Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia - Aris Subagiyo · Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia 6thASEAN...
Transcript of Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia - Aris Subagiyo · Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia 6thASEAN...
Politics of ICT in Southeast Asia
201703076th ASEAN Forum
Okamoto Masaaki(CSEAS, Kyoto University)
Bandung City Command Center
Drone School in West Kalimantan
ASEAN in the Last 15 Years & the Coming 15 Years?
•Coming and Rapid Development of ICT Society
• The Industries of the Future (by Alec Ross)
Disparity in the Post-Cold War Eastern Europe
vsEstonia(1.31 Mil.)
Ukrine(45.20 Mil.)
The Future of Technology Development
•The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces that will shape our future
DematerializationDecentralizationReal-time On DemandPlatform SynergyClouds
Becoming, Cognifying, Flowing, Screening, Accessing, Sharing, Filtering, Remixing, Interacting, Tracking, Questioning, Beginning
Dematerialization
•Using Less Material
• Digital Technology
The total amount of material the US citizen useto generate a unit of GDP
In 1870, 4kg In 1930, 1kg In 1977, 0.61kg In 2000, 0.28kg
Products to ServicesOwnership to Access
ICT-ized ASEAN CountriesNumber of Internet Users in 2000 and 2016
(Japan and ASEAN Countries)
Population(2016)
Internet User(2000)
Internet User(2016, 6)
Increasing Rate
(00→16)
Penetration
Japan 126 Mil. 47 Mil. 115 Mil. 1.4 91%ASEAN Countries 643 Mil. 11.44Mil. 275Mil. 23.0 43%
Population(2016)
Internet User(2000)
Internet User(2016,6)
Increase(00→16)
PenetrationFacebooker
(2016,6)Facebook
Penetration
Indonesia 258,316,051 2,000,000 88,000,000 43times 34.1% 88,000,000 34.1%
Malaysia 30,949,962 3,700,000 21,090,777 4.7times 68.1% 19,000,000 61.4%
Myanmar 56,890,418 1,000 11,000,000 10999times 19.3% 11,000,000 19.3%
Philippines 102,624,209 2,000,000 54,000,000 26times 52.6% 54,000,000 52.6%
Thailand 68,200,824 2,300,000 41,000,000 16.8times 60.1% 41,000,000 60.1%
Vietnam 95,261,021 200,000 49,063,762 244.3times 51.5% 40,000,000 42.0%
ASEAN Countries
[Source:http://www.internetworldstats.com]
ICT-ized ASEAN Countries(2016)
Mobile HP Owners
PopulationRatio
% of the Adult Population
HP Smart Phone PC TabletJapan 173.3Mil. 137% 88% 54% 89% 18%Indonesia 326.3Mil. 126% 85% 43% 15% 4%Malaysia 43.4Mil. 142% 96% 71% 35% 14%Philippines 119.2Mil. 117% 87% 55% 43% 24%Singapore 8.2Mil. 145% 96% 88% 71% 42%Thailand 82.8Mil. 122% 96% 64% 27% 11%Vietnam 143.0Mil. 152% 93% 55% 46% 12%
[Source:http://wearesocial.com]
Internet population is still growing Fast• Indonesia Internet users 100m users in 2016 (40% penetration)• Majority Internet users are 15-24, University GraduatesSrc: eMarketer 2015
76%
[source: Enda Nasution 2017]
But, in Indonesia…
[source: Enda Nasution 2017]
Question
How Has ICT-ization Been Transforming the Society, Politics and Economy?
Cases from Local Indonesia
Light and Shadow of ICT-ization
•Significant Impacts on Every Aspect of Life in Southeast Asia
(Government)Transparency, Speedy, Decentralization, Participation, Equalization(Global) Online Network
Less Private Space, Surveillance Society, Always-Online, Myopic, Demystifying Vertical Authority, Frequent Terorism
Could be bad or good, up to Actors
The Fourth Industrial Revolution?
Key: Z Generation (Born in 1995-2010)
Socio-political Transformation in ASEAN Countries
Democratization(Undermining Socialist/Authoritarian States):
Equalization:Bangkokian Lifestyle in Northeast Thailand
Accelerated LGBT MovementInclusion:
Anti Street Plant Cutting in Hanoi
Bersih Movement in Malaysia
Rise of Opposition Party in 2013 Election in Cambodia
Sinar Project in Constrained Environment of Malaysia
To SEA:
Socio-political Transformation in ASEAN Countries
Disparity: Digital Divide
Divided Online Access in Bersih Movement in Malaysia
State-Surveillance: Crack Down on Red Shirt by Thai Military
Indonesia?
Exclusion: Fierce (Religious, Nationalistic, Moral) Backlash against LGBT Movement
Impact of ICT-ization in Indonesia
• Idol Twitter, Idol Voting
• Online Hijabers Community
Lonely Suicide Terrorism using Online Bomb Making ManualRapid Increase of Radical Islamism Website(Government Ban on 22 Websites in 2016)
• Mobile Quran, Online Religious Advice(→Changing Reference on the Justice)
Social and Political Impact
• Election of Joko Widodo as President
Born in a Poor Family→Famous University→Businessman
→Mayor→Jakarta Governor→President
∵Democratization(1998-)Decentralization(2001-)
Local Head’s Political Will and Achievement for Success and Popularity
ICT: Cyberspace Strategy(Election, Policy, PR)
Focus:Transformation in Local Indonesia
In Urban and Rural Areas
ICT-ization in Local Indonesia
• Jembrana District (Bali)
•Surabaya City (East Java)
• Jogjakarta City
J-ID (Welfare, Voting and others)
e-Musrenbang, e-Budgeting, Surabaya Single Window
e-Office, e-Procurement
☓Banten: Fake e-Procurement
ICT-ization in Local Indonesia: Bandung City
Bandung Mayor: Ridwan Kamil
One of the Three Reformist Local Heads
Leading E-governance
Population:2.4 Million
Facebooker:2.1 Million
Cf. Mayor’s Instagram:4 Million!
60% of the Population: <40
Higher Institutes:30<
SMEs:55% of GRDP
Keys:Reformation Collaboration and Decentralization
Smart City Award (Digital Economy No.1))(2016)
UNESCO Creative City Network (Design)(2015)
Online Power
•New Business Promotion
Registration is Enough for a Business with USD 5000 (30,000 New Businesses in Six Months)
Capital Fund with Less than USD 3000:No Collateral For a Group (More than 5 Persons) Finance(10,000 Finance Plans in One Year, No Arrear)
Market: Collaboration with Onlines Shop (Tokopedia) (Annual 16 Million Transaction)
Special Page for Bandung City in Facebook(First in ASEAN)
Online Power
• More Than 50 Mayor’s Routine Authorities to Sub-District Heads
• Rp.100 Mil. to Each of 1561 Neighborhood Associations
• Rp.100 Mil. to Each of 151 Town-Level Groups
• Decentralization
• Transparency
• Online Everyday Report Obligation by Town Head, Sub-district Head
• Obligation to Prompt Response to Community’s Complaints
Mayor’s Popularity: 80%
Just in a City?
Bottom-up Rural Transformation
Momentum: Village Law in 2014
→Decentralization to Villages(Third Wave of Democratization)
Road Map for Village Fund (2015-2019)2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Allocation toLocalGovernments 637,975.10 723,191.20 811,843.70 1,037,911.60 1,118,401.70Percentage ofVillageFund 1.42% 6.40% 10.00% 10.00% 10.00%AmountofVillageFund(millionrupiah) 9,066.20 46,982.10 81,184.30 103,791.10 111,840.20PercentageofVillageFund perVillage(millionrupiah) 122.4 628.5 1,095.70 1,400.80 1,509.50
TotalAmountofAllocationforAlltheVillages(fromNationalandLocalGovs.) 44,589.00 86,356.40 126,204.20 162,786.30 175,494.90
Total AllocationtoEachVillage(millionrupiah) 601.8 1,115.20 1,703.30 2,197.10 2,368.60
Village Empowerment for Sustainability, Democracy and Autonomy
Economic Benefit
22
Village Empowerment?
• In Java:Easier(→Utilization of Online Application)
Game My Village
Bojonegoro District:Data Revolution at Village(NGO+CSR)
Village Empowerment?
•Out of Java:Starting from Almost Nothing, Bordering Village, Certifying Land(←a Must for Village Fund and Mid-Term Village Plan)
Long-Term Perspective+Trail and Error: Worthy of Trial for Sustainably Village Empowerment
Ex: Utilization of Drone
Conclusion• ICT-ization: Positive and Negative, but Noticeable Positive Side at Local-level (at Least until now)
•Positive Transformation Movement Down to Rural Areas For a While→Digital Dividend
•Enhance the Social/Economic/Political Life in General, but not always Lead to Reduce the Regional and Local Disparity→Continuing Digital Divide
• ICT Trial: Business as Usual in the Future→Slowing Down the Reformation Process
Conclusion
• Political Factors such as Change of Local Head→Serious Destabilizing Factors for Further Reformation
• Sharing the Idea of “Persistence Pays Off” among Stakeholders: Key for Long-term Local Development
• ICT-ization: Positive Transformation at Local Level, but Positive at National and Global Level?