Zalian didi. saukeTeso teritoriis mqone saxelmwifoebad miCneulia

safrangeTi da espaneTi. gansakuTrebiT momgebiani pozicia aqvs safrangeTs,

romlis dedaqalaqi qveynis SuaSia ganlagebuli. es mas saSualebas aZlevs

Tanabrad gaanawilos Tavisi Zalebi qveynis nebismier sazRvramde.

arsebul respublikebs Soris Siangani konstituciiT, gare TavdasxmisaTvis

yvelaze mouxerxebelia Sveicariis an holandiis msgavsi federaciuli

gaerTianeba. Tu federaciis wevrebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba da tamnamSromloba

sufevs is zalze mouxerxebeli dasapyrobia rogorc gare mtrisaTvis

(centraluri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Semadgeneli subeqtebi isev

gaagrZeleben brZolas), aseve SidaaSlilobis SemTxvevaSiac (ajanyeba erT

romelime provinciaSi SeiZleba warmatebiT SeCerebuli iyos danarCen

provinciebSi). respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebi safrTxis moaxloebisas

cdiloben erTmaneTs daexmaron da saamisod politikur da samxedro kavSirebs

deben. amisagan gansxvavebiT despotia sapirispirod iqceva _ is msxverplad

gaiRebs qveynis romelime erT nawils, gaaukacrielebs sasazRvro raionebs raTa

SeinarCunon xeluxleblad saxelmwifos birTvi. aseTi samxedro praqtika ufro

misaRebia did teritoriis mqone despotiebisaTvis, vidre patarebisaTvis. Tu

despotiebi erTmaneTs Seesevian xolme, monarqiaSi omebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa.

monarqiebi Cveulebriv cixe-simagreebis mTeli sistemiT arian daculebi (amgvar

gamagrebul punqtebs ufrTxian despotiaSi), rac mters Zalze urTulebs yoveli

gojis dakavebas.

TiToeuli reJimis TavdacviTi potencialis am daxasiaTebis Semdeg,

monteskie exeba ufro zogadi xasiaTis sakiTxs da saubrobs saxelmwifoebis

TavdasxmiT da TavdacviT Zalebze. es ori ram ki erTidaigove ar aris. arseboben

saxelmwifoebi, romelTa TavdasxmiTi potenciali gacilebiT sWarbobs

TavdacviTs. aseTia, magaliTad inglisi. saxelmwifos WeSmariti Zala imiT ki ar

ganisazRvreba, rom mas uadviledeba sxvebis dapyroba, aramed imiT, rom masze

Tavdasxmaa Zneli (1.160-161).

avtori saxelmwifoTa cxovrebas adamianebis cxovrebas adarebs. rogorc

adamians aqvs Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ufleba moklas Tavdamsxmeli, aseve erT

saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba omi awarmoos meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da es omi

monteskies mie samartlianad iTvleba. is amarTlebs omis dawyebasac, Tu

saxelmwifo xedavs, rom mSvidobis gagrZeleba misTvis daRupvis tolfasi

iqneboda. omis uflebidan gamomdinareobs dapyrobis uflebac. rodesac erTi

qveyana daipyrobs meores, igi mas oTxi SesaZlo wesiT eqceva:

• Tavis Tavze iRebs mis marTvas igive kanonebiT, rac am dapyrobil qveyanas

manamde hqonda da TavisTvis itovebs mxolod zogad politikur mmar-

Tvelobas;

• cvlis dapyrobili qveynis kanonebs;

• angrevs sazogadoebas da fantavs mas sxvadasxva regionebSi;

• amoJlets yvela moqalaqes.

avtori ganmartavs, rom yvela “moqalaqis amoJleta” ar niSnavs dapyrobil

qveyanaSi adamianebis gawyvetas. moqalaqe SeiZleba daiRupos ise, rom adamiani

gadarCes (1.165). monteskies am mosazrebis ukan dgas “dapyrobis uflebis” Semdegi

72

Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia

Tomas mori daibada ingliseli sasamarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo

oqsfordis universitetSi da henri VIII samsaxuSi ekava sakmaod maRali Tanam-

debobebi. iyo jer lankasteris sahercogos, xolo Semdeg inglisis kancleri.

megobrobda holandiel humanistTan, erazm roterdamelTan. naSromma “utopiam”

mas saqveyno saxeli moupova. mors gadulaxavi problemebi Seeqmna mas Semdeg, rac

henri VIII Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada. mori ar iziarebda

protestantul Tvalsazriss da erTgulebda romis paps. protestantizmis

gavrceleba inglisSi mas qristianobis sawinaarmdego aqciad, qristianuli

eklesiis gaxleCvis dasawyisad miaCnda. am motivaciiT, man fici ar misca henri VIII,

rogorc inglisis eklesiis meTaurs. Sedegad, Tomas mori saxelmwifo Ralatis

braldebiT jer tauerSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo Semdeg wels sikvdiliT dasajes.

1886 wels kaTolikurma eklesiam mori wmindanad Seracxa.

“utopia” gamoica 1516 wels levenSi (belgia). is aris ori nawilisagan

Semdgari nawarmoebi, romelic ararsebuli kunZulis, utopiis politikur da

socialur wyobas. naSromis berZnuli sityvebisagan nawarmoebi saxelwodeba “u-

topia”, rac daaxloebiT SeiZleba “uadgilod” an “adgilis armqoned” iTargmnos,

mkiTxvels mianiSnebda, rom wignSi laparaki iyo realurad ararsebul

saxelmwifoze. wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba inglisis politikuri da

socialuri wyobis mZafr kritikas, xolo meore nawilSi gadmocemulia utopiuri

saxelmwifos pozitiuri Sinaarsi. wignis kompozicia imgvarad aris Sekruli, rom

kritikulad Sefasebuli inglisis saxelmwifo mowyoba utopielTa saxelmwifos

srul antipods warmoadgens.

platonis saxelmwifoze saubrisas, avRniSneT gansxvaveba platonis idealur

saxelmwifosa da moris utopias Soris. axla kvlav gavimeorebT ra azrs maT Soris

arsebiTi gansxvavebis Taobaze, gvinda mivuTiToT saerTo momentebzedac. mori,

ra Tqma unda, icnobs platonios saxelmwifos Teorias da iziarebs bevr mis ideas.

es exeba rogorc qonebriv sakiTxebs, aseve utopiuri saxelmwifos yofis

calkeul detalebs.

kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea

mori albaT erT-erTi pirvelia maT Soris, vinc Tavisi Sromis kritikul

nawilSi Zalze mZafrad ayenebda socialuri uTanasworobis problemas da saxavda

gzebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. xalxis mZime mdgomareoba, romlis aRwerasac is

dauzareblad ubrundeba xolme sxvadasxva gverdebze, Cans erT-erTi mZlavri

impulsi iyo “utopiis” Sesaqmnelad.

mori asaxelebs or mTavar mizezs qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis

asaxsnelad: erTi gaxlavT gauTavebeli konfliqturi urTierTobebi mezobel

qveynebTan, rac xelisuflebas aiZulebda mudmiv sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi yoloda

soliduri samxedro Zala. misi Senaxva ki Zalze Zviri ujdeboda gadasaxadebis

gadamxdelebs.

meore, mizezad mori imas asaxelebs, rom am dros inglisSi “cxvarma SeWama

adamiani”. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma, romelic SemdgomSi qveyanaSi kapitalizmis

ganviTarebiT gamowveuli socialuri kataklizmebis formula gaxda, xatovnad

asaxavs inglisSi mimdinare realur procesebs. kerZod, inglisis msxvil

qalaqebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis rentabelobam mZlavri biZgi misca soflis

raionebSi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSlas. cvlilebas saTaveSi memamuleebi

Caudgnen, romelTaTvis sasoflo sameurneo produqciis moyvanaze ufro

momgebiani, matylis warmoeba gaxda. daiwyo cxvris intensiuri moSeneba da

maTTvis aucilebeli saZovrebisaTvis sivrcis uzrunvelsayofad glexobis

masiuri ayra sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. daingra soflebi, daingra meurneobis

tradiciuli wesi. gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala srulad ver Seisruta

ganviTarebadma qalaqebma. darCa uamravi usaxlkaro mawanwala, romelTac

maTxovrobiT da qurdbacacobiT gahqonda Tavi. Seqmnili diskomfortis

45

gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT, “mSvenieri grZnobebiT iqmneba cudi literatura”).

politikuri moralis swored aseTi gagebaa SemoTavazebuli makiavelis mier

“mTavarSi”, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, es naSromi gaugebari dagvrCeba da

iZulebulni gavxdebiT SevuerTdeT yalb interpretatorTa im jgufs, romelic

makiavelis politikaSi amoralizmis Semotanis iniciatorad gvisaxavs.

Cveulebrivi zneobriobisagan gansxvavebuli, politikuri moralis reversuli

buneba, romelic orientirs Sedegebze iRebs, erTi SexedviT paradoqsul

Sefasebebs gamoaTqmevinebs makiavelis, rodesac is sisastikiT ganTqmul

moRvawes saTnoebis gansaxierebad gvixasiaTebs, xolo mSvidobismoyvare

sazogadoebas qveynis damRupvel xalxad. “Cezare borjas sastik kacad Tvlidnen,

magram swored am sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi romaniaSi, gaaerTiana,

daaSoSmina da Semoiriga igi. Tu kargad avwon-davwoniT yovelive amas, im

daskvnemde mivalT, rom is ufro gulmowyale iyo, vidre florencieli xalxi,

romelsac surda sastikis saxeli aecilebina Tavidan da pistoiis daqcevas ki

Seuwyo xeli “(1.177) da, Semdeg: “egec ar iyos, yvela kacisa da, miT umetes,

mTavarTa moqmedebas, romelTac gansasjelad ver warudgen sasamarTlos, misi

saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT afaseben. amitom, mTavarma dae, mxolod

gamarjvebisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis izrunos da saSualebebs,

romliTac am mizans aRweven, yovelTvis patiosnad da qeba-didebis Rirsad

Seracxaven, vinaidan brbos mxolod saqmis garegnuli mxare da saboloo Sedegi

xiblavs” (1.185).

literatura

1.nikolo makiaveli — mTavari. gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi. 1984.

(gv.92-233)

2.Николло Макиавелли – История флоренции. Изд. «Наука», 1987

44

saxis gansazRvreba: esaa aucilebeli, kanonieri da sabediswero ufleba, romelic

uzarmazar vals adebs gadasaxdelad dampyrobs, raTa man SesZlos iyos

pirnaTeli adamianuri bunebis winaSe (1.168).

5.geografiuli determiizmi

erT-erTi damsaxureba socialuri Teoriis winaSe, romelsac sxvadasxva saxis

literaturaSi aucileblad vipovniT monteskies aqtivSi, gaxlavT misi e.w.

geografiuli determinizmi. marTalia, SeniSvnebs saxelmwifos mdebareobaze

dedamiwis ama Tu im adgilas da am mdebareobis zegavlenaze Sesabamisi

saxelmwifos politikaze, vkiTxulobT Zvel avtorebTanac (aristotele,

ciceroni), magram monteskie uTuod pirveli iyo, romelmac cada saxelmwifoTa

kanonmdebloba da politikuri struqtura misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, haviT

da sxva faqtorebiT aexsna.

Zalze mokled monteskies Sexedulebebi am mimarTulebiT ase SeiZleba

gadmoices: CrdiloeTis hava mkacria da cxovrebisaTvis mzime pirobebs qmnis.

samxreTisa ki piriqiT; rbili hava aiolebs sakvebis mopovebas da Sesabamisad, aq

adamians arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumis mosapoveblad mciredic ki yofnis.

didi xnis manZilze, aseT pirobebSi cxovrebam adamianebSi gamoimuSava Sesabamisi

xasiaTebi da Sesabamisi cxobrebis wesi, ramac zegavlena iqonia maT politikur da

socialur yofaze. ase magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebi gamoirCevian gonebrivi da

misi zegavleniT sxeulis sizantiT, teqnikis da teqnologiebis dabali doniT.

igive viTareba gansazRvravs despotiebis moZalebas am regionSi da Tavisuflebis

did deficits. aqedanve SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi religiuri kanonic. ase

magaliTad, mahmadis kanoni, romelic krZalavs Rvinis smas, TviT arabeTis cxeli

havis kanonia. amaze mogviTiTebs msgavs klimatSi mcxovreb karTagenelTa kanoni,

romelic aseve krZalavda Rvinis smas. samxreTis xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,

evropelTa winaprebi, germanelebi iseT pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom maT

saarsebod mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad vnebebi aq

gacilebiT mSvidi iyo, xolo Sromismoyvareoba gacilebiT didi. da a.S.

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavis geografiul determinizmSi

monteskie ar wasula ise Sors, rom adamianTa monoba an Tavisufleba am

faqtoridan gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mis nawerebSi vxvdebiT dRevandeli

mkiTxvelisaTvis daujerebel msjelobebs SavkanianTa Sesaxeb. misi azriT,

SavkanianTa monad qcevis praqtika savsebiT misaRebia, radgan:

• Saqari Zalze gaZvirdeboda, lerwami rom monebs ar daemuSavebinaT samxreT

amerikaSi;

• isini Tavidan fexebamde savkanianebi arian da imdenad miWyletili cxviri

aqvT, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi Sebraleba;

• SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom RmerTma — uaRresad brZenma arsebam — suli

da miT ufro keTili suli Cado mTlianad Sav sxeulebSi;

• SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom isini adamianebi arian, radgan Tu maT

adamianebad miviCnevT, maSin saeWvo gaxdeba Cven Tavad varT Tu ara

qristianebi (1.270).

literatura:

1.Sarl lui monteskie — kanonTa goni.

2. David Lowenthal – Ch. L. Montesquieu, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .

73

Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria

warmoSobiT Sveicarelma, Jenevis moqalaqem, rusom yvelaze didi zegavlena

iqonia mis Tanamedrove frangul sazogadoebaze im avtorebs Soris, romelTa

kvlevis mTavari obieqti politikuri da socialuri problemebi iyo.

Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis principebis radikaluri formiT dacvam, rogorc

savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavda berki, ara mxolod moamzada franguli

revolucia, aramed gansazRvra misi odiozuri mxareebic. ruso sruliad sxva

poziciebze idga, vidre monteskie. Tavisufleba, romelic misi pirveli ZiriTadi

sakvlevi kategoriaa, man warmogvidgina rogorc adamianis mouwyveteli da

bunebrivi ufleba, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeboda mTeli maSindeli sazogadoebrivi

wyoba da Sesabamisad, mis Teorias, romelic Tavisuflebis fenomenis

relizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, misi sazogadoebisaTvis damangreveli Zala

hqonda.

rusom pirvelad saxeli mas Semdeg gaiTqva, rac diJonis mecnierebaTa

akademiam 1750 wels gamoacxada konkursi Sromaze “Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebis

ganviTarebam sazogadoebis zneobis progress xeli”? rusos Txzuleba, romelmac

umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleoda. SromaSi

gamoxatuli ideologia Znelad egueboda ganmanaTleblobis progresistul xazs

da, SesaZloa, met saerTos gviandeli leikistebis moZraobasTan poulobda.

miuxedavad amisa, rusos Semdegi Sromebi politikur Temebze, meti optimizmiT

gamoirCeoda. zogierTi maT franguli revoluciis bibliadac ki aRiqvamda.

marTlac da rusomde aravis moucia ubiri xalxis politikuri uflebamosilebis

aseTi damajerebeli dafuZneba. xalxi mis TxzulebebSi gamoyvanilia politikuri

movlenebis ZiriTad subieqtad da piruTvnel msajulad. uflebamosilebebis

aseTi dasabuTebis fonze, ra gasakviria safrangeTSi exilaT demosis iseTi

arnaxuli aRzeveba, rogoric manamde ar hqonia arc erT xalxs arc erT qveyanaSi.

rusos politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi Semdegi Sromebis

mixedviT: “gaazrebani adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis gaCenis Sesaxeb” (1754);

“politikuri ekonomia” (1755); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1752).

1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tema, romelic aqtiurad ganixileboda

rusos winamorbed iseT avtorebTan, rogoric iyo hobsi, loki monteskie,

Sesabamis gagrZelebas da gamoyenebas povebs rusos doqtrinaSi. ganaTlebis

problemebze Seqmnil naSromSi, “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, pirveli, rasac

bavSvze dakvirvebisas aRmoaCens ruso bavSvze dakvirvebisas, aris misi bunebiTi

Tavisufleba, romelic SemdgomSi SezRuduli unda gaxdes mravali sazo-

gadoebrivi pirobiTobiT da aTasgvari politikuri meqanizmebiT. pirveli

mniSvnelovani Tezisi, romelsac ruso wamoayenebs “gaazrebebSi adamianTa Soris

uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”, Seexeba, erTi mxriv, im uTanasworobis

bunebiTad rom arsebobs adamianebs Soris da meore mxriv, im uTanasworobas

Soris gamijvnas, romelic gaCenilia Tavad adamianTa ZalisxmeviT (1.31). kvlevis

gavrcelebuli modelis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis Sesaswavlad, jer unda ganvi-

xiloT adamiani pirvelSobili, daumaxinjebeli saxiT da, mxolod amis safuZ-

velze unda vcadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor Seiqmna

uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi.

adamianTa yofas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aregulirebs bunebiTi samarTali.

ras warmoadgens is konkretulad ioli aRmosaCeni rodia, radgan sxvadasxva

avtorTan mis sxvadasxva interpretacias vpoulobT. Seswavlis erTi gza

gulisxmobs dakvirvebas pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maTi cxovrebis wesis da

valdebulebebis analizs. meore gza iqneba, Tu am Temaze Seqmnil politikur

literaturas gverdiT gadavdebT da davakvirdebiT Tavad adamianis sulis

umartives impulsebs. am gziT aRmovaCenT or umTavres sawyiss, romlebic win

74

5.politikuri moralis cneba

makiaveli gamorCeuli figuraa politikuri azris istoriaSi ara mxolod

zogadmeTodologiuri novaciebisaTvis, ara mxolod imitom, misi Sromebi

warmoadgenen erTgvar Semobrunebis punqts klasikuri Teoriidan kvlevis

sruliad axali paradigmebisaken, aramed imitomac, rom daamkvidra politikuri

moralis kategoria, rogorc sakuTriv politikuri mecnierebebis kategoria da

gamijna is Cveulebrivi adamianuri moralis cnebisagan. am viTarebis

gauTvaliswinebloba orgvar problemas Segviqmnis. jer erTi, gaugebari

dagvrCeba “mTavarSi” gadmocemuli makiavelis ZiriTadi ideebis safuZveli da

Sesabamisad gaugebari dagvrCeba makiavelis politikuri filosofiac da meore,

araferi gveqneba sapirispirod saTqmeli gavrcelebul, ukve veRar vityviT

banalobaze, aramed yalb mosazrebaze, TiTqos yovelgvari politika amoraluris

da siyalbis sferoa. SevexoT jer meore sakiTxs ufro farTod.

CvenSi didi gavrceleba moipova Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac, politika

zogadad amoraluri saqmianobaa, xolo politikosebi zneobasTan mwyralad

myofi xalxi. SesaZloa, bolo TxuTmeti wlis qarTuli sinamdvile amgvari

SefasebebisaTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens, magram msgavs msjelobebs

safuZvlad udevs erTi sakamaTo dispozicia. kerZod, politikosebis ama Tu im

qcevis moralurobaze msjeloben ara politiuri moralis sferodan gamomdinare

(dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disputSi Cabmuli qarTveli inteleqtuale-

bis naxevrisTvis mainc sruliad ucnobia amgvari kategoria), aramed Cveulebrivi

adamianuri zneobrivi kodeqsis safuZvelze, rac ontiuri sferoebis aRrevas

iwvevs. ra Tqma unda, adamiani zneobrivi arsebaa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs misi

yoveldRiuri yofa zneobrivi kategoriebiT SevafasoT. amaSi miuRebeli

araferia. sakamaToa, mxolod, marTlzomiereba imisa, igive Sefasebis wesi rom

gavavrceloT adamianis moRvaweobis sxva iseT sferoebze, romelTac moralis

Tanaswori suverenuloba gaaCniaT. garda imisa, rom adamiani moraluri arsebaa,

is aris socialuri, esTeturi, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.

arseba. SegviZlia Tu ara igive movimoqmedoT TiToeuli am sferos mimarT da

vTqvaT, rom ama da am qveynis ekonomika amoraluria, amoraluria medicina da

eqimebi (romelTa mizani, Tu aristoteles davujerebT adamianis absoluturi

janmrTeloba unda iyos, magram sinamdvileSi absoluturi qonebis mopovebaa) da

a.S. ? ar vapirebT vTqvaT, rom am da msgavs kiTxvebze martivi da calsaxa pasuxebi

arsebobs. risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs, is gaxlavT rom dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlo

pasuxi didadaa damokidebuli ufro zogad poziciaze. miuxedavad sxva poziciis

arsebobisa, is, vinc icavs ontiuri sferoebis suverenulobas da momxre ar aris

maTi erTmaneTSi aRrevisa (makiavelis erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia ki swored am

poziciis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs), winaaRmdegi iqneba Sesabamisi sferoebis

kategoriebis aRrevisac. moralur da amoralur politikaze saubari, am azriT,

msgavsi iqneba “rentabeluri ekonomikuri dargebis mSvenierebaze” an “respi-

ratoruli daavadebebis devianturobaze” diskusiebisa. amrigad, politika, am

Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis specifikuri moRvaweobis suverenui sferoa da

Tu Cven gvsurs misi wminda saxiT warmodgena, Tavi unda SevikavoT politikaze

arapolitikuri kategoriebiT saubrisagan.

magram ra aris politikuri morali? ra gansxvavebaa massa da Cveulebriv

adamianur morals Soris? Cveulebrivi qcevis moraluroba-amoralurobis

kriteriumi qcevis motivaciaa. Tuki vinmem ixsna wyalwaRebuli, es kidev ar

niSnavs, rom Cveni gmiri saTnoebis gansaxierebaa. marTlac, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom

dazaralebuli soliduri qonebis patronia da misi gadarCeniT sakuTari

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba hqondaT miznad, qceva keTilad

namdvilad ver CaiTvleba.

yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT, moraluroba politikaSi ganisazRvreba ara

qcevis motividan, aramed, rogorc makiaveli gvaswavlis, miRebuli Sedegidan. Tu

Sedegi damRupvelia, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra motivebi amoZravebda politikoss.

jer erTi, aseTi motivaciis dasadgenad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs da

meore, dabejiTebiTac rom vicodeT sawyisi keTili ganzraxvebis Taobaze, Znelia

moralurad CavTvaloT didi ubedurebis momtani saqcieli (anu cnobili

43

rodesac, Tu gaRaribdeba, da mosaxleobis yvlefas daiwyebs, maSin is ver ascdeba

verc sircxvils da verc siZulvils.

politikosis moRvaweoba erTgvari TamaSia, rolia Sesasrulebeli. yvela

xedavs imas, radac gvaCveneben Tavs da Zalze cota Tu grZnobs ra aris mavani

sinamdvileSi. mTavari yovelTvis unda iyos frTxili warmoTqmuli sityvis

mimarT. is mudam unda cdilobdes, rom mis bages ar dascdes raime iseTi, romelic

beWeddasmuli ar iqneba iseTi sityvebiT rogoricaa siyvaruli, patiosneba,

adamianuroba da morwmunoeba. Sedegad, msmenels igi yovelive amis xorcSesxmul

xatebad warmoudgeba.

sxva mxriv, keTilgonierebis karnaxiT, mTavari ar unda gadaegos erTxel

micemul sityvas, Tu erTguleba misTvis saziano aRmoCndeba. Tu aRar arseboben

mizezebi, romelTac mTavrs aRTqma daadebines, igi Tavisufalia Tavis

gadawyvetilebaSi. SeiZleba uamravi magaliTis moyvana, Tu ramdeni xelSekruleba

darCenila uqmad da mizans aRwevda is, vinc melas rols asrulebda.

am daxasiaTebam, agreTve iman, rom “mTavars” is mediCebis memkvidres uZRvnis,

ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom makiaveli aSkara, faruli, Tu ra gnebavT formiT

monarqiuli diqtaturis an tiraniis momxrea. saTanado RirsebebiT Semkul

erTmmarTvelSi, is ufro kanonierebis aRmsrulebels xedavs. visac waukiTxavs

florenciis gauTavebeli SidaaSlilobebis makiaveliseuli aRwerebi, is gagebiT

moekideba makiavelis simpaTias erTmmarTvelisadmi, Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom ZiriTad Rirebulebas am SemTxvevaSi mwerlisaTvis kanoni da kanonierebis

dacva warmoadgens: “saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cudad mowyobil

respublikebs, xSirad icvlian mTavrobebs da marTvelobis wess, rasac isini,

rogorc SecdomiT fiqroben, Tavisufalidan monur mdgomareobaSi ki ar

gadayavT, aramed monuridan uwesrigi TviTnebobis mdgomareobaSi. ... da Tuki

moxdeba, arada es xdeba Zalze iSviaTad, rom bedis wyalobiT, romelime

saxelmwifoSi gamoCndeba sakmarisad brZeni, wesieri da Zalmosili moqalaqe,

romelic SesZlebda yvelnisaTvis iseTi kanonebis micemas, rom an

daakmayofilebda popolanebis da nobilitetis miswrafebebs, an daTrgunavda da

borotebis qmnis saSualebas mouspobda maT _ maSin am saxelmwifos ufleba

eqneba sakuTar Tavs Tavisufali, xolo mis mTavrobas myari da Zlieri uwodos.

samarTlian kanonebze da swor weswyobilebaze damyarebuli aseTi sxelmwifo,

sxvebis msgavsad SemdegSi aRar saWiroebs usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis romelime

erTi kacis saTnoebas” (2.143).

mixedavad imisa, rom yoveli politikosisaTvis aucilebelia amdeni

wvrilmanis gaTvaliswineba da gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva, raTa man warmatebas

miaRwios, arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba yvelafers win arudges da

individualurad Zlieri politikosi savsebiT xelmocarul adamianad

warmogvidginos. es raRac, makiavelis rwmeniT, aris bediswera. mTavars marTebs

gaiTvaliswinos isic, rom amqveyniur movlenebze bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet

zegvlenas iqoniebs RmerTi da bediswera. saerTod am movlenaze fiqrma bevr

avtorSi warmoSva qvietizmis idea, romelic, rakiRa amqveynad yvelaferi RvTis

nebiTa da bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli, srul uazrobad miiCnevs wamatebisaTvis

brZolas da mondomebas. makiavelis, swams bedisweris, da, ra Tqma unda, swams

RmerTis, magram mainc ar iziarebs absolutur determinizms. ZiriTadi misi

argumenti Tavisufali nebis fenomens emyareba, romlis arsebobaSi makiavelis

eWvi ar epareba. “rakiRa dauSvebelia Cveni Tavisufali nebis ugulvebelyofa, me

mzad var WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba, rom bediswera ganapirobebs

Cveni moqmedebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars, mTlianad Tu ara odnav nakleb

mainc Cven gvandobs. ... asevea bediswerac, romelic Tavis Zalmosilebas avlens iq,

sadac aravis uzrunia imaze, rom sapirispiro Zala daexvedrebina misTvis, da

romelic mZvinvarebas mimarTavs im mxares, sadac ar eguleba misi damaokebeli

jebirebi Tu simagreebi” (1.223).

42

uswreben goniT aqtivobas.. erTi maTgani adamians ubiZgebs izrunos sakuTar

TviTSenarCunebaze, meore ki zizRis grZnobiT aRgvavsebs, rodesac vxedavT sxva

mgrZnobiare arsebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Cveni msgavsi arsebis daRupvas. Tu am or

sawyiss, fiqrobs ruso, mesames, Tanacxovrebis princips davumatebT, SegveZleba

gamoviyvanoT bunebiTi samarTlis yvela danarCeni kanoni. ase magaliTad, maTi

gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom vidre adamians ar gauCndeba

TanagrZnobisadmi bunebrivi Semakavebeli impulsebi, manamde is vnebas ar

miayenebs sxvas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca iZulebulia Tavi daicvas.

gamokvlevam adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, unda “daiWiros” is

momenti, rodesac bunebisa da Zaladobis adgili uflebam daikava da pirveli ori

dauqvemdebara kanons ise, rom amas mohyva saswauli da ufro Ronieri daemorCila

ufro susts, xolo xalxma iyida warmosaxviTi simSvidis bedniereba. amrigad,

meTodi, romlis gamoyenebasac ruso problemis analizisaTvis cdilobs,

gulisxmobs: a) ganyenebas faqtiuri masalidan da b) ara imdenad istoriaze

dayrdnobas, aramed daSvebebs da da maTgan gamomdinare pirobebis kvlevas,

romlebic saganTa bunebas ufroSeesabameba, vidre namdvil warmoSobas.

am gafrTxilebis fonze, ruso cdilobs gakvriT mainc Seexos im avtorebis

Tvalsazriss, romlebic bunebiT mdgomareobas ikvlevdnen. adamianis bunebiTi

yofa maT mier sxvadasxvanairadaa daxatuli. Tu hobsi mas warmoidgenda

Zalmomreobis sferod, grociusi da pufendorfi, piriqiT, Tvlidnen, rom

adamiani bunebiT iseTi mfrTxali arsebaa, rom SeuZlebelia is Zaladobis momxre

iyos. adamianis pirveli niSani, romliTac ruso interesdeba, aris ena. am sakiTxze

rusos calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom ruso adamianis

“bunebiT mdgomareobaze” msjelobisas, mxedvelobaSi iqoniebs pirvelyofili

adamianis yofas, romelic imTaviTve mWernetyveli rodia. ena, rogorc amaSi

kondiliakis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, SeZenilia da Tanac xangrZlivi gamocdilebis

safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, enaze msjeloba rusos esaWiroeba daskvnas — bunebam

Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom adamianebi erTmaneTTan

daaxloebuliyvnen da egrZnoT urTierTsaWiroeba. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT

— wers ruso — Tu risTvis SeiZleba dasWirdes adamians meore adamiani ufro

metad, vidre maimuns an mgels Wirdeba Tavisi msgavsi” (1.62). Tuki romelime erT

adamians marTlac hqond amgvari saWiroeba, auxsneli rCeba, ram ubiZga kavSirze

wasasvlelad meores. da bolos, gadaulaxav problemad rCeba is, Tu rogor

moaxerxes maT molaparakeba. bolos, ruso Semdegnairad ajamebs Tavis

mosazrebebs adamianis pirvelyofili arsebobis Taobaze: tyeSi mawanwala veluri

adamiani, sulac ar gamoirCeoda SromismoyvareobiT. mas ar hqonda sacxovrebeli,

ar hqonda ena da ar saWiroebda Tavis msgavsebTan kontaqts Tavis gasatanad. ar

arsebobda arc ganaTleba da arc progresi. unayofod mravldebodnen Taobebi,

radgan TiToeuli maTgani igive wertilidan iwyebda, saidanac winamorbedi.

mTeli saukuneebi miedineboda pirvelyofil velurobaSi: modgma ukve beberi iyo,

roca adamiani bavSvad rCeboda. ruso wers: “me gamudmebiT mimtkiceben, rom ufro

Zlieri aucileblad daCagravda am dros ufro susts. magram minda amixsnan, Tu

ras gulisxmoben “CagvraSi”. imas, rom erTni ibatoneben Zalis gamoyenebiT da

meoreni daemorCilebian maT yvela survils. magram es xom igive viTarebaa,

romelsac Cvens irgvliv myofTa Soris vamCnev, Tumca ver gamigia, rogor

SeiZleba igive viTareba velurTa Soris arsebuliyo, romelTaTvisac bolomde

gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ras niSnavs damoneba da batonoba” (1.70). SegviZlia

davuSvaT, rom erTma velurma meores waarTva gamoqvabuli, nanadirevi, magram

gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia man aiZulos vinme mis sasargeblod imuSaos,

radgan amis mcdelobiT is Tavs ufro mZime dReSi Caigdebs, vidre manamde iyo. is

xom mudmivad Cemi yarauli unda gaxdes, rom ar gaviqce, an raime ar movparo, an

sulac ar movkla. riskenac rusos msjelobis wayvana surs is gaxlavT, rom

bunebiT situaciaSi ar arsebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizmebi.

ruso akeTebs daskvnas, rom monoba SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndes, rac

adamianebs gauCndebaT urTierTsaWiroeba. imisaTvis, rom adamiani daimono, is

unda Caayeno jer iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom arseboba gauZneldes meore adamianis

gareSe. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes.

adamiani Tavisufalia yvelafrisagan, maT Soris kanonisaganac, xolo Zalis

75

kanoni aq ar muSaobs.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris.

erTia bunebrivi, anu fizikuri uTanasworoba, rodesac adamianebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa asaki,

janmrTeloba, sxeulebrivi, Tu gonebrivi Zalebi da, a.S. meorea pirobiTi, anu

politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli konvenciis

safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs

aiZulebs morCilebas.

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da

Tqva _ “es Cemia”! (1.72). vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo, fiqrobs ruso,

romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasTvis saerToa, is

gadaarCenda kacobriobas. miT ufro, rom aseT xanaSi “sakuTrebaze” saubari jer

naadrevia, radgan unda gasuliyo sakmao xani, raTa adamians Sesabamisi idea

gasCenoda. sinamdvileSi, veluri adamianis pirveli grZnoba sakuTari arsebobis

SegrZneba iyo, xolo misi pirveli sazrunavi TviTSenarCuneba. SimSilma da sxva

grZnobebma adamiani aiZula eZebna TviTSenarCunebis gzebi. pirvelyofil jogad

adamianebi gaerTiandnen ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevis moTxovnilebiT. aqedan

gaCnda saerTo interesebis gacnobiereba, rasac mosdevs urTierTvaldebu-

lebebis idea da enis, komunikaciis saWiroeba. ase movdivarT ojaxis ideamde,

xolo ojaxi ukve Tavad aris sakuTrebis pirveli, Taviseburi forma, radgan

ojaxi aris patara sazoagdoeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “sazogadoebriv

xelSekrulebaSi” ruso ojaxs sazogadoebis gareT ayenebs, radgan dRevandel

konvencionalur sazogadoebaSic ojaxi rCeba erTaderT bunebiT formad. magram

mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizrdebian, maT SeuZliaT bunebiTi TavisuflebiT

isargeblon, magram Tu isini gaagrZeleben mSoblebTan cxovrebas, aseTi ojaxi

ukve konvencionaluria (3.153).

swored aq Cndeba pirvelad sakuTreba: “im wuTidan, rogorc ki erT adamians

gauCndeba meoris saWiroeba, rogorc ki adamianebma SeamCnies, rom Zalze

sasargebloa or kacze meatad sakuTrebis momoarageba _ gaqreba Tanasworoba.

Sroma aucileblobad iqceva. sazogadoebis am mimaTulebiT ganviTarebas xeli

Seuwyo metalis aRmoCenam da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam. miwis ganviTrebas

Tan axlavs misi danawileba. rogorc ki gaaCnda sakuTreba miwaze, maSinve gaCnda

samarTalic, romelsac unda daekanonebina es sakuTreba. ruso aq imeorebs lokis

debulebas, rom sakuTreba Sromis safuZvelze warmoiSveba, radgan adamians

araferi hqonda Sromis garda nivTisaTvis rom miematebina.

sakuTrebis ufleba, rogorc ruso fiqrobs, gansxvavebulia im uflebaTagan,

romlebic bunebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinareoben. mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda

sakuTreba, avtomaturadve ar gaCenila uTanasworoba. es ukanaskneli gaCnda mas

Semdeg, sakuTrebas daemata bunebiTi uTanasworobac. swored am ori elementis

erTianobam Seadgina politikuri anu samoqalaqo uTanasworoba.

sazogadoebbis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzas ruso ase warmogvidgens: simdidris

sawyisi wyaroebis miwa da saqoneli. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebam memekvidreobiTi

xasiaTi miiRo, man Zalze swrafad daiwyo zrda. adamianTa samflobeloebis

SexebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, Semdgomi zrda mxolod erTmaneTis xarjze iyo

SesaZlebeli. aqedan, warmoiSva Zaladoba, Zarcva, mezoblebis damoneba da maTi

qonebis miTviseba. adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas mohyva Sexla-

Semoxla. damkvidrda Zlieris ufleba, ris Semdegac viTarebis Semdgomi svla

hobsis, mudmivi omis scenariT mimdinareobs. omi sruldeba adamianTa

gaerTianebiT, romlis iniciatori mdidaria. gaerTianebis Sedgi aris

politikuri organizmi. Cndebian mmarTvelebi da marTulebi, romelTa

urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba. am ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba

politikuri mmarTveloba, romelic isev xalxis arCeulia, Tumca xelSekrulebis

orive mxarea valdebuli daicvas misiT gaTvaliswinebuli kanonebi. adamianebma

xom mmarTveli airCies ara imisaTvis, rom damonebodnen, aramed imisaTvis,

TavianTi Tavisuflebis dasacavad.

76

vidre manamde iyavi, xolo dapyrobebma dagasusta, maSin Sen an gascdi im miznis

sazRvrebs, risTvisac omi daiwye, an ver miaRwie mas” (2.225).

4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi

calke ganxilvis sagania mTavris, rogorc politikosis persona. ganixileba

misi damokidebuleba rogorc xalxis farTo masebTan, aseve garemocvis mimarT.

rogori unda iyos politikosi, rogori unda iyos mTavri, unda eSinodeT misi, Tu

sayovelTao saxalxo siyvaruliT unda iyos garemoculi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

makiavelis azrs xalxis meryevi guneba-ganwyobis Taobaze, pasuxi am kiTxvaze

Zneli ar unda iyos. am Tvalsazriss makiaveli kidev ufro amZimebs xakxis

Tvisebebis iseTi kategoriebiT daxasaTebisas, rogoricaa adamianTa biwieri

buneba, umaduroba, orguleba da a.S. rac Seexeba mTavris garemocvas, is Zalze

frTxilad unda SirCes. arsebobs erTi utyuari wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu

ramdenad vargisia qveSevrdomi. Tu is sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro metad

zrunavs, vidre mTavrisa da saxelmwifos saqmeebze, aseTi msaxuri ndobas ar

imsaxurebs. Tumca, garemocvasTan mimarTebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas,

Tu ra individualuri TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli politiuri lideri.

makiavelisTvis es Tvisebebi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mmarTvelis konceptidan ki ar

gamoiyvaneba analitikurad, aramed aiReba reluri politikuri politikuri

praqtikidan. swored am praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT ambobs avtori, rom zogi

mTavari guluxvad iwodeba, zogic Zunwad, wuwkad, qalaCunad da a.S. msgavs

kvliafikaciebSi mniSvnelovania is, rom mTavari, ramdenadac is rogorc

politikuri lideri sxvebisagan amaRlebulia, sazogadoebis TvalSi erTi

romelime gamorCeuli TvisebiTaa daxasiaTebuli da sxva misi Tvisebebi

SeumCneveli rCeba. ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnavi iqneboda, rom moiZebnebodes yvela

RirsebiT Semkuli mTavari, romelic arasodes ar SebRalavda am Rirsebebs,

magram sinamdvileSi aseTi pirovneba iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, ramdenadac mTavari

upirveles yovlisa politikuri lideria, misi ZiriTadi safiqrali politikuri

warmatebaa da ara zneobriv srulyofaze dReniadag zrunva. swored amitom,

mTavari pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac

SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos. yvela SemTxvevaSi makiavelis mixedviT,

politiuri amocanebi lideris pirveli rigis orientirs Seadgens. sazRvriT

situaciebSi, rodesac warmovidgenT an marTlac arsebobs realuri konfliqti

politikuri moRvawis moralur kredosa da realur politikur praqtikas Soris,

politikoss SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios sazogadoebriv azrs an sakuTar sulier

miswrafebebs. miT ufro, “Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, aris zogi ram, rac SeiZleba

siqveled mogveCvenos, magram gardauval daRupvas uqadis mTavars, romelic

miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas, da aris zogic iseTi rame, rac

biwierad gamoiyureba, magram simSvides da keTildReobas uqadis mas” (1.172).

am Tvalsazrisis, romelic saboloo dafuZnebas politikuri moralis cnebaSi

poulobs, gagrZelebad unda miviCnioT mTavris xelgaSlilobis aRwera mwerlis

mier. ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobisaTvis xelgaSlili xelisufali wuwuraqsa da

Zunwze umjobesia. magram makiaveli iolad gvixatavs sapirispiro suraTs,

rodesac xelgaSlili da qveli xelisufalis saxelis SeZenis msurveli

politikuri lideri rogor TandaTanobiT gadadis gadasaxadebis zrdaze da

gamocarielebuli xazinis Sevsebaze. Sesabamisad, is, vinc erT dros qvelis

saxels atarebda, axla xalxis Semaviwroveblad da myvlefavis saxelis mqone

xdeba. aviRoT axla im mTavris mier xalxisaTvis gaRebuli daxmareba, vinc aqamde

Zunwad iyo cnobili. makiaveli gvarwmunebs, rom mis mier gaRebuli wyaloba

orjer ufro faseuli iqneba sazogadoebis TvalSi. saerTod araferia

gulixvobaze swrafad milevadi ram. rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi

Sansi grCeba momavalSic aseTive darCe. amitom, mTavars ar unda aRelvebdes

Zunwis saxeli, miT ufro, Tu momavalSi is iZulebuli ar gaxdeba tyavi gaaZros

Tavis qveSevrdomebs da autaneli mmarTvelis reputacia moipovos. Tu mxolod

Zunwis saxels moixveWavs, mTavari iZulebuli gaxdeba Seurigdes erT im

samarcxvino biwierebaTagans, romelic isev mis taxts ganamtkiceben, maSin,

41

momxvdurs ise, rom dasaxmereblad ar mimarTavda aravis sxvas, aseTi samTavro

Zlieria (1.145).

samxedro saqmis mniSvneloba makiavelisaTvis gadauWarbebladaa Sefasebuli

da is politikis warmarTvis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad gvevlineba. “am xelovnebis

Zala - wers makiaveli — imdenad didia, rom ara marto Zalauflebas unarCunebs

mas, vinc mTavrad Sobila, aramed kerZo pirsac aRazevebs xolme mTavris

simaRlemde. ... am xelovnebis ugulvebelyofa samTavros dakargvis ZiriTad

iaraRad gvevlineba, xolo misi zedmiwevniT floba — samTavros dauflebis

saSualebad” (1.166). mTavari, politikuri moRvawe, imavdroulad meomaricaa.

Tundac Sidapolitikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, makiavelis epoqidan jer

kidev Zalze Sors aris im dromde, rodesac gaimijneba samxedro da politikuri

sakiTxebi. piriqiT, makiavelisaTvis sruliad auxsnelia SemTxveva, Tuki mas vime

aRmoaCenda, rodesac SeiaraRebuli xalxi (samxedroebi) emorCilebian

uiaraRoebs (politikosebs) da uiaraRo ki uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs iaraRasxmulTa

garemocvaSi (1.166-167). Tumca, es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar

gansxvavdeba politikosi meomrisagan. arsebobs meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis

mizezic, romeliz amozrdilia adamianis naklovani, mxecuri bunebidan. “unda

gvaxsovdes, wers makiaveli, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe — erTia brZola

kanonebis, xolo meore brZola Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamia-

nebisaTvis, meore ki mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,

Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia,

rom Tanabrad warmatebiT ibrZodes rogrc mxeci da rogorc kaci” (1.182).

yoveli saxelmwifos safuZveli makiavelisaTvis kargad gawvrTnili laSqari

da kargi saxelmwifo kanonebia. es ori ram erTmaneTs avsebs, radgan kargad

gawvrTnili laSqari warmoudgenelia kargi kanonebis gareSe, xolo kargi laSqari

Tavad uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi kargi kanonebis Seuferxebel dacvas.

samxedro Zalebi rogorc wesi organizebulia Semdegi saxiT:

1. upirveles yovlisa igi Sedgeba mTavris sakuTri SeiaraRebuli

nawilebisagan. Semdeg,

2. daqiravebuli profesionali meomrebisagan;

3. maSveli jarisagan da bolos,

4. Sereuli Zalebisagan.

makiavelis miaCnda, rom maSveli da daqiravebuli jari qveynisaTvis Zalze

wamgebiania. italiis misi periodis mZime mdgomareobas, avtori swored

daqiravebulTa ukontrolo parpaSiT xsnis qveyanaSi, romelic aseT viTarebaSi,

dacvis gareSea darCenili. daqiravebulebi pirvelad italiaSi papebma d

Tavisufali qalaqebis mcxovreblebma Semoiyvanes imis gamo, rom araferi

gaegebodaT omis xelovnebisa da iZulebulebi iyvnen ucxoeli profesionalebi

moewviaT.

aranakleb dazaralda qveyana maSveli jarisagan. “maSvel Zalas” makiaveli

uwodebs mezobeli Zlieri qveynis (am periodSi italielebisaTvis aseTi iyo

safrangeTi) samxedro Zalas, romelic Txovnis safuZvelze Semovida qveyanaSi. am

samxedro Zalis problema isaa, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlis Semdeg, mas metad

eZneleba qveynis datoveba da axal dampyroblad gadaiqceva xolme.

oms aristotele igive rigis movelenebSi aTavsebda, rogorc nadirobas.

cnebaTa aseTi daaxloebis gamamarTlebel sabuTad is gvTavazobda ideas, rom

nadirobac da omic, orive Semosavalze orientirebuli saqmianobaa.

aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni oms yovelgvari ubedurebis wyarod

miiCnevvda da mas mtrobisa da megobrobis terminebSi aRwerda. makiavelis

mosazrebebi omis Sesaxeb, rogorRac iTavsebs irive avtoris Tvalsazriss. omi —

fiqrobs igi _ or mtrul mxarse Soris CaRdeba, magram is ar aris TviTmizani.

omis mizani imdenad mtris ganadgureba ki ar aris, ramdenadac sakuTari

keTildReobis uzrunveyofa. amrigad, oms praqtikuli sazrisi gaaCnia. “yvela

imis mizani, visac ki odesme omi dauwyia, yovelTvis imaSi mdgomareobda _ rac

savsebiT gonivrulia _ rom Tavad gamdidrebuliyvnen, xolo mteri ufro

gaeRaribebinaT. sxva arafrisTvis ar sWirdebaT gamarjveba, xolo mosaxveWeli ki

imitom unaT, rom kidev ufro gazardon Tavisi Zala da daasuston mowinaaRmdege.

aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelTvis, roca gamarjvebam ufro Raribi gagxada,

40

2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba

“emilSi” (wigni II, $35) ruso laparakobs daqvemdebarebis or wesze: erTi aris

adamianis damokidebuleba sagnebze, xolo meore sxva adamianebze (rac

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi iqmneba). pirveli damokidebuleba arafer

naklovans ar aCens adamianebSi. rac Seexeba meores, Tu is mouwesrigebel

mdgomareobaSi iqna, aucileblad ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. adamianTa Soris

urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba

samarTals, romelic mTlianad konvencionalur safuZvelazea amozrdili.

imisaTvis, rom konvencia Sedges, adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos. Tavisufleba

adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTebelia da masze uaris Tqma adamianur bunebaze uaris

Tqmas utoldeba. marTalia, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT axali Zalebis Seqmna, magram

maT SeuZliaT ukve arsebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da erTi mimarTulebiT wayvana.

es SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, romlis mizania asociaciis

iseTi formis povna, romelic SemosazRvravs da icavs saerTo ZaliT asociaciis

TiToeul wevris pirovnebas, da qonebas da romlis wyalobiTac, yoveli adamiani,

sxvebTan gaerTianebiT, amave dros, emorCileba mxolod sakuTar Tavs da iseTive

Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric manamde iyo (3.160). ruso aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa,

aseTi sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, Ria saxiT, ar dafiqsirebula arsad. magram

misi punqtebi identuria yvela droSi yvela xalxisaTvis da isini miRebulia xmis

amouReblad. Tu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas ganveyenebiT yvela im punqtSi,

romelic ar Seadgens mis arsebas, aRmovaCenT, rom is daiyvaneba Semdeg

debulebebamde: yoveli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTrebaSi gadascems da umorCilebs

Tavis pirovnebas da mTel Tavis Zalebs erTiani nebis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,

ris Sedegedac, yvela CvenTagani gadaiqceva mTelis mouwyvetel nawilad” (3.161).

ase iqmneba pirobiTi koleqtiuri mTeli, romelic imdeni pirisagan Sedgeba,

ramdenic erTiandeba masSi. aRniSnuli aqtis ZaliT, es mTeli iZens Tavis

erTianobas, Tavis saerTo me-s, sicocxles, da nebas. is aris iuridiuli piri, sxva

pirTa gaerTianebiT Seqmnili, romelic amieridan iwodeba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebad, respublikad an politikur organizmad. am gaerTianebis wevrebi

pasiur mdgomareobaSi myofs, mas uwodeben saxelmwifos, xolo aqtiur

mdgomareobaSi ganxiluls ki suverens. erTianobaSi ganxiluli Tavad asociaciis

wevrebi xalxad iwodeba, xolo Tu maT cal-calke aviRebT, isini Seadgenen

moqalaqeebs. maTve SeiZleba qveSevrdomebi ewodoT imdenad, ramdenadac isini am

saxelmwifos kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. ruso sazogedoebrivi xelSekrulebis

konstituciaSi ganasxvavebs “yvelas nebas” da “saerTo nebas”. mxolod am

ukamasknels kravs saerTo interesebi da mxolod es uakanaskneli qmnis erTian

subieqts maSin, rodesac pirveli aris kerZo interesebis krebuli. swored

saerTo neba qmnis rusos Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan elements, rogoricaa

suvereni.

ra saxis cvlilebebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT bunebrivi mdgomareobidan

sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi? adamianSi samarTlianobis

grZnoba Seenacvleba instinqts da amiT adamianis qcevas eniWeba iseTi zneobrivi

xasiaTi, romelsac is aqamde sruliad moklebuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac samarTlis

grZniba Sescvlis midrekilebebs, vnebebze amaRldeba valdebulebis grZnoba.

aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, adamiani dakargavs bevr Tvisebas, romelic manamde,

bunebriv mdgomareobaSi hqonda. Tumca, amasTanave SeiZens bevr axal niSans,

romeli mas ufro keTilSobils da ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofs gaxdis.

praqtikulad, samoqalaqo xelSekruleba adamians gamogleijs cxovelur yofas

da SezRuduli arsebidan, gonier arsebad aqcevs. adamiani kargavs bunebiT

Tavisuflebas, romlis sazRvarsac individis fizikuri Zala warmoadgenda da

iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, romelic sarTo nebiTaa SezRuduli. davurToT

am samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas moraluri Tavisufleba da maSin ufro meti

safuZvlianobiT SegveZleba ganvsazRvroT Tavisuflebis zogadi cneba, radgan

moraluri Tvisufleba aris is, rac adamians aqcevs Tavis Tavis uflad. mxolod

sakuTari survilebis da vnebebis karnaxiT moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara

monoba maSin, rodesac im kanonis mixedviT moqmedeba, romelic Tavad daudgine

sakuTar Tavs, aris WeSmariti Tavisufleba.

77

3.suverenis cneba.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, yoveli individi Sedis ra sakuTar TavTan

xelSekrulebaSi, Tavis Tavze iRebs, ase vTqvaT, ormag valdebulebas a) rogorc

suverenis wevri kerZo pirebis mimarT da b) rogorc sxelmwifos wevri suverenis

mimarT. Tu individi ormag mimarTebaSi imyofeba amiT suverenTan, Tavad

suverenis mimarTeba mxolod erTadgiliania. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusos

mixedviT suvereni Tavad xalxia, SegviZlia aqedan gamomdinare gaviazroT mis

kompetencia, romelic avtoris mier aRiwereba ase: “ramdenadac suverens

sakuTari Tavis ganxilva mxolod erTi mimarTebiT SeuZlia, is aRmoCndeba kerZo

piris mdgomareobaSi da radganac es asea, maSin ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba

arsebobdes araviTari ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic savaldebulo iqneboda

xalxisaTvis mTlianobSi. savaldebulo misTvis ar aris arc sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba”(3.162-163). Tumca xalxs SeuZlia aiRos valdebuleba ucxos

mimarT, sakuTari Tvis mimarT raime valdebulebis aRebas xalxis mier ruso

gamoricxavs. suvereni, ra Tqma unda, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT,

magram am xelSekrulebas misTvis ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. de jure mas SeuZlia

xelSekrulebis darRveva, de facto ar daarRvevs mas, radgan im aqtis darRveva,

romlis wyalobiTac is arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebas niSnavs. suverens

ar gaaCnia arc sakuTari Tavis, arc misi Semadgeneli individebis interesebis

sawinaaRmdego ganzraxva. is aris erTaderTi politikuri subieqti, romelSiac

xorciekdeba de facto- de jure mxareebis sruli Taxvedra. mxolod imis gamo, rom

arsebobs, suvereni yovelTvis aris is, rac unda iyos (3.163).

niSnavs Tu ara aRwerili viTareba individis srul daqvemdebarebas

sazogadoebisadmi? ruso sapirispiroSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. individs, misi

azriT, mainc rCeba Tavisufali qmedebis veli. “yovel individs — wers is —

rogorc adamians, SeiZleba hqondes Tavisufali neba, romelic sapirispiroa, ar

emTxveva saerTo nebas, romelic aqvs mas rogorc moqalaqes. misma kerZo

interesebma mas SeiZleba STaunergon gansxvavebuli azri imisagan, rasac saerTo

interesebi moiTxovs” (3.163). niSnavs Tu ara es, rom individs SeuZlia ganudges,

ar daeTanxmos saerTo nebas? ra moxdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi? rusos azriT,

xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseT SemTxvevebsac. Tu vinme uars ityvis dae-

morCilos serTo nebas, mas sapirispiros aiZulebs mTeli organizmi, rac imas

niSvans, rom mas aiZuleben iyos Tavisufali. es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSek-

rulebis pirobiT. yovel moqalaqes, xelSekruleba uqvemdebarebs ra samSoblos,

imavdroulad aTavisuflebs yovelgvari piradi damokidebulebisagan. es

viTareba warmoadgens politikuri manqanis saidumlos da mis ZiriTad

mamoZravebel Zalas.

aseT Sedegebamde midis ruso yovel individSi orgvari nebis fenomenis

daSvebis Sedegad, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. rogorc moqalaqe, individi

emorCileba saerTo nebas, magram amave dros, mas rogorc adamians Tavisufali

moqmedebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi, rasac aq aRvniSnavT “ori nebiT”,

aris oradgiliani relacia — erTi individisa sakuTar TavTan, meore ki

saxelmwifosTan, anu sxvebTan. aRniSnuli relaciis buneba, romelic mTlad

naTeli rodia rusos msjelobebSi, iZens Semdgom dakonkretebas samoqalaqo

samarTlis konteqstSi. am normebis mixedviT, aravis evaleba Seasrulos is

valdebulebani, romelic man aiRo sakuTari Tavis winaSe, radgan erTia

valdebuleba sakuTar TavTan da meore valdebuleba mTelTan romlis wevrebic

Cven varT. igive viTarebis eqstrapolacia individualuri adamianidan suverevze,

STambeWdav Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, Tu mTeli xalxi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas,

mas Zala eqneba yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis suverenTan mimarTebiT, magram igive

gadawyvetileba veraviTar valdebulebas ver daadebs Tavad suverens. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmneboda situacia raRac msgavsi imisa, roca suverens SeuZlia

SemoiRos kanoni, romlisaganac is ver gaaTavisuflebda sakuTar Tavs, rac

ewinaaRmdegeba politikuri organizmis bunebas (3.162).

ra qmnis xelSekrulebis sazrisismier safuZvels? arsebobs Tu ara raRac

iseTi, riskenac mimarTulia yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmeva? rusos pasuxi

78

am zogadi daxasiaTebebis gverdiT, makiaveli iZleva ufro konkretul

rekomendaciebs da miTiTebebs. ase magaliTad, saokupacio eqspedicia ucxo

qveyanaSi warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu mTavari moaxerxebs kargi

urTierTobis damyarebas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. mosaxleobis keTil-

ganwyobis mosapoveblad ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba iq arsebuli

Cvevebis, yofis da gadasaxadebis akrefis wesis ucvlelad SenarCunebaa. Semdeg,

gacilebiT ufro iolia erTenovani an moanTesave enaze mosaubre samTavros

xelSi Cagdeba. magram Tu moxerxda gansxvavebuli eTnosiT dasxlebuli qveynis

xelSi Cagdeba, aq mravalricxovani siZneleebi iCenen Tavs da yvela maT dsaZleva

erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesi xerxi, dampyrobis axal dakavebul teritoriebze

gadasaxleba iqneba, rogorc es ganaxorciela TurqeTis sulTanma konstan-

tinepolis dakavebis Semdeg. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi gadasaxleba ar

xerxdeba, saukeTeso gza iqneba dakavebul teritoriebze koloniebis daarseba.

ucxo eTnosiT dakompleqtebuli axalSenebi dampyrobTa mcvelebis rols

Seasruleben da mis reJims moemsaxurebian. es gza gacilebiT ufro iafia, vidre am

qveyanaSi mobiluri samxedro korpusis SenarCuneba, romelic mudmiv mzad-

yofnaSi unda iyos swrafad gadaadgildes konfliqtis zonaSi. makiavelis es

rekomendacia gasagebs xdis Zveli imperiebis, magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis

calkeuli regionebis eTniur siWreles da xalxTa gansaxlebis arabunebriv

formebs.

warmatebuli samxedro kampania ucxo qveyanaSi mxolod saokupacio razmebis

xelmZRvanelis moxerxebulobasa da SorsmWvretelobaze ki ar aris damokid-

ebuli, aramed im reJimis bunebaze, romelic arsebobs dasakavebel teritoriaze.

arsebobs uzomod centralizebuli da SedarebiT Tavisufali regionebis

Semcveli smTavroebi. maT yvelaze ufro karg nimuSebs, makiavelisaTvis, TurqeTi

da safrangeTi warmoadgenda. TurqeTSi arsebobda erTaderTi mbrZanebeli,

sulTani, xolo yvela danarCeni misi ymebi iyvnen. rodesac TurqeTis romelime

warCinebuli ama Tu im sanjayis samarTavad midioda, mosaxleoba mis brZanebebs

asrulebda mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi sulTanis

nebas ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTSi xelisufleba aRweilisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli iyo. mefes aq uamravi patara mbrZanebeli exvia Tavs, romelTac

Tavad hyavdaT sxva mravali qveSevrdomi. xelisuflebis organizaciis aseTi

gansxvavebuli formebis gamo, gacilebiT ufro Znelia iseTi qveynis dapyroba,

rogorc ki TurqeTia, magram Tu am mimarTulebiT vinmes bedma gauRima, ukve

dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro ioli gaxdeba, vidre

safrangeTisnair qveyanaSi, sadac regionebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi da

mmarTvelTa damoukidebloba centraluri xelisuflebisagan gacilebiT ufro

didia da, amitom, yovel maTganTan praqtikulad calke samxedro-politikuri

urTierTobebi iqneba gasabmeli.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTveli, samxedro konfliqtis, Sendgomi

mosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis motiviT, gaumarTlebel

daTmobebze midis. aseTi daTmobebi, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis uaRresd

wamgebiania, radgan am gziT verc oms ver avicilebT, da teritoriebsac

davkargavT.

3.samxedro saqme

damoukidebeli gansjis Temaa makiavelisaTvis samxedro saqmis organizacia

samTavroSi. omi da samxedro saqme am epoqis saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes mxares

warmoadgenda, romelic ganapirobebda mis Zlierebas. saxelmwifos Zalas

makiaveli am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politiuri praqtikidan gamomdinare,

gansazRvravs, bunebrivia, ara mrewvelobis potencialiT an omis saWiroebisaTvis

gadanaxuli finansebis maragiT, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobiT da samxedro

ZaliT. Tuki davsvamdiT kiTxvas _ “riT SeiZleba gaizomos ama Tu im saxelmwifos

Zliereba”? _ makiavelis pasuxi masze aseTia: Tu samTavros hyavs

mravalricxovani laSqari (risTvisac aucilebelia rogorc mravalricxovani

mosaxleoba, aseve didZali simdidre), romelic skadris pasuxs gascemda yvela

39

2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis da

maTi marTvis teqnologiebi

makiavelis Sromebis kiTxvisas kargad igrZnoba epoqis xasiaTi. aq mxed-

velobaSi mxolod is ki ar gvaqvs, rom politikuri movlenebi fasdeba antikuri

xanis zneobriv politikuri kategoriebis an qristianobis eklesiis swavlebis

safuZvlis gareSe, aramed TviT politikuri institutebi da politikis subiq-

tebi. karolingebis epoqis Semdeg evropaSi mtkiced moikida fexi memkvid-

reobiTma mmarTvelobam. Seiqmna dinastiebi, romelTac mTeli samTavroebi, rig

SemTxvevebSi samefoebi ekuTvnodaT. omis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis

italiaze, profesiad iqca. amitom, umravles SemTxevaSi, saxalxo laSqars

daqiravebuli kondoterebi cvlian. zogierTi avantiuristis kariera, rogorc

sforcebis SemTxvevaSi milanSi, Zalze warmatebuli gamodis da isini mTavris

savarZels ikaveben. sxvebi, magaliTad, mediCebi florenciaSi, xelisuflebisaken

gzas TavianTi finansuri Zlierebis safuZvelze ikafaven.

saxelmwifoebi ki am dros arsebobs ori saxisa, respublikebi da samTavroebi.

Tavad samTavroebi ramdenimenairia: saeklesio samTvro, romlis nimuSsac papis

sabrZanebli warmoadgenda, meore, dapyrobiT mopovebuli da Semdeg,

memkvidreobiT miRebuli. arsebobs samTavros kidev erTi tipi, romelsac

makiaveli “samoqalaqo samTavros” uwodebs. aseTi saxelmwifos mmarTvelic erTi

pirovnebaa, magram is mTavari arc memkvidreobiT gamxdara da arc teritoriis

dapyrobiT. rodesac kerZo piri borotmoqmedebisa, Tu sxva ram autaneli

Zaladobis gziT ki ara, aramed Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis keTilganwyobis Sedegad

xdeba mTavari, aseT mmarTvelobas SeiZleba samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ewodos

(1.139).

respublikuri mmarTvelobaze makiaveli msjelobs “komentarebSi titus

liviusis pirvel dekadaze” da “florenciis istoriaSi”. am ukanasknelSi, itali-

uri respublikebidan makiaveli ganixilavs genius, veneciis da gansakuTrebiT,

florenciis mowyobas da mmarTvelobas. qalaqi florencia dayofili iyo 6

nawilad. qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda or moqalaqes.

ase, rom mTeli mmarTveloba anu senati Sedgeboda 12 wevrisagan, romelTac

uxucesebs (anziani) uwodebdnen. uxucesebi marTavdnen qalaqis popolanur

nawils. xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: qalaqis moqalaqeebi, xelosnebi,

vaWrebi. uxucesebis sakrebulos Semadgenloba ganaxlebadi iyo yovelwliurad.

1250 wels florenciaSi ganxorcielda saqalaqo mmarTvelobis reforma da

qalaqis popolanuri nawilis xelmZRvaneloba daevala kapitans. mTel qalaqs, e.i.

rogorc plebeur nawils aseve nobilitets marTavda podesta. kapitani da

podesta florenciaSi iyo ori samoxeleo Tanamdeboba, romelTa ZiriTadi saqme

moqalaqeTa Soris arsebuli davebis aRmofxvra iyo. marTlwesrigs respublikaSi

ganaxorcielebda soflis raionebSi 76, xolo uSualod qalaqSi 20 SeiaraRebuli

razmi. am razmebSi ganTavsebuli iyo mTeli florenciis brZolisunariani

axalgazrdoba, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen pirveli daZaxebisTanave iaraR-

asxmulni gamocxadebuliyvnen winaswarmiTiTebul razmSi (2.56).

italiis memkvidreobiTi samTavros tipur nimuSs warmoadgenda milani.

milanis aRzeveba daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac is SeuerTda fridrix barbarosas

winaaRmdeg Seqmnil italiuri qalaqebis kavSirs. XIII saukunidan milanSi

pirvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dela toresis da viskontis gvarebi. brZola am

ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. viskontebis bolo STamomavali iyo filipo

viskonti, romelsac vaJi ar hyavda da Sedegad samTavros marTva gadavida

sforcas gvarze. memkvidreobiTi samTavro, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis ufro

myar reJims warmoadgens. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba misi mmarTvelisaTvis imas

aqvs, rom man ar daarRvios winaprebis mier SemoRebuli marTvis wesi da rigi.

arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac samTavro memkvidreobiT ki ekuTvnis mmarTvels,

magram mas mainc ZaliT uwevs misi SemoerTeba. aseT samTavroSi reJimis

ganmtkiceba yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre misi mopoveba. makiaveli

aq miuTiTebs xalxis ucvlel iluziaze, romlis mixedviTac yoveli axali

mmarTveli Zvelze ukeTesia. daswyisSi is mxars uWers axal mmarTvels, magram mas

Semdeg, rac xalxi Tavis Secdomas gaacnobierebs, reJimis SenarCuneba Zneldeba.

38

dadebiTia. aseTi ram arsebobs da sworad is qmnis sazogadoebrivi kavSiris

safuZvels. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi erTiandebian saerTo interesebis

safuZvelze, romelTa mizansac saerTo sikeTe warmoadgens. Tu davsvamT kiTxvas,

raSi mdgomareobs xalxisaTvis saerTo sikeTe, ruso miuTiTebs or ZiriTad

fenomenze _ Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze. Tavisuflebaze, radgan

yovelgvari damokideuleba, kerZo pirze, amcirebs saxelmwifos Zalas da

Tanasworobaze imitom, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebs mis gareSe (3.188). swored

mis misaRwevad iqmneba saerTo neba, romlis realizaciasac warmoadgens suvereni.

“suvereniteti, romelic mxolod saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa, arasdros ar

SeiZleba gaucxovdes. suvereni sxva araferia, Tu ara koleqtiuri arseba.,

romelic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos mxolod sakuTari TaviT. SavsebiT

SesaZlebelia vinmesTvis Zalauflebis gadacema, magram ara nebisa” (3.168).

Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom rusos Tvalsazrisi suverenis Sesaxeb

TandaTanobiT iseTi SinaarsiT ivseba, romelic ufro hobsis absolutisturi

TeoriisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom

suvereni rusosaTvis aris xalxi. rusos mtkiceba adamianis individualuri

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, ar flobs did damarwmunebel Zalas im totalobis fonze,

rasac Seadgens xalxi, rogorc suvereni. individis bedi rusos saxelmwifoSi

kargad Cans erT aseT fragmentSi: “visac sakuTari sicocxlis SenerCuneba surs

sxvis xarjze, mzad unda iyos maTTvis sakuTari sicocxlis gasaRebad, Tu es

saWiri Seiqna. ... rodesac mas eubnebian ‘saxelmwifos sWirdeba rom Sen mokvde’ —

maSin is unda mokvdes, radgan mxolod am pirobiT cxovrobda is aqamde

usafrTxod da imitomac, rom misi cxovreba mxolod bunebis wyaloba ki ar aris,

aramed saCuqaria, romelic garkveuli pirobebis fasad man miiRo

saxelmwifosagan” (3.175).

suverenis yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba kidev ufro mZimdeba mas Semdeg, rac

ruso uars ambobs imaze, rac monteskiesaTvis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa erT-

erTi mTavari piroba iyo - xelisuflebis danawilebis principze. ruso

akritikebs “Cvens politikosebs”, romelTac ar esmiT suverenis arsi da mijnaven

mis iseT gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa Zala da neba. anu mijnaven sakanonmdeblo,

aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amis Sedegad erTmaneTSia

aRreuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis gamovlenis formebi da umaRlesi

xelisuflebis nawilebi. suvereni — rogorc xalxis nebis gamovlena, rogorc

umaRlesi xelisufleba, daunawevrebelia. amisda miuxedavad, ruso mainc

ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs. sakanonmdeblo

xelisufleba ekuTvnis mxolod xalxs. rac Seexeba mTavrobas, is aris

gamaSualebeli organizmi, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobas xalxsa da

suverens Soris, axorcielebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve politikur

Tavisuflebebs.

4. saxelmwifo

saxelmwifos rangSi ruso ganixilavs respublikis cnebas. “respublika” ru-

sos enaze ewodeba nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic imarTeba depersonalizebuli

xelisuflebiT, anu kanonebiT. amitom respublka SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos ara

mxolod demokratiiTa da aristokratiiT, aramed nebismieri mmarTvelobis

formiT, romelsac saerTo neba ganagebs, romelis faqtiurad aris kidec kanoni.

es ki niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia mmarTvelis mier sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba

suverenTan. Tavis mxriv, kanonebi mxolod moqalaqeTa asociaciis pirobebia.

yvela organizmi ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis da maT Soris saxelmwifoc.

saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur organizms, sxva organizmebis msgavsad,

arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamis sivrce. rusos msjelobebis mTeli wyeba

mimarTulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos optimaluri

zoma. am zomis gasarkvevad rusos Semoaqvs ori kriteriumi _ teritoria da

mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos zoma gamoiyvaneba am ori elementis

kombinaciidan, romelic sakmaod martivi msjelobiT dgindeba: “saxelmwifos

Seadgenen adamianebi, xolo adamianebs kvebavs miwa. amrigad, mimarTeba maT Soris

79

unda iyos iseTi, rom miwa sakmarisi aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa

gamosakvebad, romlebic imdeni unda iyvnen, ramdenic SeiZleba gamoikvebos am

miwiT. ZalTa swored aseTi balansi qmnis mosaxleobis ZalTa maqsimums” (3.186).

kanonebis konkretuli struqtura ganisazRvreba im mimarTebebidan, romel-

sac saxelmwifo amyarebs Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan. suverenis saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebidan, mravali Sualeduri formis gavliT, gamoiyvaneba politikuri

kanonebi. isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad kanonebs.

mimarTebaTa meore formas warmoadgenen organizmis calkeuli wevrebis

mimarTeba erTmaneTTan, anu mimarTeba mTal organizmTan. am kanonebis buneba

iseTia, rom yoveli moqalaqe marTalia sruliad damoukidebelia meore

moqalaqisagan, magram samagierod damokidebulia samoqalaqo Temze. am

mimarTebidan warmoiSveba samoqalaqo kanonebi.

mesame tipis mimarTeba myardeba adamiansa da kanons Soris, daumor-

Cileblobasa da sasjels Soris. am mimarTebidan gamoiyvaneba sisxlis samarTlis

kanonebi. Tumca es kanonebi gansakuTrebuli saxis kanonebs ki ar warmoadgenen,

aramed sxva kanonebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul saxes.

da bolos, kanonebis meoTxe tipi, romelic yvela moqalaqes gulSi unda iyos

Cadebuli da, romlebic CamoTvlilTa Soris, rusos azriT, yvelaze ufro

miSvnelovania, aris kanonebi, romlebic gamoxataven saxelmwifos WeSmarit arss,

aris zneoba, Cveulebani, sazogadoebrivi azri (3.190-191).

politikur organizmSi mamoZravebel Zalad ganasxvaveben Zalas da nebas. es

ori termini rusos asocirebuli aqvs pirveli aRmasrelebel, xolo meore

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs

da mxolod xalxs. rusos es msjeloba aris erTgvari preludia mmarTvelobis

formebis dasaxasiaTeblad. suverens SeuZlia, jer erTi, mmarTveloba gadasces

mTel xalxs an mis nawils da aseT SemTxveveSi saqme gveqneba demokratiasTan. unda

iTqvas, rom ruso mainc da mainc didi mowonebiT ar egebeba demokratiul

mmarTvelobas. is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratia, am terminis sruli

mniSvnelobiT, arasdros arsebula da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. namdvili

demokratia ufro RmerTebis kuTvnilebaa, vidre adamianebis. rusos ara mxolod

WeSmariti demokratiis miRweva miaCnia SeuZleblad, aramed ar moswons arc

warmomadgenlobiTi forma demokratiisa. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli moqalaqis

valia uSualod iyos CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. am moTxovnis Teoriuli

safuZveli rusos argumentaciaSi ase JRers: “suvereniteti ar SeiZleba vinmes

mier iyos warmodgenili iseve, rogorc is ar SeiZleba iyos gaucxoebuli. is

arsebiTad mdgomareobs saerTo nebaSi, xolo nebas ki ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes

sxva” (3.221-222). aqedan ruso askvnis, rom e.w. “xalxis deputatebi” sulac ar arian

xalxis warmomadgenlebi. ruso ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kanoni,

romelic ar aris damtkicebuli xalxis mier, ar SeiZleba realurad CaiTvalos

kanonad.

im SemTxveveSi, rodesac suvereni mmarTvelobas miandobs mcire raodenobis

adamianebs da maSin saqme gvaqvs aristokratiul mmarTvelobasTan. arsebobs

aristokratiis ramdenime saxe: bunebrivi, arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi. pirveli

maTgani damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxTa istoriis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. am

formebs Soris mesame forma rusos yvelaze ufro uvargisad miaCnia, xolo meore

yvelaze ukeTesad, radgan, sakuTrivi azriT, swored isaa aristokratia.

Tu mmarTveloba koncentrirebulia erTaderTi mmarTvelis xelSi, maSin

qveyanaSi monarqiuli mmarTvelobaa. monarqi rusosaTvis aris krebiTi arseba,

romelic warmodgenilia fizikuri piris saxiT.

mTavrobis daniSvna ar aris xelSekruleba. mTavrobis daniSvna kanonia (3.226).

mTavrobis daniSvnis aqti Sedgeba ori qvemdebare aqtisagan. es gaxlavT a)kanonis

dadgena da b)kanonis Sesrulebisagan. pirveliT suvereni adgens samTavrobo

korpusis arsebobas, xolo meoreTi xalxi asaxelebs mTavrobas. erTaderTi

kanoni, romelic mosaxleobis erTsulovan Tanxmobas saWiroebs, aris

sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. am asociaciaSi Sesvla mopqalaqis Tavisufali

nebis aqtia da mas veravin aiZulebs SeuerTdes asociacias. magram ra moxdeba, Tu

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRmoCndeban adamianebi, vinc am

xelSekrulebis winaaRmdegia? es, fiqrobs ruso, sulac ar uSlis xels

80

akeTebs da ara imis irgvliv, rasac is unda akeTebdes. makiaveli xSirad msjelobs

imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTa mavanma da rac man gaakeTa, aris Tu ara is, rac mas

unda gaekeTebina. amasTan, makiaveli ar erideba pirdapir saTqmels. epoqis

politikuri samyaro mkacria da daundobeli, xolo adamiani Tavisi bunebiT,

borotebasTanaa naziarebi (1. 219). am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Zalze sainteresod JRers, magaliTad, “mTavaris” pirveli Tavis saTauri: “ram-

dennairia samTavro da ra gziT SeiZleba maTi dapyroba”. am saTaurSi sain-

teresod JRers ara imdenad eqstremizmi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, isic ipyrobs

yuradRebas, aramed mTlianad am Tavis pragmatuli xasiaTi. makiaveli ubralod ki

ar aRwers movlenebs, aramed aRwers savsebiT konkretuli praqtikuli

rCevisaTvis.

kvlevis mimarTulebis aseT Semobrunebas realobisaken gambedaoba esaWiro-

eboda, radgan makiavelis epoqa gamoirCeoda erTgvari keklucobiT antikuri

epoqisadmi. iqmneboda paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac avtorebi antikuri

politikuri kategoriebiT operirebdnen, xolo realuri politikuri praqtika

ki sruliad sapirispiro iyo msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqciebisa. misi kvlevis

zogdmeTodologiuri paradigmis da am ukanasknelis klasikuri Teoriebisgan

gansxvavebis Taobaze, makiaveli wers: “da raki vici, rom Cemamdec bevrs uweria am

sakiTxze, vSiSob, rom TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTvan, Tuki TviTonac davapireb

davwero rame, miT umetes, rom yvelaze mkveTrad swored am sakiTxis ganxilvisas

vemijnebi sxvebis Tvalsazriss. magram, raki Cemi ganzraxva gaxldaT, raRac

sasargeblo mimeca misTvis, vinc isurvebda Caswvdomoda zemoaRnisnuli sakiTxis

arss, amitom ufro marTebulad miviCnie warmomeCina sagnis namdvili buneba da

ara moCvenebiTi garsi, romliTac mas mosaven sxvebi. bevrs Seuqmnia Tavisi

warmosaxviT respublikebi, Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc

smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi. magram erTia rogor

cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni da maT Soris imxela

sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla

xdeba — umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavis dRegrZelobas” (1.170-171).

klasikuri filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, rogorc gvaxsovs, imis

garkvevis mcdeloba iyo, Tu rogori reJimia yvelaze samarTliani. avtorebi

eZebdnen erTaderT swor reJims, romelSic gaSlili iqneboda erTaderTi swori

cxovrebis wesi. avtorebis umravlesoba saukeTeso mmarTvelebad filosofosebs

asaxelebda (filosofosis sxvadasxva gagebis variaciebiT), romlebic saxel-

mwifo cxovrebas Rrma inteleqtualur spekulaciebs unda uqvemdebarebdnen.

sxvagvarad es imas niSnavda, rom saukeTeso politikuri reJimis gamarTleba

sruliad arapolitikuri kategoriebis moxmobiT xorcieldeboda. pirveli, rac

makiavelma gaakeTa, is gaxlavT, rom politika sakuTar niadagze daayena da uari

Tqva mis daqvemdebarebaze arapolitikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. gansakuTrebiT es

Seexeba politikuri fenomenis da moralis gaTavisuflebas maSindeli gaba-

tonebuli Teologiisagan, romelsac hqonda pretenzia, rom universalurad

gamoyenebadi WeSmaritebebis mflobeli iyo. amgvari programis ganxorcielebas

makiaveli Seecada ori mimarTulebiT: mis epoqaSi arsebuli politikuri

reJimebis legitimurobis uzrunvelyofiT da, meore, konvencionalurobis

fenomenis Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeniT. es ukanaskneli wamowyeba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan, marTalia klasikuri politikuri Teoria pirdapir,

uxeSad ar uaryofda konvencionalurobas, magram samagierod, imiT, rom cdi-

lobda politikuri mravalferovnebis erT universalur naturaluri xasiaTis

standartze reducirebas, saqmiT sapirispiros akeTebda. ase, magaliTad,

adamianis qcevis interpretirebisas, klasikuri Teoria, bibliur WeSmaritebebze

dayrdnobiT, misaRebad Tvlida srulyofilebisaken mimarTul qcevas, romelic

amave dros gagebuli iyo universalur nimuSad yvela adamianis, yvela xalxisa da

yvela epoqisaTvis. msgavs standartebSi makiavels ar moswons swored misi

universaluri xasiaTi, romelic damangrevlad miaCnia rogorc sazogadoebis,

aseve eklesiisaTvis, radgan maTi sazRvrebis uzomod gafarToebis gamo, erTsac

da meoresac gaurkvevlobas sZens.

37

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)

XV-XV saukuneebis florencieli politikuri moRvawe da politikuri

filosofiis Teoretikosi, nikolo makiaveli mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad

iyo dakavSirebuli florenciis respublikasTan, sadac erTi periodi

mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi eWira. respublikis dacemis Semdeg,

makiavelis politikuri karierac dasrulda. mediCebis florenciaSi dabrunebis

Semdeg, 1512 wels, makiaveli kancleris postidan gadaayenes da sxva respub-

likelebis msgavsad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas Camoaciles. arcTu asakovanma

kacma, makiavelim darCenili cxovreba politkur Teorias miuZRvna da unda

iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiT is gacilebiT ufro iRbliani gamodga, vidre

praqtikosi politikosis rolSi. makiaveli dRemde iTvleba saetapo mniSvnelobis

avtorad, erTgvar Semobrunebis wertilad politikur TeoriaSi. makiavelis

politikuri ideebi gadmocemulia Semdeg cnobil SromebSi: “mTavari”, “flo-

renciis istoria”, “komentarebi titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”.

makiavelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT “mTavars”.

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wvlili, ris gamoc makiaveli dafasebulia poli-

tiuri Teoriis avtorTa Soris, aris politikuri Teoriis daniSnulebis

xelaxali gadaazreba aratradiciul konteqstSi. unda, amave dros, gaviT-

valiswinoT, rom makiaveli misi droisaTvis, zogjer specifikuri amoca-

nebisaTvis werda, rac cxadia, zegavlenas iqoniebda mis Semoqmedebaze. magram

miuxedavad aseTi lokaluri miznebisa, makiavelis gamoTqmuli aqvs araerTi

sayuradRebo mosazreba iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba yovelTvis Zalze

didi iyo kacobriobisaTvis.

klasikuri politikuri Teoria antikuri tradiciis kvalad amuSavebda

gansxvavebul interpretaciebs adamianis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri

aqtiobis Sesaxeb da yuradRebas amaxvilebda iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo

samarTlianoba sazogadoebaSi, mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formebi, idealuri

saxelmwifo mowoba da a.S. makiaveli zogadad miuyveba iseT klasikur paradigmas

rogoricaa saerTo sikeTe, Tumca, sruliad miuReblad eCveneba is gzebi, romlis

daxmarebiTac klasikuri politkuri Teoria cdilobda mis miRwevas. es gzebi

umeteswilad utopiuri iyo. makiaveli bavSvur warmodgenebad miiCnevda iseTi

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebs rogoricaa, vTqvaT, platonis saxelmwifo,

romelic realurad aravis enaxa, Tumca bevrs ki msjelobdnen masze. mediCisadmi

miZRvnil winasityvaobaSi makiaveli wers mis mier gadmocemul codnaze: “...

romelic Tanadroul cxovrebaze xangrZlivi dkvirvebis da warsulis

gulmodgine Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZina ... (1.92) ... rac amdeni wlis mnZilze

uricxvi simZimilisa, Tu WirTaTmenis fasad Seviswavle da Sevimecne, da, rac ar

Semimkia, arc amivsia vrceli wiaRsvlebiT, arc maRalfardovani Tu mikibul-

mokibuli sityvebiT, anda rogoric gnebavT garegnuli samkaulebiT, romlebiTac

ara erTi da ori avtori kazmavs xolme Tavis Txzulebas. radgan me msurda

naSromis mTavari samkauli yofiliyo an Sinaarsis simarTle da Txrobis simkacre,

an — araferi” (1.93).

amgvari midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, klasikuri Teoriebis standartebi

naklovanni arian imis gamo, rom maTi realurad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. ra

Tqma unda, romelime mmarTvelma SeiZleba saxelmwifo mowyobis standartebad

zemaRali idealebi SearCios. man SeiZleba xalxs Tavic Seayvaros rogorc

sikeTisa da saTnoebis msaxurma da Semdeg Zalze swrafad daeces, radgan

Zalauflebas, rogorc wesi, inarCunebs ara is, visi gamorCeuli siyvarulic aqvs

xalxs, aramed is, visic ufro metad eSiniaT.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, makiaveli cdilobs warmosaxviT-sasurveli

politikidan kvleva realuri politikuri sinamdvilisaken Semoabrunos.

realuri politika ki imis irgvliv trialebs, rasac adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi

36

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas. maTi uari verafers avnebs

xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolod zRudavs xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa

raodenobas am pirebis saxiT. isini sxva qveynis moqalaqeebiviT iqnebian, radgan

rogorc ki Camoyalibdeba saxelmwifo, maSin xelSekrulebaSi monawileoba-

armonawileoba, praqtikulad sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevas utoldeba.

religiis sakiTxebSi ruso araTanmimdevrulia. cnobili faqtia, rom man

mrwamsi gamoicvala da protestantizmi kaTolicizmze gacvala. “aRsarebaSi”

rusos mier mxiarulad aRwerili es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruso seriozulad

ar aRiqvamda arc erTs da arc meores. ruso laparakobs rwmenis sazogadoebriv

aRmsareblobaze, romlis statiebsac suvereni unda adgendes. saxelmwifos

marTalia ar SeuZlia maTi rwmenis moqalaqeebisaTvis davaldebuleba, magram is

ki SeuZlia, rom qveynidan gaaZevos yvela, vinc am rwmenis gareT darCeba.

literatura:

1. Ж.Ж.Руссо Рассуждение о происхождении неравенства между людьми в кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

2. Ж.Ж.Руссо – О политической экономии. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

3. Ж.Ж.Руссо – Об общественном договоре или принцины политического права. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.

4. J.J Rousseau. 3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).

81

emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi

emanuil kantma saxeli sakmaod gvian gaiTqva mas Semdeg, rac hiumis

skeptikuri filosofiis zagavleniT, uari Tqva volfis mimdevrobaze da

kritikuli filosofiis Seqmna daiwyo. Tavisi erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromis,

“wminda gonebis kritikis” SesavalSi kanti wers, rom amasobaSi is sakmaod moxucda

da samoc wels miaRwia. yvelaferi Rirebuli kantma am asakis Semdeg Seqmna.

emanuel kantis politikur Sexedulebebs gavecnobiT misi ori naSromis, “ra

aris ganmanaTleblobis” da “maradiuli mSvidobis” mixedviT. am Sromebis garda,

politikuri Teoriis kuTxiT kantis Sromebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “zneobis

metafizikis safuZvlebi” (1785) da “zneobis metafizika” (1797), romelic, Tavis

mxriv, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: “samarTalmcodneobis metafizikuri sawyisebi”

da “saTnoebaze moZRvrebis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. kanti umeteswilad

cnobilia misi kritikuli filosofiiT, romelsac xan kopernikul revolucias

adarebdnen da xanac ptolemeurs. kantis. politikuri Teoria misi filosofiis

organul nawils warmoadgens kanti ganmanaTleblobis ukanaskneli soliduri

warmomadgenelia. rogor esmoda Tavad kants ganmanaTleblobis arsi? “ganma-

naTlebloba — ambobs kanti — aris adamianis gamosvla misi arasrulyofilebidan,

sadac is imyofeboda isev sakuTari braleulobiT. Tavis mxriv, arasrul-

yofileba sxva araferia, Tu ara uunaroba mavanma isargeblos sakuTari gansjiT,

xolo arasrulyofileba misive braleulobiT, aris gansjiT operirebis

uunaroba, aramed adamianis gaubedaoba gareSe vinmes Carevis gareSe gamoiyenos

sakuTari gansja. aqedan, ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi devizia — geyos

vaJkacoba gamoiyeno sakuTari Wkua” (1.27).

sizarmace da gaubedavoba adamianis gonebis zedamxedvelebad aqcevs

Semecnebis miRwevis iseT mniSvnelovan instrumentebs, rogoricaa mecnierebis

debulebebi da formulebi. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi saSualeba

TviTganaTlebaa, Tumca mis gzas rom adamiani daadges, mas saaamisod gambedaoba

da, rac mTavaria Tavisufleba esaWiroeba. Tuki adamiani Tavisi Tavisuflebis

Segnebidan amova da ganaTlebis gzas daadgeba, maSin “zedamxedvelebs” pozitiuri

rolis Sesrulebac ki SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavad moxsnian ra adamianis ara-

srulfasovnebis uRels, Tavs mouyrian adamianTa garkveul jgufebs da

mouwodeben maT iazrovnon damoukideblad.

kantis am citataSi, ganmanaTleblobis cnebis analizis konteqstSi, figu-

rirebs ramdenime fundamenturi termini. ganmanaTleblobis kantiseuli

gagebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gansjis gonismier

unars da personis pasuxismgeblobas imoqmedos sakuTari gansjis karnaxiT, sxva,

gareSe Zalebis dauxmareblad. “gareSe Zalebi” am SemTxvevaSi, Zalze farTe

moculobis terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc eklesiis, aseve xelisuflebis

avtoritets. es ki niSnavs, rom kantis ganmanaTleblobis cneba moicavs

individualizms, racionalizms, individis Tavisuflebas da gambedaobas

imoqmedos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.

am ramodenime mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels Soris, kantis Semdgom daxasi-

aTebebSi wina planze wamoiwevs Tavisufleba da goneba, romlebic

urTierTTanamSromlobas sajaro xasiaTs SesZenen da ganaTlebas saxalxo

xasiaTs mianiWeben.

ganaTlebisaken swrafva aris aRmavali epoqis moTxovna, progresis da mas

veravin, maT Soris verc qveynis umaRlesi xelisufleba ver SeaCerebs. kantis

SefasebiT, misi epoqa ar aris ganaTlebuli. is jer mxolod ganmanaTleblobis,

anu fridrixis epoqaa. prusiis mmarTveli kants warmoedgina Tavisebur laissez-faire-stad kulturis, aRmsareblobis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. igi ar ereva,

magaliTad, religiis sakiTxebSi. uars ambobs miiTvisos Semwynareblis tituli da

acxadebs, rom Tavad moqalaqeebis saqmea gadawyviton Tavisi rwmenis sakiTxebi.

sindisis sakiTxebSi adamianTa pozicia unda gamomuSavdes ara vinmes

zedamxedvelobiT, aramed sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT. aqcentireba religiis

sakiTxebze aq Segnebulia, radgan, rogorc kanti SeniSnavs, Cveulebriv

xelisufleba ar cdilobs Caerios iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gansazRvraven

82

aris mTlianad gonebiT nakarnaxebi swrafva sikeTisaken. aseTia, magaliTad,

adamianSi “Cadebuli” WeSmariti codna RmerTis Sesaxeb an misi sazogadoebaSi

cxovrebisaken miswrafeba.

adamiani aris Tavisufali buneba. bunebaSi ki arsebobs marTvis ori forma:

universaluri anu RvTaebrivi da partikularuli anu aRmoCenadi adamianTa

mikrosamyaroSi. am ukanasknelSi adamianis goneba asrulebs igive funqcias, rasac

RmerTi samyaroSi. aqedag gagebuli politikuri erToba TavisTavis mmarTveli

adamianebi arian. Tavisufal adamianTa erToba ganamtkicebs kanoni, konstitucia,

romelic homogenuria yvela individis mimarT. adamianTa am erTobaSi

gamoiricxeba individualuri sikeTis miRweva saerTo sikeTis miRwevis gareSe.

amitom, Tuki vinme moisurvebs saxelmwifos daarsebas, es moxdeba imdenad,

ramdenadac es miswrafeba gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs mTeli xalxis nebas. aqedan

ukve SeiZleba gamoyvanili iyos konvencionaluri (konstituciuri)

xelisuflebis ori mTavari principi:

a) Tanxmoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoba adamianTa moralur Tavi-

suflebas da

b) marTva, romelic eyrdnoba Tanxmobas. Tavad xelisuflebis saukeTeso formis garkvevis mcdelobisas, aqvineli

cdilobda aristoteles Sexedulebebi moergo Sua saukuneebis

sazogadoebisaTvis. igi laparakobs Sereul monarqiaze, rogorc mmarTvelobis

saukeTeso formaze. Sereuli monarqiis aqvineliseuli formis gasagebad unda

gavixsenoT inglisSi, XV saukuneSi henri VI karze umaRlesi mosamarTle,

swavluli, ser jon forteski (Fortescue), romelic naSromSi “inglisis

mmarTveloba” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda samefo xelisuflebis or formas:

sakuTriv samefo mmarTvelobas (dominium regale-sa) da politikur da samefo

mmarTvelobas (dominium politicum et regale-s). pirveli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi,

mefe xalxs marTavs Tavis mier dadgenili kanonebis Sesabamisad. meore

SemTxvevaSi mefe xalxs marTavs mxolod im kanonebiT, romlebic mowonebulia

Tavad xalxis mier. mmarTvelobis es ukanaskneli forma SemdgomSi ganviTarda

rogorc konstituciuri monarqia da, rodesac Toma aqvineli saubrobs Sereul

reJimze, samefo xelisuflebis qveS swored aseT mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. sxva

mxriv, Sereuli reJimi nawilobriv samefoa, radgan mas saTaveSi udgas erTi piri,

nawilobriv es aris aristokratia anu im pirTa mmarTveloba, vinc Sesabamisi

avtoritetiT aris mosili da, nawilobriv, ki es aris demokratia, radgan qveynis

mmarTvelebi arCeulni arian xalxis mier.

literatura

1.Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Augustine in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (176-205 pp.)

2.Muhsin Mahdi - Alfarabi in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).

3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).

4.А.Х. Касымжанов - Абу-Наср аль-Фараби. Изд. «Мысль», Москва, 1982 in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).

35

amisaTvis saWiroa kidev RvTaebrivi wyalobac. am miznisaken ki mivyavarT mxolod

RvTaebriv kanons da ara mxolod kacTa mondomebas. RvTaebrivi kanonis mcveli

amqveynad aris eklesia. eklesia maradiul provlemebze zrunavs, xolo

saxelmwifo ki amqveyniur problemebze mzrunvelia. magram eklesias SeuZlia

saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Carevac. samoqalaqo kanons

samoqalaqo xelisufleba amagrebs. papma, romelic samoqalaqo avtoritets

emyareba, SeiZleba angariSi ar gauwios mas, rodesac samoqalaqo xelisufleba

aWarbebs Tavis kompetencias. saqme isaa, rom politikuri samarTali nawilobriv

bunebiTia da nawilobriv konvencionaluradaa miRebuli. samarTlis konvenciuri

saxe damokidebulia sazogadoebaze, misi marTlSegnebaze da sxvadasxva

pirobebze, romlis drosac mas iReben. samarTali bunebiTia maSin, rodesac

yvelgan erTnairadaa gaziarebuli da damokidebuli ar aris adamianebis mier mis

aRiareba-araRiarebaze. aqedan Toma aqvinels gamoyavs mtkiceba, rom

konvencionaluri samarTali damokidebuli ar aris bunebiT samarTalze.

politikuri samarTlis bunebiTi nawili miekuTvneba RvTaebriv-bunebiT kanons

da ar warmoadgens pirdapiri saxiT “samoqalaqo fenomens”. is ar iqmneba imis

Sesabamisad, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi ama Tu im sakiTxze. bunebiTi samarTali

win uswrebs yovelgvar samoqalaqo samarTals. bunebiTi samarTlis zogadi

principebi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos yvela samoqalaqo xelisufalis mier.

eklesia, romelic RvTaebrivi kanonis mcvelia, kompetenturia gaarkvios

xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa marTlzomiereba RvTaebriv

mecnierebaTa Suqze. rwmenis da eresis sakiTxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac,

piriqiT, saxelmwifos daxmarebas sTxovs eklesia.

da bolos SevexoT pozitiuri samarTlis cnebas, romelic aqvinels

damuSavebuli aqvs aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelze. am fenomenze

SegviZlia visaubriT ori mimarTullebiT. erTi bunebiT samarTalze, rodesac

adamianis uflebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT isev saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare,

meore, rodesac vmsjelobT pozitiur samarTalze anu adamianTa

konvencionalurad dadgenil uflebebze. yoveli dawerili kanonmdebloba

orives elementebs Seicavs da ganamtkicebs, Tumca sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli

dawerili kanoni Seicavs bunebiT samarTals, magram ar aarsebs mas, radgan am

ukanasknelis Zala dadgenili kanonidan ki ar modis, aramed bunebidan. amsagan

gansxvavebiT, dawerili kanoni, romelic warmoadgens pozitiur samarTals Zalas

flobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis ukan dgas xelisufleba.

pozitiuri samarTali gamomdinareobs bunebrivi sanarTlidan ara rogorc

garkveuli daskvna pirveli orincipebidan, aramed cnebaTa zogadi determinaciis

gziT. amrigad, is, rac miiReba pozitiur smarTalSi, davuSvaT daskvnis saxiT, ar

SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebiTi samarTlis amosaval principebs.

dafuZnebis funqciis mixedviT, adamianuri kanoni aris praqtikuli gonebis

produqti da, amitom, misma principebma angariSi unda gauwios damokidebulebas

naturalur kanonze. aqvineli ar ganasxvavebs samarTlebriv normebsa da

moralur normebs. nebismieri kanonis mizani aris adamianis ukesesad gaxdoma,

Tumca saTnoeba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios adamianma mxolod adamianuri

saTnoeba iqneba. adamianebi mravalmxriv arasrulyofili arsebebi arian, amitom

saxelmwifos sikeTisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia moqalaqeebi ise mihyvebodnen

mmarTvelis zogad miTiTebebs, rom verc ki erkveodnen kanonebSi.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gageba Toma aqvinelis mier damokidebulia

”bunebis” cnebis mis gaazrebaze, raSic is aristoteles eyrdnoba. “buneba” aris

sagnebSi ganxorcielebuli RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic aris saganTa saboloo

miznisaken mimarTulebis mimcemi. kanoni, bunebiTi samarTali swored aseTi

Tvisebebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad gagebuli bunebrivi samyaro iseTsave

mimarTebaSia RmerTTan, rogorc subieqti mmarTvelTan. RvTaebrivi inteleqtis

mier adamianSi “Cadebuli”ltolva gamovlindeba racionaluri xasiaTis saxiT,

rogorc codna; adamianSi bunebrivi kanonis miswrafeba _ es aris adamianis

swrafva gonebis mier Secnobili sikeTisakan.

bunebrivi kanonis aRqma adamianis mier aris sakuTar Tavze zrunva,

TviTSenaxva. es aris adamianis bunebis pirveli saxe. meorea seqsualuri

ltolvebi, romelic adamians saerTo aqvs yvela cxovelur organizmTan. mesame

34

moqalaqeTa esTetiur da samecniero Sexedulebebs. TviT aseTi progresuli

xelisuflebis pozicia, ramdenadme ucnaurad gamoiyureba da daiyvaneba

formulaze: “imsjeleT da idaveT ramdenic geneboT, magram damemorCileT!”

aseTia ganaTlebuli absolutistis pozicia, romelsac sakuTari ganaTle-

bulobis wyalobiT, marTalia ar eSinia sakuTari aCrdilisa, magram mainc

gamzadebuli hyavs armia sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dasacavad. Sedegad iqmneba

viTareba, romelsac kanti paradoqsuls uwodebs. erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi

modian samoqalaqo Tavisufleba da xalxis sulis Tavisufleba, romelsac

pirveli gadaulaxav winaRobebs uyenebs. rac ufro didia samoqalaqo Tavi-

suflebis xvedriTi wili sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro mcirea xalxis sulis

Tavisuflebis gamovlena da piriqiT. xalxis suli CanasaxSive flobs did

saazrovno potencials, romelsac gasaSlelad ZiriTadad Tavisufali azrov-

nebisaken midrekileba da mowodeba da am tendenciis xelisSewyoba esaWiroeba.

kantis warmodgeniT, progresis gza, romelic, Cans, aris ganmanaTleblobis

magistraluri xazi, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad gamoiwvevs Tavisufali

azris gadasvlas adamianTa Tavisufal moqmedebaSi da saboloo jamSi,

zemoqmedebas moaxdens TviT mTavrobis principebze, romlisaTvisac ufro

sasargebloa saqme hqondes adamianTan, romelic ufro metia, videre manqana.

rogorc vxedavT, ganmanaTleblobis idealia ganaTlebis gziT sazo-

gadoebis modernizacia, rac Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad ayenebs

Tavisuflebas. am proeqtis meore arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli aris mSvidoba. rasac

kantma miuZRvna traqtati “maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis” (1795).

unda iTqvas, rom kanti ar yofila pirveli, vinc mSvidobis problemas Seexo.

evropuli Sidaomebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb

jer kidev reformaciis epoqaSi fiqrobdnen. am Temas miZuRvna erazm

roterdamelma naSromi “vedreba mSvidobisaTvis” (1517). sxva avtorebidan

gamoiyofa sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli wigni” (1539), amerikeli

penis “esse awmyo da momavali mSvidobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), sen pieris “werils

evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis” (1712) da missave samtomian

gamokvlevas ”evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”. da bolos kantamde

mSvidobis mosurne gamodga rusoc “evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”

(1782).

Cans, kanti cdilobda Tavisi naSromisaTvis dasawyisSi mainc mkacri

regulatoruli saxe mieca. Sromis pirveli debulebebi swored aseT saxes

atarebs. ase magaliTad, pirveli Tezisebi amboben imis Sesaxeb, rom arc erTi

samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseTad, Tu is Seicavs omis

gaCaRebis farul punqtebs. es msjeloba kants TviT maradiuli mSvidobis

cnebidan gamoyavs, radgan Tu maradiuli mSvidobis xelSekruleba arRvevs

aRniSnul punqts, is mxolod droebiTi sazavo xelSekruleba iqneba.

kantis Semdegi TezisiT, arc erTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba

SeiZinos meore saxelmwifom arc memkvidreobiT, arc gacvliT, arc yidviT da arc

saCuqaris saxiT. sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba upirispirdeba saxelmwifos cnebas.

saxelmwifo xom (im miwisagan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac is imyofeba) im adamianTa

Tanamegobrobaa, romlebic masze cxovroben, romelTa marTvis da gankargvis

ufleba aravisa aqvs, garda isev im xalxisa, romlebic am saxelmwifos Seadgenen.

saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifosaTvis mierTeba mospobs pirvels, rogorc

moralur pirs. kantis es msjelobebi vrceldeba memkvidreobiT monarqiazedac,

romelic ar SeiZleba memkvidreobis uflebiT gadavides sxva saxelmwifos xelSi.

romelime fizikur pirs SeiZleba memkvidreobiT ergos mxolod saxelmwifos

marTvis ufleba da aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli ki ar iZens qveyanas, aramed,

piriqiT, qveyana iZens mmarTvels.

omis Sesaxeb

kantamde monteskie wuwunebda evropaSi gavrcelebuli axali modis Sesaxeb —

mmarTvelebma srul mzadyofnaSi iyolion didi armiebi. aseTi armiebis arsebobiT

arc kanti ar aris moxibluli da gamoTqvams imeds, rom mudmivi armiebi

TandaTanobiT unda gaqrnen. saamisod mas ori argumenti aqvs: a) armia imdenad am

83

armiis myoli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti ki ar aris, rogorc es

sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli dRes, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mudmivi

muqaris wyaro. b) Semdegi argumenti ufro moraluri xasiaTisaa. adamianebis

daqiraveba imisaTvis, rom maT an sxvebi daxocon, an Tavad iyvnen daxocilebi

sxvebis mier, SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebebTan.

omis Tavidan asacileblad arc erTma qveyana ar unda Caerios meore qveynis

Sida saqmeebSi, ar unda mimarTos iseT aqciebs, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida SemdegSi

mSvidobas. aseTia, magaliTad, daqiravebuli mkvlelebis gamoyeneba, kapitu-

laciis pirobebis darRveva da a.S. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi moqmedebebi mospobs

mowinaaRmdegeSi ndobas da Seqmnis safrTxes, rom omi gagrZeldes urTi-

erTamowyvetamde.

omi aris samwuxaro, iZlebiTi saSualeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (maSin,

ordesac ar arsebobs araviTari saSuamavlo instancia sasamarTlos saxiT,

romelic gamoitanda mxareebisaTvis savaldebulo ganaCens), raTa ZaliT

ganmtkicdes ama Tu im mxaris uflebebi maSin, romdesac arc erTi modave mxare ar

SeiZleba gamocxaddes mtyuanad. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi wyvets omi Tu romeli

mxarea uflebamosili (2.263). qveynebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sadamsjelo

omi — azustebs kanti — radgan qveynebs Soris ar arsebobs zemdgomis mimarTeba

qvemdgomTan.

kantis es msjelobebi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar arsebobas,

samarTlisa, romelic gaarCevda mtyuansa da marTals. swored amis gamo xdeba omi

aucilebeli saSualeba saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. mas

Semdeg rac Sedgeba saerTaSoriso samarTali rogorc erTaSorisi sakiTxebis

mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba, man unda gamoricxos Tavisi leqsikonidan omis

cneba, radgan saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba gamoricxavs omis uflebas.

adamianTa mSvidobiani cxovreba ar aris maTi yofis bunebrivi mdgomareoba

(status naturalis); bunebrivi mdgomareoba, piriqiT, oms gulisxmobs, oms Tu ara

mudmivad gagrZelebuls, yovel SemTxvevaSi, omis mudmiv muqaras mainc. aqedan

gamomdinare, mSvidoba mizandasaxulad unda Sedges.

mtrobas, kantis mixedviT, gansazRvravs ori viTareba: jer erTi, mtrulad

SegviZlia moveqceT mxolod imas, vinc saqmiT arRvevs Cems uflebebs da, meore,

is, visac vcnobT mtrad, unda imyofebodes samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa,

rom am mdgomareobaSi SesvliT, aRniSnuli sazogadoeba sxvas usafrTxoebis

garantias aZlevs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxi, romelic bunebiT mdgomareobaSi

imyofeba aseT garantias sxva xalxs ver miscems da mxolod imiT, rom is bunebriv

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, arRvevs mezoblebis uflebebs. misi yofa xom

yovelgvari kanonis miRma imyofeba?

yvela xalxi, visac ki SeuZlia erTmaneTze zegavlena, romeliRac samoqalaqo

sazogadoebas miekuTvneba. masTan kavSirSi myof pirTa samarTlebrivi mowyoba

aseT saxes iRebs:

1. samarTali romelic vrceldeba pirovnebaze imdenad, ramdenadac is ama Tu

im saxelmwifos wevria (jus civitatis);

2. samarTali, romelic myardeba saxelmwifoebs Soris da romelic

vrceldeba rig SemTxvevebSi pirovnebaze da,

3. samarTali, romelic vrceldeba individze, imdenad, ramdenadac is aris

msoflio moqalaqe (jus cosmopoliticum). es ukanaskneli xalxebis da

adamianebis urTierTobis ufro maRali formaa, imdenad ramdenadac

saxelmwifoebi Sedian erTmaneTTan iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic saSualebas

iZleva TiToeuli maTgani ganxiluli iyos zogadkacobriuli saxelmwfos

moqalaqed.

kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

maradiuli mSvidobis saboloo, Semejamebeli statia adgens, rom samoqalaqo

mSvidoba yovel saxelmwifoSi unda iyos respublikuri. is unda emyarebodes :

a) sazogadoebis wevrTa Tavisuflebas;

84

RvTaebrivi codnis imgvari kombinireba, romelic xelsayreli iqneboda

musulmanuri sazogadoebisaTvis. am gzaze, Zveli platonuri Tezisi imis

Taobaze, rom filosofosebi (am SemTxvevaSi, RvTismetyvelebi) gamxdariyvnen

sazogadoebis warmarTveli Zala, mis srul mxardaWeras poulobs.

alfarabis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri kategoriaa bedniereba.

bedniereba miuRwevelia individualuri adamianebis mier. bedniereba miiRweva

mxolod adamianTa TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, koleqtivSi.

Toma aqvineli (1225-1274)

Toma aqvineli dRevandeli vatikanis oficialur filosofosad iTvleba,

romlis Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.

aqvinelis politikuri Sexedulebebi gabneulia mis mravalricxovan SromebSi.

aqvinelis ZiriTadi naSromia “Summa Theologiae”, romelic akumulirebuli saxiT

Seicavs im droindel codnas TiTqmis yvela sferoze, maT Soris adamiansa da

sazogadoebaze. maSindeli sqolaastikuri tradiciiT, samarTali gamoiyvaneboda

zneobrivi sawyisidan. amitom, samarTlis mTeli Teoria eqvemdebareba adamianis

zneobriv arss. aqvinelma zogadad gaiziara aristoteles ideebi saxelmwifosTan

mimarTebiT, Tumca is exeba rig sakiTxebs, romelTac aristotele ar Sexebia da

romelTa damuSavebaSi aqvineli aristoteles filosofiis farglebs gascda.

aqvineli iwyebs adamianis daniSnulebis kvleviT. adamianisaTvis damaxa-

siaTebelia dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba mis-

Tvis imdenad, ramdenadac is dajildovebulia gonebiT da nebiT. neba mimarTulia

mizanze. magram ramdenadac miznis fenomeni esoden did rols asrulebs adamianis

moqmedebebSi, arsebobs Tu ara saboloo mizani adamianuri cxovrebisa. aseTi

mizani arsebobs da is saboloo jamSi cxonebaSi mdgomareobs. am ukanasknelTan

ver movlen verc amqveyniuri pativi da dideba, verc sxeulebrivi siamovnebebi,

radgan yoveli qmnili da maSasadame amqveyniuri bedniereba cvalebadi da

warmavalia. netarebis formaluri gansazRvrebiT, is mdgomareobs sasurveli

sagnis flobaSi. am gzaze did mniSvneloba aqvs gonebas da gonebis mimarTulobas

saganze. Tavis mxriv goneba iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul aqtivobebad. netareba

ar SeiZleba iyos praqtikuli gonebis obieqti, radgan is ar arsebobs RmerTis

rogorc saboloo miznis gaazrebis gareSe, xolo amis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod

Teoriul gonebas ZaluZs. Teoriuli gonebis mier RmerTis Secnoba aris

adamianis saboloo moRvaweobis mizani da swored esaa netareba. magram amis

miRweva, avgustines mixedviT, adamians am cxovrebaSi ar SeuZlia, radgan sruli

netareba gamoricxavs yovelgvar borotebas, es ki miwieri cxovrebis manZilze,

Cveulebrivi gziT, adamianisaTvis miuRwevelia. arsebuli gamonaklisebi miuTi-

Teben RvTaebriv wyalobaze, rasac adamianis mxridan unda daxvdes Sesabamisi

mzaoba.

am msjelobebidan aqvineli gadadis kanonis cnebaze. kanoni aris im wesebis

erToblioba, romliTac gaikvaleba gza miznisaken. am wesebTan SeTanadebiT

dgindeba adamianis qcevaSi rogorc sikeTe, aseve codvac. kanoni arsebobs

yvelgan da yvelaferSi. bunebis movlenebSi is aris bunebis kanonebi, xolo

adamianis moqmedebebSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maradiuli moraluri

kanonebi. maradiuli kanonebi saboloo jamSi aris RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic

marTavs samyaros. mTeli samyaro, am azriT, warmoadgens srulyofil

sazogadoebas, romelic imarTeba RvTaebrivi kanoniT. ramdenadac RmerTs

yvelaferi maradiulobis niSniT esmis, es kanonebic maradiulia.

RvTaebrivi kanonebis asaxva adamianur gonebaSi, aris bunebrivi kanoni.

pirveli am bunebriv kanonTagan gveubneba, rom unda vakeToT sikeTe da Tavis

avaridoT borotebas. aqve unda viguloT TviTSenarCunebisaken mimarTuli

adamianis moqmedebebic. Semdeg, yvelaferi is rac saerTo gvaqvs cxovelur

samyarosTan.

adamianis cxovreba, aqvinelis mixdeviT, sulac ar aris gamiznuli amqveyniuri

bednierebisaTvis. yoveli adamiani, ra Tqma unda, miaRwevs imas, rasac imsaxurebs,

magram ara am qveynad. am qveynad adamianis mowodebaa icxovros WeSmaritad

Rirseuli cxovrebiT da icxovros imisaTvis, rom eziaros RmerTs. RmerTTan

ziareba ar SeiZleba mxolod swori politikuri yofiT, rasac mefeebi ganageben.

33

rom TiToeul klasSi myofi moqalaqe srulyofilad iqneba ganviTarebuli Tavisi

klasis saWiroebebis mixedviT, xolo yoveli klasi moemsaxureba zemdgom klass.

aRniSnuli reJimi unda iyos monarqistuli an aristokratiuli

mmarTvelobisa, romlis sxvadasxva fenebi marTulebic arian da mmarTvelebic,

vidre ar mivalT umdables reJimamde, romelic mxolod marTulia. moqalaqeTa

rangi ganisazRvreba TiToeulis persinaluri TvisebebiT da unarebiT, kanonis

dacviT. amasTan ar gamoiricxeba moqalaqeTa gadasvla erTi rangidan meore,

ufro maRal rangSi. saukeTeso saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT codna RvTaebrivi

da bunebrivi arsis Sesaxeb, adamianuri srulyofilebis, Tu bednierebis Sesaxeb

da cxovroben am codnis Sesabamisad.

mas Semdeg, rac dadginda saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Tvisebebi, alfarabi

ioda axasiaTebs sxva politikur reJimebsac:

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac ara aqvT codna RvTaebrivi da

bunebrivi movlenebis Sesaxeb, adamianis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. aseT reJimebs

alfarabi umecarTa reJimebs uwodebs. aseTi reJimebis mcxovreblebma ar ician

arc WeSmariti srulyofileba da arc WeSmariti bedniereba;

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac marTalia aqvT amgvar saganTa

codna, magram ar cxovroben TavianTi codnis Sesabamisad, ar asruleben mis

moTxovnilebebs. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi uzneoTa saxelmwifoebs,

imoralur reJimebs uwodebs;

• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebs marTalia mopovebuli aqvT

garkveuli codna, magram es codna arasworia. isini raRacas sTvlian RvTaebrivi

Tu bunebrivi saxis movlenad maSin, rodesac es sagani sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris

aseTi. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi dabneulTa an SemcdarTa rejimebs uwodebs.

saukeTeso politikuri reJimisagan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi aRniSnuli

saxelmwifo ar iyenebs WeSmarit codnas da amitom, verc erTi maTgani ver miiyvans

Tavis moqalaqeebs WeSmarit bednierebamde. alfarabi iZleva mankieri

saxelmwifoebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas iZleva. kerZod, is laparakobs

jer Tavisuflebis da koleqtiurobis qalaqze. am qalaqSi Tanaarsebobs sikeTec

da borotebac, cxovroben brZeni adamianebi da oratorebi, Rirseuli xalxi.

saxelmwifos es forma, marTalia Sors aris idealurisagan, magram is yvelaze

ukeTesia sxva qalaqis formebTan SedarebiT. mas jer kidev ar daukargavs sikeTis

gzis Sansi. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi forma aris aucileblobis

saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebic ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian aucilebeli

minimumiT, romelic ki saWiroa sxeulisaTvis. aq Sedis sakvebze, sasmelze,

tansacmelze zrunva, ris gareSe adamianTa cxovreba SeuZlebelia. am

saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am sazRunavs TavianTi arsebobis ZiriTad miznad

miiCneven. meore tipis saxelmwifo, romelzedac msjelobs alfarabi, aris

gacvlis qalaqi, (oligarqiuli reJimi) , romlis moqalaqeTa saboloo mizani aris

maTi piradi simdidre da ayvaveba. simdablis qalaqis mcxovrebTa sazrunavi

sxeulebriv siameebze zrunva, zrunva iseT siamovnebebze, romlebic zemoqmedebas

moaxdenen grZnobebze da warmosaxvaze da garTobisa da drostarebis

atmosferos Seqmninen. pativmoyvareTa qalaqis (tomokratia) mcxovrebni

erTmaneTs exmarebian, margam mxolod imisaTvis, rom sxva xlxebma maT pativi scen,

aqon da adidon sityviT da saqmiT. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavia

didebulebiT da brwyinvalebiT warmoudgnen rogorc sxvebs, aseve erTmaneTs.

Zalmomreobis qalaqis mkvidrT erTaderTi sazrunavi aqvT — sxvebis damorCileba

da damoneba. maTi mTeli safiqrali mimarTulia im sixarulis mosalodnel

gancdaze, romelsac iZleva omSi gamarjvebis gancda.

Zneli ar aris davinaxoT, rom alfarabi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis

TiToeuli tipis miRma gulisxmobs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ama Tu im

fenis daxasiaTeba. samxedro elita warmodgenilia Zalmomreobis qalaqis saxiT,

vaWarTa fena gacvlis qalaqis saxiT, mSromeli masa aucileblobis qalaqis saxiT

da a.S.

alfarabis erT-erT Teoriul amocanas warmoadgenda politikuri da

32

b) yvela qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas erTian kanonmdeblobaze;

g)yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.

rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri saxelmwifos bunebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad

elementebad kanonmorCilebis garda, figurirebs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.

kanti iZleva Tavisuflebis (amasTan, aq laparakia garegan, anu smarTlebriv

Tavisuflebaze) da Semdeg Tanasworobis aseT gansazRvrebas: “es Tavisufleba

aris uflebamosileba ar davemorCilo araviTar garegan kanonebs, garda im

kanonebisa, romlebzedac me mzad var mivce Tanxmoba. zustad aseve, garegani

(samarTlebrivi) Tanasworoba saxelmwifoSi aris misi moqalaweebis iseTi

mimarTeba, rodesac TiToeuls SeuZlia samarTlebrivad daavaldebulos meore

mxolod maSin, Tuki pirveli Tavad emorCileba kanons, romelic, moiTxovs, rom es

piri, Tavis mxrivac iyos samarTalvaldebuli” (2.267). kanti Tvlis, rom

aRniSnuli ulebebi mouwyvetelia adamianisagan da bunebiTadaa mas

mikuTvnebuli.

respublikuri mmarTveloba unda gamomdinareobdes im pirveli konvenciidan,

romelsac adamianebi gadahyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. masve unda

emyarebodes ama Tu im xalxis yovelgvari samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.

respublikanizmi, Tavis mxriv, qmnis gansxvavebas qveSevrdomsa da moqaaqes Soris.

kanti wers: “im wyobaSi, sadac qveSevrdomi ar aris mqalaqe (maSasadame,

ararespublikuri wyobis SemTxvevaSi) es sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb kamaTs iwvevs,

radgan saxelmwfos meTauri ar aris saxelmwifos wevri, aramed mxolod misi

mesakuTre”(2.269).

saerTod saxelmwifos formebi unda gavarCioT an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni

piri flobs umaRles mrTvelobas, an im wesis mixedviT, romliTac umaRlesi

xelisufali, mniSvneloba ara aqvs vin daniSna is) marTavs xalxs. pirveli — kantis

azriT _ aris batonobis forma (forma imperi) da arsebobs mxolod sami saxiT: a)

rodesac umaRlesi xelisufali erTi piria — avtokratia; b) rodesac umaRlesi

xelisufali ramdenime piria _ aristokratia; g) rodesac umaRlesi xelisufleba

ekuTvnis mTel xalxs _ demokratia.

meore forma aris marTvis forma (forma regiminis). igi exeba konstituciaze,

anu saerTo nebaze (romelic brbos aqcevs xalxad) dafuZnebul marTvis im wess,

romliTac saxelmwifo gankargavs srul Zalauflebas. aqedan marTvelobis forma

sul aris ori: respublika an despotia. “respublikanizmi aris saxelmwifo

principi, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mijnavs sakanonmdeblosagan.

despotia — umaRlesi mmarTvelis mierve SemoRebuli saxelmwifo kanon-

mdeblobis TviTmpyrobluri aRsrulebis principia. aseT dros sajaro neba

gamodis mmarTvelis kerZo nebis rangSi” (2.269).

saxelmwifos bunebaze msjelobis Semdeg, kanti gadadis msoflio

saxelmwifos ideaze. msoflio saxelmwifoSi kanti xedavs maradiuli mSvidobis

garantors. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wesi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben

TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebas, aris ara sasamarTlo, aramed omi.

samSvidobo xelSekruleba marTalia bolos uRebs ama Tu im oms, magram ara

saomar mdgomareobas rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve bunebiTi

samarTlis princpebiT. magram goneba moralis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo

Zalauflebis simaRlidan, ra Tqma unda, kicxavs oms rigorc samarTlebriv

proceduras da savaldebulod acxadebs mSvidobas, romelic ar SeiZleba

damyardes xalxTa Soris urTieTmolaparakebis gareSe. aqedan, unda arsebobdes

gansakuTrebuli saxis kavSiri, romelic samSvidobo kavSiris (foedus pacificum)

saxels unda atarebdes da romelic Cveulebrivi samSvidobo xelSekrulebidan

unda gansxvavdebodes imiT, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobs mxolod erTi omis

dasrulebas, maSin, rodesac pirveli bolos mouRebs yvela oms da gaakeTebs amas

samudamod (2.273-274). yovelive es aris mxolod Sesavali ZiriTadi TezisisaTvis,

romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebrivi iseTi gaerTianebis formirebas,

romelic SezRudavs mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebis SesaZleblobas.

kants imedi aqvs, rom “SesaZlebelia naCvenebi iyos iseTi federaciis ideis

ganxorcielebadoba, romelic TandaTanobiT moicavda yvela saxelmwifos da

miivanda maT maradiul mSvidobamde”(2.274).

ufro konkretuli nabiji amgvari gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad iqneba, Tuki

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romelime saxelmwifo Seqmnida respublikas romlis ZiriTadi funqcia

mimarTuli iqneboda maradiul mSvidobaze. aseT respublikas SeeZlo erTgvari

centris funqcia Seesrulebina, romlis irgvlivac gaerTiandebodnen sxva

saxelmwifoebi.

morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi

maradiuli mSvidobis problemebis konteqstSi kanti ganixilavs CvenSi xSirad

aqtualurad qceul sakiTxs — moralis politikasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs.

miuxedvad imisa, rom kanti sakiTxs ganixilavs Zalze specifikuri kuTxiT,

kerZod, rogorc maradiuli mSvidobis miRwevis xelisSemSlel an xelisSemwyob

pirobas, vfiqrobT, mainc sainteresoa problemis kantiseuli analizi.

”ra aris morali?” _ es gaxlavT pirveli kiTxva, romliTac kanti iwyebs

sakiTxis kvlevas. morali mis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc upirobod momTxovni

kanonebis erTianoba, romelTan Sesabamisadac unda iqceodes adamiani (2.289-290).

Tu vaRiareT valdebulebis mocemuli cneba, maSin misi ganuxorcieleblobis

mtkiceba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. is mTlianad gaaqrobda moralidan valde-

bulebis cnebas. amitom kanti aqedan akeTebs daskvnas, rom saubari SeuTav-

seblobis Taobaze morals (rogorc Teoriul samarTalmcodneobasa) da

politikas (rogorc praqtikul samarTalmcodneobas) Soris araswori iqneba

iseve, rogorc araswori iqneba winaaRmdegobaze saubari zogadad Teoriasa da

praqtikas Soris. politikis devizia _ ”iyavi brZeni viTarca gveli”, rasac

morali umatebs Semzrudvel pirobad _ ”da umanko viTarca mtredi”. moralsa da

politikas Soris winaaRmdegobis arseboba mravalmxrivaa damokidebuli imaze,

Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia es ori principi. axali principi, romelic pirvel ors

Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da maT TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs Semdegia:

”patiosneba saukeTeso politikaa”, xolo misi modificirebuli forma gveubneba

— ”patiosneba yovelgvar politikaze ukeTesia”. es principi, gvimtkicebs kanti,

ar SeiZleba davisa da eWvis sagani gaxdes. piriqiT, is yovelgvari politikis

winapirobas warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da rac

xdeba, xdeba bunebis kanonebis karnaxiT, maSin politika rogorc xalxis

samarTavad am kanonebis gamoyenebis xelovneba Tavis TaviSi unda moicavdes mTel

praqtikul sibrZnes, xolo moralis cneba ki sruliad uSinaarso gaxdeba. amis

sapirispiroa weRan SemoTavazebuli principebis Sesabamisad, samarTlis cnebis

politikis cnebasTan mierTeba da mis SemzRudav pirobad qceva, rac maTi

SeTavsebadobis sawindari iqneba. SemiZlia warmovidgino moraluri politikosi,

anu piri, vinc politikis iseT principebs ayalibebs, romlebic SeTavsebadia

moralTan, magram ar SemiZlia warmovidgino politikuri moralisti, romelic

moralis principebs Seuguebs saxelmwifo moRvawis interesebTan — wers kanti

(2.292). moraluri politikosi unda gamodiodes Semdegi maqsimidan: Tu

saxelmwifos mowyobaSi an saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi raime iseTi nakli

SeiniSneba, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebli iyo, maSin aucile-

belia am naklovanebaTa dauyovnebeli aRmofxvra da saxelmwifo mowyobis an

saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebis bunebiT samarTalTan, rac saboloo jamSi

gonebis ideaa, daaxloeba. swored es aris saxelmwifo moRvaweebis ZiriTadi

saqmianoba.

imisaTvis rom kantis Tvalsazrisi sworad gavigoT, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom

misi midgoma problemisadmi formalisturia. swored am sityviT gvinda aRvniSno

Semdegi saxis specifika: kanti ar kiTxulobs realurad eTavseba Tu ara politika

da morali erTmaneTs. sinamdvileSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, is eTanxmeba da rig

SemTxvevebSi ara. rac kants ufro metad ainteresebs, aris is formaluri

pirobebi da maqsimebi, romlebic gansazRvraven SeTavsebis an SeuTavseblobis

saxeebs. anu Tu morali da politika SeTavsebadia, maSin unda daculi iyos aseTi

da aseTi moTxovnebi, Tu ara maSin xorcieldeba esa da es ..... . es ki niSnavs, rom

kantis damokidebuleba politikisa da moralis SeTavsebadobisadmi norma-

tiulia, is jerarsis sferoSi trialebs da ara arsisa. yovelgvar kanonSi kanti

86

gaerTianeba, romelic efuZneba saerTo uflebebs da interesebs.

zogadTeoriul debulebebs avgustine iyenebs romis imperiis kritikisaTvis.

imperiis periodis roms is respublikur roms amjobinebs, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs,

rom arc es ukanaskneli dgas axlos zeciuri qalaqis idealur modelTan. qveyana,

romlis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TavisufalTa mier gangebis karnaxiT,

garemoculia qveynis siyvaruliT, aRmatebuli RirebulebebiT, megobrobis

rwmeniT, kargi qcevis mibaZviT _ aseTi qveyana bunebrivi wesebiT moewyoba.

WeSmarit morwmuneTa qveyanaSi mmarTvelebi maTi msaxurebi arian, vinc imarTeba.

qveynis marTvas aq gansazRvravs ara ambiciebi, aramed movaleobis grZnoba.

amgvaria RvTis mier dawesebuli bunebrivi wesrigi. ra Tqma unda, aseT

saxelmwifoSic arsebobs xelisufleba, magram is Tavisufalia ambiciebisa da

ampartavnebisagan. magram, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos amqveyniuri

saxelmwifo, is mxolod droebiT mSvidobas da sazogadoebriv sikeTes

ganamtkicebs.

alfarabi (870-950)

Turquli warmoSobis alfarabi daibada dRevandeli samxreTis yazaxeTis

teritoriaze. qlaq farabas midamoebSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man farabas

medreseSi miiRo. Semdeg igi samogzaurod arabul qveynebSi gaemgzavra da

moinaxula am drois yvela didi qalaqi: baRdadi, qairo, damasko, alepo. alfarabi

pirveli muslimi avtoria, romelic antikur klasikur politikur

filosofiasTan islamis Seguebas cdilobda. saamisod arsebobs garkveuli

safuZvelic. kerZod, rogorc klasikuri filosofia, aseve islami Tvlis RmerTs

kanonierebis saboloo safuZvlad. orives miaCnia, rom swor rwmenas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba eniWeba gamarTuli politikuri reJimis SeqmnisaTvis.

alfarabis ZiriTadi Sromebia “saukeTeso qalaqi”, “saukeTeso religia” da

“politikuri reJimi”. saukeTeso saxelmwifos alfarabi gansazRvravs imgvar

politikur mowyobad, romelSiac adamianebi TanamSromloben ise, rom miznad

aqvT Rirseuli yofa da bedniereba.

alfarabi moiTxovs mmarTveli fenis maRal inteleqtualur dones da

momzadebas politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis

aseTi momzadeba saWiro araa, Tumca sasurvelia. miuxedavad amisa, alfarabi

mainc saWirod Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebis farTe fenebs unda hqondeT

damakmayofilebeli warmodgena samyaroze, adamianze da politikuri cxovrebis

elementebze. zogadad moqalaqeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:

1. brZenni anu filosofosebi, romelTac ician saganTa buneba;

2. maTi mimdevrebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba filosofosebisagan da

iziareben maT Sexedulebebs;

3. danarCeni moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba msgavsebis

mixedviT. zogs meti codna aqvs, zogs naklebi, rac damokidebulia moqalaqeTa

rangze.

es klasebi unda imarTebodes mmarTvelis mier, romelic moqalaqeTa

ganaTlebis organizaciazedac zrunavs. is TiToeul moqalaqes misi

SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis saqmianobas miuCens. amis garda mmarTvelis

funqciebSi Sedis kanonebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba omis

dros. mmarTvelis fenomenSi alfarabi aerTianebda politikuri liderisa da

winaswarmetyvelis Tvisebebs. aseTi pirovneba WeSmariti xelmZRvanelia. is

iseTia, rom SiZleba gaxdes gamocxadebis Rirsi. aseTi mmarTveli ySualod iqneba

dakavSirebuli WeSmaritebis pirvelwyarosTan da uSualod misgan miiRebs

sazogadoebis marTvis amosaval principebs. es mmarTveli umaRlesi rangis

mmarTveli unda iyos, romelsac sabolood daeyrdnoba yvela sxva samoqalaqo

mmarTveloba. umaRlesi mmarTvelis am daxasiaTebaSi Cans, rom alfarabi ver

eteva antikuri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi, romlis mixedviTac

xelisuflebis wyaro ar yofila gamocxadeba da RvTaebrivi nebis uSualo

emenecia mmarTvelze. arada alfarabisTan amgvari kavSiri mmarTvelsa da

RvTaebas Soris TavisTavad igulisxmeba. umaRlesi mmarTveli, ambobs is, aris

wyaro yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis.

sazogadoeba unda dalagdes aRniSnuli klasebis ierarqiis Sesabamisad ise,

31

mniSvnelovani avtoris SexedulebaTa saxiT. ioli aRmosaCenia, rom miuxedavad

maTi gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobisa, TiToeuli maTgani Zalze msgavs sakiTxebs

ganixilavs. es gamowveulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, am periodis swavlulebi,

rogorc qristianebi, aseve sxva religiis warmomadgenlebi eyrdnobian erTsa da

imave wyaros _ antikur politikur Teorias da biblias. meore, rac maTi

Sexedulebebis siaxloves ganapirobebs, aris epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

homogenuroba epoqis kulturebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi maxasiaTeblebis

mixedviT, rogoricaa xelisuflebis organizacia, qalaqis infrastruqtura da

yofa, samxedro saqmis organizacia da a.S. am parametrebs Soris met-naklebad

Tanabari donis arseboba ar niSnavs srul identoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris ideologiasa da socialur-politikur mowyobaSi. msgavsi daSvebis

SemTxvevaSi, saswauli Tu agvixsnida im garRvevas, romelic evropulma

civilizaciam moaxdina. ufro zofadi daxasiaTebis saxiT, haidegeris kvald,

SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve berZnuli kultura Seicavda “τεχνε “-ze,

orientaciis Zalze mZlavr impuls, romelsac qristianobam ufro noyieri

niadagi Seuqmna, vidre, vTqvaT, islamma.

netari avgustine (354-430)

netari avgustine qristianis avtoria, rac Zalze kargad Cans “RvTis qalaqis”

avgustineseul interpretaciaSi, romelic wminda werilis amosaval dogmatikas,

WeSmaritebebs emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi epoqa jer kidev Sors iyo

dinastiuri samefoebis xanisagan, misi ZiriTadi politikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba —

“RvTis qalaqi” - iTvaliswinebs Semdgomi periodisaTvis specifikur mTel rig

sakiTxebs. garda mravali Teologiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa, avgustines kalams

ekuTvnis Zalze specifiuri, kidev erTi naSromi, “aRsareba”, romelSiac

gadmocemulia adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis siRrmiseuli Sreebi da Tavad

rwmenis fenomenis Zalze faqizi analizi. “aRsareba” adamianis sulis codniT

SegviZlia iseTi avtorebis sxva Sromebis gverdiT davayenoT, rogoricaa markus

avreliusis “fiqrebi” an paskalis “azrebi”.

rogorc varaudoben “RvTis qalaqi” dawerili unda iyos 413-426 wlebSi.

wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba qristianobis dacvas warmarTuli religiisagan,

xolo danarCen furclebze gadmocemulia pozitiuri Sinaarsi.

avgustines politikur doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba eklesia da

saxelmwifo — zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. wminda werili warmoadgens

ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlis fonzedac interpretirdeba

socialuri da politikuri movlenebi. avgustines mier gaanalizebuli ZiriTadi

kategoriebia eklesia, saxelmwifo, zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. eklesia

RvTaebrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoeba, wminda werilis mcvelia. swored es

uakanaskneli utovebs adamianebs RmerTis xilvis imeds, romelic avgustines

interpretaciaSi samyaros mTavari saTnoebaa. eklesia da saxelmwifo, ori

amqveyniuri sazogadoebaa, romlebic am saTnoebisaken miiswrafvis, Tumca, imis

kvalad, rac ufro metad vswavlobT Cveni sulis siRrmiseul Sreebs, gasagebi

xdeba, rom miwieri, naklovani qalaqis garda arsebobs zeciuri qalaqic. isini,

vinc eklesiis swavlebas miuyveba, inarCunebs Sanss zeciuri qalaqis wevrobisa,

xolo amqveyniuri siameebis motrfialeni ki ganwirulni arian maradiuli

tanjvisaTvis. maT qcevas gansazRvravs ambiciuroba da ampartavneba. igive

Tvisebebi, sinanulis deficiti aris ganmsazRvreli miwieri qalaqis cxovrebis

wesisaTvis.

avgustine imeorebs klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis zogierT Teziss. mas

miaCnia, rom adamiani bunebiT socialuri arsebaa. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod

adamianis miswrafeba koleqtiuri cxovrebisaken sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis

qalaqis mcxovrebi moqalaqed iqces. ZiriTadi fenomeni, romelic moqalaqes

aseTad aqcevs da mimarTavs maT aqtivobas saerTo sikeTisaken, aris

samarTlianoba. samarTlianoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTali uzrunvelyofs

adamianTa sazogadoebis erTianobas. aregulirebs ra admianTa urTierTobas

sazogadoebaSi, samarTali ganamtkicebs sazogadoebriv mSvidobas, romlis

gareSe ar arsebobs arc erTi sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas avgustine

cicerons esesxeba da acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo aris adamianTa iseTi

30

ganasxvavebs or mxares: materias da formas. materia am konteqstSi igive Sinaarsia

da igi gulisxmobs im mravalferovan miznebs, rasac adamiani isaxavs xolme Tavisi

moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom am miznebs empiiuli xasiaTi aqvT,

gasagebia, rom isini ver iqnebian aucilebeli xasiaTisa adamianisaTvis.

samagiarod, aseTia kanonis wminda forma, romelic Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT

apriorulia da rogorc aseTi flobs saWiro aucileblobas da valdebulebas. am

formaluri gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, ZiriTadi moraluri wesi, romelsac

gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs adamianis yovelgvari xasiaTis, maT Soris po-

litikuri xasiaTis moqmedebebze aris kategoriuli imperativi, romelic ase

JRers: ”moiqeci ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad iqces yvela

gonieri arsebisaTvis.” kategoriuli imperativis aseTi saxe gansazRvrulia misi

wminda formaluri xasiaTiT. adamiani rom yovelTvis am wesis Sesabamisad

cxovrobdes, is wmindani iqneboda, magram ramdenadac adamians mravalferovani

midrekilebebi gaaCnia, romelTagan yvela ver daitrabaxebs maRalzneobriobiT,

amdenad msgavs SemTxvevebSi, kantis mier Semotanil proncips aqvs maiZulebeli,

anu imperatiuli xasiaTi. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs umaRles praqtikul mizans,

romelic amave dros sazomia yvela sxva miznisa.

yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs kantis idealizms anu politikuri

urTierTobebis meocnebe gaidealebas. kantma kargad icis rom arsebobs

amoraluri politikac. termini ”politikuri moralisti” swored amas aRniSnavs.

is yovelTvis cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi antixalxuri politika da samarTlis

sawinaaRmdego saxelmwifo principebi da amave dros cdilobs gaakeTos es

adamianis bunebis saxeliT, romelic TiTqos moklebulia unars eswrafodes

sikeTes gonebis mier nakarnaxebi ideis Sesabamisad. msgavsi gancxadebebiT, es

politikosebi, ramdenadac es xelewifebaT, mudmivad arRveven samarTals da

viTarebis gaumjobesebas SeuZlebels xdian. msgavsi praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom

politikur moralistebs Sexeba ara aqvT normatiul principebTan da Tavidan

bolomde realuri politikuri principebiT xalmWZvaneloben. amgvari

politikosebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo xasiaTi aqvs Semdeg maqsimebs: (1) Fac et excusa. gulisxmobs yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas, romelic ki

gaaiolebs dapyrobas da sxvisi sakuTrebis xelSi Cagdebas. msgavsi moqmedebebis

Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba xolme raime Rirebuli sababiT xalxwe mimarTuli

Zaladobis gamarTleba. yovelive es xorcieldeba gaugonari TavxedobiT, rac

tovebs Cadenili qmedebis kanonierebasTan SeTavsebadobis STabeWdilebas. (2) Si fecisti nega. ama Tu im politikosis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis

totaluri uaryofa. uaryfa imisa, rom mavans monawileoba aqvs miRebuli am

moqmedebaSi; ase magaliTad, Tu Tu ama Tu im politikosma sakuTari xalxi miiyvana

amboxebamde, unda amtkico, rom brali mxolod mourjulebel moxeleebs

miuZRviT. (3) Divide et impera. am principis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobebSi kargadaa cnobili. ufro sainteresoa principis gamoyeneba qveynis

Sida politikis mimarT. kerZod, Tu qveyanaSi arian warCinebuli pirebi, romelTa

wyalobiTac umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxvda mavani, is yovelmxriv ecdeba

ganxeTqileba daTesos am adamianebs Soris an am adamianebsa d xalxs Soris.

uzneo politikas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi Cans, rom aravin

cdilobs uzneobis gamarTlebas Riad. piriqiT, Tundac mxolod sityviT, isini

yovelTvis cdiloben TavianTi mzakvruli gegmebis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva

motivebiT. sinamdvileSi ki isini yovelTvis emyarebian ara samarTals, aramed

Zalas. politikuri moralistis Sexeba moralTan TviTwinaaRmdegobrivia. is

cdilobs morali dauqvemdebaros politikur miznebs, anu saqme gaakeTos piruku,

rac principulad SeuZlebels xdis politikis moralTan morigebas.

aq gadasaWrelia erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ Rirs Tu ara gamovideT da

daveyrdnoT materialur principebs, anu Cvens miznebs praqtikuli gonebis

amocanebis gansazRvrisas. xom ar iqneba umjobesi vixelmZRvaneloT mxolod

formaluri principiT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod Semdegs: moiqeci ise, rom

Seni moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelo maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. materialuri

da formaluri principebidan kanti upiratesobas formalur princips aniWebs,

radgan is rogorc samarTlis principi upirobod aucilebelia maSin, rodesac

87

pirvels maiZulebeli Zala mxolod mocemuli miznis realizaciisaTvis

aucilebeli empiriuli pirobebis mocemulobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala. es

ukanaskneli politikuri moralistis principia maSin, rodesac meore moraluri

politikosisa. moraluri politikis principi isaa, rom xalxi saxelmwifoSi unda

gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi samarTlebrivi cnebis irgvliv, rogoricaa Tavisuf-

leba da Tanasworoba. politikuri moralistebi ki piriqiT, maT sapirispirod

emyarebian bunebis meqanizmebis cnebas, romelic unda gamoyenebuli unda iyos,

raTa brbo gardaiqmnas sazogadoebad.

am Tvalsazisebis Sejerebis sauZvelze, kanti askvnis, rom obieqturad, e.i.

TeoriaSi, politikasa da morals Soris ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, Tumca es

daskvna ar vrceldeba subieqtur sferoze, adamianis egoisturi midrekilebebis

sferoze, sadac dapirispireba politikasa da morals Soris arsebobs da SeiZleba

aseTad darCes kidec samomavlod.

sabolood sajaro samarTlis transcendentaluri formula JRers Sem-

degnairad: usamarTloa yvela sxva adamianis uflebaTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli

qceva, romelic SeTavsebadi ar aris sajaroobasTan (2.303). es principi, kantis

azriT, aris erTdroulad samarTlebrivic da moraluric. mis sapirispirod, Tu

me ar SemiZlia gavamxilo sajarod Cemi moqmedebis maqsima ise, rom amiT ar vavno

sakuTar saqmes (radgan sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi unda movelode rom Cemi

zraxvebis aRsrulebas win aRudgeba yvela), maSin Cemi qmedeba aris usamarTlo.

aseTia kantis mier politikisa da moralis momarTebis formalisturi analizi,

romelic upirveles yovlisa, imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor unda moviqceT, raTa Cveni

qceva moraluri iyos da ara imas, Tu ramdenad moraluria politikosis, sul

erTia rogori, qmedebebi.

literatura:

1. Имануел Кант – Что такое просвещение в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.

2. Имануел Кант – О вечном мире в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.

88

Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi

(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli)

Zveli msoflio istoriis dasasrulad romis imperiis damxoba iTvleba. avto-

rebis erTi nawili, amgvar SefasebaSi evropocentrizmis aSkara kvals xedavs,

radgan romis imperiis daSlam ki moitana radikaluri cvlilebebi evropaSi,

magram es cvlilebebi saerTod ar Sexebia CineTSi an afrikis kontinentze

mimdinare procesebs. amitom, amboben evropocentrizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi, romis

imperiis dacema ufro evropis istoriaSi mimdinare procesebs asaxevs da ara

Zveli msofliosi. vfiqrobT, argumentacia iseTi TvalsaCinoa da aSkara faqtebs

emyareba, rom Znelia misi umtkivneulod ugulvebelyofa. ufro momgebiani

iqneba, Tu vaRriarebT mis samarTlianobas da davsZenT, rom evropis istoriis

prioritetulad qceva CvenTvis ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. jer erTi, es aris

regioni, romelTanac saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo CarTuli umWidroes

kulturul kontaqtebSi da meore, es aris civilizacia, romelic gamarjvebuli

gamovida saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare civilizaciaTa konfliqtSi da danarCen

msoflios Tavs moaxvia Tavisi cxovrebis wesi.

qristianuli msoflmxedveloba da religia jer kidev romis imperiaSi

damkvidrda oficialur sarwmunoebad. “msoflio qalaqma” bolos da bolos

SeiTvisa “msoflio religia” da is Tavis provinciebsa da koloniebze gaavrcela.

ierarqiulad mkacrad mowyobili monoTeisturi religia saimedo dasayrdeni

unda gamxdariyo uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli, erTi imperatoris mier

marTuli, monarqiuli reJimisaTvis. enaTa da eTniuri siWrele saerTo religias

unda daeZlia. yovelive es romma nawilobriv ganaxorciela kidec, magram

“msoflio qalaqi”, romelic sruliad sxva principebze aRmocenda, ver gadaarCina

axalma RirebulebaTa sistemam.

periodi qristianuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac

axali evropis ruqas raRac garkveuloba SesZina da eTniuri niadagi Seamzada

momavali eri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sakmaod detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis

“florenciis istoriaSi” nikolo makiavelis. Semdegi, sakmaod xangrZlivi

periodi, zogjer Sua saukuneebad, zogjer, feodalizmis epoqad moixsenieba.

igive xana SegviZlia movixsenioT dinastiuri samefoebis epoqadac (gansxvavebiT

antikuri qalaq saxelmwifoebis epoqidan).

samive termins _ Sua saukuneebs, feodalizmis epoqas da, bolos, dinastiur

samefoebs _ Sesabamisi “ideologiuri datvirTva” aqvs da erTsa da imave

periodis cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT. ase

magaliTad, “Sua saukuneebi” afiqsierbs raRac saSualo periods istoriis

msvlelobaSi da Tu terminis implikaciebze viqnebiT orientirebulini, is

mxolod imas gveubneba, rom CvenTvis saintereso am periodamdec arsebobda

raRac (Zveli msoflio) da Semdegac (axali msoflio istoria). “feodalizmis

epoqa” — es termini intencionalurad mimarTulia sakuTrebiT urTirTobaze.

feodi, maioratis principi, senioris da vasalis urTierToba am xedvisaTvis

amosavali principebia da politikuri anallizic am principebis kvlevidan unda

gamodiodes. da bolos, rodesac vsaubrobT “dinastiur samefoebze”, am dros

yuradRebas mivapyrobT umaRlesi xelisuflebis organizaciis wess, Sesabamis

epoqis saxelmwifoebisaTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis msoflmxedveloba, yofa, politikuri da

socialuri urTierTobani religiuri SinaarsiT iyo gajerebuli. jer kidev

gasul saukuneSi SemorCenili iyo, standartuli daxasiaTebis saxiT, Sua

saukuneebis “bnel epoqad” Sefaseba. ufro Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ar iziareben

aseT mkacr Sefasebas. maT miaCniaT, rom Sua saukuneebis erTgvar wyvetad

warmodgena istoriis erTian procesSi, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. piriqiT,

fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebma moamzada aRorZinebisa da axali drois

sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebi da mecniereba. pirovnebis, Tavisuflebis da

pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis analiziT gza gauxsna liberalur politikur

filosofias da axal politikur Teorias.

Sua saukunebis politikuri Teoria warmodgenili iqneba remdenime Zalze

29

politikur traqtatebSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva formebidan, sam yvelaze

mniSvnelovan formas gamoyofs: samefo xelisuflebas, aristokratias da

demokratias. saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyoba, ciceronis azriT, aris ra romelime

maTgani, aramed yvela maTi kombinacia erT politikur sxeulSi. Zneli ar aris

davinaxoT, rom amiT romis respublikis politikuri wyobaa mowonebuli. amis

Taobaze ciceroni pirdapir miuTiTebs “saxelmwifoSi”, rodesac is sagangebod

emijneba platonis msgavs gamonagonebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs rom misi

interesis sagani romis realobaa (1. 47-48). marTlac, saxalxo kreba romSi

gamoxatavda xalxis interesebs, senati anu uxucesTa sabWo, icavda

aristokratiis interesebs, xolo rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebas, mis msgavs

instituts respublikur romSi konsulTa xelisufleba warmoadgenda.

respublikuri romis konsulebi lakedemonelTa mefeebis msgavsad iyofdnen

Zalauflebas. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi qveynis

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardloba da qveyanaSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba

iyo. ukve is faqti, rom spartis mefe ori iyo da ara erTi, gamoricxavda (iseve

rogorc Semdgom romSi) Zalauflebis saxifaTo koncentracias erTi piris xelSi.

sami ZiriTadi politikuri institutis msgavsad, saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi sami

ZirTadi socialuri fenaa — aristokratia, mxedrebi da xalxi.

3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi

ciceronis interesis sferoSi Semodis iseTi sakiTxic, rogoricaa,

saxelmwifos teritoriuli an rogorc axla vityodiT, geopolitikuri

mdebareoba. msgavs sakiTxs masze adre aristotele Seexo da maTi Sefasebebi

zRvis piras mdebare polisis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, didad ar gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan. arc aristoteles da, arc cicerons ar miaCniaT gamarTlebulad

zRvispiras qalaqis daarseba ramdenime ZiriTadi mosazrebis gamo. jer erTi, aris

ra msxvili savaWro centri, aseTi qalaqi eqvemdebareba ucxotomelTa Cvevebis

arasasurvel zegavlenas. garda amisa, fiqroben isini, sazRvao qalaqi ufro

sustia samxedro TvalsazrisiTac. ciceroni sagangebiT iwonebs romulusis

gadawyvetilebas daearsebina qalaqi zRvasTan sakmaod axlos, magram ara zRvaze.

aseT qalaqs SeuZlia isargeblos sazRvao qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela

sikeTiT (ciceroni sazRvao qalaqis mxolod negatiur mxareebs rodi xedavs) _

ucxoeTidan daubrkolebliv miiRos aTasgvari saxis saqoneli da, piriqiT, aseve

didi raodenobiT iafad gaitanos sakuTari produqti. samagierod, xmeleTze

mdebareoba misTvis momgebiania wminda samxedro TvalsazrisiT. xmeleTidan

mosuli mtris kontroli ufro iolia, vidre, zRvidan Tavdasxmis dros. am da sxva

(moraluri xasiaTis), argumentebis safuZvelze, ciceroni xmeleTis saxelmwifos

aniWebs upiratesobas. am sakiTxze, SesaZloa arc Rirdes yuradRebis SeCereba, Tu

ara ciceronis mcdeloba istoriis mimdinareoba axsnas sazRvao-saxmeleTo

saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis konteqstSi. cxadia, ramdenime gverdze (1. 35,

36,37) gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, cicerons ver CavTvTvliT geopolitikis

fuZemdeblad. mas ara aqvs arc Talasokratia-telurokratiis cnebebi, magram

meore mxriv, verc im faqts avuvliT gverds, rom cicroni berZnuli samyaros

sisustis ZiriTad mizezs mis sazRvao xasiaTSi xedavs. Tumca, igive

poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebic. kerZod, is fiqrobs,

rom korinTo da karTageni daRupa gadaWarbebulma miswrafebam zRvaosnobisaken

da vaWrobisaken. aman, jer erTi, mosaxleobis gaumarTlebeli emigracia gamoiwvia

da meore, maT moqalaqeebs daaviwya miwis damuSaveba da iaraRis floba (1. 36).

savaldebulo literatura

1. Марк Тулий Цицерон «Диалоги». Изд. «Наука», Москва, 1966. ( стр. 7-8; 20-26; 35-39; 41-

54; 59-65; 94-97; 102-105) 2. James.E.Holton, Marcus Tullius Cicero., in “History of Political Philosophy”. (Eds) Leo Strauss,

Joseph Cropsey. Univ. of Chicago. 1963.

28

adam fergiusonis (1723-1816) “esse samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”

fergiusoni im inteleqtualebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romlebic XVIII

saukunis “Sotlandiuri aRorZinebis” saTaveebTan idgnen. fergiusonis garda,

inteleqtualebis am wres miekuTvnebodnen devid hiumi, edinburgis univer-

sitetis reqtori, uiliam robertsoni da ekonomisti adam smiti. fergiusonma,

romelic samxedro-sasuliero piri, polkis pastori iyo, 1759 wels edinburgis

universitetSi miiRo naturaluri filosofiis kaTedra. evropaSi ramdenjerme

mogzaurobis Semdeg man jer pnevmaturi da moraluri filosofiis kaTedra

(1764), xolo Semdeg ki, 1766 wels, miiRo edinburgis universitetis doqtoroba.

1793 wels fergiusoni evropaSi mogzaurobisas gaxda prusiis mecnierebaTa

akademiis ucxoeli wevri. “cda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”

daiwera 1767 wels. is adam fergiusonis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli politikuri

xasiaTis naSromia. am Sromis garda, fergiusonis kalams ekuTvnis: “qadageba”,

“moraluri filosofiis Segonebani”, “romis respublikis progresis da dacemis

istoria”, “moraluri da politikuri mecnierebis principebi”.

1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba fergiusonTan interpretirebulia rogorc

kacobriobis adreuli ganviTarebis etapi. fergiusoni sakmaod mkacrad afasebs

am Temaze gamoTqmul sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs. am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba

gamowveuli iyo sakuTari Teoriis ukeT dafuZnebis surviliT, tumca maTi didi

nawili sruliad unayofo gamodga. raSi mdgomareobs Tavad fergiusonis

midgomis specifika? yvela im mravalferovan Tvisebebs Soris, romelsac flobs

kacobrioba, fergiusoni gamoyofs ramodenimes rogorc safuZvelmdebels Cveni

TeoriisaTvis da ase iqmneba suraTi imisa, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo

adamiani romeliRac warmosaxviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. msgavsi abstraqcia

yuradRebis gareSe stovebs adamians, rogoric is aris mocemul istoriul

momentSi da imasac, rogorc warmogvidgeba igi istoriis furclebidan.

bunebrivi istoriis kvlevis yvela sxva gza aucileblad gulisxmobs mkvlevris

mier faqtebis Segrovebis saWiroebas (1.32).

magram aqvs Tu ara bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvas raRac specifikuri

meTodologouri mniSvneloba? fergiusons miaCnia, rom yoveli aqtiuri arsebis

istoria Cven unda daviwyoT misi im mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSiac is

Camoyalibda da ara im viTerebebidan, romlebic Tavs moaxvies am arsebas. amitom,

adamianebi unda Tavidan ganxilulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi myofni, radgan isini

swored amgvarad arsebobdnen yovelTvis. Tu yvela sxva cxoveli dabadebis

Semdeg viTardeba rogorc individi, adamiani viTardeba rogorc gvari. am gzaze

kacobriobis ganviTareba unda warmovidginoT rogorc ganviTarebadi cocxali

mgrZnobelobidan, gonebis, enis da sazogadoebrivi yofis SeZenamde. adamianis

ganviTareba aucileblad mividoda iseT momentamde, romelic sxvadasxva

gamomgoneblobis kvalad moiTxovda iseTi adamianuri unaris ganviTarebas,

rogorcaa fantazia. am da sxva Tvisebebis flobis gamo, adamiani, rogoradac ar

unda daeces is, yovelTvis rCeba adamianad da amitom misi Sedareba sxva romelime

cxovelTan yovlad miuRebelia. adamiani unda ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv

arsebad, romelsac cxovreba SeuZlia mxolod sxva adamianis gverdiT. adamiani

unda ganvixiloT enis mqone arsebad iseve, rogor bunebrivadac mas ganvixilavT

xelebis an fexebis mqone arsebad. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia warmovisaxoT viTareba,

rodesac adamiani mxolod ecnoboda, jar kargad ar flobda sakuTar unarebs,

magram fergiusonis azriT, amgvari periodis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar

mogvepoveba da Cveni msjelobebi am saganze arafriT iqneba gamagrebuli. Cven

fantaziis tyveobaSi viqnebiT da gveqneba iluzia, TiTqos mivuaxlovdiT

yofierebis sawyisebs (1.37-38).

adamianis bunebiTi yofisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT xelobebsa

89

da xelovnebebze, rogorc raRac gansxvavebulze bunebisagan. am dros saWiroa

aRiniSnos, rom xelobebi raRac bunebiTia adamianisaTvis, romelic am Cvevebis

wyalobiT sakuTari saxis da bedis demiurgia (artificer). adamianis Semoqmedeba

aris progresisaken ganuwyveteli svla, Tumca is ar akeTebs naxtomebs da

miznisaken Tanmimdevrulad da myari nabijebiT moZraobs. adamianis saqmianoba

nebismier SemTxvevaSi maTi nebis Tavisuflebis gamovlenas warmoadgens,

dawyebuli sxvadfasxva Sexedulebebidan da survilebidan, rac misi mamoZra-

vebeli Zalaa. TviTSenarCunebisaTvis adamianisaTvis erTnairad gamosadegia

rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle, aseve xis fuRuro. amitom, kiTxvaze sad SegviZlia

vipovnoT adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, SegviZlia erTnairi safuZvlianobiT

mivuTiToT britaneTze, keTili imedis koncxze, magelanis sruteze da a.S.

mTavari is gaxlavT, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, Semoqmedi arsebaa. sasaxle

aranakleb SeiZleba arabunebrivad CaiTvalos, vidre qoxi, xolo politikis da

zneobis umaRlesi gamovlinebebi ar aris ufro metad xelovnuri, vidre grZnobis

da gonebis pirveli moZraobebi.

daSvebidan, rom adamiani mudam winmswrebi da sakuTari Tavis srulmqmneli

arsebaa, romelSiac Cadebulia progresisa da idealisaken swrafvis prncipi maSin

veRar vityviT, rom mas Semdeg, rac man winmsvleli moZraoba daiwyo, igi

daemSvidoba Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobas, radgan misi buneba swored aseT

moZraobaSia (1.41). sxvagvarad, es imas niSnavs, rom bunebrivi mdgomareobis

Tezisi, romelic daafiqsirebda adamians raRac cxoveluri yofis msgavs

viTarebaSi fergiusonisaTvis ar arsebobs, Tumca is mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs

“kacobriobis gariJraJze” saubars, romlis drosac adamiani “primitiul

mdgomareobaSi” iyo. es primitiuli mdgomareoba ar niSnavs mis srul uZraobas.

teqnikuri da sxva saxis progresi aq mocemulad unda vigulisxmoT. teqnikis

dRevandeli done, axal-axali miRwevebi am mimarTulebiT, aris mxolod im xazis

gagrZelebis mcdeloba, romelic ukve arsebobda kacobriobis gariJraJze.

TandaTanobiTi progresis idea ar yofila fergiusonis winamorbede-

bisaTvisac ucxo. rasac aq gamorCeuli saxiT fergiusoni gvTavazobs, aris misi

mtkiceba, rom momenti, saidanac SegviZlia daviwyoT istoria ara mxolod

meTodologiuradaa mouxelTebeli, aramed principulad ar arsebobs. Tu

istoriis ufskrulSi CavixedavT, ver vipovniT moments, rodesac adamiani

adamiani ar iyo (anu iyo maimuni, rogorc amas darvinis Semdeg varaudoben) da

Semdeg, sul erTia ra meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, is iqca adamianma (anu

gaiara gza, romlis aRwera scades morganma da engelsma).

adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobebs sabolood esmeva wertili mas

Semdeg, rac am terminebs fergiusonis daxasiaTebiT, aseTi Sinaarsi eZleva: Tu

“bunebrivi” adamianis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinare qmedebebs aRniSnavs,

“arabunebrivi”araviTari sazrisismieri qmedebis damfiqsirebeli ar aris, radgan

adamianis yvela qmedeba pirveli wyarodan iRebs saTaves.

2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb

adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rigi princiebis reali-

zebas. avtori am mimarTulebiT upirveles yovlisa, laparakobs instinqtebze,

romlebic jer kidev tkivilis da an siamovnebis aRqmamde ubiZgeben adamians

ganaxorcielos rigi bunebrivi aqciebi sakuTari Tavis da TanamoZmeebis mimarT.

maT Soris, TviTSenarCunebisa da misi, rogorc gvaris gangrZobis instinqti.

aqedan gamomdinareobs meore instinqti _ is faqti, rom adamiani yovelTvis

raRac gvaris da raRac tomis Tu sazogadoebis wevria, aiZulebs mas omis

mdgomareobaSi Sevides sxva adamianebTan.

adamianis cxovrebis miaxlovebiTi Seswavala gvarwmunebs, imaSi, rom erT-

erTi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala misi yvela moqmedebisaTvis aris sakuTar

arsebobaze zrunva. jer kidev sakuTrebis da socialur statusebs Soris

gansxvavebis gaCenamde, adamianebi floben sakuTari pirovnebis da Tavisufali

moqmedebis dacvis uflebas. TviTSenarCunebis instinqti adamianSi arafriT

gansxvavdeba analogiuri instinqtebisagan cxovelSi, magram adamianisaTvis

90

RirebulebaTa sistemas sTavazobdnen xalxs. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rogorc

Sedegma, amgvari mravalferovnebisa, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda kosmopoli-

tizmi, msoflio moqalaqis centraluri ideiT. ara “saxelmwifoSi”, aramed

“kanonebSi” msoflio moqalaqis ideas farTo Teologiuri dsabuTeba eZleva.

msjelobis jaWvi daaxloebiT aseTia: RmerTma Seqmna adamiani rogorc sxva

cocxali arsebisagan gamorCeuli ram. am gamorCeulobis mizezi aris goneba.

goneba raRac saerToa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris da maT Soris kavSiric swored

gonebaSi unda veZioT. magram goneba igive kanoni da kanonzomierebaa. es ki

niSnavs, rom Cven RmerTTan kanoniT varT dakavSirebuli. aqedan, unda vaRiaroT,

rom yvela maTTan, visTanac arsebobs erTianoba kanonSi, arsebobs erTianoba

samarTalSiac, xolo yvela is visac kanoni da samarTali saerTo aqvs miekuTvneba

erT sazogadoebas. Tu adamianebi amgvarad arian CarTulni erTsa da imave

ZalauflebasTan kontaqtSi, maSin isini CarTulni iqnebian, amave dros, kavSirSi

RvTaebrivTananac da, maSin mTeli samyaro SegviZlia ganvixiloT adamianebis da

RmerTebis erT samoqalaqo Temad (1. 96).

ciceronis sawyisi mosazrebebi adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb, erTgvari

Sesavalia misi Sedgomi Temis gaSlisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi sagani saxelmwifoa.

vidre vimsjelebde saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, ambobs is, me vcade gameanalizebina,

Rirs Tu ara kacma xeli mohkidos saerTod saxelmwifo saqmes (1. 10). pasuxi, ra

Tqma unda, dadebiTia, radgan Rirsebis adamianis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad

gamocxadebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis msaxureba adamianis bunebriv mowodebad

gamocxadda.

2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma

ratom iqmneba saxelmwifo? — kiTxva, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo antikuri

saberZneTis avtorebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, aqtualobas ar kargavs arc

ciceronis TxzulebebSi. vidre saxelmwifos avkargianobaze vimsjelebdeT, jer

zogadad saxelmwifos cneba unda davadginoT. ciceroni miiCnevs, rom saxelwifo

raRac iseTia, rac uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xalxTan, rac misi xvedria. aqedan

saxelmwifos bunebis kvleva gadaejaWveba xalxis raobis sakiTxs. xalxi ki,

rogorc irkveva, sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianTa iseTi erToba, romelsac aqvs

erTiani samarTali da saerTo interesebi: “amrigad, wers ciceroni, saxelmwifo

xalxis xvedria, xolo xalxi adamianTa nebismieri gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed

iseTTa erTianobaa, romelTac Tavi mouyriaT samarTlis ama Tu im sakiTxis

gadasawyvetad da, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo interesebi. aseTi gaerTianebis

pirveli mizezi maTi sisuste ki ar aris, aramed bunebrivi miswrafeba erTad

cxovrebisaken” (1. 20).

adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafeba Tanacxovrebisaken, romelic SesaZloa iyos

Zlieri impulsi saxelmwifos formirebisaTvis, saWiroebs raRac iseT damatebiT

fenomens, romelic saxelmwifos ara mxolod did mdgradobas mianiWebs, aramed

regularuls gaxdis adamianTaSorisi damokideblebis misaReb saxeebs. aseTi ram

gaxlavT samarTali da konkretuli kanonmdebloba, romelic saxelmwifos yvela

wevrisaTvis saerTo unda iyos. da, saerTod, sxva ra aris saxelmwifo, Tu ara

saerTo weswyobileba, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTalsa da kanonebSi.

magram saidan iRebs dasabams Tavad kanoni da samarTali? am kiTxvaze

aristoteluri tradicia gvamcnobs, rom arsebobs erTi mxriv, bunebiTi da, meore

mxriv, konvencionaluri samarTali. misgan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni ar cnobs

bunebiTi samarTlis ideas. bunebiTi samarTlis normebi rom arsebobdnen,

fiqrobs is, maSin gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ratom ara aqvs yvela xalxs erTi da

igive samarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi xom icvleba ara mxolod sxva da sxva

xalxTan, aramed isini gansxvavebulia erTi da igive xalxTan sxvadasxva dros.

aqedan, erTaderTi safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifoSi arsebul kanonebs

SeiZleba hqondeT, aris urTierTTanxmoba.

mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa

adamainTa Tanacxovrebis mareglamentirebeli wesebis arseboba, ukve SeiZleba

daisvas kiTxva saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. ciceroni Zvel berZnul

27

1. saxelmwifos msaxureba

saxelmwifos msaxureba aris pirveli mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac exeba

ciceroni “saxelmwifos” dasawyisSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi CamoTvlis cnobil

romaelTa saxelmwifo moRvaweobas, svams savsebiT bunebriv kiTxvas _ ra rjida

maT esoden did safrTxeSi CaegdoT gamudmebiT Tavi maSin, rodesac TiToeuls

yvela Sansi hqonda mSvidi da uzrunveli cxovrebiT ecxovra? am kiTxvaze

pasuxad, ciceroni miuTiTebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fenomenze,

romelTac axsna unda misces dasmul kiTxvas. kerZod, saerTo sikeTis msaxurebasa

da bunebis mier adamianisaTvis momadlebul Rirsebis (ανανκε) grZnobaze.

Rirsebis grZroba, rogorc gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomeni Tavs iCens swored

iseT sazRvriT situaciebSi, romelic adamianisagan ukidures Tavdadebas da

xSirad ki Tvaganwirvasac saWiroebs. ukiduresi safrTxis pirobebSi sxva yvela

cocxalma arsebam SeiZleba imoqmedos mxolod iseTi sasicocxlo instinqtebis

karnaxiT, rogric STamomavlobaze zrunva an sakvebis mopovebaa. aristoteles

azriT, cxovelTa samyarodan adamians metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs, rac mas

sikeTis da siqvelis cnebiTi Semecnebis saSualebas aZlevs. ciceroni ki, rogorc

vxedavT, upirveles yovlisa, “bunebisagan boZebul” Rirsebaze saubrobs,

romelic gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia. ra Tqma unda, aq aristotelesa da

cicerons Soris Znelia davinaxoT winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia,

aristoteles mosazreba misi politikuri traqtatidan ki movitaneT, magram

masSi araferia sakuTriv politikuri. is adamianis ufro zogadi daxasiaTebaa

(politikur konteqstSi, aristotele, romelic, Rirsebis Taobeaze sxva adgilas

bevrs saubrobs, adamians sul sxva gansazRvrebas aZlevs). misgan gansxvavebiT,

ciceroni Rirsebis grZnobas saxelmwifo moRvaweobasTan akavSirebs. Rirsebis

floba, fiqrobs is, codnis floba rodia, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba

aqvs. mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac, Tu ar gamoviyenebT, SevinarCunebT

mainc, mxolod misi codnis wyalobiT, Rirseba mTlianad Cvens qmedebazea

damokidebuli da am qmedebebs Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili saxelmwifos

msaxurebas uWiravs (1.7).

erTi SexedviT, ciceronis am da sxva msjelobebSi politikuri problemebis

analizisas Semotanilia subieqtivisturi ganzomileba, radgan ciceroni

cdilobs maT axsnas adamianis sulieri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. ganmeorebiT

dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli saxelmwifo wyobaa yvelaze ukeTesi, “saxelmwifoSi”

scipioni, romelic Tavad ciceronis Sexedulebebis gamomTqmelia, ambobs

Semdegs: “simdidres, warmomavlobas, zegavlenas — sibrZnis, cxovrebisa da sxva

adamianebis marTvis unaris gareSe — mxolod Rirsebis dakargvasTan da

ampartavnebasTan mivyavarT. ar arsebobs mmarTvelobis ufro maxinji forma,

vidre is romlis drosac yvelaze ukeTesad iTvlebian umdidresi adamianebi. ra

sjobs mdgomareobas, rodesac sxelmwifos marTavs Riseba; rodesac is, vinc sxvis

cxovrebas ganagebs, Tavad ar imyofeba arc erTi vnebis tyveobaSi” (1. 25).

platonidan wamosuli tradiciiT, Cveulebriv, vfiqrobT, rom wyoba imgvari

obieqturi maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic srulad gansazRvravs mis

vargisianobas. ciceroni, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqos ufro subieqtivistur axsnas

iZleva moyvanil fragmentSiac, rodesac is mmarTvelTa “moralze” saubrobs.

magram, Tu moyvanil fragments kargad davukvirdebiT, sadac saubaria Rirsebis

mier saxelmwifos marTvaze, romelTan konfliqtSi modis mmarTvelis

vnebaTaRelva, unda davafiqsiroT saxelmwifo wyobis ganmsazRvreli kidev erTi

iseTi obieqturi ganzomileba, rogoricaa masSi aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis

ZiriTadi sistema. amiT ki, rogorc Tavad romis istoria mowmobs, ganxilvis

TvalsawierSi Semodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. faqtia, rom erT dros

Rirsebasa da saxelmwifos msaxurebaze damyarebuli romaelTa yofam,

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi regresuli transformacia ganicada. berZnuli poli-

sebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac ucxo iyo kulturuli siWrele, romis

imperiaSi, warmatebuli dapyrobiTi politikis da sazRvrebis ganuwyveteli

gafarToebis pirobebSi, fexi moikida mravalferovanma religiur-filosofurma

mimdinareobebma da mistikurma seqtebma. isini sruliad gansxvavebul

26

specifiuri viTarebaa is, rom am instinqtebs mis SemTxvevaSi emateba refleqsia

da winaswarxedva., romlebic mas uqmnian warmodgenas sakuTrebaze da acnoben misi

zrunvis im obieqts, romelsac is interess uwodebs. termini interesi mets

arafers niSnavs, Tu ara Cvens damokidebulebas sakuTrebisadmi, Tumca ufro

farTo da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavszogadad sargebels.

sargeblianoba, Tavis mxriv, Zalze bundovani cnebaa da amitom fergiusoni

gvTavazobs interesi gamoviyenoT savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT im

obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Cvens gare pirobebs ukavSirdebian da

uzrunvelyofen Cveni cxoveluri bunebis SenarCunebas.

TviTSenarCunebis instinqtis karnaxiT sxvadasxva cxoveli igrovebs zamTris

marags. maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs miswrafeba simdidris dagrovebisaken,

rasac ara aqvs sazRvari. imis dagroveba, rac adamianma SeiZleba verasdros ver

gamoiyenos, misi arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi idola xdeba. TandaTnobiT adamians

sul ufro umtkicdeba rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTreba misive personis nawili,

Tavad misi nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mis xasiaTs, rangs da mdgomareobas

sazogadoebaSi. sakuTrebisadmi adamianis ltolva imdenad didia, rom Tu es

sakuTreba man ver SeinarCuna samoqalaqo kanonebiT, adamiani mimarTavs

Zaladobas da aTasgvar veragobas Cadis da am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli

adamianis qmedebebi gacilebiT ufro mZime STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre

romelime cxovelisa.

TviTSenarCunebis principidan gamomdinare ltolvebis mTeli kompleqsi Tavs

iyris erT fenomenSi, romelsac ewodeba Tavmoyvareoba.

ra saxis gaerTianebac ar unda moxdes adamianTa Soris, sul- erTia es iqneba

saZmo, Tu jari, yvela maTgans safuZvlad uZevs aliansis Tu kavSris principi.

fergiusoni amis Sesaxeb wers: “bunebrivi mdgomareoba — es aris omis an mSvidobis

mdgomareoba. adamianebi Sobilni arian ise, rom gaerTiandnen erTmaneTisadmi

ltolviT an SiSiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba TviT adamianis bunebaSia Ca-

debuli. swored amiT aixsneba velurebis midrekileba Tavis banakSi darCenisaken,

miuxedvad imisa, rom damoukideblad cxoveba mas SesaZloa ufro met sikeTes

moutanda. igive privcipi gvixsnis rogorc Zveli berZnebis optimistur

erTgulebas Tavisi qveynisadmi, aseve Zveli romaelebis patriotizmsac. magram

amgvari mdgomareoba did xans rodi gastans. mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTTan

daaxloebis instinqti Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs, ayalibebs sazogadoebas, interesi

sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da adamianebs erTmaneTisagan acilebs. es

gansakuTrebiT iTqmis komerciul sxelmwifoze, romelSiac adamiani Tavis

TanamoZmes molodinis sapirispirod konkurentad ganixilavs da mas ise eqceva,

rogorc Tavis saqonels an miwas.

aq fergiusoni ubrundeba platonis cnobil Teziss “saxelmwifos” V wignidan,

sadac gamijnulia konfliqtis ori saxe: omi — anu mtroba sxvebTan da

ganxeTqileba _ anu mtroba TavisianebTan. safrTxisagan Tavis daxsnis survili

aris is garegani grZnoba, rac adamianebs ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebrivi

gaerTianebisaken. metoqeobam da samxedro wvrTnebis saWiroebam Soba Zalian

bevri iseTi instituti, romelTa gareSe Znelad Tu SegviZlia warmovidginoT

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. xalxis dacvis karnaxiT Seiqmna araerTi saxelmwifo

dawesebuleba.

magram ra aris mtroba, saidan Cndeba winaaRmdegoba TviTSenaxvasa da

usafrTxoebas Soris, rac erT mxares Tavdacvisaken ubiZgebs manam, vidre meore

mxare daesxmis mas Tavs? mtrobis namdvili mizezebis racionaluri axsna fer-

giusons ara aqvs. saxelmwifo moRvaweebi mtrul da samoyvro gadawyvetilebebs

nacionaluri, Tu zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi motivebidan gvixsnian. magram ras

mogvcems aseTi axsna gavigoT mdinaris (vTqvaT reinis) gaRma-gamoRma mcxovrebi

glexebis siZulvili erTmaneTis mimarT? crurwmenebi da nacionaluri vnebebi

SesaZloa ukeTes axsnas iZlevian da swored am mimarTulebiT unda veZeboT

konfliqtis mTavari mizezebi da ara samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebSi. adamianebi,

romlebic aseT dauokebel siyvaruls da siZulvils avlenen erTmaneTis mimarT,

racionalurad ver xsnian TavianT qmedebebs (1.60).

kacobrioba ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeboda mudmivi omis

mdgomareobaSi an tomebs Soris, an tomebs SigniT. amgvari mdgomareoba zrdis

91

samxedro beladis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoeba miyavs monarqiuli wyobisaken.

yovel Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi unda gatardes gansxvaveba omis periodis da

mSvidobianobis periodis kanonebi. omis mgomareoba rom kacibriobis cxovrebis

ZiriTadi forma iyos, is aucileblad upiratesobas mianiWebda monarqiul wyobas.

amasTan xelosnobisa dapolitikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva

mosaxleobis klasebad dayofa, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia dayofa

meomrebad da moqalaqeebad.

mravali socialuri movlena imdenad institucionaluri cvlilebebiT ki ar

aixsneba, ramdenadac adamianis midrekilebiT, CvevebiT, unarebiT. am

mimarTulebiT fergiusoni or faqtors gamoyofs. erTi exeba Tavad adamianis

statuss TanamoZmeTa TvalSi. imas, Tu rogor moaCvenebs is Tavs sazogadoebas,

rogorc am szogadoebis wevri. swored am “imijidan” SeiZleba gaCndes erTi

mZlavri impulsi am adamianis mimarT sxvebis mtruli Tu moyvruli grZnobebis

gaCenisa TanamoZmeTagan. meore ki Sefasebis gzebs exeba, radgan adamianebi

erTmaneTs umeteswilad afaseben ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnis mflobelia

mavani, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos

Tavisi miznebi, ramdenad unariania sakuTari cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad.

2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba

yovelive msgavsi Sexeduleba gvibiZgebs aRniSnul konteqstSi ganvixiloT

adamianTa Sexedulebani bednierebis Sesaxeb. es termoni, miuxedavad misi xSiri

gamoyenebisa, Zalze bundovania. is gulisxmobs siamovnebis gancdas raime

survilis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT (1.83). Sesabamisad, bedniers uwodeben iseT

adamians, visi survilebic yvelaze ufro xSirad aRsruldeba xolme. Cven

nebismier sagans vafasebT misi sargeblianobiT da bednierebaze misi zegavlenis

SesaZleblobiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom migvaCnia _ Tavad sargeblianobis da

bednierebis cnebebi ar eqvemdebarebian gansazRvrebas. bedniereba sulac ar aris

warmosaxviTi usaqmuroba, romelzedac ase ocneboben da romelic, rogorc ki

miRweuli iqneba, maSinve gadaizrdeba mowyenilobaSi. piriqiT, bedniereba unda

veZeboT ara raime miznis iRwevaSi, aramed adamianis mudmiv saqmianobaSi.

bednierebis saidumlo is ki araa, rom rom zogierTi moqmedebebi garTobad

vaqcioT, aramed is, rom TviT maT aRsrulebaSi davinaxoT ZiriTadi Rirebuleba..

bednierebas adamianebi eZeben Tavis Tavis gareT maSin, rodesac is sakuTar TavSia

saZebni. fergiusoni miesalmeba Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac adamianis vali

sikeTis qmnaa, xolo bedniereba — ki mis miRebaSi, Tumca sikeTis qmna gulisxmobs

ara imis bednierebas, viskenac mimarTulia sikeTis qmna, aramed imisa, vinc gascems

sikeTes.

ramdenadac adamiani Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebis wevria, is ukve aRar

miekuTvneba sakuTar Tavs. is mxood mTelis nawilia. rogoria bednierebis

fenomenis konteqstSi mimarTeba mTelsa da nawils Soris? Tu individis

arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis miRwevaa, maSin

sazogadoebisaTvis mTavari amocana individis bedniereba unda iyos. avtori

amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis morigeba

savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saerTod, eris Zala, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT omis

sawarmoeblad aucilebel resursebs, ganisazRvreba ara mosaxleobis

raodenobidan an simdidridan, aramed xasiaTidan.

ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs

sxvadasxva pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba, rasac adaptaciis doneebs Soris sxvaoba

mohyveba. jer kidev yovelgvari politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde, adamianebi

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi talantebis mixedviT, rac

sxvadasxva rolebs umzadebs sazogadoebaSi. Tu adamianebs erTad SevyriT,

fergiusons miaCnia, rom TiToeuli maTgani iolad ipovnis Tavis adgils. swored

am wesiT iqmneba pirobebi didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad moqmedebisaTvis,

maTi Tanamegobrobis erTianobis SenarCunebas rom gulisxmobs. manamde, vidre

ganxorcieldeba ufleba movaleobebis formaluri ganawileba.

92

ciceroni (106-43)

Sesavali: platonis da aristoteles politikuri Teoriebi antikuri

saberZneTis, marTalia ara erTaderTi, magram samagierod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani

Teoriebi iyo. maTi doqtrinebi koncentrirebuli da sistematuri saxiT gad-

moscemda berZnuli politikuri azris monapovars. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania aristoteles Sromebi, romelsac wesad hqonda sakuTari Sexe-

dulebebis gadmocemamde sxva, wina epoqis moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisebi gadmoeca

(rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, “politikis” meore wignSi). antikuri politikuri

azris bolo avtori, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris romaeli moazrovne,

ciceroni. ciceronis damokidebuleba klasikuri berZnuli Teoriebis mimarT

msgavsia zogadad Zvel berZnul da romaul kilturebs Soris damokidebulebisa.

romaelebma, rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad gadmonerges sakuTar niadagze da

gaimeores berZnuli kultura. gavrcelebuli azriT, arsebobs antikurobis

romarlTa sul ramdenime originaluri monapovari: es, upirveles yovlisa,

gaxlavT samarTali, romlis kodifikaciasa da warmoebaSi romaelebma ara

mxolod berZnebi daCagres, aramed mravalmxriv gansazRvres Tanamedrove

evropuli samarTali. Semdegi sfero, romelSiac romaelebma sakuTari sityva

Tqves, gzaTmSeneblobaa. romaelTa naSenebma gzebma saukuneebs gauZlo im

donemde, rom Zalze cudi samsaxuri gauwia gviandel evropelebs. amboben,

sarkinozebis mTavarsardals, jebel al tariks swored romaulma gzebma gauwia

naxevarkunZulze saorientaciod fasdaudebeli samsaxuri mas Semdeg, rac

sarkinozebi pireneebze gadmosxdnen. am or miRwevas zogierTi umatebs romaul

biusts, romelic, rogorc fiqroben ara da ar warmoadgens berZnulis ubralo

kopirebas. rac Seexeba filosofias, saberZneTidan romSi gavrclda ZiriTadad

sami mimdinareoba: skepticizmma, epikureizmma da stoicizmma, romelTa mimarTac

romaelma warmomadgenlebma saocari “erTguleba” gamoiCines elini fuZe-

mdeblebisadmi. Tavad ciceroni Znelad Tu CaTvleba romelime am konkretuli

mimdinareobis warmomadgenlad. piriqiT, gavrcelebulia azri, rom ciceroni

rogorc filosofosi ekleqtikosi iyo da, Sesabamisad, mis nawerebSi SevxvdebiT

rogorc stoicizmis, aseve epikureizmisaTvis da akademiuri skeptocozmisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel araerT tipur Teziss. Cven ar vapirebT am mosazrebebis revizias.

miT ufro, rom misi politikuri Teoriac mTlianad platonis da aristoteles

Tematikis irgvliv trialebs. rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, is gaxlavT, rom

amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, ciceronis politikuri politikuri nawerebi

moklebuli ar aris originalobas da maTSi wamoWrilia rogorc Tvisebrivad

axali Tematika, aseve, ukve cnobilis, berZeni avtorebisagan radikalurad

gansxvavebuli gadawyveta. platonis da aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni

ara mxolod Teoretikosi, aramed moqmedi politikosic iyo. katalinas amboxis

mxilebis da CaxSobis Semdeg, erTi periodi ciceroni senatis da zogadad

respublikuri romis TvalsaCino politikosad iqca. ciceronis mniSvneloba

daaknina romaeli mTavarsardlebis qiSpobam. krasusis, pompeusis da keisris

zeZliereba imis imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom romis respublika ukanasknel dReebs

iTvlida. aSkara gaxda, rom warmatebuli samxedro kampaniebis Sedegad Zalze

gazrdili romi imperiul mmarTvelobas saWiroebda da rom respublikuri

idealebi ukve istoriis sakuTreba xdeboda. respublikuri romis senatis

TvalsaCino moRvawis, ciceronis politikuri karieris da sabolood ki

sicocxlisaTvis damRupvelad iqca e.w. meore triumvirati, romelmac ciceroni

proskripciebSi Seiyvana.

ciceronis politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi ori naSromis,

“saxelmwifos” da “kanonebis” mixedviT. ciceronis es Sromebi mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod Zveli cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis da filosofosis ideebis gacnobis

TvalsazrisiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom masSi Semonaxulia informacia elinizmis

epoqis araerTi iseTi avtoris Sesaxeb, romelTa Sexedulebebis gasagebad cice-

ronis Sromebi erTaderTi wyaroa. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ciceronis naSromi,

“saxelmwifo” dakargulad iTvleboda. sakmaod dazianebuli saxiT is mxolod XIX

saukuneSi (1820 wels) aRmoaCina vatikanis biblioTekis prefeqtma, anjelo maim.

25

iqcevian, ramdenadac umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxis xeSia, xolo xalxis azri ki

maT xelSi. msgavsi safrTxisagan Tavis daRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad

aristoteles imgvari zogadi konstituciis msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Semotana

miaCnia, romelsac aRar Seexeba kerZo sakiTxebiT dakavebuli arc saxalxo kreba

da arc saxelmwifo moxeleebi (1292 a 30-35).

rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis aRwerili formebidan Cans, isini

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erTSi moqalaqeobas yvelas

aZleven, meoreSi - mxolod imas, visi mSoblebic moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTs marTavs

kanoni, meores - demagogebi. amisda miuxedavad, isini yvelani, gvarwmunebs

aristotele, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis nairsaxeobebs warmoadgenen. niSnavs

Tu ara es mtkiceba imas, rom maT gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, raRac aqvT saerTo da

es saerTo gansxvavebulebze ufro mniSvnelovania?

yvela demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi principi,

romlebic, rogorc irkveva, ara mxolod aristoteles epoqaSi, aramed dReac

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis moucilebel niSnebad iTvleba. esenia: Tavi-

sufleba da Tanasworoba. “demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTadi niSani — wers

aristotele — aris Tavisufleba. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azriT, mxolod am

saxelmwifo wyobis dros yvela sargeblobs TavisuflebiT, radgan, rogorc

amtkiceben, swored Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis demokratia. xolo Tavisuf-

lebis erT-erTi pirobaa iyo mmarTveli da marTuli morigeobiT” (1317 b) ...

“samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogorc is gaigeba demokratiuli TvalTaxedviT,

kerZod, yvelasaTvis toli wilis migebiT, miiReba is wyoba, romelsac aRiarebs

demokratia. ... Tanasworoba, xom isaa, rom uqonelebs araferSi hqondeT ufro

meti Zalaufleba, vidre SeZlebulebs da, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba unda

miekuTvnebodes ara romelime erTs, aramed yvelas Tanabrad. swored am wesiT —

fiqroben isini — xorcieldeba saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba” (1318

a — 10). aseTia demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva konkretuli formebis

saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. aseTive detaluri wesiT axasiaTebs aristotele

saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelois sxva formebsac, romelTac aq aRar ganvixilavT.

demokratia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, interpretirebulia uqonelTa da

xalxis mmarTvelobad. rac Seexeba sauTriv xalxs, is yvela saxelmwifo

mowyobisaTvis Tanamdevi erT-erTi yvelaze myari struqturaa da Sedgeba Semdegi

stratebisagan:

a) miwaTmoqmedebisagan,

b) xelosnebisagan,

g) vaWrebisagan,

d) daqiravebuli muSaxelisagan.

aRniSnuli mosaxleobis garda, saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian

mcvelebic. aristotele gamoyofs oTxi saxeobis jars:

a) mxedrobas;

b) mZimedSeiaraRebul qveiTebs;

c) subuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs;

d) sazRvao flots (1321 a 5-10).

savaldebulo literatura

1.Aristotele – “Politics”. Oxford Univ. Press., 1998; 7-20; 84-200; 229-242; 251-279 pp.

2.Аристотель – Сочинения в четырех томах. Том четвертыйю Изд. «Мысль», М., 1984. 376-387; 444-544; 569-580; 588-615.

24

3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fergiusoni adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze saubars

amjobinebs ilaparakos xalxebis realuri warsuli istoriis Sesaxeb. misi Sromis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi paTosi swored isaa, rom aRweros da warmoadginos sazo-

gadoeba misi uZvelesi, veluri mdgomareobidan civilizaciis da samoqalaqo, anu

politikuri sazogadoebis gaCenamde. amasTan, rogorc iTqva, velurobis periodi

mxolod civilizaciis Zalze dabal dones gulisxmobs da ara gayinul uZraobis

wertils. iqedan, rom velurobis ama Tu im etapis aRweris miRma iolad moiZebneba

ganviTarebis ufro dabali done, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis

istorias ara aqvs sawyisi wertili? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis fergiusons uwevs

angariSi gauwios, erTi mxriv, miTologiur siuJetebs da meore mxriv ki, wminda

istorias. rogorc erTi, aseve meore gvixsnis da gviyveba, Tu rogorc warmoiSva

adamiani. fergiusoni, romelic mogviwodebs frTxilad moveqceT miTologiur

faqtebs, Cans iqeT ixreba, rom kacobriobis istoriis sawyis wertilad

SesaZlebelia wminda istoria aviRoT. am sakiTxisaTvis saWiro informaciis

mosapoveblad, arsebobs kidev erTi wyaro _ afrikel da amerikel velurTa

cxobrebaze dakvirveba. isini, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi arseboben da

gvacnoben bavSvobis asakSi myof Cvens istorias. cxadia, maTi yofis amsaxveli

masala aseve pozitiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos pirvelyofili xalxebis

istoriis Sedgenisas, radgan isini damakmayofilebel warmodgenas gviqmnian

imaze, Tu ra aris veluroba.

amasTan, fergiusoni gvirCevs Zvel wyaroebs sxva mxrivac didi sifrTxiliT

movekidoT: “arc erTi konstitucia ar aris sayovelTao Tanxmobis Sedegi, arc

erTi marTveloba ar ganxorcielebula dadgenili gegmis mixedviT”(1.190).

rogorc wesi, xalxSi did aRfrTovanebas iwvevs genialuri kanonmdeblebis da

saxlemwifoebis Semqmnelebis proeqtebi. magram rac realurad xdeboda, im

Soreul epoqebSi, iyo mxolod mravali SemTxveviTi garemoebebisa da konkretuli

situaciebis Sedegi. avtors Semoaqvs gzis gakvalvis da Secdomis cneba (trail and error method), rogorc miRebuli Tu ganmtkicebuli ama Tu im Cvevis da institutis

safuZvlismdebeli. es cneba SemdgomSi Zaze mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs

haiekis TeoriaSi. swored am gziT Seiqmna im institutebis umravlesoba, romelTa

gamomgoneblobasac Cveulebriv romelime geniosis gegmas miaweren da romlebic

SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuliyo, Tu ara am wesiT (1.190-191). aqedanve,

plus hava, xalxis xasiaTi da mravali sxva garemoeba, aixsneba aTenis da romis

warmatebebi istoriaSi.

afrikuli da amerikuli tomebis garda, fergiusonis azriT, daaxloebiT igive

yofaSi arian uzarmazar teritoriaze _ dawyebuli kamCatkidan, CineTisa da

indoeTis rigi raionebis CaTvliT, sparseTis sazRvrebamde da wiTeli zRvis

napirebamde _ gabneuli xalxebi. yvela maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia a)kerZo

sakuTrebis ararseboba; b) morCilebis ararseboba; g) marTvis ararseboba. Semdeg

fergiusoni kidev ufro azustebs velurobis cnebas da mijnavs erTmaneTisagan

velursa da barbaross. veluria is, visac ara aqvs kerZo sakuTreba, xolo

barbarosi ki is, visi yofac mainc da mainc didad ar gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan,

Tumca is kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelia. sakuTreba, rogorc vxedavT,

gamoyvenilia progresul movlenad, romlis wyalobiTac xorcieldeba xalxebis

ganviTarebis donis diferenciacia. (1.139). ubralo bunebrivi produqtebis

maragi an saqonlis jogi, yoveli pirvelyofili xalxis simdidris pirveli

saxeobaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebas ar gaaCnia

araviTari maiZulebeli Zala, is gamodis, agreTve TvalsaCino daqvemdebarebis

mizezad. Tavisi wignis Zvel gamocemaSi fergiusoni werda Semdegs: “adamiani,

romelmac pirvelma ganacxada _ “es veli Cemia. me is unda gadavce STamo-

mavlobas” _ ver warmoidgenda, rom gaxda samoqalaqo samarTlis da politikuri

dawesebulebebis damaarsebeli, xolo is, vinc pirveli gahyva belads, ver

warmoidgenda, rom Seqmna mudmivi subordineciis modeli”(1.189).

velurebisagan gansxvavebiT, barbarosebTan ukve vxedavT tomis uxucesebs,

romlebic gansazRvraven tomisaTvis saerTo gadawyvetilebebs. es uxucesTa

93

sabWo aris senatis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxalxo asambleis — im

mmarTvelobis pirveli forma, romlis gamogonebasac antikuri xanis kanonmdeb-

lebs miaweren. tomis sxva wevrebisagan gansakuTrebuli simamaciT da RirsebiT

gamoirCeva beladi. uxucesebs iseT pativs miageben, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad

politikosis dRes arsebuli pativiscema miiReba. samxedro beladi ki im rwmeniT

sargeblobs, rac axalgazrdebs atarebs mis kvalze.

am sentimentebidan fergiusons surs gamoiyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis

pirveli elementebi, romelTa erTianobisaTvis jer saxelic ki ar mougonebia

aravis. Zalaufleba aq sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebrivi batonoba (1.142). mis

erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino formas samxreT amerikuli ojaxi warmoadgens.

ojaxi aq ar eqvemdebareba araviTar garegan marTvas da Semowmebas. am

sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs policia da maiZulebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca es ar

uSlis xels imas, rom sazogadoeba marTuli yofiliyo umtkivneulod, radgan,

borotganzraxulobis ararseboba usafrTxoebis saukeTeso garantiaa. ukve am

sazogadoebaSi, dasawyisidanve Cans, rom samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis

siyvaruli erTi da igivea.

amrigad, sabolood sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegnairad

lagdeba:

• veluroba — kerZo sakuTrebis, morCilebis da marTvis ararseboba;

• barbarosoba _ arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, mTavari, warCinebulebi,

samxedroebi da xalxi;

• civilizacia _ xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samxedro marTvelobebad

dayofa. marTvaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT samoqalaqo mmarTvelebs.

amrigad, fiqrobs fergiusoni, daqvemdebarebis wesi yalibdeba stiqiurad,

xolo mmarTvelobis formaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas iqoniebs sazogadoebis

pirveladi dayofa fenebad.

kanoni aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba. iq, sadac

ganisazRvreba individis ufleba sakuTrebaze da ganisazRvreba misi mdgomareoba

sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebi ara mxolod asea gansazRvruli, aramed

daculicaa saxelmwifos mier, individi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflad. TviT is

SezRudvebi, romlebic mas danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebas ar aZleven, misi

Tavisuflebis nawilia. Tavisufali aravin ar SeiZleba iyos iseT sazogadoebaSi,

sadac Tundac erTi adamiani iCagreba. es maqsima vrceldeba taxtze mokalaTebul

mefe-despotzedac. rogorc ki is gadawyvets Zalis gamoyenebas sadavi

situaciebSi, masinve monad iqceva: sakuTari xalxis uflebebis gaTelva masve

daubrundeba cudad da mis mier Seqminl sayovelTao daucvelobis viTarebaSi,

Znelia ipovo sxva vinme, romelic masaviT daucveli iqneboda.

mxolod kanonebis SemoReba, Tundac es kanonebi saukeTeso da sazogadoebis

yvela wevris mier aRiarebuli iyos, arafris momcemi iqneboda misi

aRmasrulebeli nebis gareSe. bevri kanoni, romeliic xalxma brZoliT moipova,

male mieca daviwyebas, radgan misi ganxorcielebis erTaderT garantad monarqi

an mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqca. sanimuSod fergiusoni asaxelebs

kanons, romelic aregulirebs britaneTis penitencialuri sistemis Riaobas da

dasZens, rom am kanonis moqmedebaSi moyvanas, britaneTis mTeli politikuri

sistemis amoqmedebaa saWiro. amitom, individis piradi Tavisufleba da

sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba mxolod maSin iqneba amoqmedebuli, rodesac maT

zurgs gaumagrebs Tavisufali xalxis energiuli moqmedebebi. sakuTrebis

SenarCuneba da adamianis gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo

procedurebiT. rac Seexeba uflebebs, romlebis adamianis suls miekuTvnebian,

isini sxva arafriT ar SeiZleba daculebi iyvnen, Tavad sulis Zalis garda (1.244).

94

sargebeli arc sakuTari TavisaTvis moaqvs da arc sxvisTvis. aristoteles es

sityvebi ar unda gavigoT demokratiis mimarT mis mier sabolood gamotanil

verdiqtad. aristotele demokratiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro tolerantuli

iyo, vidre platoni. amasTan aristotele cdilobs daazustos demokratiis

cneba, romelic misTvis “xalxTan” ki ar aris asocirebuli, aramed “uqonelebTan”.

rodesac kiTxva dgeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu aRwerilTagan mmarTvelobis romel

formas unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba, warmatebulad miCneuli formebidan,

aristotele formas da mowyobis wesis safuZvelze ki ar pasuxobs, aramed

saTnoebis fenomenze miTiTebiT: “saxelmwifo mowyobis sami formidan, romalTac

Cvens wor formebad miviCnevT, ra Tqma unda, saukeTeso is aris, romelSiac

marTvis berketebi saukeTesoTa xelSia. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, rodesac

romelime erTi an mTeli gvari, an Tundac adamianTa mTel masa iqneba saTnoebiT

gamorCeuli da, rodesac, amasTanave, erTs SeeZleba ubrZanos, xolo sxvebs ki

daemorCilon yvelaze ufro sasurveli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad (1288 a

30-35).

aristoteles ukve am daxasiaTebaSi, romelic saxalxo mmarTvelobis lamis

aristokratiad interpretacias gvTavazobs, Cans aristoteles saxelmwifoebis

formebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis specifika. kerZod reluri, gnebavT istoriidan

cnobili, romelime saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli

da maravlferovania, vidre es igulisxmeba TiToeulis definiciaSi. ganvixiloT

am sityvebis dasturad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis formebi. mxolod

demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi (aseve, sxvadasxva variaciebSi ganxilulia

danarCeni saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebic) aristotele gamoyofs maT

Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:

• demokratiis pirveli forma gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tanasworobis

princips. am saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli gagebiT, “Tanasworoba” niSavs imas, rom

arc mqoneblebs da arc uqonelebs ar gaaCniaT raime upiratesoba. ra Tqma unda,

am saxelmwifoSi mdidrebic arseboben da Raribebic, magram kanonTan oriveni

pasuxismgeblebi arian;

• demokratiis meore forma dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad

qveyanaSi mainc unda arsebobdes, Tundac mcire zomis qonebrivi cenzi.

• demokratiis mesame formaSi yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanamdebobis dakavebis

ufleba da maT es ufleba miniWebuli aqvT warmoSobis safuZvelze. qveyana

imarTeba kanonis Sesabamisad;

• meoTxe forma mesamisagan ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva

moqalaqeobis dadgenis da, maSasadame imis dadgenis sakiTxSi, Tu vin SeiZleba

daikavos saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba. Tu mesame formaSi moqalaqeobisaTvis

aucilebelia orive mSobeli mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe iyos, am formaSi

dasaSvebia Tundac erTi iyos moqalaqe da meore Tavisufali adamiani. aqac

qveyanas kanoni marTavs;

• bolo, mexuTe formis saxelmwifoebSi SenarCunebulia yvela win aRwerili

piroba, magram qveyana imarTeba ara kanonis mixedviT, aramed mas marTavs xalxi

saxalxo krebis saSualebiT, xolo xalxs Tavis Wkuaze daatareben demagogebi

(1291 b 30 — 1292 a 10).

aRwerili xuTi formidan yvelaze uaresia bolo forma, romelSic ar muSaobs

kanoni da romelSiac qveyana demagogebis mier imarTeba. “im demokratiul

qveynebSi — wers aristotele — romlebSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kanons,

demagogebisaTvis kanoni ar aris, aq mowinave adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs

ekuTvniT, magram iq, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba ar emyareba kanons, Cndebian

demagogebi” (1292 a 10). saxelmwifos es forma yvelaze uaresia imitom, rom

kanonis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, xalxi xdeba masSi erTmmarTveli (monarqi) da

aseve marTavs is qveyanas. ramdenadac tirania monarqiis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad

xalxic tiranulad iqceva — anadgurebs saukeTeso moqalaqeebs da did gasaqans

aZlevs demagogebs. sabolood gamodis, rom aq demagogebi yovlisSemZle Zalad

23

daiqvemdebaros Tavisi swori da Tavisufali xalxi. amiT gansxvavdeba aseTi

xelisufleba batonis Zalauflebisagan monaze (1277 b 5-10).

amrigad, moqalaqe aris is, vinc saxelmwifos politikur morvaweobaSi iRebs

monawileobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb?

isinic moqalaqeebi arian, Tu maTze ar vrceldeba moqalaqis zemoT Semo-

Tavazebuli daxasiaTeba? am kiTxvaze erTi pasuxi ukve viciT. kerZod, rom zog

SemTxvevaSi (demokratiul reJimebSi) isini moqalaqeebi arian da zogierT

SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad oligarqiebSi) ara. amitom aristoteles saboloo

“verdiqti” dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod damajereblad JRers: “zemoT Tqmulidan

gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom arsebobs moqalaqis ramdenime nairsaxeoba; aseve

gasagebia isic, rom moqalaqed umTavresad iTvleba is, vinc samoqalaqo

uflebebis mflobelia” (1278 a 35-40).

amrigad, Zneli ar aris SevamCnioT, rom moqalaqis aristotelur daxa-

siaTebebSi Zlze daaxloebulia erTi mxriv, saxlmwifos da politikuri reJimis

kategoriebi, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqis da saxelmwifo moxelis cnebebi.

berZnuli, polisuri demokratiis an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, pirdapiri

demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, es asec unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevebSi (aristokratiis,

oligarqiis, Tu tiraniis) SemTxvevaSi, aristoteles SemoTavazebuli gansaz-

Rvreba ar imuSavebs da rogorc Tavad gvafrTxilebs, saWiro gaxdeba moqalaqis

sxva kategoria, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi isTi, romlis moqalaqeoba uflebrivad

iqneba gansazRvruli. magram, Tu moqalaqe upirveles yovlisa uflebrivad

ganisazRvreba polisSi, da Tavisi moRvaweobisas amodis saerTo sikeTis idea-

lidan, maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba dadgindes misi iseTi cneba, romelic zogadad

gamoyenebadi iqneba yvela tipis politikuri reJimis dros. “moqalaqe, zogadi

azriT — wers aristotele — aris is, vinc monawileobas iRebs batonobasa da

morCilebaSi; yoveli saxelmwifo mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqis arseba ar

icvleba. saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqe aris is, visac

SeuZlia da surs morCileba da batonoba imgvarad, rom am dros igi gamodis

saTnoebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis wesidan” (1284 a). Tavad morCilebis fenomenSi,

romelic principulad gansxvavdeba monuri morCilebisagan, aristotele

moqalaqis Rirsebis veraviTar SemzRudvel faqtors ver xedavs, radgan rogorc

mmarTveli da mbrZanebeli, asve mis gadawyvetilebebis Semsrulebeli

moqalaqeebi, orive emorCileba saerTo sikeTisa da sargeblianobis moTxovnebs.

4. saxelmwifoebis formebi

saxelmwifos formebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli sakvlevi mimar-

Tuleba samarTliani saxelmwifoze gadis. platoni saukeTesod da samarTlianad

miiCnevda mxolod idealur saxelmwifos. aristotelesTan viTareba sruliad

sxvagvaria: “rodesac erTi adamiani, an ramdenime, an gnebavT umravlesoba marTavs

sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis principis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia saxelmwifo

mowyobis aseTi formebi swori formebia, xolo isini, romlebic erTi adamianis,

ramdenimes, an, Tundac, umravlesobis gamorCenaze arian orientirebulni, aseTi

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis formebi sworidan gadaxrebs warmoadgenen” (1279 a

25-35). SeniSvnidan gamomdinare, arsebobs swori marTvelobis Semdegi formebi:

a) monarqia;

b) aristokratia;

g) politia.

am formebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens:

a) monarqiidan _ tirania;

b) aristokratiidan _ oligarqia;

g) politiadan _ demokratia.

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom vargisianoba ganisazRvreba saerTo

sargeblianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze, Zalze saintereso saxes miiRebs

aristoteles mier demokratiis, rogorc araswori formis Sefaseba. miuxedavad

imisa, rom mas miznad aqvs sargeblianoba moutanos uqonlebs, magram realuri

22

4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba

rac ufro srulyofilia qveynis politiuri institutebi, rac ufro

warmatebiT viTardeba misi meurneoba, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobac.

es, ra Tqma unda, zogadi principia, Torem avtori kargad acnobierebs, rom

mosaxleobis zrdaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa hava,

saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli politika da a.S. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba

damokidebulia eris raodenobaze, maSin Tavisufleba da piradi usafrTxoeba

orives, eris da mosaxleobis Tvisebebi iqneba. amitom Tu aRniSnuli principebi

realizebulia saxelmwifoSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs rogorc mosaxleobis zrda,

aseve misi Sromismoyvareobac. rac ufro met qonebas Soulobs konkretuli

pirovneba, miT ufro mdidaria misi qveyana. damokidebuleba kerZo mewarmes da

saxelmwifos Soris avtors gagebuli aqvs klasikuri Laissez Faire-s principis

mixedviT: “Tu mewarmes daWirdeba dacva, is uzrunvelyofili unda iyos; Tu mis

winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba danaSauli da TaRliToba, damnaSave unda daisajos _

amiT SemoizRudeba saxelmwifos roli. rodesac gamocdili politikosi

cdilobs yvelafris kontrols, is ufro xelisSemSlelia da ukmayofilebas

iwvevs; msgavsadve, rodesac komersanti iviwyebs sakuTar mogebas da mTeli

saxelmwifos magier iwyebs fiqrs, es fantaziis da qimerebis mozRvavebaze

metyvelebs da arRvevs komerciis safuZvlebs.

Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba

vaWrobasa da komercias Soris. rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, pirvelSi unda

igulisxmebodes biznesi mis sawyis stadiaze, xolo meoreSi ki, igive saqmiqnoba

ayvavebis da warmatebis stadiaze. fergiusoni wers, rom vaWrobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia pirobis gatexva da crupenteloba maSin, rodesac komercia,

rogorc ufro maRali stadia aucileblad gulisxmobs punqtualobas,

liberalisms, patiosnebas da momWirneobas. aseT dros, mas saxelmwifosagan aRar

surs araferi, garda dacvisa da umravles SemTxvevaSi, komersanti qveynis

yvelaze racionaluri da pativsacemi moqalaqea (1.215). Zneli ar aris davinaxoT

fergiusonis am sityvebis aSkara msgavseba amerikeli ganmanaTleblis, benjemin

franklinis mier mocemul biznesmenis daxasiaTebasTan. msgavseba SegviZlia

avxsnaT ara mxolod ori moazrovnis zogadkulturuli erTianobiT, aramed

Tavad Sefasebis obieqtis identobiT.

Sromis danawileba fergiusons esmis farTod rogorc ara mxolod xelos-

nobis sferoSi gatarebuli difernciacia, aramed rogorc dayofa, romelic

“muSaobs” rogorc politikis, aseve samxedro saqmis sferoSi. diferenciaciis da

Sesabamisad morCilebis erT-erTi mTavari da amasTan, pirveli mizezi aris

bunebrivi gansxvaveba adamianTa talantebsa da unarebs Soris. meore, aris uTa-

nasworoba sakuTreaSi, xolo mesame aranakleb SesamCnevi gamsxvaveba sxvadasxva

xelobaSi SeZenili profesionalizmi. am gziT, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli

saqmianobiT gaCenili uTanasworoba, aris eTaderTi sayveduri, romelsac

gamoTqvamen xolme demokratiuli anu saxalxo mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. sxva-

dasxva profesiiT dakaveba adamianSi ayalibebs Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs. yovel

profesias saimayis sakuTari safuZvelia aqvs da manerebis Tavisebur sistemas

qmnis. ase magaliTad, vaWari gamoirCeva punqtualobiT da patiosnebiT, politi-

kosi Taviseburi manerebiT da mWermetyvelebiT, Tavadaznauroba — aRzrdiT da

gonebamaxvilobiT. sazogadoebis yovel fenas axasiaTebs Tavis daWeris Tavise-

buri wesi, misTvis amaxasiaTebli Cacmuloba da ceremoniali, romelTa wyalo-

biTac nacionaluri xasiaTi iyofa fenebad da individualur variantebad. aseTi

diferenciacia marTebulia rogorc aTenisaTvis, aseve romisa da parizisaTvis.

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5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb

arc erTi eri ar yofila imdenad uiRblo, rom danarCen kacobriobaze dabla

daeyenebinos Tavi. erTi eri amayobs nacionaluri xasiaTiT an Tavisi zogierTi

gamoCenili warmomadgenliT; meore Tavisi politikiT, simdidriT, vaWrobiT,

baRebiTa da Senoba-nagebobebiT; da bolos, is, visac araferi aqvs satrabaxo,

amayobs Tavisi ucodinarobiT.

erebis dacema mxolod imiT, rom iyos gamowveuli, rom maT gverdiT

wrmoiSveba xolme bevrad ufro Zlieri imperia, romelTan metoqeoba mis Zalebs

aRemateba, maSin Zneli asaxsneli iqneboda romis an sxva imperiis dacema. Zalze

xSirad qveyana xelSi uvardeba iseT metoqes, romlis arsebobas pirveli aqamde

sulac ver amCnevda. aseT dros erebSi SeimCneva gaurkveveli sisuste da im

epoqisaken dabruneba, rodesac is sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevlad arsebobda. ase daeca

odesaRac mebrZoli berZnuli polisebi mezobeli samTavros xeliT, romelic

sul ramdenime wlis win aRzevda. anda romi, romelsac arasdros ar eSinoda

aravisi da bolos im barbarosebis xelSi aRmoCnda, vinc samxedro xelivnebiT

bevrad Camouvardebodnen romaelebs. romis dideba ise TandaTanobiT minavlda,

rogor TandaTanobiTac gaxda is msoflio imperia.

am da msgavsi sxva movlenebis erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba aseTi iyos — erebi

berdebian. jer kidev polibiosi werda, rom karTageni, romelic romze ufro

xnieri iyo, masze ufro male daiRala omSi. fergiusons aseTi axsna ar

akmayofilebs. erebi ar arian adamianebi. adamianis sicocxlis xamgrZlivoba

moklea, xolo sazogadoeba ki ganaxldeba yoveli axali Taobis gamoCenisTanave.

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom rasa maradiuli axalgazrdobis asakSia. ase rom ar

iqneba analogiis gamoyeneba adamiansa da ers Soris da Tqma imisa, rom erebi

berdebian.

sakiTxis fergiusoniseuli axsna ar gulisxmobs raime erTjerad faqts. mas

Semoqavs nacionaluri interesebis cneba, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTmcodneoba da saerTaSorioso urTierTobebi. aris

SemTxvevebi, wers fergiusoni, rodesac eris moqmedebaTa araTanmimdevruloba

daRlasaviT vlindeba maSin, rodesac jer kidev myaria moqmedebis gamomwvevi

mizezebi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situacia, rodesac ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rac

aqamde eris warmatebul moqmedebas iwvevda, sulac gaqres. eris warmateba-

warumatebloba didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebasa da masTan

dakavSirebul nacionalur interesebze. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia interesebis

Zalze farTo speqtri rogorc qveynis sxavdasxva partiebis, aseve xelosnobiT da

vaWrobiT dakavebul adamainTa konkretuli interesebic. aRniSnulTagan

romelime erTi mimarTulebiT mopovebuli warmateba gansazRvravs nacionaluri

progresis, eris ayvavebis xarisxs. xolo is vneba da energia, romliTac istoriis

mocemul etapze xorcieldeba dasaxuli miznis miRweva eris mier gansazRvravs

eris sulis Zalas. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi miznebi aRar aRafrToveneben xalxs, am

erze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is apaTiaSi vardeba. da Tu didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

aseTi miznebis arseboba daviwyebas miecema xolme, maSin saxelmwifo dacemis gzas

adgas, xolo eri gadaSenebis piras imyofeba. (1.303). raSi mdgomareobs eris Zala?

eris Zala — fergiusonis azriT — mdgomareobs mis simdidreSi, raodenobasa da

xasiaTSi. eris simdedre misi wevrebis simdidridan Sedgeba. is ar unda avurioT

fulSi. saxelmwifos realuri Semosavali Sedgeba piradi qonebis im nawilisagan,

romelsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs saerTo nacionaluri miznebisaTvis. eris

bedniereba ganisazRvreba misi Semosaval-gasavalis TanafardobiT. swored es

unda iyos yoveli politikuri gadawyvetilebis amosavali punqti. eris

moqmedebis, misi manerebis gauareseba SeiZleba iyos Sedegi im pirobebis

darRvevisa, romelic aucilebelia talantis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.

is SeiZleba Secvalos sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebam imis Taobaze, Tu raSi

mdgomareobs adamianis Rirseba da bedniereba. rodesac warmodgenebi maRali

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daiyvaneba simdidreze da samefo karTan

daaxloebaze, maSin aRaravis svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra piradi Tvisebebi

imsaxureben adamianSi ndobas. aseT dros mxolod im saSualebebs mieltvian,

romlebic gamosadegia piradi karierisa Tu sargebelis misaRwevad. aseT

96

principebis Sesaxeb. vidre gavarkvevdeT, Tu romeli sjobs CamoTvliTagan, jer

is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo saerTod. amasTan, aristotele aq

sakiTx svavs Zalze saintereso konteqstSi, rac didi diskusiebis sagani iyo da

SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos Cvens droSi. kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs raime

qmedebas, romlis drosac dazaralda moqalaqe, ra SeiZleba iTqvas aseT

SemTxvevebSi, rom moqalaqe dazaralda saxelmwifos, Tu oligarqiis an tiraniis

ZalisxmeviT?

Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom aq laparakia, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv

saxelmwifoze, xolo, meore mxriv, reJimze anu mmarTvelobaze. Tumca, sakiTxis

ganxilvis konteqsti ise marjvedaa SerCeuli, rom gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra

moimoqmeda saxelmwifom da ra mmarTvelma wreebma.

aristoteles Semdegi nabiji aseTia: “saxelmwifo moxelis mTeli moRvaweoba

mimarTulia mxolod saxelmwifoze (πολισ), xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba (πολιτεια) ki

aris saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa garkveuli organizacia. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo

raRac Sedgenilia, yoveli mTelis msgavsad, romelic nawilebisagan Sedgeba

gasagebia, rom jer unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris moqalaqe (πολιτεσ), radgan

saxelmwifo sxva araferia, Tu ara moqalaqeebis erToblioba. amrigad, unda

ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba miviCnioT moqalaqed da ras warmoadgens moqalaqe”

(1274 b 30 _ 1275 a 5).

amrigad, imis garkvevis mcdeloba, Tu ra aris polisi, moiTxovs moqalaqis

raobis garkvevas. am cnebis dasadgenad arafers iZleva im pirebis statusis

gaazreba, visac moqalaqeoba eboZa. verc isini gagviweven samsaxurs, vinc aseT

saxels imsaxurebs mxolod qalaqSi cxovrebis gamo, radgan qalaqSi cxovroben

metikebic da monebic, magram isini ar rian moqalaqeebi. ori ZiriTadi parametri,

romelTan mimarTebaSic unda gairkves saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aris sasa-

marTlo da xelisufleba, sul erTia es uakanaskneli warmodgenili iqneba

saxalxo krebiT, Tu romelime sapasuxismgelo saxelmwifo postiT (1275 a 20-25).

aqedan, “moqalaqe” ganisazRvreba ase: “Cven moqalaqeebad miviCnevT imaT, vinc

monawileobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebaSi. Cans aseTi gansazRvreba ukeT

Seesabameba yvela imaT, vinc moqalaqed iwodeba” (1275 a 30-35). am damaimedebeli

gancxadebis miuxedavad aristotele aRiarebs, rom SemoTavazebuli gansaz-

Rvreba zustia ZiriTadad demokratiuli mowyobis qveynebisaTvis. rac Seexeba

sxva saxelmwifoebs, marTalia maTac mieyenebaT es definicia, magram igi ar iqneba

aucilebeli. arademokratiul qveynebSi xom arc saxalxo krebaa da sasamarTloc

sxvagvaradaa organizebuli. amitom Tu yvela sazRvriT SemTxvevas gaviTva-

liswinebT da mainc orientirebulebi viqnebiT sasamarTlosa da sakanonmdeblo

struqturebze, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganmsazRvrel elementebze, SegveZleba

SevinarCunoT definicia da vTqvaT kvlav, rom “mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea

is, vinc monawileobs mis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi, xolo

saxelmwifo aris moqalaqeebis iseTi erTianoba, romelic sakmarisia am saxel-

mwifos TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis” (1275 b 20). aSkaraa SemoTavazebuli

gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba Tanamdebobis flobaze orientirebiT

dgindeba, rac aristotelesaTvis ar aris SeumCneveli.

iqneb aseTi midgoma arasworia. gana gaviTvaliswineT teritoria, romelzedac

arsebobs saxelmwifo an misi mosaxleoba? orive saWirod gamoiyureba saxel-

mwifos identifikaciisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo erTi da

igivea, mxolod erTsa da imave mosaxleobis da teritoriis SemTxvevaSi?

aristoteles azriT, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos kedlebs gadamwyveti mniSv-

neloba hqondes, radgan kedlebi SegviZlia SemovavloT mTel peloponess. rac

Seexeba mosaxleobas, mosaxleoba mudmivad icvleba _ erTi Taoba midis, xolo

axli Taoba modis. es mudmivi procesia, romelic Zalze gviZnelebs pasuxs

kiTxvaze, es erTi da igive saxelmwifos mosaxleobaa, Tu mas erTiani mxolod

saxeli aqvs mdinaresaviT. amitom, “Tu saxelmwifo raRac asociaciaa da

saxeldobr, is aris moqalaqeTa politikuri asociacia, maSin bunebrivia, rom

rogorc ki Seicvleba saxelmwifo mowyoba, Seicvleba saxelmwifoc. ...

saxelmwifos identuroba umTavresad mis wyobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba”

(1276 b 10-15). Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis arsi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom

21

icmeven), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive sagnis gamoyenebaze sxva obieqtze

gadasacvlelad (1257 a 5-15).

gacvliTi operaciebis saWiroebam moitana monetis saWiroeba, mas Semdeg, rac

saqonlis Semosatanad sxvisi daxmareba gaxada saWiro, an rodesac sasaqonlo

operaciebma zedmeti gaxada didi moculobis saqonlis gadaadgileba. “yovelive

amis gamo, mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom urTierTgacvlisas erTimeorisaTvis

miecaT raRac iseTi, rac Tavad warmoadgenda Rirebulebas. aseTi iyo Tavidan

rkina, vercxli da sxv. dasawyisSi maT zomavdnen da wonidnen, raTa daedginaT

Rirebuleba. Semdeg, daiwyes monetis moWra da zed monetis Rirebulebis niSnis

amotvifra daiwyes. ase gaCnda gacvlis saWiroebiT fuli” (1257a-1257b).

sazogadoebaSi gacvlis procesis SesaZleblobas Sromis diferenciacia

warmoadgens. Sromis diferenciaciis aristoteleseuli modeli platonis

modelisagan gansxvavebiT ar ukavSirdeba socialur diferenciacias da ar aris

misi ganmsazRvreli procesi. gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris sxvadsxva cxovrebis

wess Soris, fiqrobs aristotele, aris bunebaSi cxovelebis arsebobis sxvadasxva

wesebs Soris gansxvavebis msgavsi. zogierTi cxoveli mxolod balaxeuli safariT

ikvebeba, sxvebi xorcismWamelebi arian, xolo cxovelTa kidev erTi nawili

yvelafers etaneba, rasac ki moixelTebs. adamianebTanac raRac msgavss vxvdebiT:

yvelaze ufro zarmacebi momTabare cxovrebas ewevian. maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi

Sinauri cxovelebis xorcia. momTabareebi TaviaT saqonels miuyvebian ukeTesi

saZovrebis mosaZieblad da niadagis bunebriv ganoyierebas uwyofen xels. sxvebi,

momTabareebze ufro dauzarlebi, monadireobas ewevian. monadireobis saxeebia

omi da yaCaRoba, meTevzeoba da gareul cxovelebze nadiroba. da bolos, yvelaze

Sromismoyvareebi, arseboben niadagis damuSavebiT da kulturuli mcenareebis

moyvaniT da movliT. dasawyisSi, yvela eseni iseT saqmianobas ewevian, romelsac

ar Wirdeba gacvla, vidre es saqmianoba erTi ojaxis farglebs ar gascilebia.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ojaxebi mravldeba da aucilebeli xdeba maTi gayofa,

aucilebeli xdeba produqtis gacvlac.

arsebobs sakuTrebis mopovebis ramdenime gza. sakuTrebis SeZenis

standartuli gza vaWrobaa. aristotele saubrobs vaWrobis Semdeg saxeebze:

sazRvao vaWroba, tranzituli vaWroba da sacalo vaWroba. maT Soris ZiriTadi

gansxvaveba imaSi mdgonareobs, rom Tu erT maTgans naklebi riski axlavs Tan,

meore ufro didi mogebis momtania. sakuTrebis SeZenis sxva formebia: mevaxSeoba,

sakuTari Sromis gaqiraveba da bolos raRac iseTi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakuTari

Sromis gaqiravebas utoldeba, margam, meore mxriv, saqmes iqoniebs bunebis

produqtebTan. aseTia, vTqvaT, tyis gakafva, samTo saqme da a.S.

sainteresoa, rom omze aristotele saubars iwyebs maSin, rodesac

sakuTrebaze msjelobs. rogorc irkveva, sakuTrebis moxveWis kidev erTi forma

omia. Tu platoni omSi yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis wyaros xedavda,

aristotele, gasagebia, oms imdenad CasTvlis aseTad, ramdenadac naklovani

SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis moxveWis survili. “samxedro saqme, SeiZleba

ganxiluli iyos sakuTrebis mopovebis garkveulwilad bunebriv saSualebad.

nadiroba xom samxedro saqmis nawilia: nadiroba ki SeiZleba rogorc velur

cxovelebze, aseve im adamianebze, romlebic bunebiT gansazRvrulni arian

morCilebisaTvis, magram ar surT es; aseTi omi, Tavisi bunebiT, samarTliania”

(1256 b 20-25).

3. moqalaqis cneba

“saxelmwifos” mTeli II wigni platonis da sxva avtorebis SexedulebaTa

kritikas exeba. aristotele axsenebs vinme qalkedonel fales, romelic romael

grakxusebze didi xniT adre moiTxovda moqalaqeebs Soris miwis tol

sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. (1266 b). aqve detaluradaa ganxiluli saxelmwifo

mowyobis istoriuli SemTxvevebi lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo, kreta da kar-

Tageni. TiToeuli maTgani saxelmwifos (polisis) konkretul nairsaxeobebs

warmoadgendnen, magram erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavebuli niuansebis

Semcvlels, rom savsebiT bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva zogadad saxelmwifos saerTo

20

sazogadoebaSi individi garemoculia konkurenciiT, SiSis atmosferoTi

xvalindeli dRisa. isic iZulebulia eWviT, braziT da SuriT aRvsili Caebas

arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi.

sulis meryeoba ar aris damokidebuli imaze “axalgazrdaa” Tu ara eri.

yoveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmafrenis, aseve modunebis

periodebi. aqve gasaTvaliswinebeblia mravali sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebic. ase

magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis zrunvas amZafrebs iseTi

movlenebi, rogoricaa provokaciebi, imedismomcemi warmatebebi da autaneli

damcirebebi. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo davebi da diskusiebi xSirad Zalze cxarea.

vnebebi epidemiebiviT moedeba xolme xalxs da misi gamomwvev sababad SeiZleba

gamodges sruliad umniSvnelo, an piriqiT, Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. romi

daRupa iman, rom xalxis didi masa sruliad neitraluri iyo im

vnebaTaRelvisagan, romelic mmarTvel wreebs moedo. rom arc am dros ar aklda

niWieri pirovnebebi, magram isini TavianTi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis

brZolobdnen. xalxi garvnili iyo, xolo imperia upatrono. aranaklebi roli

Seasrula romis daRupvaSi romaelTa ltolvam fufunebisaken. fufuneba im

sagnebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelic kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis

gasaumjobeseblad da komfortis Sesaqmnelad rom gamoigona. Zalze zogadad,

rodesac fufunebaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs an grZnobadi

siamovnebebisaken ltolva, garyvnileba da gamflangveloba, an adamianuri

cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa is zoma, romlis miRma arsebul yvela

tkboba zedmetad da mankierad unda CaiTvalos. fufuneba da garyvnileba tolad

viTarebian da garkveuli azriT es terminebi SeiZleba sinonimuradac ki

gamoiyenebodnen. adamianSi is ki ar aris dasafasebeli, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia

misTvis fufunebiT cxovreba, aramed is, Tu ramdenadaa is daaxloebuli

saTnoebas da ra piradi unarebi aqvs mas. fufunebiT cxovrebis borkilebi

aRmosavleTSi gamoigones, sadac xelisuflebiT tkbobas Tan axlavs mmarTveli

Zaladobrivi mikvdinebis da ucxo mtris SemoWris mudmivi SiSi. amitom, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom politikuri Tavisufleba ganaTlebuli erebis xvedria. velurs

gaaCnia piradi Tavisufleba imdenad, ramdenadac SeuzRudav cxovrebas eweva da

Tanasworia TvistomTa Soris. barbarosi xSiradaa Tavisufali movlenebis

ganuwyveteli cvlilebis gamo. magram mxolod swor politikas SeuZlia

uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi samarTlianobis ganmtkiceba da im Zalis Seqmna, romelic

mzad iqneba nebismier momentSi daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi.

literatura:

1 Адам Фергюсон – «Опыт истории гражданского общества». Изд. Росспен., Моссква 2000.

97

edmund berkis konservatizmi

Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis ara Tana-

medrove mTvlemare mdgomareobas, aramed politikuri partiebis ufro aqtiuri

yofis periods, gamocdileba dagvarwmunebs politikosebis umravlesobis

gamorCeul simpaTiaSi konservatiuli, gnebavT axla ase vuwodoT, memarjvene

msoflmxedvelobisa da Sesabamisi politikuri praqtikis mimarT. “monarqistebis

partia”, “konservatorebis partia”, “tradicionalistebis partia”, “qristianul-

demokratiuli partia” mxolod ramdenime dasaxelebaa monaTesave politikur

mimarTulebebs Soris, romelTa xvedriTi wona saqarTveloSi gacilebiT sWar-

bobda maT ideologiur oponentebisas. am viTarebis mizezebis Zieba sakmaod Sors

wagviyvans Tumca erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad SegviZlia is davasaxeloT, rom

patara erebi yvelgan, da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, ufro konservatulebi arian

da Znelad eguebian siaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT patara erebis politikuri

cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr risk-faqtors, SegiZlia gagebiT movekidoT

msgavs ganwyobebs, radgan, rogorc qalbatoni tetCeri brZanebda, konservatizmi

kargad gakvalul da cnobil gzebze siaruls, yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs

jer auTvisebeli bilikebis gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT.

viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis miwuruls da

xelisuflebis saTaveSi “nacionaluri moZraobis” da “demokratebis” mosvlis

Semdeg. farTo gasaqani mieca moliberalo da imavdroulad revoluciur

frazeologias. ufro metic, movlenebi, romlis ZaliTac axali xelisufleba

miviReT saqarTveloSi, aRiarebuli iqna “usisxlo”, “xaverdovan”, “vardebis”

revoluciad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebis

manamdel Zaladobriv praqtikas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT axali qarTuli

revoluciis mSvidobiani xasiaTi. axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa ara mxolod is,

rom Tavi aarida sisxlisRvrasa da represiebs, aramed saocrad didsulovnad

moeqca revoluciis mTavar samiznes, romelic dRemde, safiqrebelia Tavis

mtrebze gacilebiT ufro mSvidad cxovrobs da Tavs irTobs memuarebiTa da

sxvadasxva ceremoniebze sakuTari personis prezentaciiT. vfiqrob, qarTuli

revoluciis ZirTadi xibli, romelmac farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansi da CvenSi

mimdinare movlenebiT mTeli civilizebuli msoflios daintereseba gamoiwvia,

swored mis mSvidobian, ararepresiul xasiaTSi mdgomareobda. ra Tqma unda,

sxvadasxva dros, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mravali revolucia momxdara,

magram yvela maTgans TavianTi klasikuri paradigma, Sinagani logika gaaCnia

safrangeTis XVIII saukunis revoluciis saxiT. am paradigmasTan yvelaze ufro

axlos kidev ori revolucia dgas — ruseTis da iranis islamuri revolucia.

rusulma da iranulma revoluciam gaimeora franguli modelis TiTqmis yvela

ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi — sakuTari moqalaqeebis gaugonari xocva-Jletidan,

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi Cabmis gavliT, revoluciebis saboloo Sedegamde -

diqtaturamde. qarTuli revoluciis principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi

gvafiqrebinebs, rom an saqarTveloSi mas saerTod ar hqonia adgili, an

Tanamedrove globalizaciis zegavleniT Tavad revoluciebma icvala saxe da

axali, manamde ucnobi formiT mogvevlina. rogori gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos

is, rakiRa revolucia revoluciad rCeba da ara sxva movlenad, mas unda hqondes

raRac saerTo revoluciebis Zvel formatTan. qvemoT SemoTavazebuli berkis

polimikuri ideebis ganxilva, arada swored es aris winamdebare statiis mizani da

ara verdiqtis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxda saqarTveloSi 2004 wels,

saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavadve gaakeTos daskvna qarTul movlenebze da

imavdroulad Seivsos sakuTari warmodgenebi zogadad rogorc revoluciis,

aseve konservatizmis Taobaze.

me-XVIII saukunis ingliseli moazrovnis, edmund berkis ideebi gadmocemulia

sakmaod grZeli saTauris mqone SromaSi: “edmund berkis gaazrebani safrangeTSi

revoluciisa da am movlenisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi sazogadoebis londonSi

Tavyrilobis gamo, gadmocemuli parizeli aznaurisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi”.

berkis es naSromi pirvlad gamovida 1790 wels (is cnobilia mokle saTauriTac

“Reflections on the Revolution in France”), e.i. safrangeTSi revoluciis dawyebidan

98

2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba

ramdenadac polisi soflebisagan Sedgeba, xolo soflebi ojaxebisagan,

analitikurad aristotele ojaxis ganxilvaze gadadis. am sakiTxSi sruli

kontrastia mis da platonis Sexedulebebs Soris.

yoveli ojaxi Sedgeba Tavisuflebisagan da araTavisuflebisagan. ojaxi sxva

araferia, Tu ara mimarTebebis sistema, romelic myardeba batonsa d monas, qmarsa

da cols, mamasa da Svilebs Soris. aristotele sakmao dros uTmobs am dros

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis “verifikacias”, romlis mixdviTac ojaxis elementebs

Soris ufrosobis forma erTi wyarodanaa warmoSobili. laparakia batonis da

mamis Zalauflebis identurobaze. aristotele sTvlis, rom batonis Zalaufleba

principulad gansxvavdeba mamis Svilze da qmris colze Zalauflebisagan, radgan

Tu pirveli aris Tavisufal da araTavisufal subieqtebs Soris mimarTeba, bolo

ori Tavisufal arsebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebaa. marTalia aristotele

mimarTebebis am saxeebs mijnavs Tavisufals da araTavisufals Soris arsebuli

gansxvavebis bazaze, magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli tyuilad dauwyebs mis

SromebSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cnebis analizs Ziebas.

amgvari analizi aristoeles ar gaaCnia. erT-erTi mizezi amisa, rogorc es unda

gamoCndes monobis fenomenis aristoteleseuli gaazrebisas, aris “monis”

sakuTrebis da samuSao iaraRis terminebiT aRwera. aristotelesaTvis ucnobia

ara mxolod Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cneba, aramed

monobis, rogorc amgvari SesaZleblobis daTrgunvis cnebac. magram ra aris

sakuTreba?

ojaxis ganmsazRvreli aRniSnuli sami mimarTebis garda aristotele axsenebs

kidev erT elements, romelsac xan ojaxis organizacias uwodebs, xanac

dagrovebis xelovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aq laparakia ojaxis da meurneobis

gaZRolaze. ojaxis da meurneobis cnebaSi igulisxmebs sakuTrebis cneba.

“sakuTreba aris saxlis nawili, xolo SenaZeni ki ojaxis organizaciis forma”.

meurnisaTvis sakuTreba arsebobis SesanarCunebeli Taviseburi iaraRia. rac

Seexeba iaraRebs, Sromis iaraRebi orgvaria: erTi is, romelic gamiznulia

produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis (ποιετικα) meore, romelic Tavad warmoadgens

aqtiur moRvaweobas (πρακτικον). mona, romelic aristoteles gaTanabrebuli

hyavs Sromis iaraRTan, aqtiuri Sromis iaraRia (1253 b 25-1254 a 10). bunebiT mona

aris is, vinc Tavis Tavs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed sxvas da Tanac ise, rom am dros

adamianad rCeba. mona aris adamiani, romelic sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba. is aqtiuri

iaraRia. monobis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan arseboben adamianebi,

romlebic uxeSi fizikuri Zalis garda arafriT gamoirCevian. maT gansjis unari

mxolod imdenad aqvT, rom batonis brZaneba gaigon da Seasrulon. sxva mxriv

sruliad moklebulni arian gansjis unars. amitom isini arseboben imisaTvis

batons daemorCilon da maTi aseTi mdgomareoba samarTlianic aris da

sasargebloc (1255 a 5). bunebaSi xom yvela movlenaSi gamoiyofa mbrZanebeli da

daqvemdebarebuli nawili. es bunebis uzenaesi kanonia da mas adamianebic

emorCilebian. monoba orgvaria. erTi, rodesac adamiani bunebiTaa mona da meore,

rodesac vinme mona xdeba kanonis mixedviT (vTqvaT, omSi datyvevebis Sedegad).

rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, monad qceva sxvis sakuTrebad da Sromis

iaraRad qcevas niSnavs.

sakuTrebis ufro zogad konteqstSi ganxilvisas, gasagebi xdeba, rom

aristoteles pozocia radikalurad gansxvavdeba platonis poziciisagan,

romelic ara mxolod ar uSvebda sakuTrebas idealur saxelmwifoSi, aramed mas

erT-erT ZiriTad sazogadoebriv ubedurebad Tvlida. aristotele marTalia ar

uaryofs saxelmwifos arsebobas, magram misTvis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi forma

mainc kerZoa.

sakuTrebis, qonebis mopovebis xelovnebis ganxilvisas, aristoteles

ganxiluli aqvs gacvlis idea, amasTan mis msjelobebSi ikveTeba ganasxvaveba

saqonlis sacvlel da saxmar Rirebulebebs Soris. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,

aristoteles es terminebi ar aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi, is laparakobs sagnis

(magaliTad, fexsacmelis) gamoyenebaze daniSnulebis mixedviT (rodesac mas

19

ara TviTmiznurad, aramed mxolod imitom, rom arsebulebi mravalmxriv

srulyofilebi arian, da ver axdenen TvianTi bunebis (“fysis”) realizacias (1260 b

30-35).

is rac saxelmwifos safuZvelSi Zevs, aris qalis da mamakacis urTierToba,

urTireToba arsebebisa, romelTac ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe yofna. maTi

erTimeorisadmi ltolva gonivruli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed

aris imis msgavsi instinqti, rogorsac vxvdebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi datovon

STamomavloba.

aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobis pirveli da uZiriTadesi

forma aris ojaxi: “... urTierToba, romelic yalibdeba bunebrivad yoveldRiuri

moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aris ojaxi” (1252 b 10-15). Sesabamisad,

ojaxebisagan Semdgari asociacia aris sofeli, xolo soflebis erTianoba ki

Seadgens saxelmwifos. “srulyofilad warmodgenili soflebisgan Semdgari

gaerTianeba aris saxelmwifo (polisi), ... romelic TviTkmar arsebobas aRwevs da

romelic iqmneba sasicocxlo aucileblobis karnaxiT, magram arsebobs saTno

cxovrebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo bunebrivi

produqtia da iseve, rogorc adamianTa Sorisi pirveladi urTierTobebi, am

bunebrivi tendenciis dasrulebas warmoadgens, xolo dasrulebaSi ki Tavs

aCvenebs buneba. Cven vuwodebT yoveli obieqtis bunebas ... mis iseT mdgomareobas,

romelic miiReba misi ganviTarebis dasrulebis Semdeg. ufro metic, saboloo

miznis ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba umaRlesi srulyofileba, xolo imas, rasac

TviTkmari arseboba gaaCnia, is dasrulebulicaa da umaRlesi arsebobis mqonec”

(1252 b 25-1253 a). aqedan aristotele akeTebs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo aris raRac

bunebiTad arsebuli da, rom adamianic Tavisi bunebiT, politikuri arsebaa. es ki

niSnavs, rom Tuki romelime adamiani, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT da ara SemTxveviTi

garemoebebis gamo, saxelmwifos gareT icxovrebs, is an zneobrivad

ganuviTarebeli arsebaa da, an zeadamainia (1253 a 5-10).

amrigad, adamiani arsebobs mxolod saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveladia

masTan mimarTebiT. rogorc platonTan, aqac adamianis saxelmwifosTan

damokidebuleba mTelis da nawilis paradigmis konteqstSi ganixileba.

izolirebulad ganxiluli adamiani ar iqneba TviTkmari arsebuli. mas yovelTvis

daWirdeba sxva adamianTan asociacia. aristotele kvlav imeorebs, rom Tu

adamianma mainc miaRwia TviTkmar arsebobas da mas sxva aRaravin Wirdeba, maSin is

adamiani ki ara an cxovelia da an RmerTi (1253 a 25-30). sxva cocxali arsebebisagan

adamians, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebis unari ganasxvavebs. es uzrunvelyofs

imas, rom mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seiqmnas warmodgena iseT cnebebze,

rogoricaa sikeTe da boroteba, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. zneobrivi

ganzomileba, romliTac aristotele adamians axasiaTebs, saxes ucvlis mis

saxelmwifoebrivad cxobrebis sazriss. marTalia adamianebi sazogadoebrivad

erTiandebian erToblivad arsebobis saWiroebis karnaxiT, magram agrZeleben

amgvar yofas saTno cxovrebis misaRwevad, raSiac adamiani sakuTari Tavis

realizacias axdens: “sisrules miRweuli adamiani, yvelaze ufro srulyofilia

cocxal arsebebs Soris da, piriqiT, kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe mcxovrebi

adamiani yvelaze uaresia. ... sikeTes moklebuli adamiani yvelaze ukeTuri da

veluria Tavis sqesobriv ltolvebSi da miswrafebebSi. samarTlianobis cneba

ukavSirdeba warmodgenebs saxelmwifoze, radganac samarTali (kanoni) aris ra

samarTlianobis sazomi, imavdroulad aris politikuri qcevis maregulirebeli

normac” (1253 a 30,35 — 1253 b).

amrigad, mxolod polisSi myofi adamiani cxovrobs politikurad, cxovrobs

polisis kanonebis mixedviT, rac zneobrivad cxovrebas utoldeba da adamianis

gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.

18

erTi wlis Tavze da mravalmxriv winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Tumca, werili

yuradRebas ipyrobs ara imdenad am winaswarmetyveluri mosazrebebis gamo,

aramed safrangeTis revoluciis negatiuri SefasebebisaTvis aucilebeli

imgvari zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi, RirebulebiTi da politikuri foniT,

romelic sakmarisi gaxda konservatizmis warmoSobisaTvis.

franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi

werilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb masSive mogviTxrobs berki. rogorc irkveva,

werili, romliTac man upasuxa frangi aznauris kiTxvebs ukve 1789 wels yofila

dawerili da, rogorc Tavad berki SeniSnavs, sifrTxilis gamo ar gaegzavna

adresats. yovelive amis Sesaxeb adresats ecnoba patara ganmartebiT werilSi,

rasac berkisadmi franguli revoluciis Sefasebis daJinebuli Txovna mohyva.

berki kvlav daubrunda werilis pirveldawyebiT variants da ufro farTo

formatiT gadmosca saTqmeli, Tumca, ukve Txzulebad qceulma nawerma

SeinarCuna werilis pirveldawyebiTi forma.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romliTac avtori iwyebs Tavisi

Tvalsazrisis gaSlas, Seexeba. safrangeTSi dawyebuli revoluciis inglisel

mxardamWerebs, romelTac qveyanaSi Sesabamisi profilis ramdenime klubi,

saidanac cdilobdnen franguli ideebis (da, SesaZloa saqmis) propagandas

inglisSi. es klubebi iyo konstituciuri sazogadoeba xolo meore revoluciuri

sazogadoeba. Cans am ukanasknels meti warmatebisaTvis miuRwevia Tavis

moRvaweobaSi, rakiRa frangul parlaments — nacionalur krebas — misi wevrebi

parizSi miuRia da pativiT gaumgzavrebia ukan, rogorc misi ideebis gamtarebeli.

ukve Tavad amgvari kontaqtebis faqtSi xedavs berki inglisuri klubebis

gakicxvis safuZvels, radgan arc erTi damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqe, romelic

am moqalaqeobiT sakuTari qveynis sajaro nebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ar

miscems sakuTar Tavs uflebas sakuTari xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe Sevides

oficialur urTierTobebSi sxva qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.

Tumca, es mxolod praqtikul moraluri poziciaa, romlis gamo berki sagangebod

cdilobs gaemijnos konstituciuri da revoluciuri sazogadoebis saqmianobas.

meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis mizezi Zevs politikuri saxis movlenebis da

ama Tu im mTavrobis moqmedebis Sefasebis im gzebSi, romlebic berks erTaderTad

sworad miaCnia. franguli revoluciiT aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeebisagan

gansxvavebiT, berki ar Cqarobs revoluciis da revolucionerebis myisier

Sefasebas Tundac Tavisuflebis abstraqtuli idealis gamokidebiT. im faqtidan,

rom safrangeTSi revolucia ganxorcielda Tavisuflebis saxeliT, frangi

xalxis da Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis arc qebis da arc kritikis safuZvels ar

iZleva. politikuri mdgomareobis normaluri Sefaseba saWiroebs ara

egzaltirebul Sefasebebs da calkeuli lozungebis gamodevnebas, aramed

revoluciis Sedegad miRebul reJimze gulmodgine dakvirvebas, mTavrobis

saSinao, sagareo, samxedro da ekonomikuri politikis analizs, misi

ideologiuri xazis Seswavlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misalocebis gagzavna frangi

xalxisaTvis mxolod imitom, rom maT raRac moimoqmedes abstraqtuli

Tavisuflebis idealis karnaxiT, msgavsi iqneboda giJis an avazakisaTvis

milocvebisa, raRai man moaxerxa izolaciis kedlebis garRveva da eziara

adamianis bunebriv Tavisuflebas.

revoluciis dasawyisidan mocemul dromde sakmao dro gavida da berkic Tavs

aZlevs uflebas franguli revoluciis ufro safuZvliani Sefasebebi gamoTqvas,

Tumca manamde exeba safrTxes, romelic franguli ideebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba

moutanos mis Tanamedrove ingliss. ramdenadac zemoTaRniSnuli inglisuri

klubebi revoluciuri ideebis TavianT qveyanaSi gavrcelebas cdiloben da

revoluciuri safrangeTis movlenebi am qveyanaSi gavrcelebul sul ufro da

ufro mzard qaosze metyvelebdnen, berki ufro wuxs SesaZlo qaosze

ingliselebis gonebaSi, vidre Sidapolitikur movlenebSi, radgan xelisuflebis

simyareSi mas eWvi ar epareba. am mimarTulebiT, ki mas SemaSfoTeblad eCveneba

ideebi, romlebsac inglisis revoluciuri sazogadoeba daesesxa

99

kontreformaciuli eklesiis moZrvars, doqtor praiss.

praisis qadagebidan, romelic ZiriTadad agebulia adamianis uflebebis Temis

irgvliv, praiss gamoyavda Tvalsazrisi, romelic TiTqos moipova ingliselma

xalxma 1688 wlis revoluciis ZaliT da romlebic misi azriT gulisxmobda mefis

arCeviTobas, uvargisi mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis ZaliT damxobis

uflebas da mTavrobis xalxis Sexedulebis mixedviT dakompleqtebas. berki

Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs samive am mtkicebas da aCvenebs, rom arc erTi maTgani

ar Sesula revoluciis Semajamebeli dokumentis originalSi, romlis sruli

saxelwodebaa “adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklaraciis da taxtis

monacvleobis uflebis aqti”. berki savsebiT samarTlianad urCevs adresats Tuki

mas marTlac ainteresebs inglisis saxelmwifo wyoba, es sakiTxi Seiswavlos

qveynis istoriidan, sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan da sxva dokumentebidan da ara

mRvdlebis mier kaTedrebidan gakeTebuli qadagebebis safuZvelze. amasTan,

berkis azriT, qveynis politikuri mowyobis avtorebi kanonmdeblobas

alagebdnen bunebis kanonebTan TanazomadobiT da ara novaciebis Semotanis

surviliT. sicicxlisunariani arsebuli realobis SenarCunebiT, ingliseli

xalxi sulac ar uaryofs gaumjobesebisaken miswrafebas da progress, romlis

SerCeva SenarCunebis arCevani yovelTvis Tavisuflad rCeba.

“amgvarad gardatydeba bunebis universaluri kanoni saxelmwifos

cxovrebaSi, sadac Cven vsrulyofT imas, rac arasdros ar aris axali da

vinarCunebT imas, rac arasdros ar Zveldeba. winaprebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni

aseTi principebi warimarTeba ara Zveli crurwmenebiT, aramed filosofiuri

analogiiT. vemyarebiT ra taxtismonacvleobis princips, Cven vafuZnebT

mmarTvelobas sisxliT naTesaobaze, xolo qveynis kanonebs vukavSirebT ojaxur

kavSirebs da axloblobas imgvarad, rom mexsierebaSi siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT

vinaxavT warmodgenebs Cvens saxelmwifoze, ojaxur kerebze, winaprebis

saflavebsa da sakurTxevlebze. TavisuflebaTa memkvidreobiTobis ideis Suqze

ganxilviT, Cven viRebT arcTumcire upiratesobebs. Tavisuflebis suli ase

xSirad rom warmoSobs uwesrigobas da eqscesebs, CvenSi moqmedebs, Tu SeiZleba

ase iTqvas, kanonizebuli winaprebis TandaswrebiT da amitomac morCili xdeba

maTi didi pativiscemis da mowiwebis ZaliT. ... swored amitomaa Cveni Tavisufleba

Rirseuli Tavisufleba” (gv. 11). berkis es sityvebi memkvidreobiTobis principis

ganxilvisaken gbiZgeben, romelic konservatizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri

principia.

memkvidreobiToba

amrigad, winaprebis danatovaris pativiscema, memkvdreobiToba, rogorc

vxedavT aRmocenebulia bunebis proncipebTan sazogadoebis harmonizaciis

survilze. swored es ganasxvavebs ingliselTa cxovrebis wess da Tavis droze

inglisuri revoluciis Taviseburebebs frangulisagan. pirveli dafuZnebulia

tradiciaze maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli cdilobs yovelgvari tradiciulis

uaryofas.

“rusom ver mogvaqcia Tavis rwmenaze; Cven ar gavmxadvarT volteris

mowafeebi; helveciuss araferi daumatebia Cveni ganviTarebisaTvis. aTeistebi ar

gamxdaran Cveni moZRvrebi, SeSlilebi — kanonmdeblebi. ... Cven araviTari

aRmoCena ar gagvikeTebia, Tumca arc vfiqrobT, rom morali iseve, romgorc

moralisa da mmarTvelobis safuZvlebi saWiroebs aRmoCenas” (40).

am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT berkis mowodeba frangebisadmi aaSenon axali

Senoba Zvel saZirkvelze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, Tu frangebi aRar

ganixilaven sakuTar Tavs iseT naciad, romelsac revoluciamde araferi hqonia

saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da monobaSi cxovrobda. winaprebis

pativiscemiT, frangebi ufro met pativs miagebdnen sakuTar Tavs. Tavisuflebis

suls sCvevia mravalgvari eqscesebis da aurzauris gamowveva. magram, Tu is

emyareba memkvidreobiTobis idas, raRac azriT kanonizirebuli winaprebis

uRrmes pativiscemas, maSin yovelTvis dazRveuli iqneba yovelgvari

gaugebrobebisagan. Tu axalma Taobam Tavisuflebis idea miiRo Rirsebis

TanSobil grZnobasTan erTad, is arasdros ahyveba utifarTa gamoxdomebs, rac

100

aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria

Sesavali. platonis mowafeebs Soris yvelaze ufro niWieri, aristotele,

Tavad miiwvia makedoniis mefe filipem Tavisi vaJis, aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. es

erTgvari kompensacia iyo aristotelesaTvis, romelsac molodinis

sawirispirod, platonma ar dautova Tavisi skolis xelmZRvaneloba.

damokidebuleba maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris araerTgvarovania. Tu

gavixsenebT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas _ “megobaria platoni, magram

WeSmariteba ufro didi megobaria” _ maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris sakmaod

mwvave diskusiebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT. rig sakiTxebSi da es iTqmis ufro

metafizikis da epistemologiis problemebze, platonis d aristoteles

Sexedulebebi TiTqmis erTgvaria. sxva sakiTxebSi da maT Sorisaa politikuri

problematika, platonis da aristoteles xedva ara mxolod gansxvavebulia,

aramed xSirad sapirispiroc. Tavisi politikuri doqtrina aristotelem

gadmosca “politikaSi”, “nikomaqes eTikaSi” da “did eTikaSi”. am bolo or

naSromSi politikuri problemebi eTikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis konteqstSi

gadmoicema. sakuTriv politikur problemebs is ZiriTadad “politikaSi”

ganixilavs da Cvenc am naSroms daveyrdnobiT, rmelic sul rva wignisagan

Sedgeba. platonis “saxelmwifosagan” gansxvavebiT, romelic idealuri

saxelmwifos proeqtirebas uTmobs ZiriTad dros, aristotele aranaklebad

interesdeba arsebuli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRweriT, Tanac

imgvarad, rom erTnairi gulmodginebiT warmoadgens rogorc Teoriul da mTeli

misi doqtrinisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebs, aseve, erTi

SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo detalebs saxelmwifo cxovrebisa.

1. saxelmwifo da adamiani

yoveli saxelmwifo, wers aristotele “politikis” SesavalSi, aris adami-

anTSorisi urTierTobis Taviseburi forma, romelic miznad isaxavs saTnoebas.

aq, albaT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba rusul da inglisur Targmanebs Soris. berZnuli “κοινονια”, inglisur teqstSi Temaze, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo,

Targmnilia adamianTSorisi asociaciad (association) Sesaxeb, xolo rusuli teqsti

saubrobs adamianTSoris urTierTobaze (общение). es ukanaskneli Zalze tevadi

terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv asociacias, aseve adamianTa Soris

komunikacias, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa

aristoteles aseTi gancxadeba: saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi unda ar yvela saqmeSi,

an arc erTSi, an zogSi monawileobdnenda zogSic ara. es savsebiT bunebrivia,

radgan “erTi saxelmwifos mier dakavebuli adgili garkveuli saxis erTobaa,

xolo moqalaqeebi ki erTi saxelmwifos mowileebi (κοινονοι) arian” (1261 a).

am zogadi SeniSvnis Semdgom, aristotele saubrobs meTodze, romelic

saxelmwifos ganxilvis gzis maCvenebeli unda iyos. politikuri analizis

aristoteleseuli meTodi ar aris raime gansxvavebuli kvlevis sxva meTo-

debisagan. is am SemTxvevaSi igive meTods iyenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebis

analizisas. erTi mxriv, problemisadmi misi midgoma ar aris didad gansxvavebuli

sakiTxis kvlevis im wesisagan, romelsac palatoni amjobinebda. aristotele

wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki mas adre gadmocemuli

meTodis mixedviT ganvixilavT _ sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, Tu rTuls martiv

elementebd davanawilebT da davakvirdebiT, Tu risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo

...”(1252 a 20). “politikis” meore wignis dasawyisSi, aristotele gvamcnobs, rom

ararsebuli idealuri saxelmwifo modelebis misi analizi TviTmiznuri ar aris.

naSromis mizania Seswavlili iqnes adamianTa urTierToba maTi yvelaze

srulyofili im formiT, romelic adamianebs aZlevs saSualebas icxovron

TavianTi miswrafebebis Sesabamisad. am kvlevis procesSi, gvafrTxilebs

aristotele, ganxiluli iqneba realurad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo Tu

iseT saxelmwifoebs SevexebiT, romlebic arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, es moxdeba

17

platonisaTvis “demokratia” iseve, rogorc Zveli romaelebisaTvis “respublika”

(“plebsis” mmarTveloba) uTanaswordeboda ara imdenad “xalxis mmarTvelobas”,

ramdenadac “mdabioTa mmarTvelobas”.

7. sxva sakiTxebi

platonis filosofiis ganxilvis bolos, minda Sevexo or, Cemi azriT, dRes

mniSvnelovan Temas. pirveli ukavSirdeba qalis rolsa da funqciebs sazoga-

doebaSi, xolo meore omis problemas..

aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni Tvlis, rom qali iseTive aqtiuri

personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. laparakia ara mxolod qalis

socialur da politikur aqtiobaze, aramed mis aqtiobaze samxedro saqmeSiac.

Zalze delikaturad, platoni wers, rom qalebma smxedro saqmeSe unda iTavon

imdenad, ramdensac Tavad CaTvlian SesaZleblad (452a...…; 453... ). kidev erTi sakiTxi, aris omis problema. Zalze didi xnis Semdeg, faSizmis

erT-erTi ideologi da haidegeris megobari, karl Smiti, dawers statias,

“politikuris cnebis Sesaxeb”, romelic amozrdilia platonis omis gansaz-

Rvrebidan. saerTod, omis klasikur gansazRvrebad iTvleba klauzevicis defi-

nicia, romelic gveubneba, rom omi aris politikis gagrZeleba samxedro

saSualebebiT. am definiciis gasagebad, sul mcire, Cven imis codna mainc

gvWirdeba, Tu ra aris politikuri da platoni swored am sawyisebTan dgas. is

ganasxvavebs omis orgvar mniSvnelobas, sakuTriv oms da ganxeTqilebas: “me

mgonia, rom arsebobs ori saxelwodeba — omi da gamxeTqileba. isini Seu-

Tanxmeblobis ori gamovlinebaa. da orad me maT vTvli ai ratom: erTs adgili aqvs

Tavisianebsa da axloblebs Soris, xolo meores — ucxoebTan, ucxotomelebTan.

mtroba TavisianebTan ganxeTqilebad iwodeba, xolo sxvebTan omad” (470 b-c). Tumca, es ufro deskripciaa omisa da aq jr kidev ar Cans misi mizezebi imisa,

Tu ratom aqvs elins mtroba ucxotomelTan da aramtroba isev elinTan,

visTanac, rogorc istoriidan viciT aranaklebi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi

hqonia. platoni amis Taobaze wers: “maSasadame, Tu elinebi ebrZvian barbarosebs

da barbarosebi elinebs, Cven vityviT, rom isini brZoloben imitom, rom TavianTi

bunebiT mtrebi arian da amitom maT am mtrobas omi unda vuwodoT. xolo,

rodesac msgavsi ram xdeba elinebs Soris, unda vTqvaT, rom isini bunebiT

megobrebi arian, magram elada aseT SemTxvevaSi avadaa da masSi urTierTqiSpoba

sufevs, rasac ganxeTqileba ewodeba” (470c-d).

savaldebulo literatura

1. platoni — saxelmwifo. Tavebi II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX.

2. Plato - The Republic. Translated with the Introduction by Desmond Lee. Second Edition. Penguin Books, 1987.

3.Платон – Государство, в кн. Платон Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 1. Изд. «Мысль», Москва 1971.

damatebiTi sakiTxavi

4. uiliam gaTri — berZeni filosofosebi. Talesidan aristotelamde.” (platoni.

moZRvreba ideebis Sasaxeb) gv.96-114, gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1983.

5.frensis fukuiama ”istoriis dasasrul da ukanaskneli adamiani”. nawili III 17

(”Timosis aRzeveba da dacema”) gv. 192-203. gamoc. mSvidobis, demokratiis da

ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier. Tbilisi, 1999.

6. Leo Straus Notion of Nature. in Introduction of ”History of Political Philosophy” Univ. of Chicago. 7.Carl Schmitt ”The Notion of Political”. 8. Leo Straus, Plato, in: ”History of Political Philosophy”.

16

saukeTeso saSualebaa zomierebis SesanarCuneblad sazogadoebaSi, romelic amiT

daculi iqneba moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da bolomde gauazrebeli

proeqtebis tiraniisagan.

“Tqven rom ar amogeSalaT mexsierebidan winaprebi, cocxlad SegenarCune-

binaT Zveli evropuli kanonis principebi da nimuSebi, mxolod gageumjo-

besebinaT da SegeguebinaT isini Tanamedrove situaciasTan, maSin mTel msoflios

uCvenebdiT axali sibrZnis magaliTs. maSin, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tqven

Zalze Rirseul saqmed aqcevdiT yvela xalxis Rirseul adamianTa TvalSi. Tqven

sayrdens gamoaclidiT despoticms, Tuki uCvenebdiT, rom Tavisufleba ara

mxolod SeTavsebada kanonierebasTan, aramed, roca is ar ewinaaRmdegeba

disciplinas, Sesatyvisia kidevac misi” (12).

Tuki ase moiqceodnen, fiqrobs berki, maSin frangebi aCvenebdnen imas, rac

Tavis droze ganaxorcieles ingliselebma. kerZod, rom savsebiT SeTavsebadia

erTmaneTTan Tavisufali saxelmwifo, Zlieri monarqia, disciplinirebuli

armia, reformirebuli da yvelasaTvis pativsacemi eklesia, Serbilebuli da amave

dros energiuli Tavadaznauroba. liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mesame

wodebisadmi am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisufali konkurencia

hqonoda da, saboloo jamSi, Tavis mxares gadmoebirebina Tavadaznauroba.

Sedegad, safrangeTi miiRebda yovelmxriv dacul, kmayofil da Sromismoyvare

xalxs, romelic bednierad icxovrebda sruli moraluri Tanasworobis

pirobebSi. rogoria amis nacvlad realoba?

revoluciis mamebis mecadineobiT, frangi xalxi, romelic welSi wydeba

umZimesi SromiT, motyuebulia imiT, rom mas yalb ideebs da ararealuri

proeqtebiT cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imeds unergaven, rac kidev ufro mwares

xdis qveyanaSi gamefebul realur uTanasworobas.

Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli

“safrangeTma iyida maTxovruli yofa danaSaulis fasad” (13). amgvaria

revoluciuri safrangeTis realuri Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba berkis

mier. danaSauli, zogadi azriT, aris kanonis ugulvebelyofa, kanonierebis

fexqveS gaTelva da masze maRla dadgomis mcdeloba. pirveli nabiji am dam-

Rupveli mimarTulebiT frangebma kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobiT gadadges.

sazogadoebis politikuri wyoba, romlis warmoSobas safuZvlad ukanonoba

uZevs, verasdros Seegueba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv insti-

tutebs. SiSveli nebis mier sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao wesad qceva mxolod

pirveli nabijia aRviraxsnilobis, TviTnebobis da urwmunoebis gaormagebisaken.

Sedegad, korupcia, manamde simdidris da Zalauflebis Tanmxleb mankierebad rom

iTvleboda, mosaxleobis yvela fenas moedo. postrevoluciuri safrangeTis

mZime mdgomareobas berki ase aRwers: arsebuli viTarebiT miRweulia eris sruli

bankrotoba, rac konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom kanonebi ugulve-

belyofilia, sasamarTloebi garekili, mrewveloba dauZlurebuli, suls Rafavs

vaWroba, xalxi gamaTxovrebulia, eklesia gaZarcvuli, armia da samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba imyofeba anarqiis mdgomareobaSi. anarqia iqca sazogadoebrivi

mowyobis ZiriTad wesad (14).

ram gamoiwvia aseTi mZime viTareba? qveynis msgavsi totaluri ngreva,

Cveulebriv Sedegia xolme ucxo mtris Semosevis, an, kidev uaresi, samoqalaqo

omis. zogadad revoluciis da pirvelad franguli revoluciis specifikas

swored is Seadgenda, rom qveynis ngreva sruliad mSvidobian istoriul

monakveTSi Sedga. is ganxorcielda periodSi, romlis drosac axali xelis-

uflebis mier miiReboda bolomde gauazrebeli, umeteswilad briyvuli gada-

wyvetilebebi, rac warmoadgenda revoluciuri mTavrobis arakompetenturobis

da TviTkmayofilebis manifestacias. arada, es gaxldaT xlisufleba, romelsac

araTu aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli

mxardaWera hqonda (14). am adamianebis arsi ngrevaSi mdgomareobs. sxva

SemTxvevaSi maTi arseboba yovelgvar gamarTlebas dakargavda. Sesabamisad, isini

TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis aucileblad Tvlian samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ngrevas

101

da am saqmes eklesiaze Tavdasxmebidan iwyeben (25). xelisuflebam, romelmac

monopolia gamoacxada nacionalur nebaze, piradi angariSsworebis mizniT,

uamravi uknonoba ise Caidina, rom mas praqtikulad araviTari winaaRmdgoba ar

Sexvedria. cxdia, isini ufro mokrZalebulni iqnebodnen TavianT namoqmedarSi,

rom ar hqonodaT sruli garantia piradi usafrTxoebisa, rac rogorc

movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam aCvena iseve iluzoruli aRmoCnda, rogorc

maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebi.

es rac Seexeba revoluciis zogad princips, romelic gamoixata Zaladobis

mizniT nacionaluri nebis uzurpaciasa da revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier

piradi miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebaSi. magram zogadi principis cxovrebaSi

gasatareblad konkretuli meqanizmia saWiro. ZiriTad aseT meqanizms franguli

revoluciuri xelisuflebis organizacia warmoadgenda. berki upirveles

yovlisa frangul parlaments, nacionalur asambleas ixdis Tavisi kritikis

sagnad. yvela, gvarwmunebs is, vinc gaecnoba mis Semadgelobas, darwmundeba, rom

Zaladoba da boroteba erTaderTi arCevania, romelic ki maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon.

xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi rCebian iseTebad, rogoric isini

Seqmna RmarTma, bunebam, ganaTlebam da cxovrebis wesma. am mxriv ki frang

deputatebs dasakvexni mainc da mainc araferi aqvT. parlamentis saerTo

Semadgenloba warmoadgenda naxevrad wignier provinciel advokatebs, mcire

iuridiuli kantrebis mmarTvelebs, soflis notariusebs da municipaluri

Cinovnikebis mTel armias. qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli proeqtebis da

farTo politikuri xedvis nacvlad, maT xelisuflebaSi moitanes wvril-wvrili

intriga da yovldRiuri mosaxveWelisaTvis daundobeli brZola. arc erT

maTgans ar hqonia saxelmwifos gaZRolis praqtikuli gamocdileba, xolo

saukeTesoebi mxolod Teoretikosebi iyvnen. nebismier saqmeSi arseboben

liderebi da isini, vinc liderebs mihyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu vnaxavT rom

nacionaluri asamblea ZiriTadad Sedgeba umniSvnelo, medrove adamianebisagan,

gasagebia, rom maTi proeqtebic mankieri iqneba. am parlamentSi yvelaze batonobs

umecari umravlesoba. asambleis is mcirericxovani nawili, romelic moklebuli

ar aris Rirsebas, pativmoyvareobis karnaxiT umravlesobas gamoedevneba xolme

da iqceva instrumentad mis xelSi. politikuri xelmZRvanelobis efeqtianad

gansaxorcieleblad, erTi mxriv, liderebi pativs unda scemdnen da

iTvaliswinebdnen maT azrs, visac isini win uZRvian, xolo meore mxriv, piriqiT, am

ukanasknelebs unda SemorCenili hqondeT kritikuli Sefasebis unari da brmad ar

unda mihyvebodnen sxvebs.

Tu parlamentis Semadgenloba iseTia, rogorc davaxasiaTeT, ras SeiZleba

movelodeT misgan? berki fiqrobs, rom es aqtiuri, veragi adamianebi arasdros

dauSveben imas, rom cxovrebam iq daabrunos, saidanac maT Tavi wamoyves. sakuTari

saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, raSiac isini saerTod ver erkvevian,

nebismieri xerxebiT, isini ixelmZRvaneleben mxolod sakuTari interesebis

karnaxiT, raSiac Zalian kargad erkvevian. es xalxi mzadaa xma misces nebismier

proeqts, romelic ki maR pirad mogebas uqadis. ase iqmneba sruliad

gaumarTlebli konstitucia, romelic maT maRal Tanamdebobebze gadabargebis

saSualebas da qonebis xelaxali, Zaladobrivi gziT gadanawilebis

SesaZleblobas aZlevs. umravlesoba, romelic Tavis droze ver daikvexnida verc

Wkua-gonebiT da verc zneobrivi sispetakiT, vis ZiriTad sazrunavsac piradi

gamorCena warmoadgenda, viTarebam axla maRal saxelisuflebo postebze

wamoaskupa. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc saqme gvaqvs im adamianebTan, visi

midrekilebebi da unarebi, an ganzraxulis aRsrulebis wesi odnavac ki ar

Secvlila (17).

berki gamoTqvams eWvs, rom arCevnebi gamiznulad moewyo ise, rom parlamentSi

moxvedriliyo umravlesoba, visac simdidre mxolod suraTebze Tu unaxavs. es

adamianebi moklebulni arian unars win aRudgenen angarebas. isini SeCveulni

arian morCilebas da sanacvlod Tavis TavSi atareben patara karieristis

mentalitets, gaunaTleblobis da TviTkmayofilebis energias, momxveWelobis

vnebas, rasac ukve veRaravin SeaCerebs. umravlesobis yvela wevrma “nacvlad

imisa, rom aRiaros ukve SemuSavebuli konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebis

aucilebloba, gadawyvita Tavad SeimuSaos iseTi konstitucia, rogoric maT

102

6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.

saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi

ras warmoadgens mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT platonis idealuri

saxelmwifo? idealuri saxelmwifo, romelzedac platoni saubrobs SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli formiT. is SeiZleba iyos an monarqia an

aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTveloba). rCeulebi, romlebzedac platoni lapa-

rakobs ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTveli

rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. aq, albaT, saWiroa davazustoT “filosofosis”

cneba da vTqvaT, rom platoni am terminSi ar gulisxmobs diplomirebul

filosofiis magistrs. erT-erT Tavis dialogSi platoni wers: “maTematika, an

sxva romelome filosofiao” da Tu termin filosofiis etimologias

gaviTvaliswinebT, rac sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom

idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi inteleqtualebi, mecnierebi arian. platoni

ara erT furcels uTmobs filosofosi mmarTvelis ama Tu im Tvisebis

daxasiaTebas. laparakia rogorc filosofosebis interesebze da mowodebebze —

misiaze _ aseve maT mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac filosofos

mmarTvelebs SevexeT, barem aqve ganvixiloT sakiTxi platonis politikuri

Teoriis totalitarulobis Taobaze. karl poperma, naSromSi “Ria sazogadoeba

da misi mtrebi” platoni totalitarizmis mamad gamoacxada. poperis braldeba

friad soliduria da unda iTqvas, rom rogorc popers aseve platons bevri

damcveli gamouCnda. platonis damcvelTa rigebSi, albaT, pirvel rigSi unda

movixsenioT iseTi avtori rogoricaa leo Strausi, vinc fiqrobda, rom poperma

ubralod ver gaigo platoni da mis politikur filosofias araswori

interpretacia misca. Cven vfiqrobT, rom platonis Teoria marTlac Seicavs

bevr iseT elements, romelic poperis kritrkis simarTleSi gvarwmunebs. kerZo

sakuTrebis akrZalva ukve Seicavs araerT iseT moTxovnas, saidanac sazogadoebis

totaluri kontrolisaken mivdivarT. Tu amas davumatebT xelovnebis da bavSvTa

aRzrdis umkacresi ideologiuri kontrolis moTxovnas platonis mier, Zalze

axlos aRmovCndebiT orvelis samyarosTan, sadac regulirebadia ara mxolod

Svilebis gaCenis asaki (platonis TeoriiT qalebisaTvis 20-40 weli da mamakace-

bisaTvis 30-55 weli), aramed seqsic: “dae, igive kanoni moqmedebdes im SemTxve-

vebSiac, rodesac romelime STamomavlobis gagrZelebis unaris mqone mamakaci

Seexeba, Tundac saqorwino asakis qals, xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe. aseT

SemTxvevaSi Cven vityviT, rom isini Soben saxlmwifosaTvis ukanono bavSvs” (461 b). yofis aseTi kontroli, ra Tqma unda, totalitarulobis asociaciebs

aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. magram platonis saxemlwifo ar SeiZleba totalitaruli

iyos ufro teqnikuri viTarebebis, vidrde ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo. rac

platonis saxelmwifos aklia totalitarulobamde, aris masmedia. aristotele

erTgan wers, rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebi sruldeba iq, sadamdec swvdeba

heroldis xma. ar iqneba swori, Tu saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebis kontrols

mxolod TvalTvaliT unariT SemovzRudavT da ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi

zegavlenis, politikuri gemovnebis formirebis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogoric

masmediaa. jer saerTo nacionaluri presa, Semdeg televizia da, bolos,

interneti, aseT kontrols dRes marTlac totalur xasiaTs aniWebs da mas

uiversalurs xdis. platons amaze ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo.

saxelmwifo mowyobis yvela danarCeni forma mankieria da pirvelis

degradacias warmoadgens. idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda,

platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebis mqone saxelmwifoebze:

timokratiaze, anu qonebriv cenzze damyarebuli reJimi, oligarqiaze, anu

umciresobis mmarTveloba, demokratiaze anu xalxis mmarTveloba da tiraniaze

anu erTis mmarTveloba sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am formebs Soris yvelaze

uaresi tiraniaa da platonic sakmao dros uTmobs jer tiraniis rogorc reJimis

aRweras, xolo Semdeg tiranis Cvevebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCinebas.

Cvens droSi uyoymano Rirebulebebis Semcvel demokratiul mmarTvelobas

platoni, rogorc vxedavT, mainc da mainc ar swyalobs da bolodan meore

adgilze ayenebs. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom

15

romelime fena, aramed piriqiT, gvindoda aseTi yofiliyo mTeli saxelmwifo.

Tqven xom imedi gqondaT swored aseT saxelmwifoSi aRmogeCinaT samarTlianoba

da cudad mowyobilSi ki usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 420 b-c) da Smdeg: “amasTan,

Cven iseT saxelmwifos miviCnevT samarTlianad, romelSiac arsebuli sami, Tavisi

bunebiT gansxvavebuli fena, TiToeuli Tavis saqmes akeTebs. brZen, mamac da

gamWriaxad Cven CavTvliT Sesabamisi Tvisebebis da mdgomareobis mqone fenebis

mqone saxelmwifos” (“saxelmwifo” 435 b-c). amrigad, mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maSin,

rodesac yoveli adamiani gaakeTebs raRac erTs iqedan (rac Tavis mxriv saWiroa

saxelmwifosaTvis), risi gakeTebis bunebrivi monacemebic mas yvelaze metad aqvs.

samarTlianoba zogadad aris sakuTari saqmis keTeba da sxvis saqmeebSi

Caurevloba (“saxelmwifo” 433 a-c). sxvis saqmeebSi Caurevlobaze saubrisas aq is

ki ar igulisxmeba, rom ikrZaleba xeli SeaSvelo miwis damuSavebaSi vinmes.

laparakia sazogadoebis fenebis principul statusze da maTi funqciebis

aRrevis principul miuReblobaze. sokrate sagangebod ubrundeba socialuri

kibis safexurebis statikurobis sakiTxs da yovelgvar mobilobas ukve dadgenil

fenebs Soris damRupvelad miiCnevs. rodesac xelosani, an sxva romelime saqmiani

kaci sakuTari unarebis, simdidris, Tu zalisa da gavlenini kavSirebis wyalobiT

imdenad amaRldeba, rom moindomebs mcvelebis fenaSi gadainacvlos an raRac

msgavs moindomeben mcvelebi da mmarTvelebSi gadainacvleben, an, bolos,

romelime erTi adamiani moisurvebs yvelafer amis gakeTebas, aseTi Careva sxvis

saqmeSi, erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris udidesi boroteba da danaSauli

saxelmwifos winaSe, anu usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 434 b-d).

5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci

saxelmwifo adamianebisagan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, maTi Tvisebebic Zalze

msgavsi unda iyos. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTliani

saxelmwifo, SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb konkretul

adamianTan mimarTebiT. Tvisebebis msgavsebis Tezisis safuZvelze SeiZleba

visaubroT, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTnoebebi — sibrZne,

vaJkacoba da gamWriaxoba — man adamianebisagan, sakuTari moqalaqeebisagan

SeiZina (“saxelmwifo” 435 e). aqedan platoni gadadis adamianis sulis sami sawyisis

analizze. es sawyisebi koordinaciaSi arian saxelmwifos im ZiriTad TvisebebTan

da saTnoebebTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo saubari. adamianis suli Sedgeba: a)

gonieri nawilisagan (logisticonmeros), romelic adamianis TavSia koncentrirebuli;

b) mrisxanebis nawilisagan (thimoedes), romlis adgili dulSia da, bolos, RviZlSi

myofi ltolvadi nawilisagan (epithymeticon) (“saxelmwifo” 439 d,e). samarTliani

adamianis buneba am Tvisebebis mimarTebis, ufro zustad maT relaciur

urTierTobaSi vlindeba, oRond saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad,

relaciebs aqvT ara gare, aramed sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli xasiaTi. samarTliani

iqneba is adamiani, romelic moaxerxebs TiToeul am awyiss Sesabamisi adgili da

funqcia miuCinos: “... is axerxebs TiToeuls miuzRas is, rac misTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli; mas SeiZlia sakuTari Tavis moTokva, is awesrigebs Tavs da

sakuTari Tavis megobari xdeba; is ise SeuTanadebs Tavisi sulis sam sawyiss

erTmaneTs, rogorc amas akeTeben tkbilxmovanebis sami ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT.

... is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan am sam sawyiss da aRwevs gamWriaxobis da

mowesrigebulobis sakuTriv erTianobas” (“saxelmwifo” 443e).

14

gegmebs ufro metad awyobs. maT veravin aRudgeba win an Seasmens rasme verc caSi

da verc miwaze. rogori gonebis, rogori gulis, rogori unarebisa unda iyos

adamiani, romelic Tavs idebs uzarmazari samefos konstituciis SemuSavebas ...

msgavs situaciaSi ki, rodesac Zalaufleba usazRvroa, xolo misi miznebi ki

gaurkveveli da arc eqvemdebareba gansazRvrebas, zneobrivi borotebis

yoveldRiuri gavrceleba da Zalauflebis mflobeli adamianebis TiTqmis

fizikuri uunaroba Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba, saSineli

ngrevebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes” (17-18).

Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da adamianis Rirseba

rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli

safrangeTis revolucia aRiniSna umZafresi SejaxebiT gansxvavebul wodebes

da fenebs Soris. es cnobili Temaa da masze uamravi Sroma dawerila, vTqvaT aseTi

zogadi saTauris qveS — “klasTa brZola”. SeiZleboda am Temaze berkis Tval-

sazriss calke ganvixilavT. amjerad ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli Tanas-

wrobis fenomens, romelic TavisuflebasTan erTad politikis mkvlevarebma

demokratiis safuZvelSi moaTavses.

berki asxvavebs Tanasworobis orgvar gagebas: erTi Tanasworobis revo-

luciur ideals, romelic emyareba ra adamianis uflebebis cnebas, sazogadoebas

qaosisaken ubiZgebs, xolo meore Tanasworobis konservatiul ideals, romelic

Rirsebis grZnobas emyareba da gulisxmobs rangirebis SeanrCunebas sazoga-

doebaSi.

frangulma revoluciam win wamoswia bevri adamiani, romelmac sakuTari

Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod uRalata sakuTar klass, Tavadaznaurobas. inglisSi

revoluciis dros maTi msgvsi pironeba iyo grafi hovardi, romelmac mas Semdeg

rac mravali sikeTe miiRo mefisagan daRupvis piras miiyvana igi. magram hovardis

msgavsebi iSviaT gamonakliss waroadgendnen gansxvavebiT frangebisagan,

romelTa bevrma warCinebulma gvariSvilma mesame wodebaTan kavSirSi xeli

Seuwyo qveynis Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebas. arada, rodesac maRali rangis

pirebi, piradi gamorCenis mizniT, Ralatoben Rirsebis ideals, maTi Semdgomi

yvela saqme siqveles moklebuli xdeba. franguli revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT,

sxva qveynebSi didi socialuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis liderebi miznad ar

isaxavdnen adaminuri Rirsebis fexqveS gaTelvas. isini Sors iyurebodnen.

xangrZlivi istoriis manZlze safrangeTis saocari gamZleoba, didi katakliz-

mebis miuxedavad swrafi aRdgena, swored keTilSobil wodebaze iyo dam-

yarebuli, romelic yvelafris mouxedavad arasdros kargavda sulis simrTeles,

Rirsebas da pativad Tvlida qveynisaTvis samsaxurs. es fena axla safrangeTSi

nadgurdeba. kidev uaresi, revvoluciur xelisuflebas aTvalwunebuli da

damcirebuli yavs yvela is, vinc Rirsebis wesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. “yvela is —

miaCnia berks — vinc rangebis arsebobas esxmis Tavs, verasdros miaRwevs namdvil

Tanasworobas. yvela sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva kategoriis moqala-

qeebisagan Sedgeba, unda dominirebdes erTi. gamTanabreblebi mxolod

amaxinjeben bunebriv wesrigs” (20).

am fonze berki laparakobs evropis mzis Casvenebaze. evropa, romlis oqros

xana ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda raindobis fenomens, ukve warsuls Cabarda. es

epoqa Sescvala sofistebis, ekonomistebis, kantoris moxeleebis epoqam da

Sedegad evropis didebaz samudamod Caqra (33). ras warmoadgenda Zveli

sazogadoebis safuZvelTa safuZveli raindoba? berkis azriT, Zvel raindobaSi

realizebuli iyo mTeli zneobrivi sistema. misi principebi marTalia gareg-

nulad icvlebodnen, ramdenadac icvleboda cxovrebis pirobebi, magram

raindobis arsi agrZelebda arsebobas da berkis dromde zemoqmedebda mTel

Taobebze.

swored es qmnida evropis gamorCeul niSans sxva regionebisagan, Tumca igive

principi brwyinvalebas sZenda ara mxolod aziur imperiebs, aramed,

safiqrebelia, antikuri xanis saxelmwifoebsac. arsebobda feodaluri raindobis

erTgulebis principi, romelic ise ganamtkicebda samefo xelisuflebas, rom

103

vasalebs aRar utovebda tiraniis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobas. rogorc ki es

principi moiSala, maSinve daiwyo SeTqmulebebi da mkvlelobebi, konfiskaciebi

da sisxliani angariSsworebebis mTeli rigi, rac yoveli im xelisuflebis

politikur kodeqss Seadgens, romelic arc sakuTar Rirsebas emyareba da arc maT

Rirsebas, vin marTuli inda iyos. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri mosazrebebidan

gamomdiare, mefeebi tiranebad iqcevian, xolo maTi qveSevrdomebi principze

dayrdnobiT meamboxeebad. evropuli civilizacia saukuneebis manZilze

emyareboda or princips — raindobas da religias. maT gareSe Tavisufleba

tiraniad iqceva, codna ampartavan uwignurobad, xolo humanuroba uxeSobad da

velurobad.

Rirsebis principi gasdevda sazogadoebis yvela rangs ise, ar angrevda

rigiTobis sistemas. misi wyalobiT mefe Tavisufled da megobrulad eqceoda

yvela qveSevrdoms ise, rom isinic monuri morCilebis gareSe pasuxobdnen mas.

yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe es principi aqrobda pativmoyvareobis da

ampartavnebis yovlegvar gamovlenas, avaldebulebda monarqs yuri miegdo

sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis, koreqtulobas aiZulebda mkacr xelisuflebas,

agebinebda yvelas, rom manerebi SeiZleba kanonebze mniSvnelovani iyos.

ganmanaTleblobis epoqam goneba umaRles prioritetad aRiara. marTalia

berki arafers ambobs ganmanaTleblobaze, magram laparakobs gonebis Suqze,

romlis brwyinvalebam gaaqro rainduli idealebi. yvela saburavi, romelic

esoden alamazebda cxovrebas daundoblad Camoiglija. samaradJamod moiciles

Tavidan zneobis maragebidan aRebuli yvela ideali, romelic adamianis

mankierebis dafarvas emsaxureboda. isini absurdulad da sasacilod

gamoacxades. am axali xedviT mefe ar aris meti, vidre adamiani, xolo dedofali

ki qali; qali — cxovelze meti araa, xolo cxoveli ar ganekuTvneba umaRlesi

kategoriis arsebas. pativiscema susti sqesis mimarT romantiul bodvad

cxaddeba. mefis mkvlelobis, mamis mkvlelobis da saerTod adamianTa msxverplis

warmoudgeneli mankiereba mxolod gamonagoni da crurwmenaa, romelic xels

uSlis samarTlianobis aRsrulebas. am barbarosuli filosofiiT, romelic

SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod gayinul gulsa da avadmyof gonebaSi

gamoiricxeba yovelgvari sibrZne, gemovneba da keTilSobileba. kanoni unda

emyarebodes SiSs da emsaxurebodaes mas, vinc kanons piradi SurisZiebisa da

interesebis mizniT iyenebs. da es maSin, rodesac Cvevebis da tradiciebis

safuZvlis gareSe kanoni warmoudgenelia. “sazogadoebis zneni da midrekilebebi

— wers berki — zogjer aucilebelni arian rogorc damatebani, zogjer rogorc

koreqtivebi, magram yovelTvis rogorc kanonis safuZvlebi” (34-35).

revolucioner xelisufalTa farisevluri gancxadebebis fonze, adamianTa

bunebiTi uTanaswororobis Zveli platonuri idea, sakmaod naTlad JRers berkis

SexedulebebSi: safrangeTis kanclerma ganacxada, rom yvela profesia sapatioa.

araferia sapatio dalaqisa da farnebis amnTebis profesiaSi, ambobs berki, Tumca

es aravis, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos, ar aZlevs uflebas daCagros am rangis

xalxi. problema ufro sxvaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela wodebis

Tanasworobis motiviT cdiloben qveynis marTva mewaReebs Caabaron. es

gadaudebel problemebs Seqmnis. amgvari qmedebiT fiqroben, rom cru rwmenebis

winaaRmdeg gamodian da sinamdvileSi ki brZoloben bunebis winaaRmdeg — ambobs

berki. Tumca, aqve, Cqarobs Tavisi mosazrebis komentirebas. sazogadoebaSi mis

mier rangebis dacva sulac ar niSnavs mis mier warmomavlobiTi xelisuflebis

dacvas. ZalauflebisaTvis, misi azriT, mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod sibrZnes da

saTnoebas, xolo Tu adamiani misi mflobelia, es imas niSnavs, rom mas

sazogadoebaSi adgilis da Rirsebis mandati zecidan miuRia (21).

ras sTavazobs revoluciuri safrangeTi Tanasworobis am principebis

sanacvlod Tavis moqalaqeebs? raindobis da Rirsebis principebs aq adamianis

uflebebis Tema enacvleba. “isini safuZvelSi deben naRms, romelic daangrevs

yvela Zvel simbolos, Cvevas, qartias, saparlamento aqts. es naRmi — adamianis

uflebebia” (26). magram ra unda hqondes adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego

berks? rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans araferi, radgan berki upirveles yovlisa

adamianis uflebebis profanacias ucxadebs brZolas.

“magram aris ki saubari adamianis namdvil uflebebze? me Zalze Sors var maTi

104

ganmsazRvreli iqneboda axalgazrdis sazogadoebis ama Tu im safexurze

gansaTavseblad, maSin arc zedamxedvelebis gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva gaxdeboda

saWiro saamisod da mTeli sazogadoebac gamokveTil kastebad struqturirebad

xasiaTs miiRebda. magram ramdenadac bavSvebis mSoblebis vinaoba ucnobi rCeba,

sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili unda daikavos am ukve axalgazrda kacma

saxlmwifoSi, gadawydeba misi pirad Tvisebebze, niWsa da talantebze dakvirvebiT

saxelmwifo aRmzrdel-moxeleebis mier.

3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea

erT-erTi idea, romelic ganmsazRvrelia klasikuri konservatizmisaTvis,

aris adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi

TvisebebiT ar arian Tanasworni erTmaneTTan. zogierTi dajildovebulia

saocari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogierTi Sromismoyvare da

gamrjea, zogic “samusiko” xelovnebisadmi midrekili. platoni, romelic arsad

ar arRvevs izonomiis, anu kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas,

amave dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze. Tu bunebiTi

uTanasworobis idea, ganmsazRvrelad miviCnieT politikuri konservatizmis

TeoriisaTvis, maSin platoni erT-erT pirvel konservatorad unda CavTvaloT.

igi ara mxolod uSvebs aseTi bunebrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas, aramed am ideas

uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifos socialur organizacias. yovelma adamianma unda

daikavos is adgili saxelmwifos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba

mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli

xdeba swored esaa samarTlianad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is

saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSiac yvela adamians Sesabamisi adgili aqvs

miCenili da ar xdeba sazogadoebrivi fenebis aRreva.

sakiTxis sruli saxiT warmosadgenad dagvrCa erTi kiTxva: ra gansazRvravs

adamianis niWierebas, ra qmnis misi ama Tu im talantis safuZvels? fsiqologiuri

mecniereba icnobs talantis fenomens rogorc faqts, rogorc realobas. ra Tqma

unda, arsebobdnen talantebi da arsebobdnen geniosebic, magram ris gamo, amaze

erTsulovnad sdums rogorc mecniereba, aseve Cveulebrivi gansjac. ufro

metic, Tavad kiTxva SeiZleba mogveCvenos aramarTlzomierad _ faqtia, rom

adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom maT xvadasxva

midrekilebebi gaaCniaT da sruliad uadgiloa imis Zieba, Tu ra iwvevs amas.

iq sadac mecniereba da gansja dums platoni miTs iSveliebs da misi

saSualebiT surs axsnas adamianTa Soris arsebuli bunebiTi uTanasworoba.

platoni gviyveba, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianebi miwisagan da rom

qmnadobis am procesSi zogierTs mieria oqro, zogierTs vercxli, xolo zogsac

rkina da spilenZi. is visac oqro mieria mmarTvelebs unda Seadgenen,

vercxlnarebi xalxi mcvelebad gamodgeba, xolo rkiniTa da spilenZiT

Sezavebulebma xelosnebis da miwaTmoqmedebis rigebi unda Seavson (“saxelmwifo”

414 d, e; 415). yoveli mmarTveli, yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda

zrunavdes ara imis garkvevaze, Tu visi Svilia esa Tu is axalSobili, aramed imaze,

Tu ra Tvisebebi gaaCnia mas da Tu aRmoaCens, rom savaraudod oqronarevi

mSoblebis SvilSi sWarbobs spilenZisa da rkinis xasiaTi, mas Sesabamis

sazogadoebriv fenaSi unda miuCinon adgili. es ki niSnavs, rom raRac saxiT

socialuri mobiloba idealur saxelmwifoSi mainc arsebobs.

4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia

axla Cven sakmarisad momzadebulni varT saimisod, rom vilaparakoT

samarTliani saxelmwifos bunebaze da mizanze. mcvelebis cxovrebis aRweris

Semdeg, kiTxvaze — “xom ar iqneba maTi yofacxovrebis normebis aseTi mkacri

reglamentacia gadaWarbebuli?” — sokrate pasuxobs: “roca Cven vayalibebdiT am

saxelmwifos, sulac ar gvsurda gansakuTrebiT bednieri gagvexada misi erTi

13

aq warmomavloba da memkvidreobiToba aris wyalgamyofi, maSin platonis

idealuri saxelmwifos socialuri organizacia gamokveTil kastur xasiaTs

miiRebda _ xelosnad dabadebuli verasdros ver gaxdeba mmarTveli, mcveli an

piriqiT. magram platoni ase ar fiqrobs. konkretuli adamianis romelime

socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebulobis garkveva damokidebulia ojaxis

organizaciasa da am adamianis personalur Tvisebebze. saboloo jamSi, adamiani

ama Tu im fenis wevri misi piradi Tvisebebis da talantis wyalobiT xvdeba, rac

mkacrad kontrolirdeba xelisuflebis mier. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ufro

konkretulad.

3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi

ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema idealuri saxelmwifos erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. koncentrirebuli saxiT es sakiTxebi

ganxilulia mesame da meoTxe wignebSi, Tumca dialogis sxva TavebSiac araerTxel

Sevxvdebi sakiTxis ama Tu im aspeqtis xelaxal ganxilvas.

principSi Znelia ojaxi vuwodoT adamianTa urTierTobis im tips, romelsac

iwonebs platoni. is laparakobs saerTo colebsa da Svilebze da kerZo

sakuTrebis akrZalvaze idealur saxelmwifoSi. kerZo sakuTreba gadaWarbebul

indivilualizms warmoSobs da platonis rwmeniT ver egueba idealuri

saxelmwifos mTavar mizans. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba saxelmwifos mankieri

formebis aRwerisas, rodesac timokratiaze gadasvlis procesSi saerTo,

saxelmwifo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs.

zogadsaxelmwifoebriv doneze mesakuTruli instinqtebis ganuwyveteli zrda da

maTi degradacia fufunebisadmi miswrafebebSi omis wyarod cxaddeba, romelic,

Tavis mxriv platonisaTvis yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis mizezia

(“saxelmwifo” 373-374).

saxelmwifos mmarTvelebs da mcvelebs ekrZalebaT rogorc aucilebelis

garda sxva kerZo sakuTrebis qona, ise col-Svilis yola (platoni naTlad ar

miuTiTebs es akrZalva mxolod mcvelebze vrceldeba Tu saxelmwifos yvela

moqalaqeze, Tumca sakiTxis miseuli logika am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis

sasargeblod laparakobs). saerTo col-Svilis idea srul TanxmobaSia

kerZomesakuTruli suliskveTebis aRmoxvrasTan da dgas igive movlenebis rigSi

rogoricaa mcvelebisaTvis kerZo qonebis ararseboba (“saxelmwifo” 464 c-d). maT

ar unda hqondeT araviTari iseTi sacxovrisi, romelSiac ver SeaRwevda

nebismieri msurveli. sakvebi da sxva aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebi maT unda

miiRon moqalaqeebisagan imis fasad, rom isini icaven samSoblos. isini cxovroben

erTad, albaT, raRac yazarmuli Senobebis msgavsSi rogorc omis, aseve

mSvidobianobis dros. mcvlebs ar unda hqondeT Sexeba oqrosa da vercxlTan. maT

ar unda hqondeT sakuTari saxli, miwa, fuli, raTa isini ar iqcnen msxvil

mepatroneebad da Sinaur mtrebad ar eqcnen sxva moqalaqeebs (“saxelmwifo” 417 a-b). mcvelebs ekrZalebaT TviTneburad saxelmwifos sazRvrebis datoveba,

heterebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva da a.S. dabadebidan mokle vadis gasvlis

Semdeg, bavSvebs specialurad maTTvis momzadebul SenobebSi ganaTavseben

maTTvis miCenili pirebis mzrunvelobis qveS.

amgvari gadawyvetileba platonis mier gamarTlebulia xolme saerTo

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis an sazogadoebaSi gamafebuli saerTo

pativiscemisa da siyvarulis principebis moSveliebiT. vTqvaT im pirobebSi,

rodesac aravin icis vinaa misi Svili an mama, yiveli adamiani mamaSvilur

siyvarul Tanabrad unawilebs erTmaneTs. magram saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sruli

gaurkvevloba adamianTa warmomavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciaciaSi. ra Tqma unda,

mosalodnelia niWieri adamianebis STamomavalic iseTive iyos, rogorc misi

mSoblebi da umeteswilad asedacaa. platoni winaaRmdegi rodia raime

talantebiT dajildoebulma adamianma Sesabamisi adgili daikavos

sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. Cven rom vicodeT bavSvis mSoblebis vinaoba, rac

12

uaryofisagan TeoriaSi da praqtikaSiac mzad var mTeli guliT davuWiro mxari

adamianis relur uflebebs ... rac Seexeba uflebas xelisuflebis gasa-

nawileblad, saxelmwifo saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebas, aq me yovelTvis

ganvagrZob mtkicebas, rom isini mxolod formalurad Sedian samoqalaqo

sazogadoebaSi adamianis pirdapir da ZiriTad uflebaTa rigSi” (26). Tu xeli-

suflebaSi monawileoba mxolod formaluradaa adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa

rigis Semadgeneli, maSin ra upirates uflebebze SegviZlia visaubroT am

konteqstSi? berki aq ganasxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc adamianTa

Tanaarsebobis bunebiT produqts, Sesabamisad adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aRmocenebuls xelSekrulebis safuZvelze adamianis

uflebebis Sesabamisi gagebiT. rusos ideebze aRmocenebulma frangi revo-

lucionerebis ideologiam adamianis uflebebis swored es ukanaskneli gageba

SearCia. Tu aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis produqtia, maSin SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT raime, rac ukve

nagulisxmebi ar aris xelSekrulebis mier. aseTi sazogadoebis erT-erTi

umTavresi principi ambobs, rom arc erTi adamiani ar gamodgeba mosamarTled

sakuTar saqmeSi. ukve mxolod es erTi principi arTmevs adamians Tavis bunebriv

uflebas, romelic yovelgvari xelSekrulebis miRma dgas, Tavadve gansajos da

daicvas sakuTari interesebi. man uari unda sTqvas Tavdacvazedac — bunebis am

pirvel kanonze — radgan adamians ar SeuZlia erTdroulad isargeblos

civilizirebuli da aracivilizirebuli saxelmwifos uflebebiT (26-27).

saulisxmoa, rom berki am msjelobebidan ar akeTebs calsaxa dadebiT an

uaryofiT daskvnas romelime Teoriis sasargeblod. misi mizania aCvenos rom

adamianis uflebaTa Tema ganyenebuli Teoriuli problemaa, romelze dayrd-

nobiT gaumarTlebelia konkretuli problemebis gadawyveta. mecniereba

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, berkis azriT, ar aris metafizikuri disciplina. is

arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri eqsperimentaluri mecnierebisagan. mas ver

SeviswavliT a priori. piriqiT, politikuri mecniereba, romelic praqtikuli

miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, damokidebulia adamianur gamocdilebaze.

man udidesi sifrTxiliT unda imsjelos sazogadoebrivi Senobis ngrevaze,

romelic saukineebis ganmavlobaSi aigeboda da pasuxobda Tavis daniSnulebas da

kidev ufro meti sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos maSin, romdesac saqme exeba axali

Senobis agebas. adamianis uflebebis Tema abstraqtuli metafizikuri Temaa da

misi realobasTan Sexeba mniSvnelovnad ucvlis mas saxes im donemde, rom

Teoriuli diskusiebi mis Sesaxeb azrs kargavs da absurdul xasiaTs iRebs.

“uflebebi, romlebzedac msjeloben Teoretikosebi — ukiduresobas

warmoadgens; igive doziT, ra doziTac isini metafizikurad sworia, politikis

da moralis kuTxiT yalbad gamoiyureba. ... politikuri goneba xom moqmedebs

gaTvlis principis meSveobiT — is ajamebs, gamoTvlis, amravlebs da yofs ara

metafizikur, aramed realur moralur realobebs ...”(28).

franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg

ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis revolucias ar gaaCnda is teqnologiebi, rom-

lebic misTvis uzrunvelyofda totalur kontrols individze. da mainc, am

mimarTulebiT man mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. revoluciis logika

gvaswavlis, rom yoveli revoluciuri xelisufleba mosaxleobis sruli

morCilebis misaRwevad epoqis da adgilis Sesabamis samizneebs poulobs. XVIII

saukunis miwurulis frangulma revoluciam aseT samizneebad sakuTrebis da

eklesiis institutebi SearCia. es arCevani sayovelTao da aucilebeli ar aris. is

ufro simboluria.

TavadaznaurobisaTvis sakuTrebis warTmevis mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi rom

ara, eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba sakuTrebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebad

SegveZlo CagveTvala, radgan am droindeli fraguli eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi

mesakuTre iyo. eklesia, ambobs berki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZveli,

sikeTisa da Svebis wyaroa (43). iqneb swored amitomac Seuties mas revoluciis

liderebma.

105

berkis Sexedulebebi eklesiis funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, namdvilad ar

warmoadgens liberaluri azris ganviTarebis mwvervals. misTvis, visTvisac de-

mokratiuli sazogadoebis elementarul princips warmoadgens eklesiis saxel-

mwifosagan gamoyofa, berkis mtkicebebi miuRebeli iqneba, Tumca isini meore

mxriv, gasagebs xdian berkis gulwrfel aRSfoTebas im damokidebulebis mimarT,

romelsac iCenda franguli revolucia sakuTari qveynis eklesiis mimarT.

inglisSi _ berkis sityvebiT — Cvenamde moRweuli eklesiuri sistemis

farglebSi vcxovrobT. amiT Cven vinarCunebT Zvel adamainur cnobierebas. es

cnobiereba saxelmwifos wminda nagebobad miiCnevs da yvelafers akeTebs mis

SesanarCuneblad, xolo maT, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs, lamis RmerTis

gansaxierebad aRiqvams.

sazogadoebis safuZveli, berkis azriT, marTlac xelSekrulebaa, magram es

aris umaRlesi rangis xelSekruleba, romelsac ver gavutolebT sazogadoebrivi

xelSekrulebis komerciul garigebad interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac es

xelSekruleba nebismier momentSi SeiZleba dairRves, radgan mas safuZvlad

praqtikuli sargeblianoba aqvs (44). saxelmwifo aris gaerTianeba, romlis mizans

adamianTa sasicicxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. aseTi

mizani mravali Taobis urTierTmonacvleobiT Tu miiRweva. amitom,

szogadoebrivi xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindel, warsul da momaval

Taobebs Soris. ufro meti, yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi

xelSekruleba mxolod erTi rgolia maradiuli sazogadoebis pirveldawyebiTi

xelSekrulebis jaWvSi, romelic xilul da uxilav samyaroebs aerTianebs (45).

RmerTma, vinc Seqmna CvenTvissrulyofili saTnoebebi, Tavisi nebiT Seqmna

saamisod ganxorcielebis piroba — saxelmwifo da moisurva igi dekavSirebina

yovelgvari srulyofilebis umaRles arqetipTan. visac swams umaRlesi nebis

imisa, vinc Tavadaa kanonTa kanoni da mefeTa mefe, ar SeiZleba ar esmodeT, rom

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisadmi erTgulebis da pativiscemis korporaciuli

fici, imavdroulad aris RvTis umaRlesi nebis ariarebac (45).

eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia aseTi teologiuri safuZvlidan ioli

gamosayvania. “eklesias Cven ganvixilavT rogorc iseT raimes, rac mTavari da

imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis da ara rogorc mis xelsayrel

damatebas, romelic iolad SeiZleba misgan gamovacalkeoT, gadavagdoT an

SevinaxoT. ... eklesia da saxelmwifo Cvens warmodgenebSi mouwyvetelia da Znelad

Tu moixsenieba erTi meoris gareSe (45-46).

revoluciurma xelisuflebam eklesiaze ieriSi ori mimarTulebiT miitana.

jer eklesiebis kuTvnili qoneba miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobiT welSi

gawyvetili eklesiis msaxurebi saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcia da xelfasebi

dauniSna.

Tu xalxma erTxel aRiara, rom eklesiis qoneba misi sakuTrebaa, maSin

gaumarTlebelia am qonebis raodenobis xelaxali gadaTvla da Cxreka. rac ar

unda uWirdes britaneTs, darwmunebiT ambobs berki, is arasdros Seecdeba

ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas eklesiis qonebis xarjze (47).

sxvisi qonebis miTvisebam safrangeTSi SamaZrwunebeli masStabebi miiRo.

amasTan, es iyo daufaravi Zarcva saxelmwifos moxeleebis mxridan, radgan is

xorcieldeboda yovelgvari winaswari braldebis da sasamarTlos gadawyve-

tilebis gareSe. berks kargad esmis saeklesio, Tu kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg

warmoebuli omis sazrisi. aSkaraa, rom am operacias, garda qonebis gada-

nawilebisa, miznad naciis damoneba hqonda: “adamianebisaTvis damoukideblobis

warTmeva, maTi iZuleba gaxdnen wyalobis xelisSemyureni — TavisTavad udidesi

sisastikea” (48). da es maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveli da

uZiriTadesi amocana sakuTrebis dacvaa (49). es ki Tvis mxriv, niSnavs, rom

momavali sazogadoebis konturebi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg

ikveTeba, Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementaruli normebisagan.

amasTan, Tu Tvals movadevnebT im sistemas, romliTac nacionaliri asamblea

faravda da aCumaTebda sakuTrebis yovelgvari uflebis Selaxvas safrangeTSi,

miuTiTebs berki, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmovaCenT, rom es moqmedebebi yovelTvis

gamarTlebuli iyo eris interesebiT.

masSemdeg, rac sakuTreba revoluciuri xelisuflebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT

106

terminis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas vxdebiT adam smitis cnobil naSromSi

“erebis simdidris mizezebis Sesaxeb”. Sromis danawilebas, romelzedac aq smiti

laparakobs, aSkarad safuZvlad uZevs egoizmi, romelic, ramdenadme

paradoqsulad manufaqturuli warmoebis pirobebSi “gunduri” moRvaweobis

macementirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. romelime produqtis, vTqvaT

qurTukis, warmoeba, Sromis danawilebas emyareba, vTqvaT erTi akeTebs Rilebs,

meore Wris qsovils, mesame keravs, meoTxe Rebavs da a.S. am drosac TiToeuli

ostati moqmedebs misi sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da dainteresebulia

mxolod imiT, rom awarmoos rac SeiZleba meti produqti da maqsimalurad meti

mogeba naxos Tavisi Sromidan. magram ramdenadac saboloo produqti erTian

Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli yoveli mewarme sxva mewarmis Tanadgomas saWiroebs.

ase yalibdeba SromiTi koleqtivi, romelSiac TiToeuls mxolod sakuTari

interesebi amoZravebs, magram misi realizaciisaTvis aucileblobiT esaWiroeba

sxva.

Sromis danawileba, romelsac adgili aqvs platonis saxelmwifoSi, axlaxans

aRwerils Camohgavs, Tumca is romelime erTi produqtis sawarmoeblad ki ar

xorcieldeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.

miuxdavad imisa, rom platonTan ver vxvdebiT termin “Sromis danawilebis”

konceptualur analizs, Znelia misi roli gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT, radgan mis

safuZvelze sazogadoeba ara mxolod erT mTlianobad ikvreba, aramed iRebs

socialurad diferencirebul xasiaTs. amasTan, sruli saxiT formirebul

saxelmwifoSi Cndeba misi normalurad cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlod

aucilebeli da zedmeti profesiis adamianebi. am ukanasknelTa arseboba

ganpirobebulia fufunebisaken swrafviT an sxva romelime mankierebiT.

“zedmeti” xalxis siaSi xvdebian monadireebi da mimesisis warmomadgenlebi —

poetebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi modeliorebi da sxva (“saxelmwifo” 373 b). am gziT,

platoni saubrobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli fenebis, Tu gnebavT ase vuwodoT,

klasebis Sesaxeb. rogorc SemdgomSi ufro cxadi xdeba, sazogadoebis socialuri

diferenciacia da am fenebis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea, platonis

politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi sazrunavi xdeba. “saxelmwifos” ZiriTadi

sakvlevi Tema — samarTlianobis Tema, rogorc konkretul adamianTan, aseve mTel

saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis calsaxad ukavSirdeba swored socialuri fenebis

harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis princips.

3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura

gadavideT axla imis deskripciaze, Tu ra fenebi yalibdeba sazogadoebaSi.

zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena. mmarTvelebi, mcvlebi da Tavisufali

mewarme xalxi. am fenebis aRmniSvneli fenebis terminologia sakmaod

Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba platonis mier. vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mcvelebze

saubrisas, zogjer is iaraRian xalxsac gulisxmobs da mmarTvelebsac. Tumca aman

ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi, radgan es ori fena Tavisi funqcionaluri

datvirTulobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnuli fenebis

mdgomareoba saxelmwifoSi statikuria. fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi,

miuxedavad amisa, platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqturas kasturs

ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erTi romelime saTnoeba.

ase maraliTad, mmarTvelTa fenaSi aseTia sibrZne, mcvelebSi — simamace, xolo

xelosnebsa da miwaTmoqmedebSi — gamWriaxoba. sxvagan (“saxelmwifos” meoTxe

wignSi, 427 e) laparakia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,

gamWriaxobasa da samarTliannobaze. amasTan samarTlianoba imgvar saTnoebad

cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.

ra ganapirobebs sazogadoebis diferenciacias? zemoT aRiniSna, Sromis

diferenciaciis ganmsazRvreli roli da TiTqos kiTxva uadgiloa, magram Cven aq

vgulisxmobT ara zogadad socialuri organizaciis princips, aramed mis

konkretul nairsaxeobas _ riT ganisazRvreba is, rom romelime konkretuli

adamianma Seavso mcvelebis an, vTqvaT, Tavisufali miwamoqmedebis rigebi? Tuki

11

ar CaTvlida adamianad, radgan misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis fysis-i

saxelmwifoSi yofniT realizdeba. magram meore mxriv, glavkonis sityvebidan

isic aSkaraa, rom konvencia saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis wyarod cxaddeba.

amitom Tu orive daSvebas SevinarCunebT, anu, Tu erTi mxriv miviRebT, rom

adamiani, rogorc adamiani, yovelTvis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos wevria da

amave dros davuSvebT, rom saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZveli konvenciaa,

maSin saganTa logika migviyvans Tvalsazrisamde, rom usamarTlo yofiT

adamianebi cxovrobdnen saxelmwifoSi, sadac warmodgena ar hqondaT arc

xelSekrulebaze da arc kanonebze. margam ra saxelmwifo iqneba iseTi

saxelmwifo, sadac araferi ician kanonis Sesaxeb (aq xom laparakia

kanonmdeblobis principul ar arsebobaze da ara imgvar viTarebaze, rogoric

saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, rodesac kanoni ar kanonobs)?

ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sakiTxi sxvagvarad gadavWraT da davuSvaT sruli

identoba platonis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. es marTlac agvacilebda bevr

uxerxulobas, Tumca am poziciidan gamomdinareobs, rom platonisaTvis adamiani,

Tavisi bunebiT ar aris sazogadoebrivi arseba, rac Zalze saeWvoa.

3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo

aqedan, gadavdivarT sakiTxze, Tu rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo, ra

uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos sicocxliunarianobas? saxelmwifos warmoSobis

gaazreba platonisaTvis aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, inteleqtualuri

eqsperimenti, azrismieri konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis SesaZlo genezisis

warmosadgenad. saqme isaa, rom formula _ “Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT

saxelmwifos warmoSobas, ...” (‘saxelmwifo” 369 a-b), jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom amiT

dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi, rodesac manamde ar arsebobda

saxelmwifo da Semdeg raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.

wina paragrafSi Cven saeWvod gavixadeT adamianis sazogadoebis gareT

arsebobis daSveba. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT saxelmwifos konstruirebis

platoniseul models, vpoulobT damatebiT arguments eWvis sasargeblod.

sokrate ambobs: “me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac TiToeul

CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval

sxva raimes. ... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs xan erTs, xanac meores

da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas..

ganicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adamiani raTa erTad

icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba

iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas” (“saxelmwifo” 369 b, c). rogorc vxedavT,

Tuki saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebze daviwyebT fiqrs, pirveli mizezi misi

warmoSobisa, is gaxlavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos

moTxovnilebebi da saamisod saWiroebs sxva mravali adamianis Tanadgomas.

platoni kidev erTxel imeorebs am Tvalsazriss: “modiT gonebaSi avagoT

saxelmwifo sul Tavidan. rogorc Cans mis warmoSobas ganapirobeben Cveni

moTxovnilebebi” (“saxelmwifo” 369 c-d). arada adamianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze

mravalferovania. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli

sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg, bina, tansacmeli da a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad

mogviTxrobs TiToeuli aseTi saWiroebis da mis SeqmnaSi daxelovnebuli xalxis

Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti cxovrebieuli saWiroeba iCens Tavs, sul ufro da ufro

metad rTuldeba sazogadoebis struqtura, magram amasTanave Tavs iCens Sromis

danawilebis principi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis

organizaciasa da erT mTlianobad SekvraSi.

“Sromis danawilebaze” SegviZlia visaubroT ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erTi,

gaxlavT marqsizmSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Sromis danawilebas

ukavSirebda sazogadoebrivi formaciebis koncepts da Sromis danawilebaze

laparakobda zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobiT. fiqrobdnen, rom momTabare

cxovrebidan adamianebi gadavidnen jer mesaqonleobaze, Semdeg miwaTmoq-

medebaze da a.S.

10

nominalurad saxelmwifom iTava moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa,

radgan ekonomikur saxsars moklebuli adamianebi damoukidebeli individebidan

saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul msaxurebad iqcnen. ra warmatebas miaRwia

xelisuflebam am mimarTulebiT gasagebi gaxdeba moqalaqeTa saxelfaso da

sapensio uzrunvelyofiT. pensia, ambobs berki, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxel-

mwifosaTvis gaweuli msaxurebis kompensacia. misi gacema iseTive valdebulebaa

saxelmwifosi, rogorc avansad gacemuli msxvili kapitalis dabruneba.

ubedureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionaluri asam-

blea Tavad wyvts ra saxis samsaxurisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli pensiis da xelfasis

gacema. Sedegad gamoCndnen didi raodenobis adamianebi, visac xelisufleba im

Tanxebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvis uflebas aZlevs, romelic na-

cionalurma asambleam qonebis konfiskaciiT moipova. xolo rac Seexeba maT, vinc

puris fuls iTxovs, romelic srulad daimsaxura saxelmwifosaTvis sisxlis

TxeviT, maT eubnebian, rom isini emsaxurnen reJims, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs.

sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi Seexo

Tavadaznaurobas da ubralo xalxs. rac Seexeba kapitals, safrangeTis mesame

wodebas, rogorc isini Tavad, aseve maTi kapitali uvnebeli gadarCa. amis mizezi

franguli revoluciis “klasTa brZolis” specifikaSi mdgomareobs. da axla

gvinda mokled masze SevCerdeT. Tumca mravlismetyvelia Tavad is faqti, rom

gamarjvebulma axalma xelisuflebam qonebis konfiskacia SerCeviT da

politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela.

“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi”

berki mokled aRwers safrangeTis revoluciis mamoZravebel dajgufebebs,

maT interesebs da ZalTa ganlagebas.

franguli monarqiis specifiur niSans warmoadgenda ukiduresi dapirispi-

reba mowaTmflobelebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. gansxvavebiT didi bri-

taneTisagan, sadac miwaTmflobelebi Tavad iqcnen umsxviles kapitalistebad,

safrangeTSi es ori klasi, e.w. meore da mesame wodeba gancalkevebulad idga. maT

ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi. kapitalis mflobeli wodeba ver Seegua azrs, rom mas

samefoSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ekava da droTa ganmavlobaSi, moRo-

nierebis kvalad, ieriSi miitana Tavadaznaurobaze, eklesiasa da samefo

xelisuflebaze. swored amiT aixsneba, rom revoluciurma xelisuflebam

gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina saTavadaznauro da saeklesio sakuTrebis

mimarT da revoluciis damfinansebeli burJuazia uvnebeli datova. sastik

brZolaSi gamarjvebuli burJuazia gamovida, radgan, berkis azriT, kapitalis

mflobeli Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro riskiania da kargad egueba siaxleebs da

gardaqmnebs. mesame wodebis garda, franguli revoluciis warmatebaSi didi

roli Seasrules e.w. “politikurma mwerlebma”, romlebic aliansSi Sevidnen

kapitalistebTan da mravalmxriv uzrunvelyves revoluciis warmateba. vnaxoT,

Tu vin arian es “literaturuli politikosebi”

franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi

yovel Rrma socialur cvlilebas win unda uZRodes cvlileba adamianTa

gonebaSi. socialuri revolucia ar moxdeba inteleqtualuri revoluciis

gareSe, Rrma politikuri reforma sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mzaobis gareSe,

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba romelime socialuri jgufis dakveTis gareSe. yvela

SemTxvevaSi adamianebisaTvis arsebuli realoba autaneli da mouTmeneli unda

gaxdes, aucilebeli ar aris mis namdvil, adeqvatur gaazrebaSi, aramed savsebiT

sakmarisia mis iseT kopirebaSi, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. cxadia aq

saubaria adamianis gonebis manipulirebaze. am mimarTulebiT dRes arsebuli

yvelaze qmediTi saSualebebi R teqnologiebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ra Tqma unda,

berks aseTi termini ar gaaCnia, magram rasac is gulisxmobs “literaturul

politikosebSi”, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas ori saukunis winandel R

107

teqnologiebad. miT ufro, rom jer erTi, rogorc davrwmundebiT am

teqnologiebis strategia (da ara taqtikur, teqnologiuri novaciebi) didad ar

Secvlila da meore, sakuTriv politikuri werili dRemde rCeba teqnologiebis

mniSvnelovan Semadgenel elenementad.

franguli revoluciis literaturuli politikosebi dRes yvelasaTvis

cnobili xalxia. Tumca berki arc erT maTgans amgvarad ar axsenebs, magram

gasagebia, rom aq saqme exeba rusos, didros, volters helveciuss da maTi saqmis

gamgrZeleblebs revoluciis periodSi. berkis daxasiaTebit, es aris Tavis

gamocenis moyvaruli xalxi, romelmac ludoviko XIV-is sikvdilis Semdeg

dakarga taxtis keTilganwyoba. arc regenti da arc taxtis memkvidre ar iCenda

interess maTi naazrevisadmi. amis sapasuxod maT Tavi anebes samefi karisadmi

tradiciul keklucobas.

literaturuli politikosebis Sorsmimaval gegmebs Zalze Seuwyo xeli ori

franguli akademiis gaerTianebam da enciklopediis gamocemem. am litera-

turulma jgufmagarkveuli xnis win SeimuSava qristianuli religiis ngrevis

programa da antiesklesiur moRvaweobas iseTi TavdadebiT Seudga, rogoric

damaxasiaTebelia mxolod religiuri fanatizmisaTvis.

eklesiaze pirvelma Setevam, romelic mourideblad ganxorcielda, ar

gaamarTla. rac ar gamovida uecari SeteviT, misi ganxorcieleba meToduri ngre-

viT gadawyda. am mizniT gadawyda sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba. sazo-

gadoebrivi azris samarTavad aucilebeli gaxda imaTi daqvemdebareba, vinc

sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis.

Sesabamisad, maTi pirveli nabiji iyo literaturuli didebisaken mimavali

yvela gzis xelSi Cagdeba. zogierTma, aRiarebs berki, marTlac moaxerxa mec-

nierebisa da literaturis simaRleebis dalaSqvra, msoflio saxelis mopoveba,

risi wyalobiTac patiobdnen an nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen maTi saxifaTo

miznebis daufarav gamocxadebas. am keTilSobilebas maT imiT upasuxes, rom

sakuTari Tavisa da maTi mimdevrebisaTvis SeeqmnaT erTaderTi Wkviani, ganaT-

lebuli da gemovnebiani xalxis reputacia. gamorCeulobisadmi es maniakaluri

miswrafeba, gvarwmunebs berki, ara nakleb damRupveli aRmoCnda literaturisa

da gemovnebisaTvis, vidre filosofiisa da zneobisaTvis. maTi gamosvlebis Ziri-

Tadi forma qadageba iyo. susti da ZirisgamomTxreli argumentacia intrigebiT

iniRbeboda. amas, rogorc Cans aucilebel elementad daerTo oponentebis Savi R,

anu, rogorc Tavad berki wers: “literaturuli monopoliis sistemas maT dau-

mates nebismieri saSualebebiT yvela imis umowyalo gaSaveba da diskreditacia,

vinc ar iziarebda maT partias. maT qmedebebze xangrZlivi dakvirveba jer kidev

didi xnis win iZleoda saSualebas dagveskvna, rom maT akldaT mxolod

xelisufleba, raTa literaturuli Seuwynareblobidan gadasuliyvnen Tavisi

metoqeebis sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebis da sicocxlis pirdapir devnaze” (51-52).

am adamianebs axlo mimowera hqonaT evropis monarqebTan, maT Soris prusiis

mefesTan. am ukanaskneli mimoweris masalebze dayrdnobiT berki SeniSnavs, rom am

xalxisaTvis sul erTi iyo, safragneTis samefos Signidan, revoluciiT daangrev-

dnen, Tu ucxotemeli despotis xeliT. igive mizniT, ra mizniTac ikavSIrdebodnen

ucxoel monarqebs, es xalxi daukavSIrda sakuTari qveynis kapitalistebs da am

ukanasknelTa finansebze dapyrobiT, isini gaaTkecebuli ZaliT Seudgnen

sazogadoebrivi azris dapyrobas da unda iTqvas sakmao warmatebiTac radgan

droTa ganmavlobaSi didad gaiwvrTnen demagogiaSi, rodesac yovelmxriv

autanlad xatavdnen RaribTa mdgomareobas da monarqebis mankierebas.

amrigad, fraguli revoluciis saTaveSi ZiriTadad es ori jgufi — kapi-

talistebi da politikuri literatorebi aRmoCndnen. mwerlebi, SeniSnavs berki,

rodesac isini erTad moqmedeben, uzarmazar zegavlenas iqonieben adamianTa

gonebaze. da am mwerlebis kavSirma kapitalistebTan uzrunvelyo is rom masebi

loialurad ganewyvnen im tipis qonebisadmi, rogorsac kapitali warmoadgenda.

literatura:

1. Эдмунд Берк. Размышления о революции во франции и заседаниях некоторых обществ в Лондоне, относящихся к этим событиям. М. «Рудомино» , 1993.

108

adre aTvisebuli meTodis mixedviT: Tuki sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, aqac rTuls

Semadgenel elementebad (mTelis umcires nawilakebad) davanawilebT da

davakvirdebiT risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vnaxavT, Tu riT

gansxvavdebian CamoTvlili cnebebi erTmaneTisagan da SeiZleba Tu ara maT

ukeTesi axsna mivceT” (1252a 20-30).

Tumca am sakiTxze aristoteles Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ufro farTod

visaubrebT, ukve aq SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adamianis saxelmwifosTan

mimarTeba, romelic gaiazreba nawilis mTelTan mimarTebis konteqstSi,

platonis skolis mxolod zogadmeTodologiuri principebis dacvis motiviTac

rom Semodiodes kvlevis arealSi da mas ar hqondes ufro siRrmiseuli axsna (rac,

rogorc Cven aristoteles politikuri Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas SevecdebiT,

ase ar aris), erTi ram mainc cxadia _ adamianis gageba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos

gagebis safuZvelze da mxolod mis konteqstSi.

3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema

amrigad, zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, jer unda gamovikvlioT, Tu ras

warmoadgens samarTliani saxelmwifo da mxolod amis Semdeg gadavideT

“marTali kacis” bunebis gagebaze. samarTlianobis sakiTxis saxelmwifos mimarT

dasma mravali SesaZlo interpretaciis molodins badebs. magaliTad,

saxelmwifos samarTlianoba sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, samarTlianoba

marTlwesrigis dacvis (vTqvaT, izonomiis principis dacvis, anu kanonis winaSe

yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovnis) TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianoba sazogadoebis

sxvadasxva fenebs Soris urTierT- damokidebulebis kuTxiT da a.S. da a.S. is, Tu

romel Temas Tvlis prioritetulad platoni TandaTan gaxdeba cnobili. margam

imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos samarTlianobaze an arasamarTlianobaze visaubroT,

jer Tavad saxelmwifoze unda SeviqmnaT swori Tvalsazrsi. es moTxovna

platonisaTvis daiSleba or qvesakiTxad. erTi, is Tu rogor yalibleba

saxelmwifo da meore is, Tu ra aZlevs adamianTa erTobas iseT safuZvels,

romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. SevexoT jer am ukanasknel sakiTxs.

3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi

platons miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos safuZvelSi konvencionaluri sawyisi Zevs.

es Tvalsazrisi, romelic bevrs liberaluri politikuri filosofiis novacia

hgonia, savsebiT naTlad aqvs gamoTqmuli platons glavkonis piriT: “mas Semdeg

rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTlianadac da

arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisgan, maSin ... maT

mizanSewonilad CasTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomavlod arc usamarTloba

CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan. aqedan diwyo kanonmdebloba da

xelSekruleba” (“saxelmwifo” 359 a). TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gaimeorebs

ramdenime saukunis Semdeg “leviaTanSi” Tomas hobsi, rodesac surs aRweros

adamianTa gadasvla bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze, anu

politikur mdgomareobaze. Tu bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, hobsis

mixedviT, adamianTSorisi urTierToba emyareba princips —“adamiani

adamianisaTvis mgelia”, rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,

konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi samoqalaqo anu politikur mdgomareobaze

(rac hobsisaTvis erTi da igivea) gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT

cxovroben.

aq arsebobs erTi problema, romelic SegviZlia Semdomi kvlevis molodinSi

Riad davtovoT. erTi mxriv, aSkara msgavsebis miuxedavad, Cven vfiqrobT, rom

mainc arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba sakiTxisadmi hobsis da platonis

midgomebs Soris. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani platonis mixedviT ar

aris veluri. is, rom adamianebi usamarTlod eqcevian erTmaneTs, sulac ar

niSnavs maT saxelmwifos gareT arsebobas. mxecuri yofis mqone velurs platoni

9

1.samarTlianobis problema

platonis saxelmwifo aTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi, sadac sakiTxis

dasmaa warmodgenili mosaubreTa sakmaod vrceli wres vxvdebiT. sxva dialogebis

msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss aqac sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs.

“saxelmwifos” sawyis kiTxvaze: “ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani

kaci?” — platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mimoixilavs, xolo Semdeg

iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemas. amasTan, kiTxva Tavidan adamianT-

Soris samoqmedo normas daesmis ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli aspeqtis dadgenis

mizniT, aramed misi mravalferovani yofiTi mxareebis saCvenebladac. vTqvaT,

“Tuki vinme marTlac cxovrobs samarTlianad, ra xeiri aqvs amisagan”? kiTxvaze

gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan zogierTi gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mdgradi da “Zalze

adamianuri” xasiaTis gamo. platonis epoqis msgavsad, Cvens droSiac Zalze bevri

adamianis eTosisaTvisaa ganmsazRvreli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac icavs Trasimaqe:

samarTlianad cxovreba Zalze wamgebiania. usamarTlobis Cadena adamianebs ar

SeuZliaT ara TavianTi keTilSobilebis, aramed ufro ususurobis gamo.

samarTlianoba keTilSobili sibriyve (3. 348 d) an umaRlesi gulubryvilobaa (2.

348 d). xolo usamarTloba ki ufro saR azrs emyareba da momgebian qcevas

uzrunvelyofs. ase, magaliTad, urTierTvaldebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

Tu saqmes erTad uZRvebian samarTliani da arasamarTliani, verasdros

aRmoaCenT, rom saboloo gaangariSebisas, samarTlian kacs ufro meti moegos,

vidre arasamarTlians. am ukanasknels yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba. igive

viTarebaa saxelmwifos mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi: samar-

Tlians ufro meti Seaqvs, vidre arasamarTlians, magram, rodesac saxelmwifoa

maT mimarT valdebuli, samarTilans yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba da a. S.

sokrates piriT, platoni yvela msgavsi mosazrebebis gabaTilebas sakmaod

efeqturad axerxebs. amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva sul ufro d ufro metad scil-

deba yofiT situaciebis aRwerebs. samarTlianobis problema axla ganixileba

moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis konteqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi

argumentacia sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba, platons sakiTxis ganxilva

Tvisebrivad ufro maRal doneze gadayavs mas Semdeg, rac sokrate zogadi

meTodologiuri principis Sesabamisad moiTxovs jer SeviswavloT mTeli, xolo

Semdeg misi nawili, anu samarTlianobis sakiTxi jer ganvixiloT saxelmwifos

mimarT da amis Semdeg davubrundeT igive sakiTxis ganxilvas konkretul,

adamianis doneze.

2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis

zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma

nawilis mTelis konteqstSi ganxilvis moTxovna kvlevis zogadmeTodo-

logiuri paradigmaa. jer unda SeviswavloT mTeli, Semdeg misi nawili. Sesabamisi

principis gavrceleba samarTliani kacis fenomenis dasadgenad, jer unda

SeviswavloT, Tu romeli saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba samarTlianoba da mxolod

amis Semdeg davadginoT, Tu romeli adamiani iqneba samarTliani. “saxelmwifoSi”

platoni am paradigmis Taobaze gakvriT saubrobs: “Cven vTvliT, rom samarT-

lianoba calkeul adamians aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba is mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis iyos

damaxasiaTebeli. ... saxelmwifo ki calkeul adamianze ufro didia. ... ase, rom

savaraudia samarTlianoba ufro did zomebs miiRebs imaSi, rac ufro didia da aq

misi Seswavla gacilebiT ioli iqneba. amitom, Tu gnebavT, modiT, jer

SeviswavloT ra aris samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebSi da Semdeg igive ganvixiloT

calkeul adamianTan dakavSirebiT, anu mcires ideaSi movniSnoT didi ideis

msgavseba” (368 a-369 a). marTlac, “saxelmwifos” momdevno striqonebze kvlevis

mimarTulebis gadanacvleba adamanidan saxelmwifoze calsaxad fiqsirdeba.

msgavssave zogadmeTodologiur princips emyareba Tavis “politikaSi”

aristotelec, romelic ufro mkveTrad warmoadgens xolme meTodologiur

moTxovnebs. is wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT

8

Mamuka Bichashvili

COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY

(Summary)

After a period of dormancy, the political theory is beginning to reemerge as an existing field of theoretical study in Georgia. The given course of lectures manifests this emergence. The aim and the main idea of course are to provide a collection of both classical and non-classical authors in order to bring the resources available in the field up to New Time political theory. Almost theories of ten authors from Plato’s “Republic” to Rousseau’s “Contract Social” are discussed during the course. The course has the following structure:

Introduction.

” There is given a general plan of the followed of lectures in Introduction. We have outlined two basic approaches to the study of politics. One of them, Political Philosophy, its carries the name not only to works of old philosophers, but mostly on the basis of its methodology. Political Philosophy presents more balanced picture of the politics mainly oriented to the abstract inquiry of the possible world. Such terms, as “phenomenon”, “essence”, “value” and so on, have very constructive power for such kind of theories. Scholars recognized in Political Philosophy the great importance of closer ties between philosophical outlook and ongoing political practice as well as renewed interest in traditional debates about the character of relationship between nature and social world. Political Philosophy begins with the question: what it should be a person’s relationship to state and society or to government and rulers. It generates visions of the good social life: of what it should be the ruling set of values and institutions. The subject matter is broad and connects readily with various branches of sub-disciplines of philosophy including philosophy of law and economics.

In according philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide between those, who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological holists. Methodological individualists seek to explain social actions and behavior in terms of individual action; meanwhile holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of group.

The next important methodological question relates both epistemologies as well as to ethics is the role that reason plays in social affairs. Positions we have got may be characterized as rationalism and irrationalism. Political rationalism emphasizes the employment of reason in social affairs: that individuals ought to submit the logic and universality of reason rather then their own subjective or cultural preconceptions. Irrationalists, from their side are criticizing rationalists for ignoring the intellectual and social heritage that often lies beneath contemporary society.

Many authors distinguish Political Science from Political Philosophy. Political Science predominantly deals with existing states of affairs and insofar as it is possible tries to be neutral in its descriptions: it seeks a positive analysis of such social events as constitutional issues, voting behavior, the balance of power etc.

Political Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of empirical science, empirical theory. Observation and correct description of ongoing political events are its main sources. Further, the attempt to unify a wide variety of political data, under significant theoretical framework, if successful, would give a deeper understanding of political reality and would provide powerful theories with the useful explanatory power.

Offering a difference between Political Philosophy and Political Theory, we do not mean, that there are two kinds of theories, having nothing in common. Contrary, we have to take into account, that these theories are distinct not by their object (object is the same for both cases – the political event), but by their methodology, mode of approaches. Theories of Hanna Arendt and Max Weber are good examples of such different approaches and for us, both are very useful.

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Plato’s “Republic”. Although “Republic” is not a single work of Plato in the field of politics, we discussed

mainly just this work, because of its complete character. First of all, we have to note, that English title of Plato’s main political work, “Republic”, that comes from its Latin equivalent, is not absolutely correct. The author uses title “Politeia”, that can be translated not only as “Republic”, but also as “Regime”, or much more better as “Constitution”, “State”, “Society”. At any case, Plato was writing about state or about society. Plato begins his inquiry with the problem of justice for individual and with the same problem for the city-state i.e. his interest moves to the problems of moral and social character. What he needs to do, first of all, is to explore the basis of social and moral obligation

. We try to explain why Plato comes from the first question to more complicate discussion concerning the state. As a matter of fact, Plato begins his theory of just man by assuming an important parallelism between the city and the individual. He was thinking ahead of the greatest possible unity of the city. Summarize the position he arrived at the position, that the just city is not a self-subsisting being like the idea of justice, located so to speak in a super heavenly place. Its status is rather like that of perfectly beautiful human being. By an analysis of the elements in the human mind Plato maintained the idea, that its well-being, full development and happiness are to be secured by doing right and not by doing wrong, to prove thereby that virtue is its own reward. All other kinds of rewards, including rewards and punishments after death, are merely secondary consideration.

The elements of mind, which theorist has to take into account are threefold and it has been suggested that threefold division is a more or less arbitrary reflection into the individual of the thee classes into which his state is organized. But, what is the class and how does the class system work in society – is the next question where we come by the previous analysis. We try to show, that Plato divides citizens not by their incomes, but by their occupations. Under this criteria all members of the city-state divides into three main parts: rulers, guardians and the rest population (excluding, of course, slaves). Such division of people presupposes definite order of subordination among them. We may say, that Plato’s class system represents a hierarchic society, but not cast system, because for individual it is allowed to move from one, for example low class, into another upper classes. Such kind of social mobility is depended on personal abilities of individual.

In some passages Plato speaks about upper classes (rulers and guardians) so, as if his three classes are not so much three as two, one of which is further sub-divided. Plato writes too much on morality and education system for upper classes, in despite of third class, which he does not tell us much. Only thing we know about the members of this class is that they are not working class, but some, who are engaged in economical activities. All they allowed to own property. Their function is to provide for the material and economic needs of the community. Their main virtue is obedience and they are under strict control.

How the city-state grew up? – Is one more important question discussed by Plato? The state arose under the natural conditions of perfect being. The state is a whole and human being is a part of that whole and always is realizing himself in the rank of citizenship of the city. City-state is a natural unification of the people. Although the state arose in a natural way, the mode of its functioning is completely conventional. According to Plato, there are five kinds of regime: (1) kingdom or aristocracy, the rule of the best man, or the best men, that is directed toward goodness or, virtue, by the regime of the just city; (2) Thimocracy, the rule of lovers of honor or of the ambitious men which is directed toward superiority or victory; (3) Oligarchy or the rule of the rich, in which wealth is most highly esteemed; (4) Tyranny, the rule of the completely unjust man, in which unqualified and unashamed injustice holds away. The descending order of the five kind of regime is modeled on Hesiod’s descending order of five races of men: the races of gold, of silver, of bronze, the divine race of heroes, and the iron race.

Now we know much more about the positive answer on Plato’s main question – “What is the justice for the city-state”? In the case of individual, it consists of keeping a proper balance among three elements of soul; each will then be doing its own job. True morality consists, in fact, in giving due satisfaction to the different elements in us and preventing any of them dominating at the expense of the others. The justice is defined as minding individuals own business, fulfill his proper function in society.

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platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”

Sesavali. politikuri filosofiis gadmocemas platonis saxelmwifos

TeoriiT daviwyebT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda ufro adreuli avtorisaTvis,

vTqvaT, TukididesaTvis migvemarTa, magram Cven arCevans platonze SevaCerebT

misi Teoriis srulyofili da sistematuri xasiaTis gamo. Tanac damokidebuleba

platonis “saxelmwifosadmi”, romelic Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagania, orgvari

SeiZleba iyos. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am dialogs saTanado adgili

uWiravs mTel platonis filosofiur sistemaSi. meore mxriv, isedac SegviZlia

mas SevxedoT, rom ramdenadac am naSromSi platoni wminda politikuri xasiaTis

sakiTxebis garda, maTive siRrmiseuli gadmocemisaTvis da maT konteqstSi, exeba

Tavisi filosofiuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela danarCen mniSvnelovan problemas,

“saxelmwifo” platonis filosofiis ZiriTadi mizania. platonis Sexedulebebis

gadmocemiT politikuri Teoriis dawyeba savsebiT gamarTlebulad gveCveneba,

radgan orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom platoni politikuri

xasiaTis sakiTxebs sxvaTa Soris ki ar yveba, aramed, savsebiT mizandasaxulad

warmogvidgens maT rogorc adamianis msoflmxedvelobis (gnebavT am SemTxvevaSi

sul erTi iyos) organul, Tu damagvirgvinebel Temad. es ki politikuri

TviTcnobirebis aSkara manifestaciaa, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod

cxovroben politikurad, aramed ician amis Sesaxeb da fiqroben politikuri

cxovrebis avkargianobaze. politikuris fenomenis aseTi refleqsuri xasiaTi ki

Zalze mniSvnelovani sawyisia politikis TeoriisaTvis.

platonis politikuri Teoriis srulyofili gageba, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs

“saxelmwifos” garda, sxva dialogebis, pirvel rigSi, albaT, “kanonebis”

analizzsac, magram msgavsi detalizacia Zalze scildeba Cvens miznebs.

SemovizRudebiT “saxelmwifos” politikuri sakiTxebiT da sxva problemebs

mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs sagnis gadmocemis logika.

am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, vidre uSualod “saxelmwifoze” gadavidodeT, gvinda

oriode sityviT SevexoT politikuri problemebisadmi platoniseul midgomas,

ramac gansazRvra politikuri filosofiis magistraluri xazi makiavelamde.

platonis saxelmwifos idealur saxelmwifos uwodeben. amgvar daxasiaTebas

orgvari, Tanac erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi mniSvneloba aqvs. jer erTi,

“idealuri” niSnavs saukeTesos, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT da,

platonis CanafiqriT, saxelmwifos misi proeqti marTlac saukeTeso iyo yvela

SesaZlo, maT Soris arsebul, saxelmwifoTa Soris. daxasiaTebis meore

mniSvnelobiT, platonis saxelmwifo idealuria rogorc ara realurad arsebuli

saxelmwifos aRwera, aramed rogorc gadmocema im politikuri struqturebisa,

romelic arsebobs mxolod rogorc idea. xolo platonisaTvis is, rac arsebobs

rogorc idea, amave dros flobs Tavis gvarSi saukeTesod arsebobis wess. imis

gasagebad, Tu ratom miudga sakiTxs platoni amgvarad, dainteresebul

mkiTxvels mouwevs platonis ideebis TeoriaSi garkveva, risi gadmocemac Cvens

miznebs scildeba. CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia miTiTeba imaze, rom platonis

Semdgomi politikuri mwerloba makiavelamde, idealuri saxelmwifoebis “proeq-

tirebiT” iyo dakavebuli da Tuki exebodnen realurad arsebul politikur

urTierTobebs mxolod imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT idealuris buneba.

aqedan ar unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom platoni utopistia. arada arsebobs

garkveuli tradicia, romelic platonis politikuri filosofiis swored aseT

interpretacias gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc platonis idealuri saxelmwifo, ra

Tqma unda, Tomas moris utopiac ar arsebula sanamdvileSi, margam utopiisagan

gansxvavebiT, idealuri saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mxolod ocnebis, adamianis

fantaziis da proeqtirebis sferos. rogori problematuric ar unda iyos kavSiri

idealur da realur sagnebs Soris (da misi problematuri xasiaTi savsebiT naTlad

iyo gacnobierebuli Tavad platonis, Semdeg ukve misi mowafeebis mier), erT rameSi

SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom idealur sagnebsa da realur sagnebs Soris,

maT Soris idealur saxelmwifosa da realur saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri

platonis filosofiiT garantirebulia da, rom “idealurTan“ “ar arsebulis”

konotacia pirveli terminis moxmarebis mxolod periferiul ubnebzea dasaZebni.

7

saubrobs ara faqtebze, aramed xdomilebebze, rogorc TanmimdevrobaTa

konstelaciebze. politikuri filosofia marTalia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis

samyaros kvlevas, magram is mainc orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis

RirebulebiT orientaciebis Seswavlaze. xdomilebebi aq gaigeba politikur

qcevaTa SesaZleblobebad da adamianis moqmedebis orientirebad gaiazreba.

politikis Teoriis da politikuri filosofiis gamijvniT, Cven sulac ar

vamzadebT niadags saimisod, rom SemdegSi arCevani gavakeToT maT Soris an

vTqvaT, rom politikuri Teoria misi empiriuli xasiaTis gamo nakleb-

mniSvnelovania da zedapiruli an piriqiT, rom politikis filosofias araviTari

kavSiri ara aqvs realobasTan daswored misi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamo

ocnebis, utopiis sferos miekuTvneba (saTanado Zalisxmevis gareSe, Znelad Tu

ipovnis vinme raime gamorCeulad filosofiurs Tomas moris “utopiaSi”). Cven

midgomebs Soris gansxvaveba davafiqsireT da SemdgomSi gadmocemT rogorc im

avtorebs, vinc politikuri Teorias ayalibebda, aseve im avtorebsac, vinc

amjobinebda filosofiur midgomas.

gansxvaveba politikur Teoriasa da politikur filosofias Soris ar aris

gansxvaveba sagnis mixedviT. rogorc erTis, aseve meoris sagani erTi garkveuli

movlenebis, politikuri movlenebis rigia. maTi Seswavlis obieqti erTia —

politikuri. amitom, Tuki Cven mainc vlaparakobT maT Soris gamsxvavebaze, es

imitom, rom ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Seswavlis obieqtisadmi TiToeulis

midgomis specifikaSi, maT meTodilogiur principebSi mdgomareobs, rogorc es,

imedi gvaqvs, zemoT moyvanili daxasiaTebidanac kargad Cans. amgvari

gansxvavebuli midgomis nimuSebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT erTi mxriv, hana

arendis normatiuli midgoma Zalauflebis sakiTxisadmi, vTqvaT, naSromSi

“Human Condition” da meore mxriv, igive sakiTxis empiriul bazisze warmoebuli

analizi maqs veberisa. amrigad, erTi da igive obieqti politikurisa,

gansxvaveuli midgomebiT Seiswavleba da swored amaSi unda veZeboT diferenci

politikur filosofiasa da politikur Teorias Soris.

radganac orive Teorias erTi da igive Seswavlis obieqti aqvs, gvmarTebs es

sferoc SemovsazRvroT. modiT vikiTxoT, ra aris politikuri, ra saxis

xdomilebebze, movlenebze vsaubrobT, rodesac vsaubrobT politikurze?

ra Tqma unda, aqac SeiZleba gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebze, gansxvavebul

definiciebze SevCerdeT. magaliTad, Tu aviRebdiT politikuris aristotelur

daxasiaTebas, romelic aqcentirebas polisis fenomenze, berZnul qalaq-saxel-

mwifosa da misi kanonebiT cxovrebaze axdens. an, Tu, vTqvaT, amisgan gansxvavebiT,

SevCerdebiT politikuris im gagebaze, romelic aqvs karl Smits, romelic

politikurs megobroba-mtrobis konteqstSi iazrebs. davakvirdeT maTi kvlevis

areals da iolad aRmovaCenT, rom maT (iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebis) Tval-

sazrisebSi ganxilvis sakiTxebis mTeli wyeba identuria. es ki saSualebas

gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom politikurTan saqme gvaqvs im da swored im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac ganixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da am

Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan gamomdinare, iseTi problemebis rigi, rogo-

ricaa: saxelmwifo, mmarTvelobis formebi da saxeebi, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis

problema da a.S.

6

According to Plato’s methodological parallelism between individual and society, what is true about individual, is also true about society in the city-state. So, on the basic question – “which city-state is just?’ - Plato’s final answer sounds like this: the state is just, when and only when each class and element in society is fulfill its proper function.

Plato had very specific position about family and private property. Plato’s analysis of these phenomena defined further hot discussion about his being or not being totalitarian. Although, what Plato wrote on this subject deals only with two upper classes. The third class, presumable, lives under standard arrangements.

Plato’s specific position, concerning guardians and rulers, presupposes that among them both family and private property are to be abolished. It seems, Plato thought that private interest and private affections distracted man from his duty to community. According Plato the wealth is nothing, but a main cause of destruction of social stability.

Aristotle - “Politics”

Aristotle was a most gifted with sense student of Plato. He played very important role in development of Plato’s philosophy, although in some decisive questions his own position was evidently different. All this is true concerning to the problems of political philosophy. For example, Aristotle abandoned Plato’s theory of family and private property. It seems that the main reason of his different position was his belief that no ruler could necessarily get rid of evils by changing institutions of society. The evil might be in human nature and not in a system of private property. For Aristotle the instinct to possess was natural and provided it did not degenerate into selfishness. The common property is apt to be treated not with the care given to something, which is our own, but with the careless so often shown to what belong to other people.

Such disagreement between teacher and pupil in ancient time was very ordinary one. Aristotle himself was a teacher of Alexander the Great. Alexander brought to an end the kind of world, which had been presupposed by the theory of Aristotle – A world in which the basic political unit was the independent self-sufficient polis, a world in which the distinction between Greek and barbarian was fundamental.

All this is only one example of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle. There are many others. But for Aristotle the critic of Plato was not self-reasonable thing. He made valuable contribution for development of political theory as a follower of Plato and by the further development of his ideas.

For right understanding of Aristotle’s political theory, our course of lections we propose to begin discussion by the analysis of the concept of “nature”. Doing that, we are coming from the Aristotle’s core definition of human being. He defines “Human being” as a political animal. Such definition means, that a man is by his nature inhabitant of the polys (city-state).

To understand the term “Physis” (Greek equivalent of “Nature”), we can contrast to it another Greek term “Nomos”, that can be translated as “custom”, “law”, “convention”. Nomos, convention, varies from place to place, meanwhile the nature, physis is the same everywhere. We have to distinguish therefore, what holds by physis and what holds by nomos. In society there exists both kind of rules, so call natural rules and habits and rules by convention.

What does it mean to exist by nature would be clear if we take for discussion such natural thing, as tree. A tree that exists naturally consists with definite parts. A tree is not a collection of roots, trunk and branches, but has a definite form. When it loses that form, it ceases to be a tree. Living things have within them a principle of grow which implies them to develop towards an end. Aristotle’s concept of natural is thoroughly teleological. Everything that exists by nature exists for an end and one cannot grasp its nature without understanding the end.

From this point of view, we are ready to go to analysis Aristotelian polis. Polis is not a collection of men, but something that exists by its nature. Human beings naturally form families, the village is a natural aggregation of families and the polis is outgrowth of the village. Aristotle’s definition of the man, that man is a political animal, now means, that man is made by nature to live in polis.

The polis is an association of the people. All associations or forms of partnership exist for the sake of some good. The purpose of the city-state is thus to enable its citizens to live a

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life of virtue or excellence. The life of virtue is a goal of the city-state’s existence and the closer a city comes to achieving that goal, the better it is.

In “Politics” Aristotle gives an analytical framework for deeper understanding different forms of government. Differentiation depends on accordance to whether power is in the hands of one man, or more, or many. In each case, Aristotle distinguishes right and wrong forms. Among the right forms kingship is on the first place. It is the rule of one man for the common interest. Oppose to kinship, wrong form of ruling is tyranny. Tyranny as well as kingship is a rule of one man, but tyrant is ruling in his own interest.

Aristocracy is a rule of few. Aristocracy manifests itself in different sub-forms. One of them presupposes the rule of few under of authority of their ancestors. Genuine aristocrats owe their positions by their own virtue. Wrong form of aristocracy is oligarchy – the rule of wealthy. The last two forms of right and wrong ruling are polity and democracy. For Aristotle democracy is the rule of poor.

The practical focus of “Politics” is most apparent in its three books. In those books Aristotle concentrates much of his attention on democracy and oligarchy, describing their different varieties and the means by which they may be preserved.

Aristotle has an evident horror of what he sees as extreme democracy in which the popular assembly has the power to do whatever it likes, but he has an equal horror of lawless monarchy or lawless oligarchy.

Cicero

We took Cicero as a Roman author, who was much more closer to political practice, than any well-known ancient political thinker. He dedicated to political problems two works – “Republic” and “Laws”. The coincidence of these titles to titles of Plato’ main political dialogs, presupposes deep ties between Cicero and ancient Greek political writers.

Many commentators wrote, that Cicero did not offer anything new in political theory but only remove Plato/Aristotelian tradition toward the Roman affairs

Concerning Cicero in our lecture, we try to show the following: a) Cicero as a political writer, of course, was in great dependence on Greek tradition. Like Plato he wrote dialogs and the problems he discussed in his writings, have Greek origins. b) Besides of such close ties, Cicero arose questions with specific Roman nuances. On the traditional question – which political regime is best, he gave priority to state, which has mixed ruling forms (like Roman Republic) of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. c) Cicero’s judgment about social spirit of people seems to us very original. Coming from the concept of social spirit, he gained the following definition to “commonwealth” (that is to “state”): A commonwealth is the affair of people. But a people is not any collection of human beings brought together in any sort of way, but an assemblage of people, in large number associated in an agreement with respect to justice and a partnership for the common good. d) From the given point of view, Cicero gave characteristic to foundation of Rome not as an enforcement of one single genius person, but as an act of many persons and, that is more important, as an action, or better, process, that was continuing during years of history. Constitution of Rome was not produced by conscious planning of one person, but developed in a great length of time and by great variety of accidents. Its perfection represents the culmination of a natural process of slow and almost unconscious growth.

Middle Ages: St. Augustin

For St. Augustine philosophy serves the faith both in it and in its relation to nonbelievers. It may be used as a tool to gain a fuller understanding of the divinely inspired truth. Although the New Testament is primarily concerned with man’s eternal destiny, it has much to say about the condition of rulers and subjects and about manner in which men are called upon to live in the city.

St. Augustine’s most extensive work on political subject is “The City of God”. A big part of this work stands as a controversy with pagans and heretics. At the same time, his treatise serves as philosophical defense of the faith and at the same time as a theoretical defense of philosophy for which he provides a justification under the basis of Sacred Scripture.

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politikuri Teoriis kursi

leqciebis kursi Cafiqrebulia rogorc politikuri da sociologiuri

Teoria. SesaZloa kursis amgvari danawileba, kategorizacia mTlad zusti ar

iyos, radgan kursi mTlianobaSi moiazreba rogorc socialuri Teoria, margam

imdenad, ramdenadac masSi aqcentireba moxdeba politikuri da sociologiuri

Teoriis konkretul aspeqtebze, Cven vamjobineT SemoTavazebuli saxeli

SevinarCunoT. politikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sxvadasxva gziT.

vTqvaT, problemebis Tanmimdevruli gaSlis an Teoriebis tipologiaze

orientirebis gziT. Cven gadavwyviteT davemyaroT konkretul avtorebs da maTi

Teoriebis gadmocemas. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT movicavT rogorc istoriul

masalas, aseve SevZlebT vaCvenoT politikuri Teoriis zogadi buneba da misi

ganviTarebis magistraluri gezi. Tuki Cvens naSroms masalis gadmocemis amgvari

wesis gamo vinme uwodebda politikuri Teoriis istorias, Cven ar

gavaprotestebT saxelwodebas. yvelafers rac ki droSi arsebobs, Tavisi

istoria aqvs da sad SeiZleba sagnis buneba gamovlindes ufrocxadad, Tu ara

missave istoriaSi. Tumca, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv istoriuli mxare

masalis gadmocemisa, Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens.

ra tipis Teoriebze gveqneba saubari, rodesac ganvixilavT politikuri

Teoriis problemebs? Cven SevexebiT Teoriebs, romelTac zogierTi politikur

filosofias an ubralod politikur Teorias uwodebs. avtorebis es nawili

amgvar dayofisas aqcents akeTebs termin politikurze da naklebd interesdeba

misi gamoxatulebis filosofiuri Tu arafilosofiuri mxareebiT. Cvens

leqciebis kursSi gadmocemuli masala iTvaliswinebs amgvar midgomas, rac imaSi

aisaxeba, rom Cven mogviwevs SevexoT rogorc filosofiuri refleqsiiT

dafuZnebul, aseve deskripciuli safuZvelze SemuSavebul Teoriebs. miuxedavad

amisa, Cven vacnobierebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba politikur filosofiasa da

wminda politikur Teorias Soris da gvsurs SesavalSi swored am sakiTxs

davuTmoT ramdenime sityva.

politikuri Teoria yalibdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis

da maTi deskripciuli aRnusxvis safuZvelze. politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi

kiTxvaa “ratom?” — “ratom xorcieldeba esa da es?” mas ainteresebs rogor

vlindeba politikuri cxovrebis konkretul sferoebSi. politikuri Teoria

ikvlevs politikuri institutebis mowyobis principebs da maTi funqcionirebis

teqnologiebs.

politikuri Teoria ZiriTadad orientirebulia faqtebis samyaroze. faqti

hegelis kvalad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc raRac, rac mocemulia “axla”

da “aq”. amgvarad orientirebuli TeoriebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara

politikis “subieqtebs”, romlebis nebelobis mqone, RirebulebiTad orien-

tirebuli arsebebia, aramed ufro “agentebs”an “aqtiorebs”, maT “funqciebs”,

“scenarebs” an, bolos, “rolebs”.

gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom

politikuri Teoria, misi empiriuli orientaciis miuxedavad, mainc Teoriaa da is

ar unda avurioT politikur movlenebze zegavlenis, individebis masSi

CarTulobis an gnebavT, piriqiT, amorTulobis uzrunvelyofis konkretuli

teqnologiebis kvlevisagan. amgvari meqanizmebis analizi da ukve aprobirebuli

teqnologiebis aRwerebi sul ufro mravalferovan saxes iZens Tanamedrove

politikuri samyaros garTulebis kvalad. Tu politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi

saorientacio kiTxvaa “ratom?”, teqnologiebis mkvlevari an, iqneb, umjobesia

mas eqsperti vuwodoT, orientirebs kiTxviT “rogor?”

rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi klasikuri formiT, empiriuli

Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tana-

medrove modifikaciebSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa “ra?”

anu “ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavs politikuri xaisaTis

xdomilebebSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci?” amgvari kvleva aucileblobiT ar

unda warmovidginoT siRrmiseuli analizis pretenziis mqone Teoriad. igi

5

jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ..................................................................57

1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba......................................58

2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi ..........................................................................59

3.sakuTreba.......................................................................................................................................60

4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ......................................................................62

5.saxelmwifos formebi da xelisuflebis dayofa ...........................................................63

Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni” ............................................................65

1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi.........................................................................................65

2.saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi......................................................66

2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris .......................................................69

3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba .......................................................................................70

4. omis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................................72

5.geografiuli determiizmi .....................................................................................................73

Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria...................................................................74

1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba .......................................................74

2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................................................77

3.suverenis cneba ...........................................................................................................................78

4. saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................................79

emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi ...............................................82

omis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................83

kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.........................................................................................................84

morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi ...............................................86

adam fergiusonis (1723-1816)

“esse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb” ..................................................89

1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.....................................................................89

2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb ...................................90

2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba ...................................................................................92

3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb .....................................................................93

4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba....................................................................................95

5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb ...................................................................96

edmund berkis konservatizmi .................................................................................................98

franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi .............99

memkvidreobiToba .......................................................................................................................100

Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli .....................................................................101

Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da

adamianis Rirseba rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli ........................103

franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg .......................................105

“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi” ...............................................................................................107

franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi ...............................................................................107

COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY ...........................................................................109

4

Most important part of his work Augustine dedicates to the teaching concerning virtue. This teaching has its roots in both the philosophical and biblical tradition. A man here is interpreted as a social animal by nature. Human being has been endowed with speech, by means of which he is able to communicate and enter to various relationships with another men. By associating with his fellow men, human being is forming with them a political community that man attains his perfection. Augustine defines “commonwealth” as an assemblage of men associated by a common acknowledgement of right and by a community of interests. Later he explains a word “right” by a word “justice”.

The moral order of the society is rooted in a natural order established by speculative reason. This order in nature requires the universal and complete subordination of the lower to higher both within man and outside of him. The same hierarchy should be observed in society as a whole and is encountered when virtuous people obey wise rulers, whose minds are in turn subject to the divine law.

The Sacred Scripture distinguishes only two kinds of societies, to which all men of all times belong – the city of God and the earthly city. There is analogy between them and only by analogy these societies are called cities. The distinction between them corresponds to the distinction between virtue and vice. According to St. Augustine why a person would be a member of one or the other of these two cities is not depend on a race or nationality of that man, but on the end that he pursues and to which he ultimately subordinates all of his actions.

Alfarabi

Alfarabi recovered classical political tradition and made it intelligible within the new context provided by revealed religions. His writings concerned with the political regimes and the attainment of happiness through political life. In his works Alfarabi discussed the problem of relationship between classical political writings and Islam. He gains such well-known followers as Avicena and Averroes. His most important work in political philosophy was “The Virtuous City” and “The Political Regime”. The virtuous regime is such political order whose guiding principle is the realization of human excellence or virtue. A man needs to archive his perfection through the activity proceeding from rational understanding, deliberation and choosing among various alternatives suggested to him by reason. The ultimate perfection of man is identical with the supreme happiness available to him.

Alfarabi gave the following classification of regimes: (1) the regime whose citizens have had no occasion to acquire any knowledge at all about divine and natural beings. These are ignorant regimes. (2) The regime whose citizens possess the knowledge of those things but do tot act according to their requirements; these are dissolute or immoral regimes. (3) Regimes whose citizens have acquired certain opinions about these things but false or corrupt opinions that claim to be about divine and natural beings and about true happiness, while actually they are not. .Alfarabi calls them erring regimes.

The character of the citizens is formed with a view to attain one or more of lower ends. Alfarabi gives these ends as six and each of the general type can be subdivided according to the end that dominated in it. (1) The regime of necessity (or indispensable regime) in which the aim of the citizens is confined to the bare necessities of the life; (2) The vile regime (oligarchy) in which the ultimate aim of the citizens is wealth and prosperity of their own sakes. (3) The base regime. The purpose of whose citizens is the enjoyment of sensory or imaginary pleasure; (4) The regime of domination (tyranny), whose citizens aim at overpowering and subjecting others; (5) The regime of honor (democracy), whose citizens aim at being honored, praised and glorified by others; (6) The regime of corporate association (democracy), the main purpose of whose citizens is being free to do what they wish.

Concerning the best ruler, Alfarabi writes, that such ruler has to unify in himself qualities of wise ruler and prophet. This man, wrote Alfarabi, is true prince according to the ancients, he is the one whom it ought to be said that he receives revelation. For man receives revelation only when he attains this rank – when there is no longer intermediary between him and the Active Intellect. The rule of this man is the supreme rule; all other human rulers are inferior to it and are derived from it. Alfarabi’s approach to religion leads to a philosophical science of divine laws. By presenting divine laws, jurisprudence and theology as parts of political science, he points to the possibility of a neutral discussion of all religions or sects and of the features common to them all.

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Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas was born in 1227 in Neapolitan territory. He was from old highborn

south Italian family. His political thoughts are based upon his theological and ontological considerations, where St. Thomas was the follower of Aristotle. Aquinas did more than anyone else to establish Aristotle as the leading philosophical authority in the Christian West. St. Thomas’ political philosophy is best understood as a modification of Aristotle’s political philosophy the light of Christian revelation. In his main writings, the “Summa Theologiae”, he does not ask whether besides the philosophic disciplines another science, for example, sacred doctrine is necessary.

Aquinas established the rules under which Christian world was ruled by two distinct powers and two distinct codes of law: ecclesiastical and the civil. As the result, such specific issues as the origin of divine and human laws, the relation between the two, and the communication of divine laws through the medium of prophecy or revelation. These problems are discussed by St. Aquinas in terms of Plato but not Aristotle.

The civic society is natural to Aquinas. But it is not given by nature. It is something to which is inclined by nature and which is necessary for the perfection of his rational nature. Human being is nature’s remarkable product. But he is brought into the world more helpless than any animal. Instead nature has furnished him with reason, which he is eventually able to provide himself and meet his needs as they arise.

The first society to which man belongs and without which he could not live is the family. Specific purpose of family is to produce the necessities of life and thus guarantee the preservation of both the individual and the species. But family cannot supply all the material goods that man needs for his sustenance and his protection. The truly self-sufficient human association capable of securing the conditions of virtue and satisfying all man’s earthly needs is the city. The city is the most perfect work of practical reason. Only within the framework of civil society can man attain the fullness of life, so that the men is far from human perfection like a beast (such as man leads a solitary life away from company of his fellow men) or men has already exceeded that perfection and achieved a state of godlike self-sufficiency.

The common good and the end of political authority are in the first instance peace or the harmony of different parts that combine to make up the city. Peace exists when each part adjusted to the whole.

One of the remarkable parts of St. Thomas’ doctrine is his history of natural law that presents specific synthesis between biblical faith and Aristotelian philosophy. The law of nature appeared as a natural law cannot be reduced exclusively to the will of God. But as a law, however, it also contains an explicit reference to God’s will. These and all like them considerations of St. Thomas finds its metaphysical expression in doctrine of distinction between essence and existence in all beings outside of God. Although, that distinction is to be regarded as distinction of reason and not in any way a real distinction.

Nicollo Machiavelli

Machiavelli was born in Florence, when Italy was divided between four dominant city-stases and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger foreign governments. Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. After the break of his political career, Machiavelli became well known political writer.

Classical political philosophy clarifies or elaborates the conflicting claims to rule that are raised whenever men associate together; it articulates the degree and sense of justice which each of such claims means to assert. By understanding and clarifying the unity and diversity in the claims which set men apart, it attempts to provide the answer to how men ought to live together and is thus a guide to justice and the common good. Detached from the interests that animate these claims, classical political philosophy is the deliverer of the community a non-divine benediction to mankind. Machiavelli continued this tradition in such way, at the same time had elaborated his own new approaches.

Our lecture concerning on Machiavelli’s political theory is based on his main political work -”The Prince”. Machiavelli opens “The Prince” describing the two principal types of governments: monarchies and republics. The most controversial aspects of Machiavelli’s analysis emerge in the middle chapters of the given book Here he proposes to describe the

114

s a r C e v i

politikuri Teoriis kursi ........................................................................................................5

platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”.....................................................................................7

1.samarTlianobis problema........................................................................................................8

2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma .........8

3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema......................................................................................9

3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi.........................................................................9

3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo ...................................................................................10

3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura ..............................................................................................11

3.3 1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi......................................12 .

3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea........................13

4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia.............................13

5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci....................................................................14

6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.

saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri formebi...........................................................................15

7. sxva sakiTxebi..............................................................................................................................16

aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria .....................................................................17

1. saxelmwifo da adamiani...........................................................................................................17

2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba......................................................................................19

3. moqalaqis cneba..........................................................................................................................20

4. saxelmwifoebis formebi .......................................................................................................22

ciceroni (106-43) ...............................................................................................................................25

1. saxelmwifos msaxureba ...........................................................................................................26

2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma ...........................................27

3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi ..................................................................................28

Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi

(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli) ..............................................................29

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) ......................................................................................................36

1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia ..............................................................................36

2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis

SemoerTebis da maTi marTvis teqnologiebi ...............................................................38

3.samxedro saqme .............................................................................................................................39

4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi ..........................................................................................41

5.politikuri moralis cneba ...................................................................................................43

Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia ..................................................................................................45

kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea ..........................................................45

sxva sakiTxebi..................................................................................................................................47

Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani” .....................................................................................48

1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi ............................................49

2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba ..................................................................................................51

3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba ...............................................................................................51

3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis formebi.................................................................................52

4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi.................................................................53

5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba .......................................................................................................55

6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi................................................................................................................55

3

socialur mecnierebaTa seria

mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili

enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava

dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi

© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006

© Center for Social Sciences, 2006

q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10

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The book has been published by the Center for Social Sciences, sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.

ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 4 - X

truth about surviving as a monarch, rather than recommending lofty moral ideas. He describes those virtues, which we think a prince should possess. He concludes that some virtues will lead to a prince’s destruction, whereas some “vices” allow him to survive. Indeed the virtues we commonly prize in people might lead to his downfall. For Machiavelli it is the best for prince to have a reputation for being stingy. He argues also, that it is better for a prince to be severe punish people rather then merciful.

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes “Leviathan” first appeared in England in 1651. Hobbes wrote the work in France, where he had been in exile since 1640. After its first publication, “leviathan” was recognized to be the masterpiece of British political thinking. Hobbes civil philosophy was presented as growing out of his natural philosophy. The theory itself was constructing in a deductive and scientific form like philosophical systems of Decartes and Spinoza. At the same time Hobbes remind humanist that is not surprising, because in his century the status of natural science was bound up with moral philosophy.

One of the most important notions of Hobbes theory is the notion of Free will. Hobbes wrote a great deal on this issue. Hobbes denied the classical understanding of the phenomenon of free will. For him the traditional notion of free will is absurd, because all intentions and actions must be caused by previous material processes. It does not mean, that Hobbes thought as if we should not deliberate purposively about our actions. He argued that when it is determined, that one thing will be chosen before another by human being, it is determined also for what cause it should be chosen.

Hobbes moral philosophy presupposed the ability to perform complicated thinking about what kind of person we want to be and how we should live. We merely have to understand that this subjective sense of freedom to choose how to live is no more based on real freedom, and then our subjective sense of color is based on real color. Maintaining this, Hobbes has developed old philosophical tradition coming from Tacitus. Under this tradition human agents were open to causal manipulation of more or less reliable kind.

Next very interesting position developed by Hobbes is his realistic ethics. He defined “Good” as whatsoever are the object of any means appetite or desire and the object of his hate or adversity as “Evil”. Moral language, like color language, constantly tempted its users to attribute to the external world a set of imaginary attributes and as a consequence to dispute with one another about the world.

Hobbes discussed about practical effects of his theory. He himself believed that the correct understanding and application of his philosophy would transform human life. The first step toward this direction was recognition of the true nature of conflict of believes, interests and passions of people. The only common fundamental desire for human beings, from this point of view is to preserve oneself from death. All other passions and desires involve some belief about one’s position in the world and the threats which one might be facing.

John Locke

In his main political work, “Two Treatise on Government” Locke has two main purposes in view: to refute the doctrine of divine and absolute right of Monarch, as it had been put forward by Sir Robert Filmer’s “Patriarchia” and to establish a theory which would reconcile the liberty of citizen with political order. The criticism of Filmer in the first Treatise is complete. His theory of absolute sovereignty of Adam has lost all interest. Locke’s argument has been very effective, but his exhaustive replay to absurd thesis of Filmer becomes itself wearisome. Second Treatise starts from common sense position. Here is given two fundamental claim of liberalism, that all men are equal and free. If God could be shown to have given any man, or any order of men superiority over other men, then these inferences could not be drawn. This conclusion is main result of First Treatise in Locke’s work on government.

What is discussed in Second Treatise is Hobbsean notion of natural condition. The first impression of Locke’s state of nature seems very unlike Hobbes’ state of nature. But in fact it can be easy discovered similarities. For Locke the state of nature is simply the condition in which the executive power of the law of nature remains exclusively in the hands of individuals and has not been made communal. It was the original condition of all humanity.

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The state of nature characterized by the absence of any law. In the state of nature everyone has executive power. Locke provides many passages to support the conclusion that the state of nature will frequently be indistinguishable from the state of war. The source of law for society would be found in the strongest desire of men. The law has peace and preservation as its end. It will be obeyed because of the universal desire for preservation of civil society.

Locke wrote, that the labor is the origin and justification of property and that contract or consent is the ground of government. Behind this doctrine lies the idea of the independence of the individual person. Men are born free and equal in rights. Whatsoever a man, mixes his labor with, is his own. The civil society originates when men agree to delegate function of administrate to certain officers. Thus government is instituted by a “social contract”; its powers are limited and they involve reciprocal obligations. Locke’s theory is rendering of the facts of constitutional government in terms of thought and it served as justification of the Revolution settlement in accordance with the ideas of the time.

Rousseau

Citizen of Geneve, Rousseau reacted against the corruption of social order and institutions of his time. Error and prejudice in the name of philosophy had stifled reason and nature and had corrupted morals. The Social Contract was his most influential work. Its decisive thesis was that all men are both free and equal. Regards the state that is a manifestation of contract, individuals’ surrender non of their natural rights, but rather agree for the protection of them. Most remarkable in Rousseau’s projected republic was the provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. Social contract became the textbook of French Revolution.

Rousseau disliked Enlightenment. The main basis of his attack on the Enlightenment is Rousseau’s belief that progress of the arts and sciences was not the condition of progress of civil society. The arts and the sciences require an atmosphere of luxury and leisure in order to flourish. They themselves emerge, in general, from vices of soul. The society dominated by the arts and sciences is one full of inequality. Society is transformed to support the arts and the sciences and their products and this very transformation creates a life full of vain self-regard and injustice.

Rousseau put old philosophical question - what is justice? Which society is just? In times and society, thinks Rousseau, justice consists in maintaining the privileges of those in positions of power. All known states are full of inequalities of birth, wealth and honor. These inequalities can be justified in terms of the preservation of the regime, but that does not make them more tolerable for those who do not enjoy them.

Civil society is not something natural. One can go to a time prior to the civil society to find man as he is naturally. This investigation is necessary to determine the origins of the state. Such approach provides the possibility to see, that civil society is conventional.

Since man is not primarily political and social, he must be divested of all qualities that are connected with life in a community if we are to understand him as he is by nature. The first is the reason. Reason depends upon speech and speech implies social life. The movement from the natural state to the civil state provides a very great change in man. Formerly he was a beast, now he has become a moral being. In the state of nature man acted only from instinct, now he must consider his action in relation to principle so that the chose and freedom take on a moral sense. If man continues to act according to the level of animals. From this point Rousseau goes to the idea of common will that provide necessary basis for contract social. The common will in other words explained as “sovereign” and indicates to the source of all legitimacy that is in the people as of bearer of free will.

Government receives its instructions from the general will and uses its authority to determine the acts of the citizens according to the sense of the sovereign. There exists something intermediary between sovereign and individual citizen. The form of government determined the form of society and with the change of government a new society would be constituted. The government is a necessary evil because men need direction in the exercise of their free will.

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socialur mecnierebaTa seria

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Teoria

momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris

akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze

saleqcio kursi

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Tbilisi

2006