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Transcript of Political Parties
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Political PartiesMichael P. Fix
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What is a Political Party?
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Political Parties Defined• There is no single definition of
political parties on which scholars can agree.
• Much of the debate on this has to do with party goals.
• In US, state governments largely control legal definition of parties
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Political Parties DefinedPragmatic Party
Model
Parties are organizations that
sponsor candidates for political office
under the organization’s name
in hopes of controlling the apparatus of government
Responsible Party Model
Parties are organizations that run candidates to
shape the outcomes of government
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Political Parties Defined
VS.
How do parties and interest groups differ?
Images from www.wikipedia.org
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Political Parties Defined
How do parties and interest groups differ?
• Only Political Parties nominate and run candidates for office under their label.
• Political Parties focus on a platform – a broad range of issues over which they have a position.
• Political Parties are “quasi-public institution” and are accountable to state and local laws.
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Party Functions
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Party Functions
•Organizing the Election Process•Facilitating Voter Choice•Recruiting Candidates•Screening Candidates•Helping Candidates•Organizing a Complex Government
•Aggregating Interests•Educating Citizens•Ensuring Accountability•Social Functions•Promoting Civic Performance
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Party Roles
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The Components of Political Parties
Party-In-Government
Party-in-the-Electorate
Party Organization
The Tripartite View of Parties
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Party-in-Government
All of the elected officials serving under
a party’s banner
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Party-in-the-Electorate
Every citizen who attaches him or herself to
a political party
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Party Identification and Voting • In some countries party membership
is formal (e.g. Great Britain):
• Members must officially join• Members must pay dues• Members must attend local party
meetings• Members get to vote on party leaders
and determine party platform
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Party Identification and Voting• In the U.S. party membership is a
more ambiguous and fluid concept:
• No formal requirements to membership• No formal requirement to change
parties
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Party Identification and Voting2 Ways of Measuring Party ID in the
U.S.
1. Self-Identification
2. Party enrollment
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Party Identification and Voting
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Party Identification and Voting
Straight-Ticket Voters
Voters who support candidates of the
same party in every election.
Split-Ticket Voters
Voters who support candidates of
different parties in the same election
or from one election to the next.
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Primary Elections
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Party-as-Organization
The formal apparatus of the party, including party headquarters, offices, and leaders
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Layers of the Party System
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National Party Committees
DNC Chair Tim Kaine
RNC Chair Michael Steele
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Party Machines
Chicago Mayor Richard Daly, Jr. in front of an image of his father, one of the most powerful party boss in U.S. history.
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Party Systems
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Party Realignment
A “partisan realignment” takes place when a large number of
voters do not return to their party in the next election
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Party Systems• 1st Party System (1790s-1824)
• 2nd Party System (1824-1860)
• 3rd Party System (1860-1896)
• 4th Party System (1896-1932)
• 5th Party System (1932-?)
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Party Systems
1st Party System
(1790s-1824)
Federalists
(Gone by 1812)
Democratic-Republicans
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1st Party System
The Whiskey Rebellion in 1784 was one of the key events that led to the development of the first two party system.
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Party Systems
2nd Party System
(1824-1860)
Whigs
Democrats
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2nd Party System
Image from userwww.sfsu.edu
Partisan Realignment over slavery and immigration led to the end of the 2nd party system.
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Party Systems
3rd Party System
(1860-1896)
Democrats
Republicans
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3rd Party System
Images from www2.ccs.k12.va.us
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Party Systems
4th Party System
(1896-1932)
Democrats
Republicans
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4th Party System
Images from www.tqnyc.org
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Party Systems
5th Party System
(1932-?)
Democrats
Republicans
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What about 1968?
Image from news.bbc.co.uk
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Minor Parties
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Third Parties in the U.S. System
Ideological Parties Protest Parties
Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties
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Ideological Parties
Ideological Party
Third party that exists to promote an ideology
rather than to win elections
In nearly every US presidential election this century the socialist parties have fielded a candidate.
Image from www.sp-usa.org
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Protest Parties
Protest Parties
Third party that arises in response to issues of
popular concern which have not been addressed
by the major parties
William Jennings Bryan of the Populist Party did not win the
presidency in 1896, but he came very close
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Single-Issue Parties
Single-Issue Party
Third party formed around one particular
causeImage from www.gp.org
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Splinter Parties
Splinter Party
Third party formed by a dissatisfied faction of a
major party
Strom Thurmond (left) was a States’ Rights Democratic candidate for the
presidency in 1948. The party formed in protest to the civil rights plan in the
Democratic Party platform
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Why Do Minor Parties Fail?
Winner-Take-All Electoral System
Legal Access to the Ballot
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Why Do Minor Parties Fail?
Cultural Consensus
There is little support in the American political culture for avowedly fascist,
communist, authoritarian, or other antidemocratic parties
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Twentieth-Century Third-Party Presidential Votes