POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA presented by Salazar

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAPOLITICAL SYSTEMS

Presented by: Shinette P. Salazar

SUB SAHARAN AFRICA

is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. Politically, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara (excluding Sudan). It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa

POLITICS IN AFRICA

In recent times, Africa has come to be seen both by itself and by others, as more than a mere geographic entity. Its states share a history of foreign desire for economic autonomy and development. Symbolic of their conviction of common heritage and destiny is their participation in the Organization of African Unity (OAU), as well as coordinated diplomatic action on issues affecting Africa as a whole.

In 1415 Portuguese soldiers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to establish small outputs on the Moroccan Coast. From the modest beginning, a momentous historical process of European subjugation of Africa was initiated. The forces of intrusion gathered momentum over the centuries, reaching their peak with the “scramble of Africa” late in the 19th century.

EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM

The social map was changed

beyond recognition, with novel categories of class stratification and transformation of lines of racial, ethnic, and religious differentiation.

Colonialism defined the boundaries of the contemporary political units; dominant political forces and leaders in many countries began as moments of nationalist resistance.

Economic infrastructure and production of patterns were shaped by the interests and needs of the colonial powers.

LEGACY OF THE COLONIAL STATE

The contemporary African state system is affected in a number of ways by its colonial origins. The territorial definition of the state reflects the

administrative boundaries of the colonial partition. The colonial state was organized as a structure of

institutionalizing alien rule; its vocation was domination of a subjugated population.

Tradition of centralized, highly regulatory, and interventionist management of the economy.

CONSTITUTIONAL FORMSHEAD OF STATE

BASIS OF EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY

TABLE 1. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SUB SAHARAN AFRICA COUNTRIES WITH ITS CORRESPONDING CONSTITUTIONAL FORMS, HEAD OF STATE, AND BASIS OF EXECUTIVE LEGITIMACY

Country

Constitutional

Form

Head of State

Basis of

Executive Legitimacy

Algeria, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Guinea-Bissau,

Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Niger

São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal,

Zimbabwe

REPUBLIC

EXECUTIVE

Presidency

independent of legislature;

ministry subject to parliamentary

confidence

Angola, Benin,

Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire,

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Rwanda,

Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia

REPUBLIC

EXECUTIVE

Presidency

is independent

of legislature


Eritrea

Republic

Executive

Power

constitutionally linked to a single

political movement

South Africa, Botswana

Swaziland

Republic

Absolute Monarchy

Executive

Executive

Presidency and

ministry are subject to parliamentary

confidence All authority vested in absolute monarch

Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Somalia

Lesotho

Republic

Constitutional monarchy

Ceremonial

Ministry is subject to parliamentary

confidence


Semi-presidential systems (Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence)

In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister. Full presidential systems (Presidency is independent of legislature)

In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government.

There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president. Transitional (Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement)

States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change.

Mixed republican systems (Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence)

A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature, however they

are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet is). Absolute monarchies (All authority vested in absolute monarch)

The head of state and head of government is a monarch with unlimited legal authority

Parliamentary republics (Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence)

A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little (e.g. India) or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.

Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.

HEAD OF STATEAND GOVERNMENT

TABLE 2. LIST OF CURRENT HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT

STATE

HEAD OF STATE

HEAD OF GOVERNMENT

Algeria President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Prime Minister Abdelmalek Sellal

Angola President José Eduardo dos SantosBenin President Yayi Boni Prime Minister Pascal KoupakiBotswana President Lieutenant General Ian KhamaBurkina Faso President Blaise Compaoré Prime Minister Luc-Adolphe

TiaoBurundi President Pierre NkurunzizaCameroon President Paul Biya Prime Minister Philémon YangCape Verde President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister José Maria

NevesCentral African Republic

President Michel Djotodia Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye

Chad President General Idriss Déby Prime Minister Djimrangar Dadnadji

Comoros President Ikililou DhoinineCongo President Denis Sassou NguessoCongo, Democratic Republic Of The

President Joseph Kabila Prime Minister Augustin Matata Ponyo

Djibouti President Ismaïl Omar Guelleh

Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed

Equatorial Guinea President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo

Prime Minister Vicente Ehate Tomi

Eritrea President Isaias AfewerkiEthiopia President Girma Wolde-Giorgis Prime Minister Hailemariam

DesalegnGabon President Ali Bongo Ondimba Prime Minister Raymond Ndong

SimaGambia President Yahya JammehGhana President John Dramani MahamaGuinea President Alpha Condé Prime Minister Mohamed Said

FofanaGuinea-Bissau Acting President Manuel Serifo

NhamadjoActing Prime Minister Rui Duarte de Barros

Ivory Coast President Alassane Ouattara Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan

Kenya President Uhuru KenyattaLesotho King Letsie III Prime Minister Tom ThabaneLiberia President Ellen Johnson SirleafMadagascar President of the High Authority

of Transition Andry RajoelinaPrime Minister Omer Beriziky

Malawi President Joyce BandaMali Acting President Dioncounda

TraoréActing Prime Minister Django Sissoko

Mauritania President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz

Prime Minister Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf

Mauritius President Rajkeswur Purryag Prime Minister Navin Ramgoolam

Mozambique President Armando Guebuza Prime Minister Alberto Vaquina

Namibia President Hifikepunye Pohamba Prime Minister Hage Geingob

Niger President Mahamadou Issoufou Prime Minister Brigi Rafini

Nigeria President Goodluck Jonathan

Rwanda President Paul Kagame Prime Minister Pierre Habumuremyi

Sao Tome And Principe

President Manuel Pinto da Costa Prime Minister Gabriel Costa

Senegal President Macky Sall Prime Minister Abdoul Mbaye

Seychelles President James Michel

Sierra Leone President Ernest Bai Koroma

Somalia President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud

Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon

South Africa President Jacob Zuma

Sudan President Omar al-Bashir

Swaziland King Mswati III Prime Minister Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini

Tanzania President Jakaya Kikwete President Jakaya Kikwete

Togo President Faure Gnassingbé Prime Minister Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu

Uganda President Yoweri Museveni Prime Minister Amama Mbabazi

Zambia President Michael Sata

Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai

BICAMERAL STATES OF AFRICA

ZimbabweSwazilandSudanSouth AfricaRwandaNigeriaNamibiaMauritaniaMalawiMadagascar

LiberiaLesothoGabonEthiopiaCongo, Democratic Republic Of The CongoCameroonBurundiBotswanaAlgeria

UNICAMERAL STATES OF AFRICAComorosChadCentral African RepublicCape VerdeBurkina FasoBeninAngolaGambiaEritreaEquatorial GuineaDjiboutiGhana

GuineaGuinea-BissauIvory CoastKenyaMaliMauritiusMozambiqueNigerSao Tome And PrincipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneTanzaniaTogoUganda

FOUR SUCCESSFULAFRICAN COUNTRIES

SIERRA LEONE

SENEGAL

MALAWI

CAPEVERDE

are four African countries that have made remarkable progress in the last few years in establishing peace, building democracy, and laying the groundwork for economic prosperity.

Sierra Leone

Senegal

Malawi

Cape Verde

are four African countries that have made remarkable progress in the last few years in establishing peace, building democracy, and laying the groundwork for economic prosperity.

THEIR LEADERS

were in Washington March 28–29 to meet with President Obama and other high-level U.S. officials, to be honoured for their successes and to discuss plans for partnerships

to sustain their countries’ gains.

Pres. Ernest Bai Koroma of Sierra

Leone

Pres. Macky Sall of

Senegal

Pres. Joyce Banda of Malawi

Prime Minister José Maria Pereira Neves

of Cape Verde

At a public event sponsored by the U.S. Institute of Peace, the African leaders discussed

how they are consolidating democratic gains and promoting economic prosperity in their countries.

Building strong, independent, democratic institutions, nurturing civil society and

entrepreneurship, promoting human rights and women’s rights, involving youth in leadership

roles, and creating investor confidence were the common themes that ran through their

discussions.

SIERRA LEONE“We consider the youth

factor so important,” said Sierra Leone President Koroma, "[that] I have

committed my second term to developing youths,

ensuring that … they are empowered with what it

take[s] for them to realize the benefits of the new

opportunities that are imagined in the country.”

SENEGAL

Education, according to Senegal President Sall, remains “the cross-cutting issue” for his county.

“There's a proverb,” he said via interpreter, “that says that if you train a man, you train a citizen. If

you train a woman, you train a society because a trained and

educated woman has her entire family … benefit from her status.”

This means, Sall said, “everybody in society will be educated and

trained.”

MALAWI

“ We also have implemented social programs with the help of the IMF [International Monetary

Fund] to make sure that we cushioned the shock of the

devaluation of 49 percent that we were forced to implement last

year in order to bring our economy back on track,” Banda said. “It also meant introducing austerity measures, including selling the presidential jet and reducing my own salary by 30

percent.”

CAPE VERDE“Africa is the continent of the

future,” proclaimed Cape Verde Prime Minister Neves. It can make that claim,

he said speaking through an interpreter, only because of its rich past and enormous current pool of talented and capable citizens and

abundant natural resources.

But he added that there cannot be economic development without

stability, democracy, and political and social plurality. “I think the most

important thing we can do for Africa is to build capable governments,” he

said.

POLITICAL PARTIESOF AFRICA

POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA Partido Republicano de Angola (PREA), Republican Party of Angola.

The founder and President is Dr. Carlos Contreiras. "The Republican Party of Angola- (Partido Republicano de Angola-PREA) is a voluntary political, nonprofit organization formed in March 14 1988, and founded in August 1994 in the United States of America (USA). PREA party is the third Angola’s largest political party.

Southern Cameroon Youth League, SCYLOrganization opposed to the present government of Cameroon. "The SCYL is

not a Political Party. It is not a Njangi Group or a tribal or regional group of Southern Cameroonians. It is a Non-Profit Political Freedom Fighting Organisation, open not just for Southern Cameroonians alone but for all who cherish freedom and supports the Southern Cameroons Total Independence Drive."

Alliance Republicain Congo, ARC-CongoCreated in December 2000 as an organization to help promote

republican values." "Our mission is to build a free market society in the Congo." Its President is Voka Mankenda. Has the ARC Manifesto.

Eritrean People's Democratic Party, EPDPOpposition party supporting democratic change through nonviolent

struggle. "The EPDP was formed on January 1, 2010 through the merger of mainstream Eritrean opposition organizations which originated from the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) formed in 1961 and the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF)" "EPDP is a product of three political organizations, Eritrean People’s Party, Eritrean Democratic Party, and Eritrean People’s Movement“.

POLITICAL PARTIES OF AFRICA

Democratic Socialist Movement"An independent mass working people's political party with a

socialist programme to provide an alternative to the existing capitalist parties." In the 2003 election, supports the National Conscience Party (NCP) "led by the lawyer and fighter for human rights, Chief Gani Fawehinmi, who is also the party's presidential candidate.“

Movement for Democratic Change, MDCThe main opposition party. Its President is Morgan Tsvangirai,

former Secretary General of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions. Has news, the party manifesto, policy papers, profiles of leaders.


African National Congress (ANC)


ANC is the Republic of South Africa's governing political party, supported by its Tripartite Alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), since the establishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left".

The ANC deems itself a force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era; it officially defines its agenda as the National Democratic Revolution. The ANC is a member of the Socialist International. It also sets forth the redressing of socio-economic differences stemming from colonial- and apartheid-era policies as a central focus of ANC policy.

AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC)

PROMINENT LEADERS OF AFRICA

JACOB GEDLEYIHLEKISA ZUMA

Significant economic improvements have been made since the

attainment of democracy, President Jacob Zuma has said during his

keynote address.

Zuma became the President of the ANC on 18 December 2007 after defeating incumbent Thabo Mbeki at the ANC conference in Polokwane.

Zuma was also a member of the South African Communist Party (SACP), briefly serving on the party's Politburo until he left the party in 1990.

JACOB GEDLEYIHLEKISA ZUMA

“For a man who trades on personal popularity and emollience, President Jacob Zuma's case for his continued leadership of South Africa is strikingly negative. Instead of setting out a vision of future achievement, he stresses the mistakes he will avoid.”

One writer entitled his article:“Analysis: Jacob Zuma has some

achievements but needs a vision for the future”

Zuma has faced significant legal challenges.

In December 2005, Zuma was charged with raping a 31-year old woman at his home in Forest Town, Gauteng, but was acquitted.

Zuma became embroiled in a corruption related controversy.

Alleged abuses by bodyguards

Failure to disclose assets after taking office as President of South Africa

NELSON ROLIHLAHLA MANDELA

born 18 July 1918 is a South African anti-apartheid

revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election.

His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation.

Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997.

LEGACY Mandela is widely

considered to be "the father of the nation",

and "the founding father of democracy",

being seen as "the national liberator, the saviour, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".


IMAGE

Across the world, Mandela came to be seen as "a moral authority" with a great "concern for truth“.

Considered friendly and welcoming, Mandela exhibited a "relaxed charm" when talking to others, including his opponents.


POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

Mandela was an African nationalist, an ideological position he held since joining the ANC. Also being "a democrat, and a socialist".

He held a conviction that "inclusivity, accountability and freedom of speech" were the fundamentals of democracy, and was driven by a belief in natural and human rights.

A democratic socialist, Mandela was "openly opposed to capitalism, private land-ownership and the power of big money“.


THANK

YOU

POLITICAL SYSTEMS IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA presented by Salazar

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